THE  AMERICAN 

FRUIT    CULTURIST 

CONTAINING 

PRACTICAL    DIRECTIONS   FOR   THE    PROPAGATION 

AND   CULTURE   OF  ALL   FRUITS   ADAPTED 

TO  THE  UNITED   STATES 

BY 

JOHN  J.  THOMAS 

FIRST  PRESIDENT   or  THE    FRUIT   GROWERS'    SOCIETY   OF   WESTERN    NEW    YORK; 
HONORARY  MEMBER  OF  MASSACHUSETTS  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY;  OF  PENN« 
SYLVANIA  FRUIT  GROWERS'  SOCIETY  ;  WORCESTER  HORTICULTURAL  SO- 
CIETY; ASSISTANT  EDITOR  "COUNTRY  GENTLEMAN;"  AND  FOR 
THIRTY  YEARS  A  PRACTICAL  NURSERYMAN. 


JBbition,  IRevlsefc  ant) 


WILLIAM   H.   S.  WOOD 

LIFK  MEMBER  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY,   MEMBER  NEW  YORK  ACADEMY  01 

SCIENCES,  INCORPORATOR  NEW  YORK  BOTANICAL  GARDEN,  FELLOW  AMERICAN 

GEOGRAPHICAL  SOCIETY  ;    MEMBER  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  NEW 

YORK  ;    OF  BEDI-ORD  FARMERS'  CLUB,  ETC.,  ETC. 


ILLUSTRATED    WITH  OVER  EIGHT  HUNDRED 
ACCURATE  FIGURES 


NEW  YORK 

ORANGE    JUDO    COMPANY 
1911 


. 

AGRIC. 
LIBRARY 


COPYRIGHT  1875,  1885,  1897,  199$. 
BY  WILLIAM  H.   S.  WOOD. 


PRINTED  IN   U.   S.   A. 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE  TO  THE  TWENTY-FIRST 
EDITION. 


PROBABLY  no  other  work  of  its  character  has  enjoyed  the 
popularity  of  Thomas'  "  American  Fruit  Guitarist ";  first  pub- 
lished many  years  ago.  It  has,  unlike  most  books  by  other 
authors,  been  revised  and  kept  up  to  date,  both  with  respect 
to  the  newer  varieties  of  fruits  and  also  the  improvements  in 
cultivation — in  all  the  details,  in  fact,  pertaining  to  the  science 
and  art  of  fruit  growing.  In  the  preparation  of  the  present 
edition  the  editor  has  had  the  valued  assistance  of  Prof.  M.  V. 
Slingerland  of  Cornell  University,  who  wrote  the  chapter  on 
Destructive  Insects;  of  Prof.  Byron  S.  Halsted  of  Rutgers 
College,  who  wrote  that  on  Diseases  of  Fruits ;  and  especially 
of  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey,  who  supervised  almost  the  entire  book. 

The  editor  still  feels  that  the  time  has  not  yet  come  to  adopt 
absolutely  the  rule  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  with 
respect  to  the  names  of  fruits.  To  do  so  before  the  nursery- 
men, the  dealers,  much  more  generally  conform  to  it  could 
only  lead,  as  before  stated,  to  uncertainty  and  confusion. 
Thomas'  "  Fruit  Culturist "  has  again  been  materially  en- 
larged both  in  text  and  illustrations. 

While  it  is  believed  that  this  book  will  be  found  scientifi- 
cally accurate,  it  must  be  remembered  that  it  is  prepared 
especially  as  a  practical  working  manual  for  the  amateur  and 
farmer.  WILLIAM  H.  S.  WOOD. 

NEW  YORK,  February,  1903. 


265812 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE  TO  TWENTIETH  EDITION. 


IN  presenting  the  present  edition  of  "Thomas'  American 
Fruit  Culturist,"it  seems  necessary  briefly  to  state  the  reasons 
for  the  numerous  changes  which  will  be  found,  and  also  to 
offer  an  apology  for  whatever  shortcomings  may  be  noticed. 
Mr.  Thomas  was  my  lifelong  friend,  and,  when  the  infirmities 
of  his  later  years  prevented  him  from  making  the  needed  re- 
vision himself,  he  requested  that  I  should  personally  under- 
take it.  Though  the  cares  and  responsibilities  of  an  active 
business  life  seemed  to  forbid  so  arduous  a  task,  congenial  as 
it  was  to  an  amateur  for  thirty  years  in  horticultural  work, 
nevertheless,  the  great  value  of  the  book,  and  its  probable  con- 
tinued usefulness  to  all  interested  in  fruit-culture  in  America, 
were  so  apparent,  that  I  consented  to  undertake  it  under  Mr. 
Thomas'  supervision.  Unfortunately,  almost  before  it  was 
begun  his  death  deprived  me  of  the  support  upon  which  I  had 
so  greatly  calculated.  The  work  has,  therefore,  been  com- 
pleted under  disadvantages  which  those  only  who  personally 
knew  its  gifted  author  can  appreciate. 

John  J.  Thomas,  the  son  of  David  Thomas,  the  chief  engi- 
neer in  building  the  Erie  Canal  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo, 
was  born  at  Ledyard,  Cayuga  County,  N.  Y.,  January  8th,  1810. 
He  was  chiefly  educated  at  home,  and  early  developed  an  in- 
tense interest  in  natural  science,  especially  devoting  himself 
to  botanical  study.  After  some  years  spent  with  his  father  in 
the  nursery  business,  he  established  a  nursery  of  his  own  in 
Wayne  County,  and  for  over  thirty  years  continued  in  the 
business,  earning  a  reputation  which  placed  him  in  the  front 
rank  as  a  practical  pomologist  and  authority  in  everything 
pertaining  to  the  propagation  and  raising  of  fruits  of  all  kinds. 
He  was  an  industrious  writer,  both  of  books  and  as  contributor 
to  journals.  He  was  an  associate  editor  of  the  Country  Gentle- 
man, from  its  foundation  until  1894,  when  failing  strength 


vi  PREFACE  TO  TWENTIETH  EDITION. 

prevented  him  from  continuing  his  connection  with  that  paper. 
On  February  226.,  1895,  he  died.  Mr.  E.  W.  Lincoln,  secretary 
of  the  Worcester  County  (Mass.)  Horticultural  Society,  wrote 
of  him :  He  "  was  ever  the  peer  of  Barry  and  the  Downings, 
and  survived  them  to  take  his  proper  place,  unchallenged,  at 
the  very  head  of  the  pomologists  of  America." 

The  changes  which  have  been  made  in  this  edition  of 
Thomas'  work  are  such  only  as  seemed  to  confine  its  matter 
strictly  to  the  propagation  and  cultivation  of  fruits  in  the  open 
air,  and  to  bring  it  in  all  respects  fully  up  with  our  present 
knowledge.  The  few  sections  which  treated  of  raising  or 
ripening  under  glass,  of  preserving  fruit,  and  the  lists  of  such 
as  could  be  grown  only  in  houses,  have  been  omitted.  The 
selected  list  of  fruits  recommended  for  different  parts  of  the 
United  States  has  also  been  omitted,  because  now  the  agri- 
cultural experiment  stations  of  each  State  afford  a  more  re- 
liable guide.  The  "Monthly  Calendar  of  Work"  has  been 
dropped,  on  account  of  its  unsuitableness  for  every  locality. 

The  cultivation  of  fruit  in  California  and  the  Pacific  States 
is  not  especially  treated  of,  there  being  already  a  voluminous 
work  upon  this  subject. 

On  the  other  hand,  numerous  chapters  have  been  added 
upon  subjects  which  have  become  of  practical  value  and  of 
almost  vital  importance  to  the  would-be  successful  fruit- 
grower. 

The  chapter  on  "  Insects  and  Diseases"  has  been  greatly  ex- 
tended, the  investigations  of  the  past  ten  years  having  added 
much  to  our  knowledge  upon  these  important  topics. 

The  second  section  of  the  book,  treating  of  the  varieties  of 
the  "  Different  Kinds  of  Fruits,"  has  been  very  thoroughly  re- 
vised, and  it  is  believed  will  be  found  to  embrace  practically 
complete  descriptions  of  all  the  acknowledged  standard  and 
approved  newer  sorts;  while  the  "  Descriptive  Index,"  as  here- 
tofore, includes  also  very  many  kinds  now  nearly  or  quite 
superseded,  and  others  which  have  been  so  recently  intro- 
duced that  their  real  value  is  not  yet  established. 

An  entirely  new  chapter  has  been  added  on  "  Nuts." 

The  new  chapter  on  "  Wild  Fruits"  closes  this  section. 

The  third  section  has  been  expressly  prepared  for  this  work 
by  Mr.  E.  H.  Hart,  of  Florida,  upon  the  recommendation  of  Mr. 


PREFACE    TO    TWENTIETH  EDITION.  VU 

P.  J.  Berckmans,  of  Augusta,  Ga.,  the  veteran  and  learned  ex- 
president  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  It  covers  all 
the  sub-tropical  fruits  which  can  be  successfully  cultivated, 
save,  perhaps,  in  the  limited  extreme  southern  part  of  Florida. 

One  of  the  most  unsatisfactory  points  in  connection  with 
illustrations  of  fruits,  wherever  found,  is  the  uncertainty  as 
to  the  actual  size  of  the  variety  represented,  while  it  is  pretty 
generally  understood  that  the  engravings  in  nurserymen's 
catalogues  are  usually  of  abnormally  large  specimens,  and  too 
often,  especially  with  the  smaller  fruits,  the  same  cut  is  made 
to  do  duty  in  different  lists  for  several  sorts. 

In  this  work  all  illustrations  of  fruit  are  from  average-sized 
specimens,  and  are  life-size,  unless  otherwise  definitely  stated. 

The  importance  of  this  feature  in  identifying  varieties  has 
been  considered  so  great  that,  in  certain  chapters,  as,  for  in- 
stance, that  upon  "  Grapes"  and  that  on  "  Strawberries,"  illus- 
trations have  been  wholly  omitted,  from  the  impossibility  of 
obtaining  photographs  in  the  time  allowed  me  by  the  publish- 
ers. In  future  editions,  it  is  hoped  these  and  other  omissions 
in  the  same  line  may  be  supplied. 

I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey,  of  the  Cornell  State 
Experiment  Station,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  for  the  chapter  on  "  Spray- 
ing;" to  Prof.  J.  L.  Budd,  of  the  State  Experiment  Station  at 
Ames,  Iowa,  for  descriptions  of  Russian  apples,  incorporated 
in  the  chapter  on  that  fruit;  to  Mr.  E.  H.  Hart,  of  Federal 
Point,  Fla. ,  for  the  entire  section  on  "  Sub-Tropical  Fruits ;" 
to  the  Directors  of  all  the  experiment  stations  of  the  country 
for  their  courtesy  in  sending  me,  as  far  as  possible,  complete 
files  of  their  publications,  of  which  I  have  made  copious  use, 
especially  in  the  way  of  illustrations. 

For  kind  permission  to  copy  wood-cuts,  I  have  also  to  thank 
Prof.  C.  C.  Georgeson,  of  Manhattan,  Kan.;  and  William 
Parry,  of  Parry,  N.  J. 

I  must  also  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Mr.  S.  B. 
Heiges,  pomologist  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  for  courtesies  received. 

WILLIAM  H.  S.  WOOD. 

NEW  YORK,  JANUARY  2d,  1897. 


PREFACE  TO  NINETEENTH  EDITION. 


THE  first  edition  of  the  "  Fruit  Culturist,"  the  basis  of  the 
present  work,  was  written  more  than  thirty  years  ago,  and  a 
year  before  the  appearance  of  Downing 's  first  edition  of  the 
"  Fruits  and  Fruit-Trees  of  America."  It  was  subsequently 
much  enlarged  through  several  revised  editions.  The  rapid 
progress  made  of  late  years  in  the  culture  of  fruit  has  required 
a  still  further  revision,  and  the  work  is  now  brought  down  to 
the  present  date.  Being  intended  as  a  guide  to  the  practical 
cultivator,  its  object  is  to  furnish  useful  directions  in  the  man- 
agement of  the  nursery,  fruit-garden,  and  orchard,  and  to  as- 
sist in  the  selection  of  the  best  varieties  for  cultivation.  It 
aims  to  give  full  descriptions  only  of  valuable  and  promising 
fruits  suited  to  the  country  at  large,  or  which  may  have  been 
popular  in  certain  districts.  Many  sorts,  however,  which  are 
less  known,  or  whose  position  or  value  is  undetermined,  and 
several  excellent  new  varieties,  will  be  found  noticed  in  the 
general  "  Descriptive  List  and  Index,"  where  their  leading 
characteristics  are  briefly  described. 

As  some  confusion  would  result  from  a  promiscuous  assem- 
blage of  all  the  different  varieties,  a  systematic  classification 
has  been  adopted  for  the  principal  fruits.  By  placing  them 
under  separate  and  characteristic  heads,  the  cultivator  is  ena- 
bled to  distinguish  and  remember  each  sort  with  more  readi- 
ness than  where  all  are  thrown  indiscriminately  together. 
The  names  of  those  varieties  which  have  been  proved  of  the 
greatest  general  value,  or  which  have  received  a  large  vote  in 
their  favor,  either  in  particular  regions  or  throughout  the 
country,  are  distinguished  by  being  printed  in  small  capitals.* 
One  of  the  chief  points  for  determining  the  classification  is 
the  time  of  ripening;  and  the  principal  fruits  are  separated 

*  In  this  edition  by  an  asterisk  following  the  name.  [EDITOR.] 


X  PREFACE    TO  NINETEENTH  EDITION. 

into  summer,  autumn,  and  winter  sorts.  Although  the  pe- 
riods of  ripening  vary  several  weeks  in  different  parts  of  the 
country,  these  divisions  of  time  will  be  sufficiently  exact  for 
general  purposes. 

The  distinguishing  characteristics  of  this  work  are  the  fol- 
lowing: i.  The  arrangement  of  the  chapters.  2.  The  syste- 
matic classification  of  most  of  the  large  fruits,  and  more  espe- 
cially of  the  apples  and  pears.  3.  The  condensed  descriptions 
of  fruits,  which  have  been  mostly  taken  from  the  ripened  spe- 
cimens. 4.  The  copious  illustrations  of  the  various  operations. 

The  reader  will  understand  the  comprehensive  character  of 
the  "  Descriptive  List  and  Index"  by  referring  to  the  note  at 
its  head. 

JOHN  J.  THOMAS. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PART   I. 


CHAPTER  I. 

LEADING   PRINCIPLES    OF    THE   GROWTH   OF  TREES. 

PAGES 

Germination—The   Root— The  Stem  and   Branches— The 

Process  of  Growing— Flowers — Species  and  Varieties,  .        1-15 

CHAPTER  II. 

PRODUCTION   OF  NEW   VARIETIES. 

New  Varieties  by  Crossing, 16-21 

CHAPTER  III. 

PROPAGATION  BY  BUDDING  AND  GRAFTING,  BY  LAYERS  AND  BY  CUTTINGS. 

I.  Cuttings.  II.  Layers.  III.  Grafting.  IV.  Budding- 
Limits  of  Budding  and  Grafting.  Saving  Mice-Gnawed 
Trees 22-48 

CHAPTER  IV. 

SOIL,    MANURES,    SITUATION,    AND  ENCLOSURES. 

Manures — Situation — Enclosures — Hedges,  ....      49-59 
CHAPTER  V. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

Laying  Out  Orchards— Transplanting— Distances  for  Plant- 
ing Trees 60-76 

CHAPTER  VI. 

CULTIVATION   OF  THE  SOIL. 

Renovating  Old  Trees — When  to  Manure  Orchards— Ar- 
rangements to  Facilitate  Cultivation— The  Modern  Cul- 
tivation of  Commercial  Orchards — Fertilizers,  .  .  77-89 


XU  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

PRINCIPLES   AND    PRACTICE   OF   PRUNING. 

Pruning  Young  Trees  at  Transplanting— Pruning  the  Tops 
— Proper  Time  for  Pruning — Pruning,  as  Affecting 
Fruitfulness— Summer  Pruning — Giving  Desired  Form 
to  Trees  by  Pruning— Pruning  Nursery  and  Young 
Trees — Pruning  Single  Shoots— Pruning  Young  Apple- 
trees — Pyramids — Pruning  Apple  Orchards  in  Bearing 
— Pruning  the  Peach — Pruning  the  Cherry — Pruning 
the  Quince — Pruning  the  Roots, 90-111 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

HAND   IMPLEMENTS    USED   BY    FRUIT    GROWERS. 

Knives  and  Saws — Fruit  Pickers — Reel — Ladders — Syringes 

— Garden  Engines — Labels, 112-121 

CHAPTER  IX. 

THINNING,    GATHERING,     KEEPING,    AND   MARKETING. 

Thinning— Gathering — How  to  Pick  Apples— Assorting  and 
Packing  for  Market— Packing  Grapes  for  Market — Pack- 
ing Strawberries  and  Other  Small  Fruits — Keeping 
Fruit — Keeping  Grapes, 122-139 

CHAPTER  X. 

FRUITS   TO    SUPPLY    A   FAMILY. 

Plan  of  a  Fruit  Garden — How  to  Obtain  Fruit  Quickly  on 

New  Places, 140-146 

CHAPTER  XI. 

MANAGEMENT    OF   NURSERIES. 

Soils — Laying  Out — Shelter — Seeds  and  Stocks — Planting 
Seeds — Cultivation — Budding  and  Grafting — Digging 
or  Lifting  the  Trees — Packing  for  Transportation,  .  147-159 

CHAPTER  XII. 

DESTRUCTIVE   INSECTS. 

How  Insects  Eat — Woolly  Aphis — Round-headed  Apple-tree 
Borer — Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer — Oyster-shell 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS.  Xlll 

PAGES 

Bark-louse — Scurfy  Bark-louse — San  Jose"  Scale — Leca- 
nium  Scales— Apple  Aphis — Bud  Moth — Canker-worms 
— Yellow-necked  Apple-tree  Caterpillar — Apple  Maggot 
— Apple-worm  or  Codling  Moth — Pear  Psylla — Pear  or 
Cherry  Slug — Pear  Midge — Plum  Curculio — Plum 
Gouger — Black  Peach  Aphis — Peach-tree  Borer — Fruit- 
tree  Bark-beetle — Cherry  Aphis— Cherry  Fruit-fly — 
Quince  Curculio — Grape  Phylloxera — Grape-vine  Flea 
Beetle — Rose  Chafer — Grape-vine  Leaf-hopper — Cur- 
rant Borer — Imported  Currant-worm — Currant  Span- 
worm— Raspberry  Cane-borer — Snowy  Tree-cricket — 
Raspberry  Saw-fly — White  Grubs — Strawberry  Root- 
louse — Strawberry-crown  Borer — Strawberry  Leaf -roller 
— Strawberry  Weevil, 160-210 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

Apple:  Rust— -Scab— -Ripe  Rot— Black  Rot— Fire  Blight- 
Powdery  Mildew.  Pear:  Fire  Blight— Leaf  Blight— 
Scab.  Quince  :  Rust— Black  Rot— Fire  Blight— Leaf 
Spot— Ripe  Rot.  Peach:  Yellows— Leaf  Curl— Fruit 
Rot— Scab.  Apricot:  Rust.  Phim:  Black  Knot- 
Plum  Pockets— Leaf  Blight— Scab— Fruit  Rot.  Cherry  : 
Black  Knot— Leaf  Blight— Fruit  Rot— Mildew.  Grape: 
Black  Rot — Anthracnose — Downy  Mildew — Powdery 
Mildew — Ripe  Rot.  Blackberry  and  Raspberry :  Rust 
—Anthracnose.  Currant  and  Gooseberry  :  Cane  Blight 
— Anthracnose  —  Leaf  Spot — Mildew.  Strawberry: 
Leaf  Spot.  Cranberry:  Scald.  Root  Galls,  .  .  211-241 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

THE  SPRAYING  OF  FRUITS. 

History  and  Description— The  Apparatus,  Materials,  and 

Formulas— Spray  Calendar 242-259 

CHAPTER  XV. 

TERMS   USED   IN   DESCRIBING   FRUITS. 

Growth  of  the  Tree,  Shoots,  and  Leaves — Form  of  the  Fruit 

— Texture  of  Fruit — Flavor — Quality,  ,  260-271 


XIV  TABLE   OF  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

AGRICULTURAL   EXPERIMENT   STATIONS. 

Act  of  1887  Establishing— Extract  from  Act  of  1895— List  of 

Experiment  Stations 272-282 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

RULES   ADOPTED  BY   THE   AMERICAN   POMOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION 

FOR   NAMING   AND   DESCRIBING    FRUITS,  ....  283 


PART   II. 
On  the  Different  Kinds  of  Fruit. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

THE    APPLE. 

Nursery  Management — Planting  Orchards— Cultivation — 
Renovating  and  Pruning  Old  Orchards — Changes 
Wrought  by  Climate  and  Soil— Dwarf  Apples — Age 
at  which  Apple-trees  Begin  to  Fruit — Varieties,  .  .  287-350 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE   APRICOT. 

Cultivation  and  Soil — Varieties, 351-355 

CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  BLACKBERRY   AND   DEWBERRY. 

Cultivation — Covering  from  Cold — Varieties,        .        .        .  356-361 
CHAPTER  XXI. 

THE   CHERRY. 

Propagation — Soil — Dwarf  Cherries — Varieties,    .        .        .  362-381 
CHAPTER  XXII. 

THE   CRANBERRY. 

Soil  and  Cultivation— Setting  the  Plants— Flooding— Gath- 
ering— Varieties, 382-385 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS.  XV 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

THE  CURRANT. 

PAGES 

Propagation— Pruning— Varieties 386-392 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

THE   GOOSEBERRY. 

Propagation  and  Cultivation — Varieties,  .        .  393-397 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

THE   GRAPE. 

Propagation— Grafting — Training — Transplanting — Trellis 
— Training  on  the  Trellis — Modifications  of  Training — 
Spraying  Grapes — Bagging  Grapes — Soil  for  Vine- 
yards— Distances  for  Planting — Raising  Grapes  from 
Seed — Varieties, 398-427 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

THE    MULBERRY. 

Propagation  and  Cultivation — Varieties,        ....  428-430 
CHAPTER  XXVII. 

NECTARINES. 

Cultivation — Varieties, 431-433 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

NUTS. 

Propagation  —  Grafting — Chestnuts — Chinquapin  —  Hazel- 
Nuts.  Hickories:  Pecans — Shellbarks.  Walnuts: 
Butternuts — Black  Walnuts — Persian  Walnut.  .  .  434-463 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

THE   PEACH. 

Propagation — Raising  in  Pots — Winter  Protection — Varie- 
ties,    464-490 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

THE    PEAR. 

Propagation — Wintering — Budding — Dwarf  Pears — Prun- 
ing— Dwarf  Pears — Regrafting  Large  Pear-trees — Va- 
rieties,    ....  491-544 


XVI  TABLE   OF  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

PLUMS. 

PAGES 

Propagation — Grafting  and  Budding — Cultivation — Varie- 
ties   .  .  545-579 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

THE    QUINCE. 

Propagation — Pruning — Varieties, 580-584 

.    CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

THE   RASPBERRY. 

Propagation— Planting  for  Market— Propagating  by  Seed- 
Rules  for  Culture — Varieties, 585-595 

CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

THE   STRAWBERRY. 

Requisites  for  Cultivation— Soil — Transplanting— Cultiva- 
tion —  Runners  —  Early  Strawberries  —  Setting  Out 
Plants — Selection  of  Varieties — Staminate  and  Pistil- 
late Sorts — Varieties 596-609 

CHAPTER  XXXV. 

WILD   AND    UNCLASSIFIED   FRUITS. 

Buffalo  Berry — Eleagnus  Longipes — Huckleberries — June 
Berry — Medlars  —  Paw-paw  —  Strawberry-Raspberry — 
Japanese  Wineberry 610-618 


PART  III. 
Sub-Tropical  Fruits. 


CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

CITRUS    FRUITS. 

The  Orange :  Evolution— Propagation — Budding  and  Graft- 
ing— Transplanting— Cuttings  and  Layers — Soil— Fer- 
tilizers—Distance  of  Planting— Cultivation— Pruning— 
Frost — Insects — Diseases — Selection  of  Varieties — Va- 
rieties. The  Lemon:  Cultivation — Varieties — Market- 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS.  XV11 

PAGES 

ing  the  Orange  and  Lemon.  The  Citron  :  Cultivation 
— Varieties.  The  Shaddock:  Description — Varieties. 
The  Lime  :  Description — Propagation — Varieties,  .  621-652 

CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

THE   BANANA. 

Cultivation  and  Propagation,  .......  653-654 

CHAPTER  XXXVIII. 

THE  DATE. 

Cultivation, 655-657 

CHAPTER  XXXIX. 

THE   FIG. 

Description — Propagation — Cultivation — Varieties,      .        .  658-664 
CHAPTER  XL. 

THE  GUAVA. 

Description — Propagation, 665-666 

CHAPTER  XLI. 

THE  LOQUAT. 

Description— Propagation, 667-668 

CHAPTER  XLII. 

THE   PERSIMMON. 

Cultivation— Japanese    Improvements— Insect    Enemies- 
Varieties,    669-677 

CHAPTER  XLIII. 

THE   PINEAPPLE. 

Description — Cultivation — Propagation  —  Diseases — Varie- 
ties,       678-685 

CHAPTER  XLIV. 

THE   POMEGRANATE. 

Description— Propagation— Varieties 686-687 

DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS,       ....  689-808 

GLOSSARY, 809-814 

GENERAL  INDEX,        ...» 815-823 


THE   AMERICAN  FRUIT  CULTURIST. 


CHAPTER  I. 

LEADING   PRINCIPLES   OF    THE   GROWTH   OF 
TREES. 

THE  formation  of  a  large  tree  from  a  minute  seed  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  and  wonderful  occurrences  in  nature.  It 
is  important  that  the  fruit  culturist  should  so  understand  the 
process  as  to  know  what  will  hasten  it  on  one  hand  or  retard  it 
on  the  other.  By  understanding  these  principles,  the  neces- 
sary rules  will  be  greatly  simplified,  and  the  directions  ren- 
dered more  clear  and  obvious. 

GERMINATION. 

The  first  movement  of  the  seed  towards  forming  a  new 
plant  is  termed  germination.  After  the  plant  is  formed,  and 
its  growth  is  carried  on  through  the  agency  of  its  leaves,  the 
process  is  termed  vegetation  ;  the  latter  immediately  following 
the  former. 

To  produce  germination  seeds  require  heat,  moisture,  and 
air,  but  not  light.  It  will  be  observed  that  these  three  requi- 
sites are  present  when  seeds  are  slightly  buried  in  moist, 
warm,  mellow  earth.  Heat,  although  essential  to  all  seeds, 
varies  in  the  degree  required  by  different  species.  The  chick- 
weed,  for  instance,  will  vegetate  nearly  down  to  the  freezing- 
point  ;  while  tropical  or  hot-house  plants  often  need  a  blood 
heat.  Nearly  every  person  has  seen  proofs  of  the  necessity  of 
moisture  for  the  germination  of  seeds — indicated  by  the  prac- 
tice of  watering  newly-sown  beds.  The  florist  is  aware  that 
i 


"*    *         P&1WCIP&&S  OF   THE   GROWTH  OF   TREES. 

minute  seed,  which  cannot  be  planted  deep,  as  the  portulacca, 
must  be  kept  moist  by  a  thin  covering  or  shading.  It  is  often 
requisite  to  bury  seeds  to  a  considerable  depth,  in  order  to 
secure  a  proper  degree  of  moisture  to  start  them.  On  the 
other  hand,  they  will  sprout  on  the  surface  unburied,  if  kept 
constantly  showered. 

The  third  requisite,  air,  is  an  important  one.  Seeds  may  be 
kept  dormant  a  long  time  by  deep  burying.  Nurserymen 
have  often  retained  the  vitality  of  peach-stones  for  a  year  or 
two,  by  burying  them  a  foot  or  more  in  compact  earth.  Other 
seed  might  doubtless  be  kept  for  a  time  in  the  same  way. 
Planting  too  deep  is  often  fatal  to  the  success  of  a  crop.  The 
seeds  of  noxious  weeds  remain  many  years  buried  beneath  the 
soil,  until  cultivation  brings  them  up,  mixes  them  with  the 
soft  mellow  surface,  accessible  to  air,  when  they  spring  up  in 
profusion  over  the  ground. 

As  a  general  rule,  seeds  germinate  and  grow  most  readily 
when  buried  to  a  depth  of  from  three  to  five  times  their 
diameter,  in  soils  of  ordinary  moisture. 

In  order  to  produce  germination,  moisture  must  find  ready 
access  to  the  interior  of  the  seed.  It  is  often  excluded,  if  the 
coats  have  been  allowed,  to  become  too  dry.  The  thick  cover- 
ings of  the  chestnut,  horse-chestnut,  and  many  seeds  of  sim- 
ilar character,  if  left  a  few  days  exposed  to  the  air,  become 
so  hard  as  to  prevent  it.  To  secure  success,  they  must  be 
kept  moist  by  imbedding  them  in  moist  sand,  leaf-mould,  or 
moss,  from  the  moment  they  separate  from  the  tree  until 
planted  in  the  earth.  Apple  seeds  and  some  others,  which 
have  been  allowed  to  become  too  dry,  may  frequently  be 
started  by  scalding  and  then  exposing  them  to  the  action  of 
the  frost ;  and  by  repeating  the  process  several  times,  there  is 
greater  certainty  of  germinating.  As  the  scalding  and  cool- 
ing must  be  quickly  done,  portions  not  larger  than  two  or 
three  pounds  should  be  taken  at  a  time.  The  object  in  crack- 
ing peach  and  plum-stones  before  planting,  is  to  admit  air  and 
moisture — a  process  which  is  also  hastened  by  subjecting 
them  to  freezing  and  thawing. 

The  Structure  of  the  Plant  or  Tree. — All  plants,  in  the  first 
place,  are  manufactured  or  built  up  of  innumerable  little 
cells,  sacs,  or  cavities.  These  are  usually  not  over  a  five- 


Of   TtfE  GROWTH  Of  TREES.  3 

hundredth  part  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  in  many  plants 
they  are  still  smaller.  Fig.  i  exhibits  a  section  of  the  wood 
of  the  maple  cut  across — presenting  many  thousands  of  these 
little  vessels,  only  visible  under  a  good  microscope.  The 
branch  of  an  apple-tree,  an  inch  in  diameter,  cut  across,  shows 
about  one  million.  This  cellular  structure  exists  throughout 
the  roots,  stems,  shoots,  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit. 

The  cells  of  plants  usually  vary  from  i-3ooth  to  i-5ooth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  and  it  is  obvious  that  during  vigorous 
growth  the  plant  forms  them  with  great  rapidity.  A  shoot  of 


FlG.  i.— Cross  Section  of  Tree  Trunk. 

asparagus  increases  the  length  of  one  cell  every  ten  seconds ; 
and  as  its  diameter  embraces  many  thousands,  from  fifty  to  a 
hunred  million  are  formed  every  day.  The  building  up  of  the 
plant  of  these  cells  has  been  compared  to  the  erection  of  a 
house  by  the  successive  addition  of  bricks;  but  if  as  many 
bricks  were  daily  added  to  a  structure,  they  would  be  enough 
to  make  a  building  daily  larger  than  the  great  pyramid  of 
Egypt,  or  the  Coliseum  at  Rome.  Yet  every  one  of  these 
cells  is  as  perfect  and  finished  as  the  finest  work  of  art. 

THE  ROOT. 

The  root  consists  of  several  parts  (Fig.  2).  The  main  root, 
called  also  the  tap  root,  is  the  large  central  portion,  extend- 
ing downward.  In  many  plants  or  trees,  however,  it  is 


PRINCIPLES  OF   THE   GROWTH  OF   TREES. 


divided  as  growth  advances,  until  lost  in  laterals  or  side 
branches.  The  fibres  or  rootlets  are  the  small  thread-like 
roots  proceeding  from  the  laterals;  and  lastly,  the  smallest  of 
all,  the  new  fibres  are  furnished  with  root-hairs,  scarcely  visi- 
ble without  a 
microscope. 
The  whole 
surface  of 
roots  continue 
to  absorb 
moisture  from 
the  soil  so 
long  as  they 
are  fresh  and 
new;  and  the 
newer  p  o  r- 
tions,  near  the 
tips,  absorb 
most  freely. 

•______-__-__  _.^_____  —     Old    roots, 

covered    with 

Fig.  2.— Root  System  of  Two-year-old  Apple.  ,        ,         , 

a  hard  or  hor- 
ny bark,  imbibe  almost  none.  The  root-hairs  convey  mois- 
ture into  the  fibres  with  rapidity.  Young  trees,  when  dug 
up  for  transplanting,  have  most  of  the  fibres  and  root-hairs 
torn  from  them,  and  they  would  suffer  serious  injury  or  die, 
but  for  the  power  which  they  possess  of  rapidly  reproducing 
them  under  favorable  influences. 

The  collar  is  the  point  of  union  between  the  root  and  the 
stem,  but  its  place  may  be  easily  changed  in  many  young 
plants  by  banking  up  the  stem,  which  will  emit  new  roots 
above.  Or,  a  branch  may  be  buried,  as  in  layering  grape- 
vines, honeysuckles,  gooseberries,  and  many  other  woody 
plants.  Small  portions  of  roots  attached  to  a  graft  will  often 
produce  a  new  plant;  this  is  especially  the  case  with  the 
grape  and  rose,  which  are  extensively  propagated  in  this  way ; 
and  also  in  some  degree  with  the  apple,  of  which,  however, 
when  thus  root-grafted,  larger  portions  should  be  employed  of 
the  roots  of  one-year,  or  at  most  two-year,  seedlings. 


PRINCIPLES  OF   THE   GROWTH  OF   TREES.  5 

THE  STEM  AND  BRANCHES. 

As  roots  are  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  as  they  continue 
living  one,  two,  or  more  seasons ;  so  the  stem  is  herbaceous  or 
woody,  as  it  grows  only  one  year  or  more — in  the  latter  in- 
stance hardening  into  wood.  Woody  plants,  when  small,  are 
called  shrubs,  as  the  rose,  gooseberry,  and  currant.  When 
large,  they  are  trees,  as  the  apple,  pine,  and  oak.  A  dwarf 
apple,  made  small  by  budding  any  common  variety  on  the 
small  Paradise  stock,  becomes  a  shrub.  Suckers  are  branches 
springing  up  from  underground  stems;  some  times  they  come 
from  mutilated  roots.  Runners  are  creeping  stems,  which 
strike  roots  at  the  tips  and  form  leaves  there,  as  in  the  straw- 
berry. A  single  strawberry  plant  will  in  this  way  produce  a 
hundred  new  ones  or  more  in  a  sunimer;  and  by  care  ten 
thousand  by  the  end  of  the  second  year,  a  million  the  third, 
and  so  on. 

Stated  in  general  terms  the  stems  or  trunks  of  hard  wood 
trees  (dicotyledons)  are  formnd  of  bark,  cambium  layer,  wood, 
and  pith.  The  outer  bark  on  some  trees  gradually  forms  into 
a  thick,  hard,  corky  substance,  termed  cortical  layers,  but  while 
young  it  is  the  green  bark  of  growing  shoots.  The  inner  layer 
of  bark,  next  the  cambium,  is  called  the  bast  layer  or  liber, 
from  the  resemblance  of  .the  concentric  plates  of  which  it  is 
formed  to  the  leaves  of  a  book. 

The  cambium  layer  is  the  active,  cellular  agent  in  the 
growth  of  the  tree.  It  lies  between  the  bark  and  wood. 
From  its  inner  surface  is  produced  the  growth  of  wood,  and 
from  its  outer  the  bark  is  formed.  Thus  the  newest  bark  is 
inside,  and  the  newest  wood  outside. 

Wood. — The  outer  wood,  which  is  the  youngest  and  freshest, 
is  called  the  alburnum  or  sap-wood.  The  heart-wood  is  the 
older,  harder,  and  usually  more  dried  portion ;  and  it  bears 
the  same  relation  to  the  sap-wood  as  the  cortical  layers  do 
to  the  liber. 

The  pith,  in  young  plants,  performs  a  useful  office  by  re- 
taining moisture ;  but  in  old  trees  it  becomes  dry,  shrivelled, 
and  useless,  and  trees  grow  as  well  where  it  has  been  cut  out. 

branches. — These  consist  of  main  branches,  or  limbs;  second- 
ary or  smaller  branches;  and  shoots,  or  the  extremities,  being 
one  year's  growth.  Thf^ns  are  usually  a  modification  of 


PRINCIPLES  OF   THE  GROWTH  Of   TREES. 


branches,  and  are  simple,  as  in  the  common  thorn;  or 
branched,  as  in  the  honey-locust.  Ungrafted  pear-trees  often 
present  all  the  intermediate  forms  between  perfect  branches 
and  perfect  thorns.  Prickles  grow  only  from  the  bark,  and 
when  the  bark  is  stripped  off  they  are  all  taken  off  with  it , 
but  thorns  remain  attached  to  the  wood. 

Buds  are  of  two  kinds,  leaf  and  flower.  The  former  grow 
into  branches,  the  latter  produce  fruit.  To  distinguish  these 
buds  is  of  great  importance  to  the  cultivator  of  fruit-trees. 
Fig.  3  represents  a  portion  of  the  branch  of  a  pear-tree; 

b,  bt  b  are  flower  or  fruit- 
buds  on  the  extremities  of 
short  spurs  termed  fruit- 
spurs,  and  c  is  a  leaf-bud  on 
a  one-year's  shoot.  Fig.  4 
exhibits  these  two  kinds  of 
buds  as  seen  on  the  cherry, 
bt  b,  being  the  round  fruit- 
buds,  and  c,  c,  the  sharper 
leaf-buds. 

Causes  of  this  Difference. — 
When  young  trees  grow 
rapidly,  all  their  buds  are 
leaf -buds;  when  they  be- 
come older  and  grow  more 
slowly,  many  of  them  be- 
come flower  or  fruit  buds. 
One  is  the  result  of  rapid  and  the  other  of  slow  growth.  Check 
the  growth  of  a  young  tree  by  transplanting  it,  or  by  root- 
pruning,  or  by  neglecting  cultivation,  or  allowing  it  to  grow 
with  grass,  and  many  fruit-buds  will  be  found  upon  it,  and  it 
will  bear  early.  But  as  the  growth  is  unnaturally  enfeebled, 
the  fruit  is  not  always  of  the  best  quality.  The  natural  di- 
minution of  vigor  from  increased  age  furnishes  better  fruit. 
Fruit-buds  are  likewise  produced  by  checking  the  free  flow  of 
the  sap  in  grafting  on  dissimilar  stocks ;  as,  for  example,  the 
pear  on  the  quince,  producing  iwarf  pear-trees.  The  fruit- 
spurs  shown  by  b%  Fig.  3,  are  nothing  more  than  short 
shoots,  originally  produced  from  leaf-buds,  but  which,  mak- 
ing little  growth,  have  become  fruit-bearers.  The  vigorous, 


FIG.  3. 

Leaf  and  Flower   Buds,     b,  £,  Flower- 
buds  ;  c,  cy  leaf- buds. 


PRINCIPLES  Of  THE  GROWTH  Of  TREES.  7 

one-year  shoot  of  the  cherry,  Fig.  4,  is  mostly  supplied  with 
leaf-buds,  but  the  short  spurs  on  the  second  year's  wood, 
which  are  but  dwarfed  branches,  are  covered  with  fruit-buds, 
with  only  a  leaf-bud  in  the  centre. 

It  is  not,  however,  always  the  slowest-growing  kinds  of 
fruit-trees  that  bear  soonest.  There  appears  to  be  a  constitu- 
tional peculiarity,  with  different  sorts,  that  controls  the  time 
of  beginning  to  bear.  The  Bartlett,  Julienne,  and  Howell 
pears,  vigorous  growers,  bear  much  sooner  than  the  Dix  and 
Tyson,  which  are  less  vigorous. 

By  pruning  away  a  part  of  the  leaf-buds  the  fruitfulness  of  a 
tree  may  be  increased ;  and  by  pruning  away  the  fruit-spurs, 
bearing  may  be  prevented,  and  more  vigor  thrown  into  the 
shoots. 

Buds  are  lateral,  when  on  the  side  of  a  shoot ;  and  terminal, 
when  on  the  end.  Terminal  buds  are  nearly  always  leaf-buds, 
and,  usually  being  larger  and  stronger  than  others,  make 
stronger  shoots.  The  terminal  buds  are  strongest,  as  a  rule, 
because  their  leaves  of  the  previous  year  were  more  fully  ex- 
posed to  air  and  light. 

Latent  Buds. — Only  a  small  proportion  of  all  the  buds 
formed  grow  the  second  year;  the  rest  remain  dormant  or 
latent  for  years,  and  are  made  to  grow  and  produce  shoots 
only  when  the  others  are  destroyed.  The  longer  a  bud  re- 
mains dormant,  the  more  unlikely  it  is  to  grow.  It  usually 
dies  after  two  or  three  years,  leaving  a  ridge  or  crease  on  the 
bark. 

Adventitious  Buds  are  produced  by  some  trees  irregularly 
anywhere  on  the  surface  of  the  wood,  especially  where  it  has 
been  mutilated  or  injured ;  and  they  form  on  the  roots  of  some 
trees  which  are  cut  or  wounded.  In  these  cases  such  trees 
may  be  usually  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  roots.  It  is 
usually  from  adventitious  buds,  not  from  dormant  buds,  that 
the  shoots  arise  when  a  limb  is  severed.  These  adventitious 
buds  do  not  exist  in  the  bark,  but  are  formed  for  the  occasion. 

Leaves. — These  are  commonly  made  up  of  two  principal 
parts,  viz.,  the  framework,  consisting  of  the  leaf-stalk,  ribs, 
and  veins,  for  strengthening  the  leaf,  and  supplying  it  with 
sap ;  and  the  green  pulp,  which  fills  the  meshes  or  interstices. 
The  whole  is  covered  with  a  thin  skin  or  epidermis.  The 


8 


PRINCIPLES  OF   THE   GROWTH  OF   TKZES. 


green  pulp  consists  of  cells  of  various  forms,  with  many  air 
spaces  between.  The  cells  are  commonly  placed  very  com- 
pactly together  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  and  more  loosely, 
or  with  air-spaces,  on  the  lower  side — hence  one  reason  that 

leaves  are  usually  lighter- 
colored  below.  Fig.  5  is 
a  highly  magnified  sec- 
tion of  a  leaf,  showing  the 
green  cells,  air-spaces, 
and  epidermis  above  and 
below.  Leaves  have  also 
breathing  pores,  through 
which  air  is  absorbed, 
and  vapor  and  gases  are 
given  off.  They  are  so 
small  as  to  require  a  good 
microscope  to  discover 
them;  and  they  vary  in 
different  plants  from  1,000 

to  1 70,  ooo  on  a  square  inch  of  surface.  The  apple  and  pear 
have  about  25,000  or  30,000,  and  the  white  lily  about  60,000  to 
the  square  inch.  They  are  most- 
ly on  the  lower  side  of  the  leaf. 
Fig.  6  represents  the  pores  on 
an  apple-leaf.  Leaves  are  a  con- 
trivance for  increasing  the  sur- 
face exposed  to  the  air  and  sun. 
Professor  Gray  says  the  Wash- 
ington elm  at  Cambridge  was 
estimated  to  bear  "  seven  million 
leaves,  exposing  a  surface  of 
200,  ooo  square  feet,  or  about  five 
acres  of  foliage."  A  common 
fully  grown  apple-tree  has  from 
three  to  five  hundred  thousand  leaves,  and  the  breathing 
pores  they  all  contain  must  be  more  than  a  thousand  million. 

THE  PROCESS  OF  GROWING. 

Water  is  absorbed  by  the  roots,  carrying  in  weak  solution 
many  earthy  salts.     When  it  is  in  the  plant,  it  is  denominated 


FIG.  6. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  THE  GROWTH  OF  TREES.  9 

sap.  It  passes  from  cell  to  cell  upward,  through  the  sap- 
wood,  until  it  reaches  the  leaves.  The  cells  being  separate, 
and  not  continuous  tubes,  it  is  conveyed  from  one  to  another 
through  a  great  number  of  partitions ;  in  the  basswood,  for  ex- 
ample, which  has  very  long  cells,  it  passes  about  2,000  parti- 
tions in  rising  a  foot. 

When  the  sap  enters  the  leaf,  it  emerges  from  the  dark  cells 
through  which  it  has  been  passing,  and  is  spread  out  to  the 
light  of  the  sun.  A  large  portion  is  evaporated  through  the 
breathing  pores,  and  it  becomes  thickened.  The  carbonic 
acid  of  the  air,  under  the  influence  of  sunlight  and  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  leaf-green,  now  forms  a  combination  with  the 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  of  the  sap,  and  produces  the  triple  com- 
pound of  oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  carbon,  which  constitutes 
woody  fibre — the  oxygen  of  the  carbonic  acid  escaping.  This 
escape  of  oxygen  may  be  seen  by  placing  leaves  under  water 
in  the  sunshine.  Innumerable  little  bubbles  of  oxygen  form 
on  the  surface  of  the  leaves,  and  give  them  a  silvery  appear- 
ance. If  continued,  air-bubbles  rise  in  the  water,  and  if  a 
glass  tumbler  full  of  water  is  inverted  over  them,  pure  oxygen 
in  small  quantities  may  be  procured.  A  plant  growing  in  car- 
bonic acid  gas  takes  the  carbon,  and  leaves  the  oxygen ;  in 
this  way  changing  the  acid  to  oxygen.  Growing  plants  thus 
perform  a  most  important  office  by  purifying  the  atmopshere. 
Fires  in  burning,  and  animals  in  breathing,  consume  carbon, 
combine  it  with  oxygen,  and  then  throw  off  the  carbonic  acid 
thus  formed.  This  acid,  by  excluding  oxygen,  might  after  a 
while  become  so  abundant  as  to  prove  injurious  to  animal 
life,  were  it  not  for  the  wise  provision  by  which  plants  con- 
sume it  and  restore  the  oxygen.  Connected  with  this,  there 
is  another  interesting  proof  of  creative  design.  If  there  were 
no  carbonic  acid  in  the  air,  plants  could  not  grow ;  but  one- 
twenty-five-hundredth  part,  as  now  exists,  supplies  food  for 
vegetation,  and  does  not  affect  the  health  of  animals  and  man. 

Leaves  require  sunlight  to  enable  them  thus  to  decompose 
carbonic  acid.  It  does  not  go  on  in  a  dark  room,  or  in  the 
night.  Anything  which  excludes  light  and  air  tends  to  make 
the  product  of  the  plant  inferior  or  bitter.  The  fruits  cannot 
ripen  fully.  Their  juices  do  not  reach  their  full  chemical  ma- 
turity. Thinning  and  pruning  are  therefore  important. 


*o     PRINCIPLES  OF  THE  GROWTH  OF  TREES. 

Hence,  strawberries  and  other  fruits  are  more  acid  when  hid- 
den by  leaves  or  in  cloudy  weather ;  and  apples  on  the  thickly- 
shaded  part  of  an  unpruned  tree  are  more  sour  and  imperfect 
than  where,  by  good  pruning,  the  leaves  which  feed  them  are 
fully  exposed  to  the  light,  and  receive  a  proper  share  of  car- 
bon. 

The  sap,  thickened,  reduced  in  bulk,  and  containing  organ- 
ized matter,  then  descends  the  branches  and  trunk,  forming  a 
layer  of  fresh  substance,  between  bark  and  wood,  called  the 
cambium — most  of  which  constitutes  a  new  layer  of  wood — a 
small  part  making  a  new  layer  of  bark.  The  annual  deposits 
of  new  wood  form  distinct  concentric  rings,  by  which  the  age 
of  the  tree  may  be  counted  when  the  trunk  is  cut  through. 
That  this  is  the  mode  by  which  wood  in  exogenous  trees  is  de- 
posited, may  be  proved  by  an  interesting  experiment,  per- 
formed by  slitting  the  bark  of  a  young  tree,  lifting  it  up  care- 
fully, and  then  slipping  in  between  wood  and  bark  a  sheet  of 
tin-foil,  and  binding  the  bark  on  again.  The  bark  will  deposit 
layers  of  wood  outside  the  tin-foil,  and  none  in- 
side ;  and  after  a  lapse  of  years  the  concentric 
rings  will  be  found  to  correspond  exactly  with 
ft  the  time  since  the  operation  was  performed. 

The  descent  of  the    elaborated  sap  in  the 
inner  bark  may  be  shown  by  tying  a  ligature 
around  a  growing  branch,   or  by  removing  a 
ring  of  bark.     The  downward  currents  are  ob- 
structed, like  that  of  a  stream  by  a  dam,  and 
new  material  accumulates  above  the  obstruc- 
tion, and  not  below,  as  shown  in  Fig.  7. 
FIG  7.— Effects  of       In  Grafting,  it  is  essential  that  some  portions 
a     Constriction   of  the  cut  surfaces  uniting  the  stock  and  shoot 
upon  the  Growth   should  be  piaced  so  accurately  together  that 

of  a  Sapling. 

the  sap  may  flow  up  through  the  alburnum  or 
sap-wood  from  the  stock  to  the  shoot,  and  that  the  cambium 
of  the  shoot  may  grow  to  that  of  the  stock.  When  this  union 
takes  place,  the  rest  of  the  cut  faces,  even  if  some  distance 
apart,  are  soon  cemented  by  the  newly-forming  wood,  which 
fills  all  the  vacant  space. 

In  Budding,  the  newly-set  bud  is  cemented  to  the  wood  of 
the  stock  by  the  cambium,  which  hardens  and  fastens  it.     The 


PRINCIPLES  OF   THE   GROWTH  OF   TREES.  H 

next  spring  the  bud  grows,  forms  a  shoot,  and  the  two  por- 
tions become  securely  united  by  the  new  wood.  Unless  the 
cambium  is  vigorous  enough  to  join  the  wood  to  the  stock, 
the  operation  cannot  succeed;  and  this  is  the  reason  why,  with 
vigorously  growing  stocks,  in  which  the  sap  is  flowing  freely, 
which  are  consequently  rapidly  forming  new  wood,  budding 
succeeds  better  than  with  feeble  growers,  where  but  little  of 
this  natural  cement  exists. 

The  rapidity  with  which  leaves  exhale  moisture  is  shown 
by  severing  them  from  the  stem  in  dry  weather.  They  soon 
wither  and  become  dry.  Cut  a  shoot  from  a  tree,  and  throw 
it  down  in  the  sun's  rays,  and  it  will  quickly  shrivel,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  rapid  escape  of  its  moisture  through  the 
leaves.  But  first  cut  off  all  the  leaves,  and  the  shoot  will  re- 
main plump  a  long  time.  This  is  the  reason  that  it  becomes 
necessary  to  remove  the  leaves  at  once  from  scions  cut  for 
budding. 

Hence  also  the  reason  that  plants  and  trees  are  so  liable  to 
die  if  transplanted  with  the  leaves  on,  a  disaster  which  may 
be  partially  prevented  in  trees  by  removing  the  leaves;  and 
in  plants  or  cuttings  with  leaves  on,  by  covering  them  imme- 
diately with  a  bell-glass  which,  by  holding  the  watery  vapor, 
keeps  a  humid  atmosphere  about  them.  It  is  for  this  reason, 
also,  that  when  young  trees  lose  a  large  portion  of  their  roots, 
a  part  of  the  top  must  be  cut  off,  to  prevent  the  heavy  evap- 
oration which  all  the  leaves  would  occasion. 

A  sunflower  plant,  about  three  feet  high,  was  found  to  ex- 
hale from  its  leaves  in  very  dry  weather  between  one  and  two 
pints  of  water  in  a  day.  A  bunch  of  growing  grass  placed  be- 
neath a  cool  inverted  glass,  soon  covered  the  sides  of  the  glass 
with  condensed  drops  from  the  vapor,  and  in  a  few  minutes 
the  water  ran  down  the  sides.  These  experiments  show  the 
great  amount  of  water  needed  by  growing  plants;  and  also 
prove  the  mistake  which  some  persons  commit,  by  leaving 
weeds  to  grow  to  shade  the  ground  and  keep  it  moist,  while 
these  weeds  are  actually  pumping  the  water  rapidly  up  from 
the  soil,  and  dissipating  it  through  their  leaves. 

The  absolute  necessity  of  leaves  to  the  growth  of  a  tree  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  when  they  are  stripped  off  by  cater- 
pillars, the  tree  ceases  to  grow  till  new  ones  expand;  and  if 


12          PRINCIPLES  OF   THE   GROWTH  OF   TREES. 

often  repeated  it  perishes.  When  the  leaves  of  young  pear- 
stocks  cease  to  act,  in  consequence  of  leaf-blight,  the  tree  no 
longer  grows;  cambium  ceases  to  form,  and  they  cannot  be 
budded.  An  interesting  illustration  of  the  office  of  leaves  oc- 
curred to  the  writer  a  few  years  since :  A  yellow  gage  plum- 
tree  set  a  heavy  crop ;  but  when  the  fruit  was  nearly  grown 
all  the  leaves  dropped.  The  fruit  remained  green,  flavorless, 
and  stationary,  until  a  new  crop  of  leaves  came  out.  It  then 
finished  growing,  acquired  a  golden  color,  and  a  rich,  excel- 
lent flavor. 

Perfect  fruit  requires  perfect  leaves;  and  thick,  crowded, 
half-grown  leaves  give  small  fruit  with  poor  flavor.  The 
great  object  of  pruning,  and  of  summer  pruning  especially,  is 
to  give  plenty  of  good,  healthy,  and  not  crowded  foliage,  and 
the  crop  will  also  be  good. 

The  green  bark  of  trees  and  plants  performs  an  office  similar 
to  that  of  the  leaves;  and,  in  connection  with  the  cells  adjoin- 
ing, appears  to  fulfil  sometimes  an  office  which  the  leaves  fail 
to  accomplish.  This  is,  perpetuating  the  identity  of  the  species  or 
variety.  For  example,  bud  a  pear-tret  on  a  quince.  All  the 
wood  above  the  place  of  union  will  be  pear-wood ;  all  below 
Will  be  quince.  All  the  supplies  which  come  from  the  pear- 
leaves  change  to  quince-wood  the  moment  they  pass  this  point ; 
and  if  the  budding  is  performed  when  the  quince-stock  is 
smaller  than  a  quill,  yet  all  the  wood  below,  when  it  becomes 
a  large  tree,  will  still  be  perfect  quince-wood,  as  is  shown 
when  any  chance  shoots  or  suckers  spring  up  from  below. 
Or  bud,  for  example,  the  Northern  Spy,  which  has  dark  bark, 
with  the  Bellflower,  which  has  yellow;  and  again,  bud  the 
Snow-apple,  which  has  dark-colored  bark,  on  the  Bellflower, 
and  the  light-colored  Sweet  Bough  on  this — each  being  an 
inch  above  the  last  budding.  Successive  dark  and  light  bark, 
the  peculiarity  of  each  variety,  will  remain  as  long  as  the 
tree  grows :  showing  conclusively  that  each  part  or  twig  has 
the  power  of  maintaining  its  individuality. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  THE  GROWTH  OF  TREES. 


FLOWERS. 

The  object  of  the  flower  is  the  production  of  seeds,  and 
through  them  the  reproduction  of  new  plants.  The  protect- 
ing organs  of  each  are,  the 
calyx  outside,  which  is  usual- 
ly, not  always,  green  ;  and  the 
corolla,  or  flower  leaves,  of 
various  colors,  which  are  next 
within  the  calyx.  The  essen- 
tial parts  of  the  flowers  are 
the  stamens  &&&  pistils.  Fig.  8 
represents  an  enlarged  flower 
of  the  cherry,  cut  through  the  middle,  showing  the  small 
calyx,  the  large  corolla,  the  many  stamens,  and  the  single 
pistil.  Fig.  9  is  a  magnified  flower  of  the  purslane,  showing 
several  pistils.  The  head  of  the  stamen  (b,  Fig.  10)  is  called 


Fl0'  8-Flower  of  the 


FIG.  9.— Purslane  Flower. 


FIG.  io.— Stamen.        FIG.  n.— Pistil. 


the  anther.  It  contains  a  powder  called  pollen,  which  is  dis- 
charged by  the  bursting  of  the  anther,  the  pollen  being  the 
fertilizing  matter  essential  to  the  production  and  growth  of 
the  new  seed.  The  thread-like  stalk  of  the  stamen,  a,  is  called 
the  filament.  The  pistil  (Fig.  11)  consists  of  the  stigma,  c,  at 
the  top ;  the  style,  b,  its  support ;  and  the  ovary,  a,  or  future  seed- 
vessel.  The  ovules,  d,  are  the  rudimentary  seeds.  The  pollen 
of  the  stamens  falls  on  the  stigma,  and  the  egg-cells  are  fertil- 
ized or  impregnated,  and  seeds  are  the  result. 

Sometimes  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  different  flowers, 
on  different  parts  of  the  plant.  A  familiar  instance  occurs  in 
Indian-corn,  the  "  silk  "  being  the  pistils,  and  unless  thes6  are 


14  PRINCIPLES  OF   THE   GROWTH  OF   TREES. 

impregnated  by  the  pollen  of  the  anthers  at  the  top,  no  grains 
of  corn  will  be  produced. 

Sometimes  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  are  not  only 
separate,  but  are  on  distinct  plants,  as  the  Buckthorn  and 

Hemp.  The  pistillate  flowers  are 
said  to  be  fertile,  and  the  staminate 
sterile,  and  both  must  be  planted 
near  each  other  in  order  to  obtain 
fruit  or  seed. 

Sometimes  the  stamens,  when  not 
absent,  are  so  defective  that  they 
cannot  fertilize  the  pistils,  or  but 
This  is  the  case  with  some  of  the  pistillate 
strawberries;  such,  for  example,  as  Hovey's  Seedling  and  the 
Crescent.  In  order  to  produce  good  crops,  some  other  vari- 
ety that  has  perfect  nowers  or  perfectly-developed  stamens, 
as  the  Scarlet,  or  Wilson,  must  be  planted  near,  from  which  the 
wind  may  waft  or  the  bees  carry  the  pollen  to  the  imperfect 
flowers.  Fig.  12  represents  the  flower  of  a  staminate  straw- 
berry, or  one  in  which  stamens  as  well  as  pistils  are  perfect; 
Fig.  13  is  a  pistillate  flower,  the  stamens  being  small,  and  con- 


FlG.     12. 

Staminate  Flower 


imperfectly. 


FIG.  13. 

Pistillate 
Flower. 


FIG.  14.— Stamens  of  Scarlet 
Strawberry. 


FIG.  15.— Stamens  of  Hovey' 
Seedling. 


taining  but  little  pollen  in  the  anthers.  Fig.  14  is  an  enlarged 
view  of  the  former,  a  being  the  stamens,  and  b  the  pistils.  Fig. 
15  is  a  flower  of  Hovey's  Seedling  showing  at  a  the  dwarfed 
and  useless  stamens.  Sometimes  very  favorable  circumstances 
will  enable  these  dwarfs  to  afford  a  portion  of  pollen,  and 
berries  will  be  produced.  Some  pistillate  varieties  are  desti- 
tute of  stamens. 


SPECIES  AND  VARIETIES. 

Plants  and  animals  of  one  species  are  supposed  never  to 
produce  a  progeny  of  a  different  one,  no  matter  how  many 


PRINCIPLES  OF   THE   GROWTH  OF   TREES.  15 

successive  generations  may  intervene.  Thus,  for  example, 
the  seed  of  a  pear  never  produces  an  apple,  these  being  dis- 
tinct species;  but  it  gives  many  different  sorts  of  pears,  which 
are  only  varieties.  So  the  apple  produces  innumerable  varie- 
ties, but  it  can  never  yield  a  pear,  a  quince,  or  a  peach. 

The  knowledge  of  the  character  of  species,  and  their  affini- 
ties, would  frequently  prevent  the  blunders  which  grafters 
commit,  in  trying  I  o  make  the  peach  grow  on  the  willow  or 
butternuts 

While  species  repr  )duce  the  same  species,  varieties  do  not 
always  reproduce  t'  ^mselves.  Varieties  have  been  called 
incipient  species.  By  slow  and  gradual  changes,  varieties  may 
in  time  give  rise  to  other  species.  So  it  happens  that  whereas 
the  species  may  not  directly  change  into  another  species,  it 
may  gradually  pass  into  another  by  successive  variations. 
But  in  the  lifetime  of  a  man,  specific  limits  are  rarely  over- 
passed. 


CHAPTER  II. 

PRODUCTION  OF  NEW  VARIETIES. 

THE  tendency  is  more  or  less  common  with  all  plants, 
when  successively  produced  from  seed,  to  depart  from  the 
character  first  stamped  upon  them.  These  departures  give 
rise  to  new  varieties.  This  tendency  to  vary  is  increased  as 
plants  are  removed  from  their  native  localities;  and  in  an 
eminent  degree  by  cultivation.  Planted  in  gardens,  and  sub- 
jected to  high  culture,  repeated  and  successive  sowings  often 
develop  striking  changes  in  those  which  for  previous  centu- 
ries had  remained  unchanged.  By  a  constant  selection  of 
seeds  from  the  best,  a  gradual  improvement  on  the  original  is 
effected.  Most  of  our  finest  fruits  doubtless  owe  their  exist- 
ence to  this  improving  process. 

While  a  few  of  the  seedlings  from  such  improved  varieties 
may  become  still  further  improved,  a  far  greater  number  will 
probably  approach  toward  the  original  or  wild  state.  The 
more  highly  improved  the  fruit,  the  greater  the  difficulty  to 
find  one  of  its  progeny  which  shall  excel  or  equal  the  parent. 
In  ten  thousand  seedlings  from  those  high-flavored  apples,  the 
Swaar  and  Esopus  Spitzenberg,  it  may  be  quite  doubtful  if 
any  shall  equal  in  quality  those  fruits  themselves,  while  most 
may  fall  considerably  below  them. 

The  improvements  effected  in  former  ages  were  doubtless 
the  result  of  accident,  as  the  ancients  were  ignorant  of  the 
means  for  their  systematic  accomplishment.  The  greatest 
progress  in  the  art  made  in  modern  times  was  effected  by  Van 
Mons  in  Belgium  and  Knight  in  England. 

Van  Mons,  who  directed  his  labors  chiefly  to  the  pear,  ob- 
tained many  new  and  excellent  varieties,  by  a  constant  and 
successive  selection  of  the  best  seedlings.  He  first  made  a 
large  collection  of  natural  stocks,  or  wild  pears,  choosing 

16 


PRODUCTION  OF  NEW   VARIETIES.  17 

those  which,  from  the  appearance  of  the  wood  and  leaf,  he 
had  reason  to  believe  would  be  most  likely  to  give  the  best 
fruit.  As  soon  as  the  first  of  these  bore,  he  selected  the  best, 
and  planted  the  seeds.  Selections  were  again  made  from  the 
first  of  these,  and  so  on  in  continued  succession,  the  best  and 
soonest  in  bearing  were  uniformly  chosen.  He  thus  obtained 
fruit  from  the  eighth  generation ;  each  successive  experiment 
yielding  an  improved  result  on  the  preceding.  He  had,  in  the 
early  part  of  this  series  of  experiments,  no  less  than  eighty 
thousand  trees :  hence,  in  selecting  from  so  large  a  number, 
his  chance  for  fine  sorts  was  far  greater  than  from  a  small  col- 
lection ;  and  hence  too  the  reason  why,  after  seven  or  eight 
improving  generations,  he  had  obtained  so  many  good  varie- 
ties. In  the  early  stages  of  his  operations,  he  found  "  that 
twelve  or  fifteen  years  was  the  mean  term  of  time  from  the 
moment  of  planting  the  first  seed  of  an  ancient  variety  of  the 
domestic  pear,  to  the  first  fructification  of  the  trees  which 
sprang  from  them."  When  his  seedlings  were  at  the  age  of 
three  or  four  years,  he  was  able  to  judge  of  their  appearances 
though  they  had  not  as  yet  borne ;  such  only  were  taken  for 
further  trial  as  exhibite4  the  strongest  probability  of  excel- 
lence. It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remark  that  in  all  these 
trials  the  young  trees  were  kept  in  the  highest  state  of  culti- 
vation. 

Van  Mons  maintained  that  by  selecting  and  planting  the 
seeds  of  the  first  crorj  on  the  young  tree,  the  product  would 
be  less  liable  to  turn  back  to  the  original  variety  than  where 
the  seeds  were  taken  from  the  fruit  of  an  old-bearing  or 
grafted  tree ;  and  to  this  practice  he  chiefly  ascribed  his  suc- 
cess. The  many  instances,  however,  of  fine  seedlings  from 
old  grafted  sorts  throw  a  shade  of  doubt  over  this  theory. 
There  is  scarcely  a  question  that  the  same  extent  of  labor 
expended  in  crossing  varieties  would  have  given  greater 
success. 

NEW  VARIETIES  BY  CROSSING. 

New  varieties  are  produced  in  crossing  by  pollinating  the 
stigma  of  one  with  the  pollen  from  another,  as  described  in 
the  preceding  chapter.  The  simplest  instance  which  occurs 
is  that  of  the  strawberry,  the  pistillate  varieties  of  which 

2 


PRODUCTION  OF  NEW  VARIETIES. 


must  always  be  impregnated  with  pollen  from  staminate  sorts. 
Thus  the  seed  obtained  from  the  berries  of  every  pistillate 
strawberry  are  crosses,  and  if  planted  will  produce  new  vari- 
eties. In  fruit-trees,  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  the  same 
flower,  but  these  two  sets  of  organs  often  mature  at  different 
times.  Crossing  is  mostly  effected  by  insects,  which,  becom- 
ing thickly  dusted  with  powder  from  one  flower,  plunge  into 
the  recesses  of  another,  and  effect  a  cross-pollination.  Where 
many  varieties  grow  in  one  garden,  in  close  proximity,  cases 
of  promiscuous  intermixture  are  constantly  occurring.  The 
crosses  thus  produced  are  shown  usually  only  by  raising  fruit 
from  the  seedlings. 
In  the  annexed  figure  of  the  pear-blossom  (Fig.  16),  the  five 


FIG.  16.— Flower  of  the  Pear, 
a,  Stigma ;  t>,  anthers. 


FIG.  17.— The  anthers  cut  out.     This 
should  be  done  in  the  bud. 


central  organs  a  are  the  pistils  ;  the  upper  extremity  of  each  is 
the  stigma.  The  surrounding  thread-like  organs,  b,  are  the 
stamens,  surmounted  by  the  anthers.  When  the  flowers  open, 
the  anthers  burst,  and  discharge  the  pollen  which  may  fall  on 
the  stigmas  or  be  carried  to  the  stigmas  of  another  flower. 

The  production  of  new  varieties  is  greatly  facilitated  by 
cross-impregnation,  or  by  fertilizing  the  pistil  of  one  variety 
with  the  pollen  of  another.  This  was  performed  with  great 
success  by  Knight.  Selecting  two  varieties  before  the  flowers 
had  opened,  and  before  the  anthers  had  burst  and  discharged 
the  pollen,  he  cut  out  with  a  fine  pair  of  scissors  all  the  sta- 
mens, leaving  the  pistils  untouched  (Fig.  17).  When  the 
stigma  became  sufficiently  mature,  which  was  indicated  by  its 
glutinous  surface,  he  transferred  the  pollen  of  the  other  sort 
on  the  point  of  a  camel's  hair  pencil.  Some  propagators  pre- 
fer the  point  of  a  knife  for  applying  the  pollen.  The  fruit, 
thus  yielded,  was  unchanged ;  but  its  seeds  partook  variously 


PRODUCTION  OF  NEW   VARIETIES.  19 

of  the  nature  of  both  parents,  and  the  trees  growing  from 
them  bore  new  and  intermediate  varieties. 

For  the  success  of  such  experiments,  several  precautions 
are  requisite.  The  flower  must  be  deprived  of  its  stamens 
before  it  has  fully  expanded,  or  before  the  anthers  have  al- 
ready burst  and  scattered  their  dust ;  the  pollen  must  be  pro- 
cured from  a  bursting  or  fully  matured  anther,  when  it  will 
be  dry  and  powdery ;  the  stigma  must  be  inoculated  as  soon 
as  it  becomes  adhesive  or  glutinous,  otherwise  it  may  be  fer- 
tilized from  another  source,  and  then  the  intended  pollen  can- 
not possibly  take  effect.  For  a  stigma  once  inoculated  can- 
not be  inoculated  again.  It  is  safest,  where  practicable,  to 
force  the  trees  by  artificial  heat  into  flowering  a  few  days 
earlier  than  others,  so  as  to  be  secure  from  accidental  inocu- 
lations of  pollen  floating  in  the  air;  and  to  prevent  its  spread 
by  bees,  to  apply  a  temporary  covering  of  gauze,  or  thin  oil- 
cloth. A  want  of  attention  to  these  minutiae  has  led  some  ex- 
perimenters to  fancy  they  had  obtained  crosses,  when  they 
had  only  natural  seedlings. 

To  obtain  new  varieties  of  certain  desired  qualities,  select 
two  which  possess  those  qualities  separately,  and  seedlings 
from  crossing  will  be  likely  to  exhibit  these  qualities  com- 
bined. Thus,  a  very  early  pear  deficient  in  flavor,  as  the 
Amire  Joannet,  might  furnish  one  of  superior  quality  by  a 
cross  with  a  better  and  later  sort,  as  Dearborn's  Seedling. 
Or,  a  small  and  very  rich  pear,  as  the  Seckel,  might  give  us 
one  of  the  larger  size  by  fertilizing  the  Bartlett.  A  slow- 
growing  and  tender  peach,  as  the  Early  Anne,  might  be  ren- 
dered hardier  and  more  vigorous  by  an  intermixture  with  the 
Early  York  or  Cooledge's  Favorite.  But  it  must  be  remem- 
bered, that  there  is  a  tendency  in  such  highly  improved  sorts 
to  deteriorate,  and  that  out  of  thousands  of  seedlings,  perhaps 
only  one  or  two  may  be  fully  equal  to  the  original. 

The  following  mode  of  raising  crosses  of  the  grape 
is  described  by  G.  W.  Campbell,  who  has  experimented 
largely : 

"To  be  certain  of  success,  the  grape  blossom  must  be 
opened  artificially,  before  its  natural  period  of  flowering,  and 
all  the  anthers  or  stamens  removed  before  the  pollen  or  fe- 
cundating dust  is  formed,  leaving  the  bare  germ,  with  the 


20  PRODUCTION  OF  NEW   VARIETIES. 

stigma  unfertilized.  To  prevent  the  possibilities  of  impreg- 
nation by  bees  or  insects,  or  the  wind  conveying  pollen  from 
other  sources,  the  prepared  blossom-bunch  is  inclosed  in  a 
tight,  oil-silk  case,  and  pollen  supplied  at  the  proper  time 
from  whatever  variety  it  is  proposed  to  cross,  or  hybridize 
with.  When  the  berries  swell,  and  commence  growing,  it  is 
an  indication  that  the  process  has  been  successful;  and  the 
oil-silk  covering  may  then  be  removed,  the  bunch  carefully 
labelled,  and  the  seeds  from  these  berries,  when  planted,  are 
expected  to  produce  crosses  or  hybrids  having  characteristics  of 
both  parents. 

"  I  have  also  tested  the  accuracy  of  my  experiments  in  va- 
rious ways.  In  one  instance  I  prepared  a  bunch,  as  if  for 
crossing,  by  removing  all  the  stamens,  and  inclosed  it  in  the 
usual  manner,  but  applied  no  pollen.  Upon  removing  the 
covering  some  days  after,  every  berry  but  one  had  blasted, 
and  fell  off  at  a  touch.  This  one  berry,  being  from  some 
cause  later  than  the  rest,  was  just  in  condition  to  receive 
pollen,  which  I  supplied  from  the  Chasselas  Musque,  and  pro- 
duced a  grape,  from  which  I  have  a  seedling  that  may  prove 
valuable.  Other  bunches,  prepared  at  the  same  time,  upon 
the  same  vine,  and  supplied  with  pollen  at  the  proper  time, 
were  all  fertilized,  and  produced  full  and  perfect  bunches. 
The  Logan  and  Taylor's  Bullitt  both  set  their  fruit  unevenly 
and  imperfectly,  and  produce  usually  small,  straggling,  and 
unhandsome  bunches.  When  fertilized  in  the  manner  above 
stated  they  have  produced  handsome  and  compact  bunches, 
the  only  ones  of  that  character  upon  the  vines. 

"  Seedlings  almost  uniformly  indicate  their  parentage  by 
their  foliage.  That  of  hybrids  with  the  foreign  vines  is  usu- 
ally deeply  lobed ;  often  having  much  more  the  form  of  the 
foreign  than  the  native  leaf,  although  grown  from  the  seed 
of  the  native  parent.  Some  have  foliage  intermediate  or  re- 
sembling both  in  some  degree.  Also,  in  the  crosses  between 
natives,  some  resemble  one  parent  and  some  the  other. 
Others  again  seem  a  mixture  of  both." 

An  easier  process  is  to  plant  them  in  close  contact,  so  that 
the  fruiting  branches  may  intermingle.  Out  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  seedlings  thus  obtained,  there  is  a  chance  of  a  fair  por- 
tion of  them  being  crosses.  It  was  in  this  way  that  Dr.  Kirt- 


PRODUCTION  OF  NEW   VARIETIES.  21 

land  produced  the  seed  of  all  his  new  and  excellent  varieties 
of  the  cherry. 

The  interesting  fact  that  fruit  trees  which  grow  alone  and 
distant  from  any  other  sorts  are  more  apt  to  reproduce  these 
sorts  from  seed  with  but  little  variation,  than  seeds  from  the 
same  sorts  in  mixed  orchards,  shows  to  what  extent  the  spon- 
taneous crossing  or  mixture  of  varieties  may  be  constantly 
going  on  in  such  orchards. 

When  a  cross  is  obtained  between  two  different  species,  in- 
stead of  between  mere  varieties,  it  is  termed  a  hybrid.  But 
while  varieties  of  the  same  species  intermingle  freely,  the 
operation  rarely  succeeds  between  fruits  of  different  species. 
The  gooseberry,  currant,  and  black  currant,  species  of  the 
same  genus,  and  nearly  related,  have  never  produced  a  useful 
hybrid.  Neither  has  any  ever  been  obtained  between  the  ap- 
ple and  the  pear,  or  the  pear  and  the  quince.  But  different 
species  of  other  plants,  as  the  Heaths,  and  some  of  the  Cacti, 
intermingle  freely.  Hybrids  are  frequently  sterile ;  or  if  they 
possess  the  power  of  reproduction  by  seed,  the  progeny  often 
returns  to  the  state  of  one  or  the  other  of  its  parents. 

Amongst  common  fruits,  there  are  some  undoubted  hybrids. 
Such  are  the  Kieffer  and  LeConte  types  of  pears,  which  are 
hybrids  between  the  common  pear  ( Pyrus  communis)  and  the 
oriental  pear  (Pyrus  Sinensis). 

There  are  many  hybrid  grapes,  and  some  of  them,  as  Aga- 
wam,  Salem,  and  others,  are  of  commercial  importance.  There 
is  a  large  class  of  hybrid  raspberries  (Rubus  occidentalis  x  R. 
strigosus),  represented  by  the  Shaffer  and  other  Purple  Canes. 
The  Wilson  Early  blackberry  is  a  hybrid  of  the  blackberry 
(Rubus  nigrobaccus}  and  the  dewberry  (R.  villosus}.  In  gen- 
eral, however,  less  is  to  be  expected  from  hybrids  than  from 
the  selected  progeny  of  crosses  between  varieties.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,  most  varieties  of  fruits  are  chance  seedlings,  no 
one  knowing  their  exact  parentage.  Amongst  fruits,  purpose- 
ful plant-breeding  has  yet  played  a  very  small  role.  (See  Bai- 
ley, "  Plant-Breeding.") 


CHAPTER  III. 

PROPAGATION  BY  BUDDING  AND  GRAFTING,  B^ 
LAYERS  AND  BY  CUTTINGS. 

WHEN  trees  are  raised  from  seeds,  as  before  stated,  there  is 
no  certainty  that  the  same  identical  variety  will  be  repro- 
duced. In  many  cases,  the  shade  of  variation  will  be  scarcely 
perceptible ;  in  others,  it  will  be  wide  and  distinct.  It  hence 
becomes  desirable  in  preventing  a  return  toward  the  original 
wild  state,  or,  in  other  words,  to  perpetuate  the  identical  in- 
dividual thus  highly  improved,  to  adopt  some  other  mode 
of  propagation,  for  the  purpose  of  multiplying  trees  of  such 
varieties  as  possess  a  high  excellence,  instead  of  constantly 
creating  new  ones,  with  the  hazard  of  most  of  them  proving 
worthless. 

It  will  be  distinctly  remembered  that  new  varieties  nearly 
always  spring  from  seeds;  but  the  same  individual  variety 
can  be  multiplied  only  by  separating  the  buds,  or  shoots  bear- 
ing the  buds,  of  such  individual  plant.  As  an  example,  the 
Fall  Pippin,  when  first  produced  from  seed,  was  a  single  tree 
of  a  new  variety.  The  myriads  of  Fall  Pippin  trees  now  ex- 
isting are  only  multiplications  of  the  branches  of  the  original. 
This  multiplication  or  propagation  of  varieties  is  effected  in 
several  ways:  i,  by  Cuttings;  2,  Layers;  3,  Grafting;  4,  Bud- 
ding. Without  these  means  of  propagation,  such  delicious 
sorts  as  the  Green  Gage  plum,  the  Elton  cherry,  and  the 
Seckel  pear,  could  never  have  been  tasted  except  as  picked 
from  the  single  parent  tree. 

In  the  multitude  of  different  modes  of  grafting  and  budding, 
success  must  depend  on  the  observance  of  certain  funda- 
mental principles ;  a  brief  recapitulation,  in  part,  of  some  of 
these  laid  down  in  the  second  chapter  may  not  be  out  of 
place. 

22 


PROPAGATION.  *3 

During  the  growing  season  of  a  fruit-tree,  the  sap  enters  at 
the  fibrous  roots,  passes  up  through  the  alburnum  or  sap-wood, 
ascends  to  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  and  is  distributed 
through  the  leaves.  Emerging  thus  from  the  dark  and  minute 
vessels  of  the  wood,  it  is  spread  out  and  exposed  to  the  action 
of  the  light.  It  now  becomes  essentially  changed  in  charac- 
ter, enters  into  new  combinations,  and  is  charged  with  the 
materials  for  the  newly  forming  wood ;  it  is  distributed,  not 


FIG.  18.  FIG.  19.    FIG.  20.  FIG.  21.         FIG.  M. 

The  Downward  Flow  of  Sap,  Causing  Swellings,  Callus,  and  Roots. 

through  the  sap-wood,  but  through  the  inner  or  living  bark, 
and  building  up  the  new  plant  tissues.  This  new  layer  being 
soft  and  fresh,  interposed  between  them,  causes  that  separa- 
tion known  as  the  peeling  of  the  bark. 

The  sap  is  capable  of  moving  sidewise,  laterally  through 
the  various  vessels  or  microscopic  tubes.  Hence  some  trees 
may  be  cut  at  one  point  more  than  half  through  on  one  side, 
and  at  another  point  more  than  half  through  on  the  other  side, 
without  intercepting  the  upward  flow  of  sap,  as  in  Fig.  18. 
The  lateral  motion  explains  the  reason  why  a  graft  set  in  the 
longitudinal  cleft  of  a  stock  receives  the  sap  from  the  split 
surfaces  of  the  cleft,  and  succeeds  as  well  as  when  cross  sec- 
tions of  both  are  brought  into  contact. 


24  PROPAGATION. 


I.  CUTTINGS. 

When  a  ligature  is  bound  closely  round  a  branch,  the  ob- 
struction which  it  imposes  to  the  descending  juices  causes  an 
enlargement  or  swollen  ring  above  the  ligature,  as  in  Fig.  19. 
The  same  result  is  produced  if  a  small  ring  of  bark  is  cut  out, 
as  in  Fig.  20.  If  a  shoot  is  taken  from  the  tree  before  the 
leaves  expand,  and  plunged  into  moist  earth  till  it  commences 
growth,  the  elaborated  materials  build  up  at  the  lower  ex- 
tremity a  callus  or  ring,  as  in  Fig.  2 1 ;  and  under  favorable  cir- 
cumstances,  roots  will  form  above  or  near  this  callus  (Fig.  22), 
and  thus  a  new  plant  is  formed. 

Every  leaf-bud  on  a  fruit-tree  may  be  regarded  as  an  em~ 
bryo  branch,  and  capable  of  forming  a  tree  when  supplied 
with  separate  roots.  But  single  buds  do  not  contain  within 
themselves  sufficient  nutriment  to  sustain  vegetation  till  roots 
are  formed,  without  a  considerable  portion  of  the  sap-wood  and 
cambium  layer  attached;  hence  the  superior 
advantage  of  taking  an  entire  shoot  or  cutting. 

Propagation  by  cuttings  is  the  simplest  mode 
of  multiplying  a  variety.  It  consists  in  the  in- 
sertion of  a  shoot  of  one  year's  growth  into  the 
soil ;  the  moisture  of  the  soil  renews  the  sup- 
ply of  sap,  the  buds  swell,  the  leaves  expand, 
and  the  descending  juices  extend  themselves 
in  the  production  of  new  roots,  which  shoot 
downward  into  the  soil,  Fig.  23. 

Under  ordinary  circumstances,  or  in  open 
ground,  this  mode  is  only  applicable  to  such 
species  as  readily  throw  out  roots,  as  the  cur- 
rant, gooseberry,  quince,  and  grape.  Cuttings 
of  the  apple  and  pear  can  only  be  made  to 
strike  root  in  the  Northern  and  Middle  States 
by  confining  the  moisture  under  glass,  while 
artificial  heat  is  applied. 

It  may  be  stated,  in  general,  that  cuttings  made  of  the  rip- 
ened wood  of  such  trees  as  have  a  large  pith  succeed  best 
when  taken  off  with  a  portion  of  the  preceding  year's  wood, 


PRO  PA  GA  TION.  *  5 

such  as  the  gooseberry,  currant,  vine,  fig,  etc.  With  large 
and  strong  shoots,  the  best  success  may  result  if  cuttings  are 
separated  at  the  point  between  the  one  and  two  year's 
growth.  When  small  side-shoots  are  used,  they 
should  be  cut  closely  to  the  main  stem,  so  as  to 
secure  the  collar  or  enlarged  portion  of  the  wood  at 
the  base  of  the  shoot,  Fig.  24.  Roots  are  more 
readily  thrown  out,  if  the  cut  is  made  immediately 
below  a  bud. 

The  best  time  to  take  off  cuttings,  in  ordinary 
cases,  is  in  autumn  and  winter.  The  autumn  is  pre- 
ferable, by  giving  time  for  the  wounded  section  to 
callus,  preparing  it  for  the  early  emission  of  roots 
FIG.  24.-  jn  spring.  But  where  the  soil  is  heavy  or  liable 
mg*  to  heave  by  frost,  or  where  the  cuttings  are  of 
tender  trees,  they  should  be  kept  in  damp  earth  in  a  cellar, 
to  be  planted  as  soon  as  the  frost  disappears  from  the  ground. 
If  not  taken  off  till  spring,  the  operation  must  be  performed 
as  early  as  possible.  In  ordinary  instances,  to  prevent  dry- 
ing, about  two-thirds  or  three-quarters  of  the  shoot  should  be 
buried  beneath  the  surface;  and  the  moisture  may  be  still 
further  retained  by  a  covering  of  manure,  leaves,  or  moss,  or 
by  placing  them  under  the  shade  of  a  wall  or 
close  fence.  When  long,  like  the  grape,  they 
should  be  placed  sloping,  so  as  not  to  be  buried 
too  deep  or  beyond  the  influence  of  the  sun's 
warmth.  Failure  often  results  from  a  neglect  to  ~ 
press  the  soil  closely  about  the  cutting. 

To  procure  young  plants  of  the  gooseberry  and 
currant  with  straight,  clean  stems  at  the  surface, 
and  free  from  suckers,  it  is  only  necessary  to  re- 
move every  bud  except  a  few  at  the  upper  end, 
Fig.  25.  The  length  may  be  from  eight  inches 
to  a  foot. 

mv  .,  FIG.    25.-Cut- 

There  are  many  plants  easily  propagated  by  ting  of  Cur. 
cuttings,  if  the  two  great  requisites  of  vegetation,  rant, 
namely,  moisture  and  warmth,  are  increased  by  artificial 
means,  as  in  a  hotbed  under  glass;  or  in  a  propagating- 
house,  under  sash,  or  bell-glasses,  with  artificial  heat  gently 
applied  beneath. 


2  6  PRO  PA  GA  TION. 

II.   LAYERS. 

A  layer  is  a  low  side-shoot  bent  down  and  buried  at  the 
middle  in  the  soil,  Fig.  26.  The  buried  portion  strikes  root, 
when  it  is  taken  off  and  planted  separately.  Its  advantages 
over  a  cutting  is,  that  it  is  nourished  by  the  parent  plant 
while  the  roots  are  forming.  Hence  many  plants  which  can- 
not be  increased  by  cuttings,  and  indeed  with  great  difficulty 
by  budding  and  grafting,  may  be  propagated  readily  by 
layers. 

When  roots  are  freely  emitted,  as  from  the  grape,  simply 
bending  the  middle  of  the  branch  into  the  soil  is  enough  to 


PlG.  26.— Layering.  FIG.  27.— Slitting  layers. 

insure  success.  But  in  cases  of  difficulty,  other  expedients 
are  resorted  to;  one  of  the  most  common  is  to  split  a  portion 
upward,  immediately  under  a  bud  (Fig.  27),  which  enables 
the  newly  forming  roots  to  pass  freely  and  at  once  into  the 
soil  without  the  resistance  of  the  thick  bark  which  they  other- 
wise must  pierce.  Sometimes  the  branch  is  cut  partly  off  to 
intercept  the  downward  passage  of  the  fluids,  and  induce 
the  formation  of  roots.  At  other  times  a  wire  ligature,  or 
the  removal  of  a  narrow  ring  of  bark,  effects  the  same  pur- 
pose. Burying  the  layer  several  inches  under  the  surface  is 
necessary,  to  keep  it  in  moist  earth ;  and  in  drouth,  mulching 
would  be  beneficial.  A  small  excavation  of  the  soil  at  the 
spot  is  convenient ;  and  when  the  branch  is  stiff,  it  must  be 
fastened  down  with  a  forked  stick. 

The  excavation  should  be  made  with  a  spade.  Use  both 
hands  in  bending  the  shoot,  so  that  it  may  not  be  bent  too 
short  and  break.  If  properly  done,  it  will  press  against  the 


PROPAGATION.  27 

nearest  side  of  the  hole,  rest  on  the  bottom,  and  rise  up,  press- 
ing against  the  opposite  side,  when  it  should  be  fastened  up- 
right, and,  if  necessary,  to  a  small  stake.  At  the  time  of  bend- 
ing, a  sod  or  other  weight  may  be  laid  on  to  keep  it  down  till 
the  hole  is  filled ;  and  if  the  mellow  earth  be  pressed  firmly 
down  with  the  foot,  no  forked  stick  will  be  usually  neces- 
sary. 

The  most  favorable  state  of- a  plant  for  layering  is  when  the 
bark  is  somewhat  soft  and  not  too  ripe,  and  the  worst  shoots 
are  those  which  are  stunted,  and  with  a  hard  bark.  There 
are,  however,  no  shoots  whatever,  not  actually  diseased,  that 
will  not  root  by  layers,  if  sufficient  time  be  given.  Layers, 
like  cuttings,  may  be  made  of  the  ripened  wood  in  autumn  or 
spring;  or  of  the  growing  wood  at  or  a  little  before  midsum- 
mer, when  the  part  intended  to  root  is  somewhat  mature  and 
firm  in  texture.  The  pear,  the  apple,  and  the  quince,  if  lay- 
ered early  in  the  spring,  or  the  grape  in  summer,  will  usually 
be  well  rooted  in  autumn. 

A  moist  season  is  the  most  favorable  to  the  rooting  of 
layers,  by  preserving  a  softer  bark.  For  this  reason,  many 
plants  may  be  more  easily  propagated  in  England  than  in  the 
United  States ;  and  more  readily  in  Ireland  than  in  England. 

Layering  is  largely  made  use  of  for  propagating  the  grape, 
occasionally  for  the  quince,  and  sometimes  for  the  apple.  It 
is  also  of  very  extensive  application  in  propagating  many  or- 
namental trees  and  shrubs. 

Suckers  may  be  regarded  as  spontaneous  layers,  the  new 
shoots  being  sent  up  from  buds  on  the  roots  or  portions  of 
the  stem  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground.  They  are  much 
employed  in  multiplying  most  species  of  the  raspberry.  The 
runners  of  strawberries  may  be  regarded  as  layers  or  suckers 
above  ground. 

III.  GRAFTING. 

Upwards  of  twenty  different  modifications  of  grafting  were 
mentioned  by  the  ancient  Roman  writer,  Varro ;  and  Thouin, 
of  Paris,  has  described  and  figured  more  than  a  hundred 
kinds.  The  great  number  of  modes  given  in  books  has  tended 
rather  to  bewilder  than  to  enlighten  beginners ;  the  following 


28  PROPAGATION. 

remarks,  therefore,  are  more  for  the  purpose  of  laying  down 
reasons  on  which  success  depends,  than  for  pointing  out  the 
peculiar  modes  of  operation,  which  may  be  varied  according 
to  convenience,  provided  attention  is  given  to  the  essential 
particulars.. 

Propagation  by  grafting  differs  mainly  and  essentially  from 
increasing  by  cuttings,  by  inserting  the  cutting  into  the  grow- 
ing stock  of  another  tree  instead  of  directly  into  the  soil. 
The  stock  thus  supplies  the  sap,  as  the  soil  does  in  the  case  of 
a  cutting ;  and  the  graft,  instead  of  making  roots  of  its  own, 
becomes  firmly  united  with  the  stock  by  means  of  the  new- 
growing  wood.  Hence  there  are  two  chief  requisites  for  suc- 
cess :  the  first,  that  the  graft  be  so  set  in  the  stock,  that  the 

sap  may  flow  up- 
ward without  in- 
terruption ;  and 
the  second,  that 
the  forming- 
wood  may  ex- 
tend downward  uninterruptedly  through  the 
inner  bark.  To  effect  these  two  requisites,  it 
is  needful,  first,  that  the  operation  be  performed 
with  a  sharp  knife  or  grafting  chisel,  Fig.  28,  that 
the  vessels  and  pores  may  be  cut  smoothly  and 
evenly,  and  the  two  parts  brought  into  immedi- 
ate and  even  contact.  Secondly,  that  the  opera- 
tion be  so  contrived  that  a  permanent  and  con- 
siderable pressure  be  applied  to  keep  all  parts 
-of  these  cut  faces  closely  together.  Thirdly, 
FIG.  28. -Graft-  that  the  line  of  division  between  the  inner  bark 
ing  Chisel.  an(j  the  wood  coincide  or  exactly  correspond  in 
each;  for  if  the  inner  bark  of  the  one  sets  wholly 
on  the  wood  of  the  other,  the  upward  current  through  the  wood 
and  back  through  the  bark  is  broken,  and  the  graft  cannot 
flourish  or  grow.  And,  fourthly,  that  the  wounded  parts  made 
by  the  operation  be  effectually  excluded  from  the  external  air, 
chiefly  to  retain  a  due  quantity  of  moisture  in  the  parts,  but 
also  to  exclude  the  wet,  until,  by  the  growth  of  the  graft,  the 
union  is  effected. 

i.  The  first  requisite  is  best  attained  by  keeping  a  keen, 


PROPAGATION, 


29 


flat-bladed  knife  to  cut  the  faces,  and  another  knife  for  other 
purposes.     Fig.  29. 

2.  The  second  requires  that  the  jaws  of  the  stock,  in  cleft- 
grafting,  press  with  some  force,  but  not  too  much,  against  the 

wedge-shaped  sides  of  the  graft.  A 
stock  one-third  of  an  inch  in  diameter 
will  sometimes  do  this  sufficiently ; 
but  three  quarters  of  an  inch  is  a  more 
convenient  size.  In  whip-grafting, 
the  tongue  and  slit  should  be  firmly 
crowded  or  bound  together. 

3.  The  third  requisite  is  attained 
by  close  examination  with  the  eye. 

4.  The  fourth  is  accomplished  by 
plasters  of  grafting-wax,  or  by  the 
application  of  grafting-clay.     Graft- 
ing-wax  may  be  purchased  of  any 
seedsman,    or   if  preferred  for  any 
reason  it  may  be  made  by  melting  to- 
gether rosin,  tallow,  and  beeswax. 

Budding  ^n  exce^ent  grafting- wax  is  made  of 
three  parts  of  rosin,  three  of  beeswax, 
and  two  of  tallow.  A  cheaper  com- 
position, but  more  liable  to  adhere  to  the  hands,  is  made  of  four 
parts  of  rosin,  two  of  tallow,  and  one  of  beeswax.  These  ingre- 
dients, after  being  melted  and  mixed  together,  may  be  applied 
in  different  ways.  The  wax  may  be  directly  applied  when 
just  warm  enough  to  run,  by  means  of  a  brush ;  or  it  may  be 
spread  thickly  with  a  brush  over  sheets  of  muslin,  which  are 
afterward,  during  a  cold  day,  cut  up  into  plasters  of  conve- 
nient size  for  applying ;  or,  the  wax,  after  becoming  cold,  may 
be  worked  up  with  wet  or  oiled  hands,  drawn  into  thin  strips 
or  ribbons,  and  wrapped  closely  around  the  inserted  graft.  In 
all  cases  success  is  more  certain,  when  the  wax  is  pressed 
so  as  to  fit  to  every  part,  and  leave  no  interstices;  and  it  is 
indispensable  that  every  portion  of  the  wound  on  the  stock 
and  graft  be  totally  excluded  from  the  external  air.  In  cool 
weather,  a  lantern,  or  hot  brick,  or  some  other  method  of 
obtaining  heat  will  be  found  necessary  to  soften  the  plasters 
before  applying  them. 


FIG.  29.  —  Grafting, 

and  Pruning  Knives. 


PROPAGATION. 


CUTTING  GRAFTS. — Cut  these  in  autumn  if  you  have  a  good 
place  to  pack  them,  but  if  well  kept  they  may  be  taken  at  any 
time  between  the  cessation  of  growth  in  late  summer  or  au- 


VI 

FIG.  34.— Opening  the  Cleft.  PIG.  31 


FIG.  35.— Cleft- 
grafting. 


Stages  in  the  Making  of  Buds. 


FIG.  32.  FIG.  30. 

tumn,  and  the  commencement  of  vegetation  in  spring.  Those 
cut  in  autumn,  however,  will  have  more  vigor  in  spring  than 
if  exposed  to  the  cold  of  any  severe  winter — this  is  especially 
the  case  with  plums,  pears,  and  cherries.  Pack  them  in  boxes 


PRO  PA  GA  TION. 


of  damp  (not  wet)  moss,  or  in  small  boxes  of  damp  (not  wet) 
sawdust— large  boxes  of  sawdust  will  heat.  Mark  every  sort 
carefully  and  plainly.  Another  good  way  to  keep 
scions  through  winter  is  to  place  them  snugly  in  a 
box  till  it  is  more  than  half  full;  next  nail  in  two  or 
three  cross-pieces  to  hold  them,  and  then  bury  the 
box  inverted  with  several  inches  of  earth  over  it,  on 
a  dry  spot  or  knoll.  They  will  thus  be  kept  from 
contact  with  the  wet  earth,  and  will  receive  enough 
moisture  from  below  to  keep  them  fresh  and  plump. 
Cuttings  of  currants,  grapes,  quinces,  gooseberries, 
V]|  etc.,  are  to  be  taken  off  in  autumn,  and  they  may  be 
\l  7f  kept  till  early  spring  in  the  same  way  as  grafts,  or 
they  may  be  set  out  at  once,  pressing  the  earth 
compactly  against  them  and  covering  well  till  spring 
with  manure,  litter,  leaves,  or  evergreen  boughs. 

The  accompanying  en- 
gravings (Figs.  30  to  36), 
serve  to  show  more  distinct- 
ly than  the  directions  given 
in  the  preceding  part  of  this 
chapter,  the  details  of  the 
operations  of  budding  and 
grafting.  Fig.  30  represents 
the  appearance  of  a  shoot  of 
the  pear,  of  one  summer's 
growth,  at  the  time  it  is  cut 
from  the  parent  tree  to  furnish  the 
buds,  and  will  answer  as  an  illustra- 
tion for  the  apple,  cherry,  or  other 
fruit.  The  portion  between  the  cross-  FlG-  37-  FlG-  38. 
lines  furnishes  the  best  developed  and 

ripened 


FIG.  36. 


FIG.  39. 
Making  and  Packing  Grafts. 


FlG.  40.— Grafts  Packed  for  Sending 
by  Mail. 


buds.     Fig.  31  is  the 
appearance    of  the  shoot  after 
the  leaves  are  cut  off.     Fig.  32 
shows    the    manner  in   which 
the   budding-knife  is  inserted 
removal;   and  Fig.  33  the  position  in 
Fig.  36  shows 


under  the  bud  for  its 

which  the  shoot  is  held  during  the  operation. 

a  common  method  of  making  the  buds  by  cutting  upwards. 


PROPAGATION. 


CARE  OF  GRAFTS. — In  cutting,  the  name  may  be  kept  tem- 
porarily by  writing  with  a  common  lead-pencil  on  a  shaved 
portion  of  the  shoot  (Fig.  37) ;  but  for  packing  away  perma- 
nently, write  the  name  on  both  sides  of  a  strip  of  shingle,  say 
a  foot  long  and  half  an  inch  wide  (Fig.  38),  and  tie  this  up 
with  the  scions,  the  outside  writing  readily  showing  the  name, 
the  inner  to  refer  to  in  case  the  outside  is  erased  (Fig.  39). 
Scions  not  fully  hardy,  as  of  most  sorts  of  plums,  should  be 


rr 


Fio.  41. 


FIG.  42. 


FIG.  43. 


FIG.  44. 


cut  early  in  winter,  or  before  they  have  been  exposed  and  in- 
jured by  severe  cold. 

In  order  to  send  scions  by  mail,  they  are  best  put  up  by  enclos- 
ing them  in  cases  of  oil-silk  (such  as  is  used  for  hat-lining), 
by  wrapping  the  oil-silk  about  the  scions  and  over  the  ends, 
and  then  passing  a  fine  thread  repeatedly  round  from  end  to 
end,  making  the  whole  air-tight  (Fig.  40).  The  natural  moist- 
ure is  thus  preserved,  and  they  cannot  shrivel.  The  names 
should  be  written  with  pencil  on  the  ends,  and  no  paper  for 
this  purpose  wrapped  around  them,  as  it  absorbs  the  moisture. 


PROPAGATION-. 


33 


Grafts  have  been  shrivelled  and  spoiled  by  mistakenly  placing 
dry  cotton  batting  among  them  before  thus  encased.  To 
send  grafts  in  larger  quantities,  or  by  "  express,"  pack  them 
in  alternating  layers  of  fine,  slightly  damp  moss.  It  is  always 
important,  whether  packing  grafts  for  keeping  or  for  distant 
conveyance,  to  preserve  the  natural  moisture  precisely,  and 
no  more.  If  the  packing  is  too  wet,  they  will  become  water- 
soaked  and  rot. 

Grafts  which  have  become   dry   may  be  restored  if  the 
moisture  is  applied  so  gradually  that 
its  absorption   may  require  several 
weeks,  by  burying  them  as  above 
stated. 

The  following  figures  represent 
the  two  most  common  modes  of 
grafting  fruit-trees:  Figs.  41  to  44 
representing  successive  stages  of 
whip  or  tongue  grafting,  from  the 
sloping  cut  of  the  scion  and  stock, 
to  the  completion  of  the  operation  by 
the  covering  with  the  wax  plaster. 

Whip-grafting  may  be  employed 
for  large  as  well  as  small  stocks.  In 
order  that  the  line  of  separation  be- 
tween the  bark  and  wood  may  coin- 
cide in  both,  unless  the  graft  be  as 
large  as  the  stock  it  must  be  placed 
at  one  side  (Fig.  45),  a,  sloped  and 
tongued  for  the  reception  of  the  graft, 
b,  their  union  being  represented  by 
Fig.  46.  To  facilitate  the  wrapping 
of  the  wax  plasters,  one  side  and  the 
upper  point  of  the  stock  are  pared  off  with  a  knife,  before  the 
two  are  joined,  as  shown  by  the  dotted  line.  This  is  a  good 
mode  of  grafting  any  stocks  not  over  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  in  the  nursery  row. 

Fig.  47  shows  a   stock  cut  off  for  cleft-grafting,    with  the 

upright  cleft  separated  by  the  grafting-chisel  ready  for  the 

graft;   Fig.  48,   the  graft  cut  wedge-form   to  fit  it;    Fig.  49, 

the  graft  in  its  place,  and  Fig.  50  shows  a  cross-section  illus- 

3 


FIG.  45. 


FIG.  46. 


Whip-grafting  Large  Stocks. 


34 


PROPAGATION. 


trating  the  fitting  of  the  parts.     The  exposed  parts  are  then 
thoroughly  waxed. 

Whip-grafting  is  particularly  applicable  to  small  stocks,  or 
where  the  graft  and  stock  are  nearly  of  equal  size ;  and  cleft- 
grafting  to  stocks  considerably  larger  than  the  graft.  In  all 
cases,  where  the  stock  is  any  degree  larger,  the  graft  must  be 
placed  toward  one  side,  so  that  the  line  between  the  bark 


FIG.  47. 


FIG.  50. 
Cleft-grafting. 


FIG.  48.        FIG.  49. 


and  wood  may  exactly  coincide  at  one  point  at  least  in  both, 
as  in  the  cross-section  of  cleft-grafting,  Fig.  50.  A  useful 
implement  for  the  rapid  and  perfect  performance  of  cleft- 
grafting  is  the  grafting  chisel,  here  shown. 

In  SADDLE-GRAFTING,  the  stock  is  sloped  off  on  each  side, 
giving  it  the  form  of  a  wedge, 
Fig.  51,  a;  the  graft  is  split  in 
the  middle,  and  each  side 
thinned  away  with  the  knife, 
as  in  Fig.  51,  b,  until  it  will 
closely  fit  when  placed  like 
a  saddle  upon  it.  The  most 
perfect  way  to  fit  the  graft 
is  to  make  a  long  sloping 
cut  from  the  outer  edge  or 
bark,  by  drawing  the  blade 
from  heel  to  point,  till  it 
reaches  the  centre  of  the 
graft  i  and  then  another  simi- 
lar cut  completes  the  acute 
cavity  for  fitting  the  wedge  of  the  stock.  A  sharp,  broad,  and 


FIG.  51.         FIG.  52. 
Saddle-grafting. 


FIG.  53. 


PROPAGATION. 


35 


thin  blade  is  needed  for  this  operation,  A  wax  plaster,  drawn 
closely  round  the  place  of  union,  completes  the  work.  When 
the  stock  and  graft  are  very  nearly  of  equal  size,  this  is  a  very 
perfect  mode  of  grafting,  as  large  corresponding  surfaces  are 
made  to  fit,  and  the  graft  receives  freely  the  ascending  sap. 

In  all  these  modes  of  grafting,  whenever  a  wedge  is  made 
to  enter  a  cleft,  it  should  be  thickest  on  the  side  where  the  fit 
is  made  between  the  two  parts,  so  as  to  receive  the  full  pres- 
sure of  the  cut  faces  at  that  side,  as  shown  in  Fig.  50. 

A  modification  of  saddle-grafting,  very  successful  in  its  re- 
sults, is  thus  performed:  Late  in  spring,  after  growth  has 
commenced,  the  scion,  which  is  much  smaller  than  the  stock, 
is  split  up,  nearer  to  one  side,  more  than  half  its  length  (Fig. 
53).  The  stronger  side  is  then  sharpened  into  a  wedge  at  its 
point,  and  introduced  between  the  bark  and  the  wood,  a  slight 
longitudinal  slit  being  made  through  the  bark  of  the  stock, 
that  it  may  open  slightly  and  admit  the  graft.  The  thinner 
division  of  the  graft  is  fitted  to  the  opposite  sloping  side  of 
the  stock.  The  whole  is  then  covered  with  wax.  The  great 
length  of  that  portion  of  the  graft  in  contact  with  the  bark 
and  fresh  wood  greatly  facili- 
tates their  union ;  while  the 
cut  face  of  the  stock  is 
speedily  covered  with  a  new 
growth  by  that  part  of  the 
graft  which  rests  upon  it. 

Veneer-grafting  is  still 
another  method,  strongly  ad- 
vocated by  some.  Mr.  E.  S. 
Crandall  of  Michigan  thus 
describes  the  process.  Fig. 
54  will  explain  the  veneer- 
graft  :  A  shows  the  cuts  upon 
stock  and  scion ;  these  cuts 
are  not  to  extend  into  the 
wood,  but  simply  through 
the  back,  so  that  when  placed 
in  position  the  exposed 
broad  surfaces  of  cambium  come  together;  B  shows  stock  and 
scion  in  contact,  and  bound  with  raffia  or  other  material ;  C 
shows  a  veneer-grafted  apple-tree  after  one  season's  growth. 


A  B  0 

FIG.  54.— Veneer-grafting. 


&  PROPAGATION. 

While  the  cuts  are  easier  to  make  than  those  of  the  whip-graft 
there  is  this  disadvantage,  which  to  men  who  graft  in  quantity 
is  an  important  consideration — that  it  requires  more  care  in  the 
tying.  The  band  must  be  strong  and  should  be  firmly  adjusted, 
to  insure  keeping  the  scion  in  place  until  union  is  effected. 

It  seems  almost  unnecessary  to  remark  that  in  grafting, 
when  cut  surfaces  of  hard  wood  are  placed  together,  no  union 
takes  place  between  them,  and  yet  I  have  not  unfrequently 
met  practical  men,  who  could  graft  well,  who  were  not  clear 
on  this  point,  but  supposed  that  union  took  place  over  the 
whole  cut  surface.  It  is  in  the  cambium  and  young  sap-wood, 
and  there  only,  that  the  power  of  union  and  growth  lies. 

Now,  in  the  veneer-graft,  the  only  cut  surfaces  of  wood 
are  the  oblique  end-cuts,  and  as  stock  and  scion  are  placed 
together,  the  oblique  cut  on  the  scion  is  covered  by  the  tongue 
of  bark  on  the  stock,  so  that  if  the  work  is  well  done  union 
takes  place  all  around  the  cut  wood,  and  it  is  securely  pro- 
tected from  outside  influence.  The  oblique  end-cut  on  the 
stock  being  surrounded  by  growing  tissue  is  usually  imbedded 
in  new  growth  the  first  season.  The  union  between  the  side- 
cuts,  which  should  be  of  the  same  width,  and  from  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  is  complete  throughout.  This  I 
have  proved  by  making  transverse  and  longitudinal  sections 
of  a  large  number  of  grafts. 

In  grafting  the  peach,  which,  from  its  large  pith  and  spongy 
wood,  scarcely  ever  succeeds  as  commonly  performed,  it  is 
found  advantageous,  in  selecting  the  grafts,  to  leave  a  part  of 
the  wedge  portion  of  the  more  compact  two-years'  wood  at  the 
lower  extremity. 

In  grafting  the  plum  and  cherry,  success  is  found  to  be 
much  more  certain  when  the  work  is  performed  very  early  in 
spring,  before  the  buds  commence  swelling,  or  even  before  the 
snow  has  disappeared  from  the  ground.  Apples  and  pears 
may  be  grafted  later,  and  if  the  scions  have  been  kept  in  good 
condition  in  a  dormant  state,  they  will  mostly  grow  if  inserted 
even  after  the  trees  are  in  leaf. 

After  a  graft  is  inserted,  and  as  soon  as  the  tree  commences 
growth,  the  buds  on  the  stock  must  be  rubbed  off,  in  order  to 
throw  the  rising  sap  into  the  scion.  If  large  trees  are  grafted, 
the  buds  need  only  rubbing  off  the  branch  which  holds  it. 

Where  it  becomes  desirable  to  preserve  rare  sorts,  which 


PROPAGATION.  37 

have  been  grafted  late  in  spring,  a  loose  wrapper  of  white 
paper  round  the  graft  will  protect  it  from  the  drying  and 
scorching  rays  of  the  sun ;  or  shrivelling  and  failure  will 
often  be  prevented  by  covering  the  whole  graft  with  a  wax 
plaster;  or  by  encasing  it  in  moss  kept  damp  by  occasional 
applications  of  water. 

ROOT-GRAFTING.     This  is  done  by  whip  or  tongue  grafting, 
already  described  on  a  previous  page.    It  is  wholly  performed 


FIG.  55. 

within  doors,  and  consequently  the  seedlings  must  be  taken 
up  the  preceding  autumn. 

Root-grafting  is  well  understood  by  nurserymen ;  but  there 
are  many  who  desire  information  on  the  subject,  and  espe- 
cially on  the  expeditious  performance  of  this  operation.  A 
grafter  may  work  hard  a  whole  day,  and  by  an  inconvenient 


i 

FlG.  56. — Showing  a  Cut  from  Shoot,  Natural  Size. 

arrangement  of  tools  and  materials,  insert  not  a  third  as  many 
as  another,  who  gives  careful  attention  to  all  these  particulars. 
The  following  method  is  the  result  of  long  practice,  and  by  it 
we  have  known  a  skilful  workman  to  insert  three  thousand 
grafts,  with  an  assistant  to  apply  the  wax  plasters,  during 
ten  hours  in  a  single  day,  in  the  best  manner,  and  three  thou- 
sand five  hundred  on  another  occasion,  in  eleven  hours. 


FIG.  57. 

The  tools  consist,  first,  of  a  sharp,  thin-bladed  knife,  of 
which  the  best  is  made  from  the  blade  of  an  old  scythe, 
ground  to  its  proper  form  on  a  grindstone ;  second,  a  bench 
or  table  placed  in  front  of  a  light  window,  and  on  which  the 
work  is  done ;  third,  an  apron,  worn  by  the  grafter,  the  two 


38  PROPAGATION. 

lower  corners  being  hooked  fast  to  two  sharp  nails  on  the 
near  edge  of  the  table,  for  holding  the  scions  while  cutting 
them;  fourth,  strips  of  waxed  paper,  about  an  inch  wide, 
made  by  brushing  over  sheets  of  thin,  tough  paper  a  melted 


FIG.  58. 

well-stirred  mixture  of  four  parts  of  rosin,  two  of  tallow,  and 
one  of  beeswax,  and  then  cut  into  strips  when  precisely  at  a 
proper  degree  of  coldness  to  separate  well  by  means  of  a 
knife  cutting  upon  a  smooth  board.  A  sufficient  number  of 


FIG.  59. 

these  for  immediate  use  should  be  hung  near  enough  to  the 
*tove  which  heats  the  room,  to  keep  the  wax  upon  them  about 
>he  consistence  of  butter  on  a  summer  day,  so  as  to  fit  and  ad- 
here to  the  grafted  root,  without  melting  and  running. 


FIG.  60. 


The  first  operation  is  to  cut  up  the  grafts  from  the  shoots  or 
scions.  It  is  performed  by  holding  the  scion  in  the  left  hand, 
the  thicker  end  pointing  toward  the  right  hand,  which  holds 
the  knife.  Such  a  shoot  is  represented  of  diminished  size  by 


FIG.  61. 


Fig.  55,  the  points,  a,  a,  a,  the  places  where  it  is  cut  into 
grafts,  and  the  dotted  lines  show  how  the  cuts  are  made. 
Fig.  56  shows  a  portion  of  the  shoot  the  natural  size;  i, 
the  first  cut  nearly  directly  across ;  2,  the  second  or  sloping 


PROPAGATION.  39 

cut,  and  3,  the  slit  for  the  tongue;  and  the  whole  finished 
and  separate  in  Fig.  57.  Three  strokes  of  the  knife  are  thus 
required  to  cut  and  prepare  each  graft,  and  a  rapid  and  skil- 
ful operator  has  done  one  hundred  and  twelve  in  the  manner 
described,  in  five  minutes.  Each  shoot  is  thus  cut  up  while 
yet  held  in  the  left  hand,  and  the  grafts,  as  fast  as  they  are 
severed,  drop  into  the  cavity  of  the  apron  already  described. 
The  counting  is  done  during  the  process  of  cutting,  and  at  no 

other  time. 

The  second  operation  is  setting  these  grafts  into  the  roots. 
Each  root  is  held  in  the  left  hand  precisely  as  the  scion  has 
been  (Fig.  58) ;  the  three  cuts  are  given  it  (shown  by  the 


FIG.  62.— Piece  Roots. 

dotted  lines  in  Fig.  59),  to  prepare  it  for  the  graft  (as  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  60).  The  grafts  having  been  placed  directly 
under  the  operator's  fingers,  and  in  the  right  position,  each 
one  is  successively  taken  and  firmly  fitted  to  the  prepared 
root,  as  shown  in  Fig.  61,  and  as  soon  as  this  is  done,  another 
cut  of  the  knife,  three  inches  lower  down  the  root,  severs  it, 
and  the  root-graft  is  finished,  and  drops  off  obliquely  on  the 
table.  Another  sloping  cut  on  the  same  root,  and  a  slit  for 
the  tongue,  are  quickly  made,  and  another  graft  picked  up 
and  inserted,  the  root  being  held  all  the  while  in  the  left 
hand,  until  worked  up.  The  great  point  is  to  perform  much 
with  little  handling.  A  single  root  will  sometimes  make  but 
one  graft,  which  is  then  called  whole-root  graft;  but  more 


4<>  PROPAGATION. 

commonly  two  or  three,  and  sometimes  more,  which  are  called 
piece-root  grafts.  Each  portion  of  root  should  be  about  three 
inches  long,  and  the  graft  about  five  inches. 

The  comparative  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  whole- 
root  and  piece-root  grafting  have  been  subject  for  controversy 
ever  since  Thomas  A.  Knight  introduced  the  latter  in  1811. 
It  is  apparent  that  the  economy  of  piece  root-grafting,  in  that 
one  root  is  made  to  serve  as  the  foundation  for  several  trees, 
must  commend  it  upon  commercial  grounds — but  it  has  advo- 
cates who  also  strictly  maintain  that  it  produces  as  many  and 
as  good  roots  as  the  whole-root  process.  The  weight  of  evi- 
dence, however,  appears  against  it — and  there  are  few,  prob- 


. 


FIG.  63.— Whole  Roots  (Budded). 


ably,  who  at  the  same  price  would  not  prefer  to  try  stock 
which  had  been  grafted  or  budded  upon  whole  roots. 

Figs.  62  and  63  by  Mr.  L.  H.  Bailey  show  the  characteristic 
appearance  of  both  processes. 

Root- grafting  may  be  performed  at  any  time  during  winter, 
and  those  who  have  much  of  it  to  do  often  continue  the  pro- 
cess the  winter  through.  The  roots  when  taken  up  in  autumn 
should  be  well  washed,  the  tops  cut  off,  and  the  roots  packed 
in  boxes  with  alternate  layers  of  damp  moss.  Thrifty  one- 
year  roots  are  better  and  more  easily  worked  than  two-year 
roots.  Side  roots,  or  branches,  should  never  be  used.  .  The 
scions  may  be  kept  in  the  same  way.  This  is  better  than 
packing  them  in  sand,  which  imparts  a  grit  to  them  and  dulls 


PR  OPA  GA  TfOAT.  4 1 

the  knife.  Different  modes  are  adopted  for  packing  away  the 
grafts.  The  best  is  to  place  them  flat  in  boxes,  in  alternate 
layers  with  sand,  like  miniature  cord-wood,  keeping  the  outer 
or  graft-ends  very  even,  and  carrying  up  each  layer  separately 
and  one  at  a  time,  so  that  one  maybe  taken  up -for  setting 
out,  without  interfering  with  the  next  succeeding  pile.  The 
sand  should  be  slightly  moist  but  not  wet.  The  varieties 
should  be  distinctly  marked  on  strips  of  board  separating 
each  kind,  where  there  is  more  than  one  in  a  box ;  and  in  ad- 
dition to  this,  a  card  should  be  nailed  on  the  outside,  naming 
the  kinds,  at  the  point  of  separation  between  them.  A  record 
should  also  be  made  as  they  are  deposited,  of  the  sorts,  their 
order,  and  the  number  of  each.  Boxes  two  feet  long,  a  foot 
wide,  and  six  inches  deep,  are  a  convenient  size,  and  will  hold 
from  one  to  two  thousand  each.  If  furnished  with  bow  han- 
dles, they  are  easily  carried  at  once  to  the  field  for  setting  out. 
Boxes  holding  twenty  thousand  or  more  keep  the  grafts  equally 
well,  but  require  additional  labor  in  unpacking  when  set. 

They  should  be  set  out  in  spring  as  soon  as  the  soil  is  suffi- 
ciently dry,  and  there  is  no  further  danger  of  its  freezing  se- 
verely. Special  pains  should  be  taken  to  pack  the  earth  well 
about  them,  as  they  are  dibbled  in.  The  tips  of  the  grafts 
should  project  about  half  an  inch  above  the  surface.  The 
proper  depth  of  setting  is  controlled  somewhat  by  circum- 
stances ;  if  deep,  the  soil  may  be  too  cold  to  start  them  well ; 
if  not  deep  enough,  the  drought  of  summer  may  destroy  them. 
An  active  hand  will  set  two  or  three  thousand  in  a  day,  and 
in  rare  instances  five  thousand. 


IV.  BUDDING. 

Budding  consists  in  introducing  the  bud  of  one  tree,  with  a 
portion  of  bark  and  a  little  adhering  wood,  beneath  the  bark 
of  another,  and  upon  the  face  of  the  newly  forming  wood.  It 
must  be  performed  while  the  stock  is  in  a  state  of  vigorous 
growth.  An  incision  is  made  lengthwise  through  the  bark  of 
the  stock,  and  a  small  cut  at  right  angles  at  the  top,  the  whole 
somewhat  resembling  the  letter  T,  Fig.  64.  A  bud  is  then 
taken  from  a  shoot  of  the  present  year's  growth,  by  shaving 
off  the  bark  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length,  with  a 


PROPAGATION. 


small  part  of  the  wood  directly  beneath  the  bud,  Fig.  65.  It 
is  not  a  common  practice  in  this  country  to  take  the  thin 
shield  of  wood  out  of  the  butt,  but  it  is  sometimes  done  ad- 


ij 

! 


FIG.  64.      FIG.  65.      FIG.  66.         FIG.  68. 

Successive  Stages  of  Budding. 


FIG.  69. 


vantageously  when  this  portion  of  wood  is  too  old  or  hard  to 
fix  the  stock  readily.  The  edges  of  the  bark,  at  the  incision 
in  the  stock,  are  then  raised  a  little,  Fig.  66,  and  the  bud  held 

as  shown  in  Fig.  67,  pushed  down- 
ward under  the  bark,  Fig.  68  and 
Fig.  70.  A  bandage  of  raffia  bass, 
or  other  substance,  is  wrapped 
round,  covering  all  parts  but  the 
bud.  The  pressure  should  be  just 
sufficient  to  keep  the  inserted  por- 
tion closely  to  the  stock,  but  not 
such  as  to  bruise  or  crush  the  bark, 
Fig.  69  and  Fig.  71. 

The  shoots  containing  the  buds 
should  be  cut  when  so  mature  as  to 
be  rather  firm  and  hard  in  texture ; 
they  are  usually  in  the  best  condi- 
tion after  the  terminal  bud  has 
formed.  To  prevent  withering,  the 
leaves  must  be  immediately  cut  off, 
as  they  withdraw  and  exhale  rapidly 
the  moisture  from  the  shoot ;  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  of 
the  footstalks  of  the  leaves  should  remain,  to  serve  as  handles 


FIG.  67.— One  Manner  of 
Holding  Bud. 


PROPAGATION. 


43 


to  the  buds  while  inserting  them,  Fig.  72.  After  being  thus 
divested  of  leaves,  they  may  be  safely  kept  a  week  in  a  cool, 
damp  place,  or  sent  hundreds  of  miles  in  damp  moss,  or  en- 


FIG.  70.— Bud  being  Inserted. 

cased  separately  in  thin  oil-cloth. 
When,  by  growth  of  the  stock, 
the  bandage  cuts  into  it,  usually 
in  ten  days  or  more,  it  must  be 
removed.  The  bud  remains  dor- 
mant till  the  following  spring, 
when  the  stock  is  cut  off  two 
inches  or  more  above  it,  before 
the  swelling  of  the  bud.  If  cut 
closer,  the  end  of  the  stock  be- 
comes too  dry,  and  the  bud  often 
perishes.  All  other  buds  must 
be  then  removed,  and  all  the 
vigor  of  the  stock  or  branch 
thrown  into  the  remaining  bud, 
which  immediately  commences 
a  rapid  growth.  FlG-  ''.-stick 

with  Buds. 

To  secure  a  straight  and  erect 


FIG.  73.— Tying  tha 
Young  Shoot 
See  Fig.  134. 


44 


PROPAGATION. 


tree,  the  new  shoot,  when  a  few  inches  long,  is  sometimes 
tied  to  the  remaining  stump  of  the  stock,  Fig.  73.  By  another 
month,  no  further  support  will  be  needed,  and  the  stump  may 
be  wholly  cut  away,  and  the  wound  allowed  to  heal  by  the 
rapid  formation  of  new  wood. 

Buds  inserted  by  midsummer  may  be  made  to  grow  the 
same  season  by  heading  down  the  stock  when  adhesion  has 
taken  place ;  but  although  often  attempted,  no  advantage  has 
resulted  from  this  practice,  as  the  growth  is  comparatively 
feeble,  and  in  consequence  of  its  badly  matured  wood  often 
perishes  the  following  winter.  Even  where  it  escapes  it  does 
not  exceed  in  size  at  the  close  of  the  second  season  the 
straight  and  vigorous  shoots  of  the  spring. 

TERMINAL  BUDDING. — It  sometimes  happens,  where  buds  are 
scarce,  that  the  terminal  bud  on  the  shoot  may  be  used  to  ad- 
vantage. In  this  case,  the  wood  is  cut  slop- 
ing downward,  and  the  insertion  is  made  as 
usual,  Fig.  74,  except  that  it  becomes  nec- 
essary to  apply  the  whole  of  the  ligature 
below  the  bud.  The  buds  on  small  side- 
shoots  which  are  not  more  than  an  inch  or 
two  long,  may  be  successfully  used  in  this 
way,  as  the  terminal  eyes  are  stronger  than 
any  of  the  others.  This  practice  may  some- 
times be  adopted  with  advantage  with  the 
peach,  where  scions  of  feeble  growth  only 
can  be  obtained,  as  terminal  buds  usually 
escape  the  severity  of  winter  when  most 
of  the  others  are  destroyed. 
SPRING  BUDDING  is  successfully  practised  as  soon  as  trees 
are  in  leaf,  the  buds  having  been  kept  dormant  in  an  ice-house 
or  cool  cellar.  As  soon  as  they  have  adhered,  the  stock  is 
headed  down,  and  a  good  growth  is  made  the  same  season. 
The  peach,  the  nectarine,  the  apricot,  and  the  mulberry,  all 
difficult  to  propagate  by  grafting,  may  in  this  way  be  easily 
increased  by  budding.  For  a  description  what  is  called  "  June 
budding"  see  chapter  xxviii.  on  the  peach.  If  the  buds  are  kept 
in  a  cellar,  it  will  be  found  important  to  preserve  with  them 
as  uniform  a  degree  of  moisture  as  possible,  and  in  as  small 
a  degree  as  will  keep  them  from  wilting. 


FIG.  74— Terminal 
Budding. 


PROPAGATION.  45 

ANNULAR  BUDDING  is  applicable  to  trees  of  hard  wood,  or 
thick  or  rigid  bark,  as  the  walnut  and  magnolia.  A  ring  of 
bark  is  removed  from  the  stock ;  and  another  corresponding 
ring,  containing  the  bud,  slit  open  on  one  side, 
is  made  to  fit  the  denuded  space  (Fig.  75). 

The  essential  requisites  for  success  in  bud- 
ding are,  first,  a  thrifty,  rapidly  growing  stock, 
so  that  the  bark  will  peel  very  freely.  Second- 
ly, a  proper  time ;  not  so  early  that  there  will 
be  too  little  cambium  or  mucilaginous  cement 
between  the  bark  and  the  wood,  for  the  adhe-  FIG  7S.-Annuiar 

13tlU,Qin2f» 

sion  of  the  bud ;  nor  so  late  that  the  bark  will 
not  peel,  nor  the  subsequent  growth  sufficiently  cement  the 
bud  to  the  stock.  Thirdly,  buds  sufficiently  mature.  Fourthly, 
a  keen,  flat  knife,  for  shaving  off  the  bud,  that  it  may  lie 
close  in  contact  upon  the  wood  of  the  stock.  Fifthly,  the  ap- 
plication of  a  ligature  with  moderate  pressure,  causing  the 
bud  to  fit  the  stock  closely. 

When  stocks  are  in  the  best  condition,  it  is  unnecessary  to 
raise  the  bark  any  further  than  to  admit  the  lower  point  of 
the  bud,  which  as  it  is  pushed  downward,  performs  this  op- 
eration in  the  most  perfect  manner.  When  the  bark  does  not 
peel  freely  enough  for  this  purpose,  success  becomes  uncertain. 

Budding  is  performed  in  summer,  grafting  in  spring,  and 
both  have  their  advantages.  Budding  is  a  simpler  operation, 
and  more  successfully  performed  by  a  novice.  It  is  the  best 
means  to  multiply  the  peach  and  nectarine,  grafting  rarely 
proving  successful  at  the  North.  It  is  more  rapidly  per- 
formed, and  at  a  season  not  crowded  with  the  labors  of  trans- 
planting. It  admits  a  repetition  the  same  summer,  in  cases 
of  failure,  the  stocks  remaining  uninjured.  But  in  all  cases 
thrifty  stocks  are  needed,  while  grafting  will  succeed  on  those 
older  and  less  vigorous.  Grafting  requires  less  care  subse- 
quently, as  no  ligatures  need  removing,  nor  stocks  heading 
down,  and  may  be  conveniently  employed  as  a  remedy  for 
failures  in  the  previous  summer's  budding. 

LIMITS  OF  BUDDING  AND  GRAFTING. 

In  former  ages  of  the  world,  it  was  erroneously  supposed 
that  grafting  could  be  performed  between  every  species  of 


46  PROP  A  GA  TION. 

i 

tree  and  shrub.  "  Some  apples,"  says  Pliny,  "  are  so  red  that 
they  resemble  blood,  which  is  caused  by  their  being  at  first 
grafted  upon  a  mulberry  stock."  Roses,  it  was  said,  became 
black  when  grafted  on  black  currants,  and  oranges  crimson  if 
worked  on  the  pomegranate.  But  the  operation  is  never  suc- 
cessful unless  the  graft  and  stock  are  nearly  allied,  and  the 
greater  the  affinity  the  more  certain  the  success.  "  Varieties 
of  the  same  species  unite  most  freely,  then  species  of  the 
same  genus,  then  genera  of  the  same  natural  order ;  beyond 
which  the  power  does  not  extend.  For  instance,  pears  work 
freely  upon  pears,  very  well  on  quinces,  less  successfully  on 
apples  or  thorns,  and  not  at  all  upon  plums  or  cherries;  while 
the  lilac  will  take  on  the  ash,  and  the  olive  on  the  Phillyrea, 
because  they  are  plants  of  the  same  natural  order." 

There  are,  however,  some  exceptions  to  this  rule.  Thus, 
the  cultivated  cherry,  and  most  species  of  wild  cherry,  though 
of  the  same  genus,  will  not  agree.  The  pear  succeeds  better 
on  the  quince  than  on  the  apple,  although  the  apple  and  pear 
are  within  the  same  genus,  and  the  pear  and  quince  are 
by  most  regarded  as  of  distinct  genera;  the  superior  firm- 
ness of  the  wood  of  the  quince,  a  quality  so  important  to 
successful  grafting,  more  than  compensates  the  difference  in 
affinity. 

Lindley  mentions  also  some  exceptions  which  are  apparent 
only.  In  one  case,  the  fig  was  supposed  to  grow  on  the  olive. 
But  the  graft,  being  below  the  surface  of  the  soil,  rooted 
independently  of  the  fig-stock.  "  I  have  seen,"  says  Pliny, 
"  near  Thulia,  in  the  country  of  the  Tiburtines,  a  tree  grafted 
and  laden  with  all  manner  of  fruits,  one  bough  bearing  nuts, 
another  berries ;  here  hung  grapes,  there  figs ;  in  one  part  you 
might  see  pears,  in  another  pomegranates ;  and  to  conclude, 
there  is  no  kind  of  apple  or  other  fruit  but  there  was  to  be 
found;  but  this  tree  did  not  live  long."  This  is  explained  by 
the  process  now  sometimes  performed  in  Italy,  for  growing 
jasmines  and  other  flexible  plants  on  an  orange-stock,  by  the 
ingenious  trick  of  boring  out  the  orange  stem,  through  which 
the  stems  of  the  other  plants  are  made  to  pass,  and  which 
soon  grows  so  as  to  fill  it  closely,  and  to  appear  as  if  growing 
together.  Such  a  crowded  mass  of  stems  must,  of  course, 
soon  perish. 


PROPAGATION. 


47 


AVING    MICE-GNAWED    TREES. — A 
GRAFTING. 


MODIFICATION     OF 


Young  orchards  which  are  kept  perfectly  clean  by  cultiva- 
tion, are  seldom  injured  by  mice  under  snow.  There  are 
some  instances,  however,  where  mice  will  attack  those  which 
stand  near  the  boundary  fences  or  in  proximity  to  grass ;  and 
sometimes  a  hard  crust  of  ice  or  snow  may  be  formed  on  the 
surface,  over  which  mice  will  travel  beneath  a  second  fall  of 
snow,  in  committing  their  depredations.  Many  young  orch- 
ards are  more  or  less  encumbered  with  grass  and  weeds,  and 
the  trees  are  often  found  girdled  in  spring.  A  preventive  that 
rarely  fails,  that  of  embanking  small  mounds  of  smooth  earth 


FIG.  76.  FIG.  77. 

Bridge-grafting  over  a  Wound. 


FIG.  78. 


round  the  trees  in  autumn,  is  not  often  adopted,  and  hence  we 
have  frequent  inquiries,  "  What  shall  we  do  to  save  our  mice- 
gnawed  trees?" 

Fig.  76  represents  the  stem  of  a  young  tree  entirely  girdled 
near  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  tree  will,  of  course,  per- 
ish unless  a  connection  is  made  between  the  two  portions  of 
bark. 

An  easy  way  to  repair  this  damage  is  represented  in  Fig. 
77.  It  consists  merely  in  fitting  into  openings,  made  with  a 
half-inch  chisel,  short  pieces  of  round  wood  sharpened  at  both 
ends  to  fit  the  chisel-cuts.  These  cuts  are  made  by  placing 
the  chisel,  when  making  the  lower  cuts,  nearly  upright  or 
slightly  inclining  outward  from  the  tree,  and  then  placing 
the  point  upward  in  a  corresponding  direction  when  making 


48  PROPAGATION. 

the  upper  cuts.  The  sharpened  pieces  or  shoots  are  then  bent 
outward  in  the  middle  until  the  points  will  enter  the  open- 
ings, when  they  are  firmly  crowded  in  with  the  hand  until 
brought  nearly  straight,  as  shown  in  the  figure.  Fig.  78  ex- 
hibits a  section  of  the  tree  and  the  exact  position  of  these 
pieces  when  inserted.  Where  a  large  number  of  trees  are  in- 
jured, four  or  five  pieces  to  each  tree  are  enough.  They  will 
rapidly  enlarge  as  the  tree  grows,  and  in  a  few  years  become 
confluent.  If  a  few  choice  trees  have  been  girdled,  a  larger 
number  may  be  inserted,  so  that  they  may  be  nearly  in  con- 
tact— thus  securing  a  complete  cure  in  a  year  or  two.  The 
work  may  be  covered  with  grafting  wax  or  with  a  small 
mound  of  earth — perhaps  the  operation  would  be  successful 
without  any  covering.  It  is  not  necessary  that  it  be  performed 
very  early  in  spring — it  will  even  answer  after  the  buds  have 
begun  to  swell. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

SOIL,  MANURES,  SITUATION,  AND  ENCLOSURES. 

THE  soil  for  fruit-trees,  as  well  as  for  farm  crops,  should  be 
of  good  quality.  Whatever  will  produce  a  vigorous  growth 
of  corn  and  potatoes  will  in  general  be  the  best  for  fruit- 
trees.  Sterile  soil  is  unfavorable  for  both ;  but  doubly  so  for 
the  latter ;  for  while  it  only  lessens  in  quantity  the  growth  of 
farm  crops,  it  lessens  the  quantity  and  greatly  injures  the 
quality  of  fruit. 

Good  soils  vary  in  many  particulars ;  but  as  a  general  rule, 
one  which  is  dry,  firm,  mellow,  and  fertile,  is  well  suited  to 
this  purpose.  It  should  be  deep,  to  allow  the  extension  of  the 
roots;  dry,  or  else  well  drained,  to  prevent  injury  from  stag- 
nant water  below  the  surface ;  firm,  and  not  peaty  or  spongy, 
to  preclude  injury  or  destruction  from  frost. 

Few  soils  exist  in  this  country  which  would  not  be  much 
benefited,  for  all  decidedly  hardy  fruits,  as  the  apple  and  pear, 
by  enriching.  Shallow  soils  should  be  loosened  deeply  by 
heavy  furrows ;  or  if  the  whole  surface  cannot  be  thus  treated, 
a  strip  of  ground  eight  feet  wide,  where  the  row  of  trees  is  to 
stand,  should  be  rendered  in  this  way  deep  and  fertile  for 
their  growth.  Manure,  if  applied,  should  be  thoroughly  in- 
termixed with  the  soil  by  repeated  harrowings.  An  admir- 
able method  of  deepening  soils  for  the  free  admission  of  the 
fine  fibrous  roots  is,  first,  to  loosen  it  as  deeply  as  practicable 
with  the  subsoil-plough;  and  then  to  trench-plough  this 
deeply  loosened  bed  for  the  intermixture  of  manure.  The 
previous  subsoiling  admits  the  trench-plough  to  a  greater 
depth  than  could  be  attained  without  its  aid.  The  only  trees 
which  will  not  bear  high  fertility  are  those  brought  originally 
from  warmer  countries,  and  liable  to  suffer  from  the  frost  of 
winter,  as  the  peach,  nectarine,  and  apricot;  for  they  are 
4  49 


50      SOIL,  MANURES,  SITUA  TION,  AND  ENCLOSURES. 

stimulated  to  grow  too  late  in  the  season,  and  frost  strikes 
them  when  the  wood  is  immature.  It  however  happens,  in 
the  ordinary  practice  of  the  country,  that  where  one  peach  or 
apricot  tree  is  injured  by  too  rich  a  cultivation,  more  than  a 
hundred  suffer  by  diminished  growth  from  neglect. 

Clayey  and  light  soils  in  some  cases  require  opposite  man- 
agement. The  former,  for  instance,  is  much  benefited  by  the 
admixture  of  chip-dirt,  which  renders  it  looser,  lighter,  and 
more  retentive  of  moisture.  But  on  light  soils  the  effect  is 
not  so  beneficial,  and  is  sometimes  positively  injurious. 

Peaty  and  spongy  soils  are  particularly  unfitted  for  tender 
fruits.  They  are  very  likely  to  suffer  from  summer  droughts. 
If  the  season  is  propitious,  the  plants  are  likely  to  make  a 
long,  soft  growth  and  to  be  injured  by  the  succeeding  winter. 
It  is  a  cardinal  principle  that  all  tender  fruits  should  go  into 
the  winter  with  well-hardened  wood. 

MANURES. 

Nothing  for  general  use  is  equal  to  stable  manure,  and  in 
ordinary  cases  it  will  be  found  to  give  the  most  uniform  and 
satisfactory  results — more  especially  if  it  is  made  the  basis  of 


FIG.  79.— Draining  Orchards. 

a  compost  with  peat,  muck,  or  turf  from  old  pastures,  with  & 
tenth  or  a  fifteenth  of  leached  ashes,  and  half  that  of  bone- 
dust.  If  these  are  thoroughly  mixed  with  the  soil  down  to  a 
depth  of  a  foot  or  more,  by  subsoiling,  trench-ploughing,  and 
cross-ploughing,  in  connection  with  repeated  harrowings,  fine 
trees  and  excellent  fruit  may  be  confidently  expected  even  on 


SOIL,  MANURES,   SITUATION,  AND  ENCLOSURES.      51 

soils  of  naturally  moderate  fertility.  Many  parts  of  the 
Western  States  possess  a  soil  quite  rich  enough,  provided 
good  cultivation  is  given.  A  well-drained  subsoil  is  of  course 
all-important,  for  all  manure  is  nearly  lost  on  land  kept  soaked 
with  water.  Even  old  bearing  trees  have  been  much  im- 
proved by  laying  tile  two  and  a  half  or  three  feet  below  the 
surface,  midway  between  the  rows  (Fig.  79).  The  young 
forming-roots,  being  the  most  remote  from  the  tree,  receive 
the  greatest  benefit  from  drains  thus  placed,  and  the  tile  is 
less  liable  to  be  thrown  out  of  position  by  large  roots  or  filled 
by  smaller  ones. 

SITUATION. 

After  a  suitable  soil  is  obtained,  hardy  trees,  such  as  the 
apple,  will  usually  succeed  in  almost  any  situation.  But  with 
tender  fruits,  as  the  peach  and  apricot,  the  case  is  very  differ- 
ent. In  many  localities  in  the  Northern  States,  they  are  soon 
destroyed  by  the  severity  of  winters,  and  their  cultivation  is 
accordingly  not  attempted.  In  others,  crops  are  not  yielded 
oftener  than  once  in  two  years.  But  some  situations  are  so 
favorable,  that  a  failure  scarcely  ever  occurs.  In  planting  out 
tender  fruits,  it  is  consequently  desirable  to  know  what  places 
will  prove  the  best.  Even  the  apple,  in  regions  where  the 
winters  are  rigorous,  is  sometimes  destroyed  by  frost,  and  in 
very  unfavorable  places  rarely  escapes. 

It  is  familiar  to  many  cultivators,  that  warm,  low  valleys 
are  more  subject  to  night-frosts  than  more  elevated  localities. 
Objects  at  the  surface  of  the  earth  are  chilled  by  the  radiation 
of  heat  to  the  cold  and  clear  sky  above,  and  they  cool  by  con- 
tact the  surrounding  air,  which  thus,  becoming  heavier,  rolls 
down  the  sides  of  declivities  and  settles  like  the  waters  of  a 
lake,  in  the  lowest  troughs.  This  coldness  is  further  increased 
by  the  stillness  of  those  sheltered  places  favoring  the  more 
rapid  cooling,  by  radiation  of  the  exposed  surfaces ;  while  on 
hills  the  equilibrium  is  partially  restored  by  currents  of  wind. 
Superadded  to  these  causes,  vegetation  in  low,  rich,  and  shel- 
tered places  is  more  luxuriant,  and  wood  less  ripened,  and 
hence  particularly  liable  to  injury  from  frost.  The  mucky 
soil  of  valleys  radiates  heat  rapidly  from  its  surface.  The 


52      SOIL,  MANURES,  SITUATION,  AND  ENCLOSURES. 

warmth  of  low  places,  during  the  mild  weather,  occurring  in 
winter,  often  swells  fruit-buds,  and  succeeding  cold  destroys 
them.  On  more  elevated  lands,  vegetation  escapes  all  these 
disastrous  influences. 

The  existence  of  colder  air  in  valleys,  on  still,  clear  nights, 
is  often  plainly  observed  in  riding  over  a  rolling  or  broken 
face  of  country.  The  thermometer  has  shown  a  difference  of 
several  degrees  between  a  creek  bottom  and  a  neighboring 
hill  not  fifty  feet  high.  A  striking  proof  was  exhibited  a  few 
years  since  after  a  severe  night-frost  early  in  summer.  The 
young  and  succulent  leaves  of  the  hickory  were  but  partially 
expanded ;  and  where  the  trees  stood  in  a  valley,  twenty  feet 
deep,  all  the  leaves  had  been  frosted,  and  were  black  and 
dead,  up  to  the  level  of  the  banks  on  each  side,  while  all 
above  the  surface  of  this  lake  of  cold  air  were  fresh  and 
green. 

During  the  cold  of  a  clear  winter  night  some  years  ago, 
which  sank  the  thermometer  several  degrees  below  zero,  after 
the  peach  buds  had  been  swollen  by  a  few  warm  days,  trees 
which  stood  on  a  hill  thirty  feet  higher  than  the  neighboring 
creek  valley  lost  nine-tenths  of  their  blossoms ;  while  on  an- 
other hill  sixty  feet  high,  nine-tenths  escaped.  The  lake  of 
cold  air  which  covered  the  top  of  the  smaller  hill  did  not 
reach  the  summit  of  the  larger. 

The  cultivation  of  the  peach  is  rarely  attempted  in  the 
southern  tier  of  counties  in  the  State  of  New  York.  Proofs 
are  not  wanting,  however,  that  it  might  be  entirely  success- 
ful on  selected  ground.  A  number  of  instances  have  been  ob- 
served where  peach  orchards,  planted  on  the  dry  lands  of  the 
hills  in  different  parts  of  this  region,  have  flourished  and  bore 
regularly ;  at  the  same  time  that  orchards  in  the  warm  valleys 
below  rarely  yielded  crops,  and  the  trees  themselves  were 
sometimes  destroyed. 

These  cases  show  the  importance  of  elevated  sites.  A  dry, 
firm  soil  is,  however,  of  great  consequence.  The  influence  of 
a  compact  knoll,  rising  but  slightly  above  the  rest  of  the  field, 
has  been  observed  to  save  from  frost  the  corn  which  grew 
upon  it;  while  on  the  more  mucky  or  spongy  portions  of  the 
rest  of  the  field,  radiating  heat  more  freely,  the  crop  has  been 
destroyed.  Cultivators  of  drained  swamps  have  found  it  nee- 


SOIL,  MA  NUKES,   SITUATION,  AND  ENCLOSURES.     53 

essary  to  plant  such  lands  with  tender  crops  two  or  three 
weeks  later  in  spring  than  the  usual  period  on  upland.  The 
successful  cultivation  of  the  peach  and  the  grape,  on  the  gen- 
tle swelling  hills  called  mounds,  in  the  Western  prairies,  while 
the  crops  are  destroyed  on  the  adjacent  dark  and  porous  soils 
of  the  plains,  affords  another  example.  Sometimes  the  effect 
of  unfavorable  soil  more  than  overbalances  that  of  situation. 
In  some  of  the  hilly  parts  of  western  New  York,  where  the 
highest  land  is  peaty,  spongy,  or  springy,  and  the  valleys  dry 
and  firm,  the  latter  are  found  best  for  the  peach. 

The  preceding  facts  furnish  strong  reasons  for  believing 
that,  in  large  portions  of  the  Northern  States,  where  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  peach  has  been  entirely  relinquished  in  conse- 
quence of  the  only  attempts  having  been  made  in  the  warm 
valley,  abundant  crops  might  be  regularly  obtained  by  a 
proper  selection  of  soil  and  locality.  Even  much  farther 
south,  the  occasional  destruction  of  tender  fruits  points  out 
the  great  importance  of  careful  attention  to  situation. 

Large  bodies  of  unfreezing  water  in  the  bottoms  of  valleys 
will  reverse  some  of  the  preceding  rules,  and  the  banks  of  such 
waters  are  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  tender  fruits. 
Note  how  grape  culture  follows  such  locations.  They  soften 
the  severity  of  the  cold,  by  the  large  and  warm  surface  con- 
stantly presented ;  on  the  other  hand,  they  chill  the  dangerous 
warm  air  which  starts  the  buds  in  winter,  and  they  afford 
great  protection  by  the  screen  of  fog  which  they  spread  befoie 
the  morning  sun.  Along  the  borders  of  the  lower  parts  of 
the  Hudson,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  lakes, 
tender  fruit-trees  often  afford  abundant  crops,  while  the  same 
kinds  are  destroyed  only  two  or  three  miles  distant.  Along 
the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  the  peach  crop  scarcely 
ever  fails,  and  the  softening  influence  of  that  large  body  of 
unfreezing  water  extends  many  miles  into  the  interior.  The 
same  result  is  observed  in  northern  Ohio,  bordering  on  Lake 
Erie ;  and  in  western  Michigan,  adjoining  the  great  lake  of 
that  name. 

Fruit-buds,  as  well  as  tender  trees,  are  occasionally  de* 
stroyed  by  thawing  by  the  morning  rays,  after  a  cold  night. 
The  protection  from  these  rays  afforded  by  an  eastern  hill, 
buildings,  or  other  screen,  has  led  to  the  erroneous  ccnclu- 


54     SOIL,  MANURES,  SITU  A  TION,  AND  ENCLOSURES. 

sion  that  the  destruction  alluded  to  was  caused  by  the  east 
wind. 

It  has  frequently  been  observed  that  when  the  lower 
branches  of  a  peach-tree  have  been  buried  in  a  snow-drift, 
the  crop  thus  covered  was  saved.  This  has  suggested  the  suc- 
cessful practice  of  training  paach-trees  low,  and  covering  the 
branches  in  winter  with  masses  of  evergreen  boughs.  The 
rigidity  of  the  stems  prevents  their  bending  down ;  but  as  the 
roots  are  more  flexible,  laying  down  has  succeeded  by  digging 
under  on  one  side,  the  trees  having  been  previously  trained 
flat  for  this  purpose. 

In  localities  exposed  to  the  sweep  of  winter  winds,  belts  of 
evergreen  or  deciduous  trees  will  be  found  of  great  service. 
In  all  instances  where  the  side  of  an  orchard,  exposed  to  pre- 
vailing winds,  is  less  successful  and  productive  than  the  op- 
posite side,  proof  is  afforded  that  shelter  would  be  beneficial ; 
belts,  especially  if  of  deciduous  trees,  standing  too  near  fruit- 
trees  have,  however,  rather  injured  than  benefited  them. 
The  orchards  should  be  beyond  the  reach  of  their  shade  and 
roots,  and  be  well  exposed  to  sun  and  air. 

ENCLOSURES. 

The  skilful  cultivator,  after  having  prepared  his  ground, 
procured  the  best  trees  the  country  affords,  carefully  trans- 
planted them,  and  given  them  watchful  and  laborious  atten- 
tion for  years,  feels  a  very  natural  desire  to  partake  cf  their 
fruits.  But  this  he  cannot  do,  in  many  places,  unless  his 
fruit-garden  is  protected  from  rambles  of  idle  boys.  It  can- 
not be  denied  that  our  country  is  rather  remarkable  for  its 
fruit-pilferers.  It  is  feared  it  will  continue  to  be  so,  until 
public  opinion  shall  place  the  young  man  who  steals  a  pocket- 
book,  and  the  depredator  of  fine  fruit,  which  has  cost  the 
owner  as  much  care  and  labor,  and  which  money  cannot  re- 
place, on  precisely  the  same  level. 

This  formidable  evil  has  deterred  many  from  planting  fruit- 
gardens.  The  most  quiet  and  secure  protection  is  afforded 
by  a  good  barbed  wire-fence.  The  English  hawthorn,  far  to 
the  north,  will  generally  succeed  quite  well  for  this  purpose. 
The  buckthorn  is  extremely  hardy,  has  a  thick  dense  growth, 


SOIL,  MANURES,  SITUATION,  AND  ENCLOSURES.      55 

and  is  easily  raised  and  transplanted ;  but,  except  on  very 
rich  soils  and  with  good  cultivation,  it  does  not  form  a  stout 
barrier.  The  Honey  Locust  is  also  very  hardy,  but  requires 
more  care  in  cutting  back  and  thickening ;  it  may,  however, 
be  made  into  an  excellent  hedge  for  a  fruit-garden  if  the  most 
thorny  plants  are  selected.  The  Osage  Orange,  where  the 
winters  are  not  too  severe,  is  also  good.  It  is  so  liable  to 
winter-kill,  however,  that  hedges  of  it  are  often  ragged  and 
unsightly.  It  is  densely  armed  with  sharp  thorns  and  if  well 
kept  soon  becomes  impassable.  In  New  York,  it  is  only  hardy 
on  dry  ground  or  near  the  line  of  an  underdrain. 

Two  reasons  have  operated  in  preventing  a  more  general 
and  successful  adoption  of  hedges.  One  is  the  aversion  so 
prevalent  to  undertake  anything  which  does  not  produce  im- 
mediate results,  several  years  being  required  to  make  a  per- 
fect hedge.  The  other  is  the  almost  universal  notion  adopted 
without  a  moment's  thought  that  everything  in  the  form  of  a 
tree  must  grow  and  take  care  of  itself.  Hence  we  see  for 
every  good  well-managed  hedge  at  least  one  hundred  bad  and 
neglected  ones.  This  remark  applies  with  more  force  to  the 
attempts  made  with  the  Osage  Orange  than  with  any  other 
plant ;  for  nothing  that  is  ever  used  for  hedges  is  more  sensi- 
tive under  bad  usage  or  succeeds  better  if  well  treated  than 
this.  The  privet  and  the  buckthorn  will  usually  present 
something  of  a  hedgy  appearance  with  any  kind  of  manage- 
ment; but  the  Osage  unless  well  cultivated  and  properly 
sheared  will  not  exhibit  even  the  semblance  of  a  hedge. 
Hence  the  common  notion  that  it  has  proved  a  failure. 

The  Osage  Orange  grows  rapidly  if  well  cultivated;  and  in 
order  to  insure  a  perfectly  continuous  and  even  hedge,  the 
young  plants  must  be  allowed  to  swell  their  buds  before  they 
are  set  out,  that  all  dead  and  feeble  plants  may  be  rejected. 
The  first  winter  a  light  furrow  should  be  ploughed  upon  it, 
to  protect  and  drain  it  at  the  same  operation.  The  soil  should 
be  kept  deep  and  mellow  by  cultivation,  at  least  four  or  five 
feet  on  each  side,  instead  of  allowing  it  to  grow  up  with 
weeds  and  grass,  as  is  usual;  and,  if  possible,  it  should  be 
placed  nearly  over  a  tile  drain,  which  will  contribute  greatly 
to  its  endurance  of  winter. 

Evergreen  hedges  are  mostly  employed  as  screens  from  Ol> 


56      SOIL,  MANURES,  SITUATION,  AND  ENCLOSURES. 


servation  and  from  winds ;  but  as  intruders  scarcely  ever  at- 
tempt  to  pass  where  they  cannot  look  through,  perhaps  they 
may  yet  be  used  as  efficient  barriers.  The  American  Arbor- 
Vitae  is  well  adapted  for  this  purpose,  but  like  the  buckthorn 
it  will  not  grow  well  in  the  shade ;  hence  when  closely  sheared 


FIG.  80. 


FIG. 
Trimming  Hedges. 


FIG 


the  interior  branches  are  bare.  Instead,  therefore,  of  being 
sheared  in  the  common  way  it  should  be  shortened  back. 
The  close  growth  of  a  smoothly-shorn  surface  dart  ens  and 
kills  the  interior  foliage  as  shown  in  Fig.  80.  Fig.  £i  repre- 
sents the  same  shortened  back,  or  rather  thinned  back,  admit- 
ting the  light  within.  Fig.  82  shows 
how  this  is  done,  the  cut  being  made 
at  a  fork  b,  or  still  shorter  at  a. 


Pll.  83.— Badly  Pruned  Hedge. 


FIG.  84.— Badly 
Pruned. 


01 

FIG.  85. — Proper 
Pruning. 


The  hemlock,  although  hardly  stout  enough  for  a  hedge  until 
it  has  grown  many  years,  forms  one  of  the  most  perfect  and 
beautiful  screens  in  existence,  and  it  would  prove  a  fine  shelter 
for  trees  against  the  wind.  Its  fresh  deep-green  color  is  un- 
surpassed; and  its  denseness  of  growth  in  consequence  of  its 
quality  of  growing  in  the  shade  is  scarcely  equalled.  The 


SOIL,  MANURES,  SITUATION,  AND  ENCLOSURES.     57 


Norway  spruce  will  also  make  a  fine  hedge-tree.     It  grows 
with  great  vigor  and  may  be  freely  shortened  back. 

Probably  the  very  best  shrub  for  making  a  handsome,  quick- 
growing  hedge  is  the  California  Privit  (Ligustrum  ovalifo- 
lium).  It  can  be  purchased  from  nurserymen  eighteen  inches 
to  three  feet  high  in  lots  of  one  hundred,  at  moderate  prices. 
Set  out  from  ten  to  twelve  inches  apart  in  good  soil,  it  will, 
with  proper  cutting  back  each  spring,  form  a  dense  hedge  five 
or  six  feet  high  in  a  very  few  years.  Three  lines  of  barbed 
wire  running  through  the  middle  will  effectually  prevent 
passing  through  it,  and  at  the  same  time  be  entirely  con- 
cealed. 

The  following  figures  (some  of  which  are  produced  from 
those  in   Warder  on   Hedges)  will  show  how 
this,  and  indeed  all  hedges,  should  be  sheared. 


FIG.  86.— Result  of  Omitting  to  Prune. 


FIG.  87.— First  Year, 
Newly  Set  Out. 


FIG.  88.— Begin- 
ning of  Second 
Year. 


The  neglect  of  cutting  down  at  the  commencement  causes 
the  hedge  to  become  thin  and  narrow,  and  full  of  gaps  at  the 
bottom  where  it  should  be  the  thickest ;  and  dense  and  impene- 
trable only  at  the  top,  where  this  is  less  essential.  In  other 
words,  the  hedge  becomes  wrong-side-up,  or  mounted  on 
stilts  (Figs.  83  and  84).  The  appearance  of  the  young  hedge 
just  before  cutting  down  the  first  time  is  shown  at  a,  Fig.  85, 
and  the  cut  portion  at  b.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  induce  a 
novice  to  cut  "  this  fine  growth;"  he  thinks  it  will  "  ruin"  his 
young  and  promising  fence.  Yet  if  the  work  is  omitted,  it 
will  in  a  few  years  appear  as  in  Fig.  86. 

The  following  is  the  regular  order  of  working  each  succes- 
sive year.  Fig.  87  represents  the  plant  the  first  year,  or  a 
few  weeks  after  setting  out ;  it  has  been  cut  down  nearly  to 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  the  tap-root  trimmed  off,  and  the 


58     SOIL,  MANURES,  SITUA  TION,  AND  ENCLOSURES. 


young  shoots  as  starting  from  it  at  a.  It  should  grow  un- 
touched at  least  one  year — some  prefer  two  years,  in  order 
that  the  roots  may  become  thoroughly  established.  Its  ap- 
pearance the  beginning  of  the  second  year  is  shown  in  Fig.  88, 
when  it  is  cut  down  again  near  the  line,  b,  to  thicken  it  at  the 


FIG.  89.— Beginning  of  Third  Year. 


FIG.  90.— Summer  of  Third  Year. 


bottom.  The  result  of  this  cutting  down  is  shown  in  Fig.  89, 
which  is  the  same  plant  after  further  growth,  and  which  is 
again  to  be  cut  down  at  the  line  c\  this  may  be  done  in  the 
spring  of  the  third  year,  if  the  hedge  has  been  well  managed 
and  kept  vigorous.  This  shearing  will  not  be  more  than  four 
or  five  inches  high.  Nervous  people  "  cannot  bear"  thus  to 
cut  down  their  beautiful  growing  hedges — and  of  course  never 
have  a  good  one.  But  if  the  work  has  been  unflinchingly 
done,  the  hedge  will  present  by  early  summer  of  the  third 


FIG.  91.— Beginning  of  Fourth  Year. 


FIG.  92.— End  of  Fourth  Year  or  Begin- 
ning of  Fifth. 


year,  the  fine  broad-based,  thickened  appearance  at  the  bot- 
tom, as  represented  by  Fig.  90.  The  next  pruning,  to  be 
done  at  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  year,  is  shown  in  Fig.  91, 
as  indicated  by  lines  meeting  at  e,  when  the  hedge  for  the  first 
time  begins  to  assume  the  form  of  a  roof.  The  previous 
shearings  (or  rather  mowings)  are  shown  by  the  dotted  lines 
c  and  d.  Fig.  92  shows  the  subsequent  cuttings— first  by  the 
lines  meeting  at  h,  and  afterward  at  o.  The  latter  may  be 


SOIL,  MANURES,   SITUATIONS  AND  ENCLOSURES.      59 

straight,  as  the  previous  ones,  or  in  the  form  of  a  gothic  arch, 
as  shown  by  the  figure.  This  brings  the  hedge  to  the  close 
of  the  fourth  year,  when  it  will  begin  to  form  an  efficient  bar- 
rier, if  it  has  been  well  cultivated  and  pruned.  Its  breadth 
at  bottom  will  be  nearly  double  its  height.  Future  years  will 
give  it  more  height;  but  it  must  be  especially  observed  to 
keep  it  always  narrow  at  top,  so  that  the  foliage  above  shall 
not  shade  that  below,  nor  injure  the  broad  thick  growth  at 
bottom. 
HOOK  TO  TRIM  HEDGES. — With  a  common  corn  knife,  like 


FlG.  93.— Corn  Knife.  FIG.  94.— Hedge  Shears. 

that  shown  in  Fig.  93,  one  man  has  trimmed  from  half  to  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  of  four  years'  hedge  on  both  sides  in  a  day 
— striking  upwards  and  cutting  it  to  a  peak  in  the  middle,  like 
the  roof  of  a  house.  Hedge  shears,  Fig.  94,  may  be  had  of 
any  dealer  in  seeds,  with  which  more  neat  and  accurate  work 
can  be  done. 


CHAPTER  V. 

TRANSPLANTING 

ORCHARDS  are  usually  set  out,  where  the  soil  is  good,  with 
no  other  preparation  than  good  ploughing.  But  where  the 
soil  possesses  only  moderate  fertility,  if  the  best  growth  and 
finest  fruit  is  desired,  it  must  receive  additional  preparation. 
When  marketing  and  profit  is  the  chief  object,  this  prepara- 
tion is  of  great  importance,  as  the  finest  fruit  often  brings 
double  the  price  obtained  for  that  of  common  quality.  The 
following  directions  are  therefore  worthy  of  attention. 

PREPARING  THE  GROUND  AND  MANURING.— Ground  intended 
for  trees  must  be  secure  from  danger  of  being  flooded  in  wet 
seasons,  and  from  all  liability  of  becoming  water-soaked  be- 
neath the  surface.  If  not  naturally  dry  enough,  it  must  be 
thoroughly  underdrained. 

The  next  requisite  is  to  deepen  and  enrich  the  soil  by 
trenching,  unless  naturally  or  previously  exactly  fitted  for 
trees.  The  same  result  may  be  attained  by  digging  very 
large  holes,  say  eight  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  foot  and  a  half 
deep,  and  filling  them  with  rich  earth.  But  a  better  way  is 
to  plough  the  whole  surface  to  nearly  that  depth,  and  to  en- 
rich it  well  by  manuring.  A  common  plough  will  descend 
six  or  seven  inches ;  by  passing  another  plough  in  the  furrow 
— that  is,  by  trench-ploughing — the  soil  may  be  loosened  to  ten 
inches  or  a  foot.  But  by  means  of  a  good  subsoil-plough  in 
the  common  furrow,  a  depth  of  fifteen  to  eighteen  inches  may 
be  reached.  Now,  to  work  the  manure  down  to  that  depth, 
and  make  the  whole  one  broad  deep  bed  of  rich  soil,  it  must  be 
first  spread  on  the  surface  evenly  after  the  whole  has  been 
well  subsoiled,  then  harrow  to  break  it  fine,  and  mix  it  with 
the  top  soil,  and  then  thrown  down  by  a  thorough  trench- 
ploughing.  For  although  the  trench-ploughing  can  hardly  be 

60 


TRANSPLANTING.  6 1 

worked  a  foot  in  depth  of  itself,  yet  after  a  good  loosening 
with  the  subsoil-plough,  it  may  be  at  once  extended  down  a 
foot  and  a  half.  If  this  is  done  in  the  fall,  and  another  good 
ploughing  given  in  spring,  the  whole  will  be  in  fine  condition 
for  the  reception  of  trees.  Does  this  seem  like  a  great  deal 
of  cost  and  labor?  It  is  the  very  cheapest  way  of  obtaining 
fine  crops  of  the  best  fruit;  for  the  strong,  long,  and  healthy 
shoots  which  will  run  up  even  the  first  year,  and  the  size, 
beauty,  and  richness  of  the  fruit  soon  afforded  from  such  an 
orchard,  kept  well  cultivated  during  its  early  years,  will  as- 
tonish those  who  have  never  seen  any  but  slipshod  culture. 

In  setting  out  large  orchards,  if  the  whole  field  cannot  be 
deepened,  a  strip  of  land  ten  feet  wide  extending  across  the 
orchard  may  be  treated  in  the  same  way,  in  the  centre  of 
which  each  row  is  to  be  set;  and  the  intermediate  spaces, 
constituting  two-thirds  or  more  of  the  whole,  may,  if  neces- 
sary, be  prepared  afterward,  by  the  time  the  roots  have 
passed  the  boundaries  of  the  first. 

LAYING  OUT  ORCHARDS. 

Every  one  will  admit  that  an  orchard  handsomely  laid  out 
in  perfectly  straight  rows  is  in  every  respect  better  than 
where  the  trees  are  in  crooked  lines.  An  owner  can  feel  no 
pride  in  giving  proper  cultivation  to  an  awkwardly  planted 
orchard ;  and  trees  standing  out  of  line  will  be  a  constant  an- 
noyance to  every  ploughman  who  is  in  the  practice  of  laying 
perfectly  even  furrows. 

Some  planters  take  great  pains  in  setting  their  trees,  so  that 
one  tree  at  the  end  of  the  row  will  hide  all  the  rest  when  the 
eye  ranges  through  the  line.  But  in  securing  this  desirable 
object,  a  great  deal  of  labor  is  often  expended  in  sighting  in 
different  directions  while  setting  each  successive  tree,  so  that 
every  row  may  be  straight  every  way.  The  following  mode 
of  laying  out  and  planting  will  not  require  one-twentieth  of 
the  labor  commonly  devoted,  may  be  performed  under  the 
direction  of  any  common  workman,  and  will  give  rows  that 
will  range  perfectly,  not  only  in  both  directions,  but  diago- 
nally. The  writer  has  found  that  two  men  would  thus  lay  out 
from  thirty  to  forty  acres  in  a  day,  with  perfect  precision  for 
planting. 


TRANSPLANTING. 


The  first  thing  to  do  is  to  procure  as  many  short  pins  01 
stakes,  a  few  inches  long,  as  there  are  to  be  trees  in  the  or- 
chard.    These  may  be  made  by  simply  splitting  short  blocks  or 
boards  with  an  axe,  say  half  an  inch  in  diameter ;  or  corn-cobs 
will  answer  a  good  purpose,  and  may  be  more  easily  seen. 
Then  procure  a  strong  cord  as  long  as  one  side  of  the  orchard, 
or,  if  the  orchard  is  very  large,  as  long  as  each  section  maybe, 
if  necessary  to  divide  it.     Then,  with  a  pole  or  other  meas- 
ure, mark  off  the  distances  of  the  trees  on  this  line,  sticking  a 
common  brass  pin  through  at  each  place  for  a  tree,  bending 
^__________^_____^    it  around  the  cord  so  that 

it  will  not  come  out.  Red 
yarn  sewed  through  and 
tied  around  the  cord 

N  would  be     more    visible 

than  pins;  but  the  latter 
are  quickly  found  if  the 
workman  measures  the 
distance  by  pacing  be- 
tween them  as  he  walks 
"M  from  one  to  the  other.  A 

new  cord  will  stretch  a 
little  at  first,  but  will 
soon  cease  to  do  so.  The 
easiest  way  to  mark  the 
spaces  on  the  cord  is  to  wrap  it  around  the  ends  of  a  board 
cut  at  the  right  length,  so  that  every  third  coil  shall  be 
a  place  for  a  pin.  Thus,  if  the  board  is  five  feet  long,  by 
marking  every  third  coil  at  the  end  of  the  board  we  obtain 
spaces  of  thirty  feet.  The  field  having  been  ploughed  and 
fitted  for  planting,  we  are  now  ready  for  operation.  Select  a 
still  day,  so  that  the  wind  will  not  blow  the  cord  out  of  place, 
and  then  stretch  the  line  along  one  side  of  the  field,  at  a  suit- 
able distance  from  the  fence  where  the  first  row  is  to  be. 
Make  it  as  straight  as  possible,  by  drawing  on  it  forcibly ;  a 
stout  cord  being  better  than  a  weak  one  on  this  account.  If 
the  land  be  tolerably  level,  twenty  or  thirty  rods  may  be 
measured  off  at  a  time.  Place  flat  stones  or  other  heavy 
weights  upon  it  at  intervals,  to  keep  it  in  position ;  if  there  is 
some  wind,  care  will  be  necessary  in  making  it  perfectly 


FIG.  95.— Staking  out  Orchards. 


TRANSPLANTING.  63 

Straight  before  thus  fixing  it.  Next,  drive  in  one  of  the  short 
pegs  or  sticks  at  each  point  marked  by  the  pin  already  de- 
scribed. When  this  is  done,  one  row  will  be  marked.  Then 
remove  the  line,  and  mark  each  end  of  the  field  at  right  angles 
to  this  in  the  same  way.  Lastly,  mark  the  remaining  side- 
Before  marking  both  ends,  it  is  safest  to  stretch  the  line  or 
the  fourth  side,  that  all  may  be  accurately  spaced.  Next,  to 
fill  up  this  hollow  square  with  the  proper  marks,  stretch  the 
line  successively  between  corresponding  sticks  on  the  oppo- 
site sides,  and  mark  as  before  till  the  whole  is  completed.  If 
the  work  has  been  carefully  done,  every  stake  will  be  found 
to  range  perfectly.  Every  cord  will  stretch  more  or  less,  but 
if  stretched  so  that  the  ends  will  come  out  even  each  time, 
which  is  attended  with  no  difficulty,  the  rows  will  be  perfect, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  95. 

Next  take  a  strip  of  board,  say  about  eight  feet  long  and 
six  inches  wide,  as  shown  in  Fig.  97,  and  cut  a  totch  in  one 


FIG.  96.  FIG.  97. 

Tree  Markers. 

side  at  the  middle,  just  large  enough  to  let  in  the  stem  of  a 
tree.  Bore  a  hole  through  each  end,  exactly  at  equal  dis- 
tances from  this  notch.  Then,  whenever  a  tree  is  to  be 
planted,  place  the  middle  notch  around  the  peg,  and  thrust 
other  pegs  through  the  holes  at  the  ends.  Then  take  up  the 
board,  leaving  these  two  pegs,  dig  the  hole,  replace  the 
board,  and  set  the  tree  in  the  notch.  Proceed  in  this  way  till 
the  whole  orchard  is  planted.  It  is  obvious  that  the  trees  will 
stand  precisely  where  the  first  pegs  were  placed,  and  will 
range  in  perfect  rows.  A  large  number  or  series  of  the  two 
pins  may  be  set  successively  by  the  board,  so  that  a  number 
of  workmen  may  be  digging  and  planting  at  the  same  time. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

Very  few  of  our  common  fruit  or  ornamental  trees  ever 
remain  where  they  first  came  up  from  seed,  but  nearly  all  are 


64 


TRANSPLANTING. 


removed  one  or  more  times,  to  the  spot  where  they  are  finally 
to  remain.  For  this  reason,  transplanting  becomes  a  most 
important  operation.  If  a  tree  could  be  removed  with  all  its 
roots,  including  the  numerous  threadlike  radicles,  and  all  the 
Bpongelets,  and  placed  compactly  in  the  soil,  precisely  as  it 
stood  before,  it  would  suffer  no  check  in  growth.  The  nearer 
we  can  approach  this  condition,  therefore,  the  greater  will  be 
our  success. 
As  a  general  rule,  roots  extend  as  far  on  each  side  of  the 


PIG.  98. 


FIG.  99.  FIG.  TOO. 

Modes  of  Digging  Nursery  Trees. 


FIG.  ioi. 


tree  as  the  height  of  the  tree  itself.  If,  for  instance  a  tree  be 
five  feet  high,  the  roots  will  be  found  to  extend  five  feet  on 
each  side,  or  to  form  a  circle  ten  feet  in  diameter.  This  rule 
will  not  apply  to  slender  trees,  which  have  become  tall  by 
close  planting,  but  to  those  that  are  strong  and  well  devel- 
oped. The  great  length  of  the  roots  is  often  shown  by  trees 
which  send  up  many  suckers,  as  the  silver  poplar  and  locust, 
which  may  be  seen  to  extend  over  a  circle  much  greater  in 
diameter  than  the  height  of  the  tree. 

Many  persons  "  wonder"  why  trees  are  so  much  checked  in 
growth  by  common  transplanting,  or  why  they  so  often  die 
from  the  operation.  They  would  not  be  surprised,  if  they  saw 


TRA  NSPLA  N  7  'ING. 


the  common  destruction  of  the  roots  in  taking  them  up.  Figs. 
100  and  102  represent  a  nursery  tree  with  its  roots  entire;  the 
dotted  lines  show  where  the  spade  is  commonly  set  for  the 
purpose  of  lifting;  Fig.  98  is  tfce  tree  after  taken  up,  when 
more  than  nine-tenths  of  the  roots  are  cut  off — sometimes  it  is 
as  badly  mutilated  as  in  Fig.  99.  Fig.  101  exhibits  the  same 
as  removed  by  careful  nurserymen. 

In  late  years,  a  new  body  of  advice  respecting  the  trimming 
of  transplanted  trees  has  come  into  vogue.  It  is  the  String- 
fellow  or  stub-root  system. 
It  advises  that  the  roots  be 
cut  to  mere  stubs,  and  that 
the  tops  be  cut  to  sharp 
sticks  or  whips.  The  theory 
is  that  trees  which  are  so 
reduced  in  bulk  approach 
nearer  to  the  condition  of  a 
seedling,  and  that  the  re- 
sulting trees  are  better.  Ex- 
periments show  tke  opera- 
tion to  be  sometimes  good, 
sometimes  not.  It  depends 
upon  conditions.  Probably 
it  cannot  be  recommended 
as  a  general  practice. 

In  ordinary  or  even  very  careful  practice,  a  part  of  this  wide 
network  of  fibres  must  necessarily  be  separated  from  the  tree. 
It  is  evident  then,  that  the  usual  supplies  of  sap  to  the  leaves 
must  be  in  part  cut  off.  Now  the  leaves  are  constantly  (dur- 
ing day)  throwing  off  insensible  moisture  into  the  air ;  and 
good-sized  trees  thus  give  off  daily  many  pounds.  Reduce 
the  supply  from  below,  and  the  leaves  cannot  flourish;  and 
if  the  reduction  is  severe,  the  tree  withers  and  dies. 

The  remedy  consists  in  lessening  the  number  of  leaves,  so 
as  to  correspond  with  the  diminished  supply.  This  may  be 
done  by  shortening  back  every  shoot  of  the  previous  year  to 
one-quarter  of  its  length,  and  in  extreme  cases  every  shoot 
may  be  shortened  back  to  one  strong  bud,  just  above  the  pre- 
vious year's  wood.  Cutting  off  large  branches  at  random 
often  quite  spoils  the  shape.  Fig.  103  represents  an  un- 


FIG.  102.— Cutting  of  the  Roots  in  Trans- 
planting. 


66 


TRANSPLANTING. 


pruned  tree,  and  Fig.  105  the  same  with  the  shoots  shortened 

back. 

Where  peach  and  other  trees  have  been  once  a  year  trimmed 

up  to  a  single  stem,  while  in  the  nur- 
sery, the  mode  of  shortening  is  shown 

by  Figs.  105  and  106. 

A  few  experiments  only  are  needed 

to  convince  any  one  of  the  advantages 

of  thus  cutting  in  the  shoots.    Some 

years     ago    an    orchardist    carefully 

transplanted  one  hundred  and  eighty 

apple-trees    into    good    mellow   soil. 

The  roots  had  been  cut  rather  short 

in  digging.     One-half  had  their  tops 

shortened  back,  so  as  to  leave  only  one 

bud  of  the  previous  season's  wood; 
the  heads  of  the 
other  half  were 
suffered  to  remain 
untouched.  The 
season  proved  fa- 
vorable. Of  the 
ninety  which  had 
their  heads 
pruned,  only  two 
died,  and  nearly 
al  1  made  fine 
shoots,  many  be- 
ing  eighteen 
inches  long.  Of 
the  ninety  un- 
pruned,  eight  died ; 

most  of  them  made  but  little  growth,  and 
none  more  than  six  inches.  Both  the  first 
and  second  year,  the  deep  green  and  lux- 
uriant foliage  of  the  pruned  trees  afforded 
a  strong  contrast  with  the  paler  and  more 

feeble  appearance  of  the  others.     A  similar  experiment  was 

made  with  seventy-eight  peach-trees,  of  large  size,  three  years' 

growth  from  the  bud.   One-half  were  headed  back ;  the  rest  were 


FIG.  103.—  Three-Year-Old 
Pear-Tree. 


FIG.  104.— Pear-Tree 
Pruned. 


TRA  NSPLA  N-  TING. 


unpruned.  The  season  was  rather  dry,  and  twelve  of  the  thirty- 
nine  unpruned  trees  perished;  and  only  one  of  those  which 
were  headed  back.  The  unpruned  which  survived  lost  parts 
or  the  whole  of  the  upper  portions  of 
their  branches ;  the  pruned  made  fine 
bushy  heads  of  new  shoots.  In  another 
instance,  trees  only  one  year's  growth 
from  the  bud,  transplanted  in  the 
usual  manner  unpruned,  were  placed 
side  by  side  with  others  of  four  years' 
growth,  and  with  trunks  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  diameter,  the  heads  being 
pruned  to  one  quarter  their  size.  The 
growth  of  the  former  was  feeble ;  the 
large  trees,  with 
pruned  heads, 
grew  vigorously. 

The  degree  to 
which  this  short- 
ening should  be 
carried  must  de- 
pend much  on  cli- 
mate. In  the  cool, 
moist  atmosphere 
of  England,  the 
leaves  perspire 
less,  and  a  larger 
number  may  re- 
main without  ex- 
hausting the  sup- 
ply from  the  roots. 

In  this  country  the  perspiration  is  more 
rapid,  and  fewer  leaves  can  be  fed,  until 
new  roots  furnish  increased  supplies. 

Cutting  back  after  the  buds  have  swol- 
len, or  the  leaves  expanded,  often  checks 
growth,  and  usually  should  not  be  performed  except  on  very 
small  trees,  or  on  such  as  the  peach,  which  quickly  reproduce 
new  shoots. 

Trees  which  quickly  reproduce  new  shoots,  as  the  peach, 


FlG.  105.— Yearling  Peach- 
Tree. 


FIG.  106.— Peach-Tree, 
Pruned. 


68  TRANSPLANTING. 

may  be  more  closely  shortened  back  than  others  having  a  less 
reproductive  power,  as  the  apple.  The  cherry  throws  out  a 
new  growth  still  more  reluctantly,  and  hence  more  care  is 
needed  in  digging  up  the  roots  entire. 

Preparing  the  roots. — Before  a  tree  is  set  in  the  earth,  all  the 
bruised  or  wounded  parts,  where  cut  with  the  spade,  should  be 
pared  off  smoothly,  to  prevent  decay,  and  to  enable  them  to 
heal  over  by  granulations  during  the  growth  of  the  tree. 
Then  dip  them  in  a  bed  of  mud,  which  will  coat  every  part 
over  evenly,  and  leave  no  portion  in  contact  with  air,  which 
accidently  might  not  be  reached  by  the  earth  in  filling  the 
hole.  The  bed  of  mud  is  quickly  made  by  pouring  into  a 
hole  a  pail  of  water,  and  mixing  it  with  the  soil. 

Setting  the  tree. — It  should  not  be  set  deeper  than  it  stood 
before  removal,  unless  the  land  is  newly  ploughed,  and  is  likely 
to  settle  away  from  the  tree.  Setting  upon  the  surface  with- 
out any  hole,  and  placing  fine  earth  upon  the  roots  to  the 
usual  depth,  is  allowable  on  shallow  or  unprepared  soils. 
When  placed  in  the  unfilled  hole,  if  it  is  found  to  be  too 
deeply  sunk,  a  mound  or  hillock  is  to  be  made  under  the  cen- 
tre to  raise  it  sufficiently,  and  the  roots  separated  and  ex- 
tended to  their  full  length.  Fine  rich  mould  is  then  to  be 
sprinkled  or  sifted  over,  taking  care  to  fill  all  the  interstices, 
and  using  the  fingers  to  spread  out  all  the  fibres  during  the 
operation.  The  mellow  earth  should  rise  two  or  three  inches 
above  the  surrounding  surface,  to  allow  for  its  subsequent 
settling. 

Stiffening  against  the  winds. — Newly-planted  trees,  being 
acted  on  as  levers  by  the  wind,  often  press  aside  the  earth 
about  their  stems,  and  make  an  opening  down  to  the  roots, 
which  in  consequence  suffer  from  both  drouth  and  disturb- 
ance. There  are  two  ways  to  prevent  this  disaster.  In  au- 
tumn transplanting,  the  best  way  is  to  embank  a  mound  of 
earth  about  the  stems,  from  ten  to  eighteen  inches  high,  as 
the  size  of  the  tree  may  require,  Fig.  107.  This  mound  per- 
forms the  triple  office  of  stiffening  the  tree,  excluding  mice, 
and  covering  the  roots  from  frost.  Only  a  few  seconds  are  re- 
quired to  throw  up  one  of  these  conical  heaps  of  earth.  After 
the  tree  commences  growing,  the  mounds  are  removed. 
Trees  which  have  had  their  heads  lightened  by  the  shorten* 


TRANSPLANTING. 


69 


ing  process  already  described  will  not  often  need  any  other 
protection. 

But  when  the  trees  are  large,  or  the  situation  is  windy,  staking 
becomes  necessary.  If  driven  before  the  roots  are  covered,  the 
stakes  may  be  erect,  as  in  Fig.  108 ;  if  driven  afterward,  they 


1 


FIG. 


FIG.  108.  FIG.  109. 

Mounding  and  Staking  Trees. 


may  be  slanting ;  and  in  both  cases  straw  bands  should  be  first 
wrapped  once  round,  to  prevent  the  trees  from  chafing. 

The  accompanying  figure  (109)  shows  the  mode  in  which  the 
stake  is  driven  into  the  bottom  of  the  hole  before  filling  in. 

Transplanting  trees  on  the  surface. — On  the  last  page  the  ad- 
vantages are  pointed  out  of  sometimes  setting  trees  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil.  This  mode 
of  transplanting  is  undoubted- 
ly the  best  on  all  heavy  soils 
that  cannot  be  thoroughly 
drained.  The  annexed  figure 
(no)  exhibits  distinctly  this 
mode  of  planting,  the  dotted 
line  indicating  the  common 
surface  of  the  earth,  on  which 
the  tree  is  set,  and  the  low 
mound  raised  upon  the  roots. 
This  gives  the  roots  a  deeper 
soil.  By  throwing  the  furrows  occasionally  toward  the  rows, 
the  raised  surface  will  be  maintained.  This  method  is  not 
adapted  to  large  commercial  orchards,  but  for  home  grounds. 


FIG.  no.— Planting  on  the  Surface. 


7°  TRANSPLANTING. 

Watering. — A  very  common  error  is  the  belief  that  trees 
need  frequent  watering  before  they  are  in  leaf.  Deluging  the 
roots  while  in  a  partially  dormant  state  is  as  hurtful  to  trees 
as  to  greenhouse  plants,  and  a  continued  repetition  of  it  is 
almost  certain  death.  When  a  plant  is  in  a  state  of  rapid  vege- 
tation, large  quantities  of  moisture  are  drawn  up  by  the  leaves 
and  thrown  off ;  but  while  the  buds  are  unexpanded,  the  amount 
consumed  is  very  small.  Fruit-trees  sometimes  remain  with 
fresh  and  green  branches,  but  with  unswollen  buds,  till  mid- 
summer. Instead  of  watering  such  at  the  roots,  let  the  tops 
be  wet  daily  at  evening,  and  it  will  in  nearly  all  cases  bring 
them  into  active  growth.  When  the  tree  is  much  shrivelled, 
wrapping  it  loosely  in  straw,  or  better  in  moss,  and  keeping 
the  whole  in  a  damp  state,  will  in  most  cases  restore  it. 

After  the  leaves  are  expanded,  a  more  copious  application 
of  water  becomes  useful ;  but  it  should  never  be  performed, 
as  so  frequently  done,  by  flooding  the  tree  at  one  time  and 
allowing  it  to  dry  at  another;  or  by  pouring  the  water  on 
the  surface,  which  it  hardens,  and  never  reaches  the  roots. 
Keeping  the  soil  finely  pulverized,  and,  if  necessary,  with 
an  additional  shading  of  hay  or  straw  thickly  spread  over 
the  surface,  will  preserve  a  sufficient  and  uniform  degree  of 
moisture. 

Watering  the  roots,  even  of  fast-growing  trees,  will  rarely 
become  needful  if  the  soil  is  deep  and  is  kept  mellow.  But 
whenever  it  is  performed,  the  surface  earth  should  be  thrown 
off,  the  water  poured  in,  and  the  earth  replaced.  This  will 
admit  the  water  at  once  to  the  roots,  and  leave  the  surface 
mellow ;  while  by  watering  the  top  of  the  ground,  the  water 
will  perhaps  fail  to  reach  the  dry  soil  below,  but  only  serve  to 
harden  and  bake  the  surface. 

Mulching,  or  covering  the  ground  about  a  tree  with  straw, 
coarse  barnyard  litter,  or,  what  is  still  better,  leaves  from  the 
woods,  will  in  nearly  all  cases  obviate  the  necessity  of  water- 
ing. It  is  an  excellent  protection  against  midsummer  drouths, 
which  so  often  prove  detructive  to  newly  transplanted  trees 
after  they  have  appeared  in  leaf,  and  is  a  good  substitute  for 
mellow  culture  in  places  where  good  cultivation  cannot  be 
given.  It  should  never  be  omitted  for  newly  set  cherry-trees. 
A  correspondent  of  the  Horticulturist  mulched  fifty  trees  out 


TRANSPLANTING.  ft 

of  one  hundred  and  fifty,  all  of  which  had  commenced  growth 
alike.  Those  which  were  mulched  all  lived.  Of  the  hundred 
not  mulched,  fifteen  perished.  The  weather  was  hot  and  dry 
at  midsummer. 

Trees  received  from  a  distance,  and  injured  by  drying,  should 
immediately  have  their  roots  coated  by  immersion  in  a  bed  of 
mud ;  and  then  the  whole  stems  and  branches  buried  in  moder- 
ately moist  earth  for  a  few  days.  They  will  gradually  absorb 
moisture,  through  the  pores  in  the  bark. 

SEASON  FOR  TRANSPLANTING. 

Nearly  all  deciduous  trees  may  be  removed  from  the  soil  at 
any  time  between  the  cessation  of  growth  in  autumn  and  the 
swelling  of  the  buds  the  following  spring.  The  operation 
may  be  performed  first  in  autumn  with  those  which  drop  their 
leaves  soonest;  but  any  tree,  when  not  growing,  may,  by 
stripping  its  leaves,  be  removed  safely.  If  left  on,  they  will 
invariably  cause  the  shrivelling  of  the  bark,  in  consequence  of 
the  large  amount  of  moisture  they  are  always  exhaling,  and 
which  cannot  be  restored  through  the  roots. 

The  rule  must  vary  somewhat  with  circumstances.  Tender 
trees,  as  the  peach  and  apricot  generally  succeed  best  if  set  in 
spring,  unless  in  a  warm,  dry  soil  in  a  sheltered  place,  antf,  in 
a  climate  not  severe.  It  may  be  added,  that  soils  rather  wet, 
or  liable  to  become  soaked  with  water  before  freezing,  should 
never  receive  trees  in  autumn.  The  rule  should  be  carried 
one  step  farther;  such  soil  should  never  be  set  with  trees  at 
all.  They  are  unfit  until  well  drained.  Much  of  the  "bad 
luck"  that  occurs  is  from  wet  subsoils. 

It  is  commonly  best  to  dig  up  trees  in  the  autumn  from 
nurseries  in  any  case,  whether  for  fall  or  spring  setting.  If 
sent  long  distances,  they  will  be  on  hand  and  may  be  sent  out 
early.  They  may  be  heeled  in,  and  be  more  effectually  secured 
from  freezing,  than  if  standing  in  the  nursery  rows.  In  heel- 
ing in,  select  a  dry,  clean,  mellow  piece  of  ground,  with  no 
grass  near  to  invite  mice;  dig  a  wide  trench,  lay  in  the  roots 
sloping  (Fig.  1 1 1)  and  cover  them  and  half  the  stems  with  fine 
mellow  earth ;  fill  in  carefully  and  solid  all  the  interstices  among  the 
roots;  doing  this  work  imperfectly  often  results  in  loss ;  if  well 


72  TRANSPLANTING. 

performed,  it  never  can,  If  much  danger  is  feared  from  mice, 
it  is  better  to  place  the  trees  erect  in  the  trench  (Fig.  112),  and 
round  up  the  whole  surface  about  them ;  but,  being  more  ex- 
posed in  this  position,  they  should  be  placed  in  a  sheltered 
situation  from  the  winds. 

With  the  precautions  above  mentioned,  it  is,  however,  a 
matter  of  small  consequence  at  which  season  trees  are  put  out, 
provided  the  work  is  well  done.  It  is  at  least  a  hundred  times 
more  important  to  give  them  good  mellow  cultivation  afterward. 


FIG.  in.— Heeling-in  Sloping.  FIG.  112.—  Heeling-in  Erect. 

Here  is  where  so  many  fail.  Some  dig  little  circles  about 
their  trees,  which  is  scarcely  better.  The  whole  surface  must 
be  cultivated.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  trees  often  do  best  set 
in  spring — because  in  one  case  the  soil  settles,  hardens,  and 
crusts  through  winter,  but  is  left  mellow  after  spring  setting. 
This  difference  could  not  exist  if  the  mellowing  of  the  soil 
were  properly  attended  to. 

When  the  soil  is  a  heavy  clay,  and  holds  water  like  a  tub, 
tender  trees  are  in  great  danger  from  autumn  transplanting, 
unless  provision  is  made  for  draining  the  holes,  which  may  be 
effected  by  running  a  deep  furrow  from  one  hole  to  the  other, 
along  the  line  of  trees,  and  using  brush,  corn-stalks,  or  straw, 
as  a  temporary  underdrain  for  the  water  to  soak  away. 

Transplanting  may  be  performed  in  winter,  whenever  the 
ground  is  open  and  the  air  above  freezing ;  but  roots  which  are 
frozen  while  out  of  the  ground  will  perish  unless  they  are 
buried  before  thawing. 

The  size  for  transplanting  must  vary  with  circumstances. 
Five  to  six  feet  high  is  commonly  large  enough,  but  those 


TRANSPLANTING.  73 

much  larger  may  be  successfully  removed  if  they  have  been 
previously  prepared  by  shortening  the  long  roots  to  induce 
the  emission  of  a  mass  of  smaller  fibres  near  the  centre  or  stem. 
This  is  done  one  year  previously,  by  running  a  spade  into  the 
earth  in  a  circle  about  the  foot  of  the  stem,  if  the  tree  yet 
stands  in  the  nursery,  or  by  cutting  a  circular  trench  around 
the  tree  if  it  is  a  large  standard  in  open  ground. 

SUMMARY  OF  ESSENTIALS  FOR  TRANSPLANTING. 

1.  A  previous  preparation  of  a  rich  deep  bed  of  mellow  earth 
to  receive  the  roots,  and  land  which  cannot  be  water-soaked. 

2.  Removing  the  tree  with  little  mutilation  of  the  roots. 

3.  Paring  off  the  bruised  parts. 

4.  Shortening-in  the  head,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  (before 
the  buds  swell),  to  correspond  with  the  necessary  loss  of  roots. 

5.  Immersing  the  roots  in  mud. 

6.  Filling  the  fine  earth  carefully  among  the  roots,  spread- 
ing them  all  out  with  the  fingers. 

7.  Planting  little  or  no  deeper  than  before. 

8.  Staking  or  embanking,  when  necessary,  to  prevent  injury 
by  the  wind. 

9.  Watering  the  stems  and  branches  only,  before  the  appear- 
ance of  the  leaf. 

10.  Mulching,  where  danger  of  midsummer  drouth  is  feared. 

The  following  additional  rules,  self-evident  to  men  of  expe- 
rience, are  continually  disregarded  by  novices  in  setting  out 
orchards  and  fruit  gardens : 

1.  If  the  roots  of  a  tree  are  frozen  out  of  the  ground,  and 
thawed  again  in  contact  with  air,  the  tree  is  killed. 

2.  If  the  frozen  roots  are  well  buried,  filling  all  cavities  before 
thawing  any  at  all,  the  tree  is  uninjured. 

3.  Manure  should  never  be  placed  in  contact  with  the  roots 
of  a  tree,  in  setting  it  out,  but  old  finely  pulverized  earthy  com- 
post answers  well. 

4.  A  small  or  moderate  sized  tree  at  the  time  of  transplant- 
ing will  usually  become  large  and  bearing  sooner  than  a  larger 
tree  set  out  at  the  same  time,  and  which  is  checked  in  growth 
by  removal. 

5.  To  guard  against  mice  in  winter  with  perfect  success, 


74  TRANSPLANTING. 

make  a  small,  compact,  smooth  earth  mound  nearly  a  foot 
high,  around  the  stem  of  each  young  orchard  tree. 

6.  The  roots  of  a  tree  extend  nearly  as  far  on  each  side  as 
the  height  of  the  tree ;  and  hence  to  dig  it  up  by  cutting  a  cir- 
cle with  a  spade  half  a  foot  in  diameter,  cuts  off  more  than 
nine-tenths  of  the  roots. 

7.  Watering  a  tree  in  dry  weather  affords  but  temporary  re- 
lief, and  often  does  more  harm  than  good,  by  crusting  the  sur- 
face.    Keeping  the  surface  constantly  mellow  is  much  more 
valuable  and  important— or  if  this  cannot  be  done,  mulch  well. 
If  watering  is  ever  done  from  necessity,  remove  the  top  earth, 
pour  in  the  water,  and  then  replace  the  earth — then  mulch,  or 
keep  the  surface  very  mellow. 

8.  Shrivelled  trees  may  be  made  plump  before  planting,  by 
covering  tops  and  all  with  earth  for  several  days. 

9.  Young  trees  may  be   manured  to  great  advantage    by 
spreading  manure  over  the  roots  as  far  as  they  extend,  or  over 
a  circle  whose  radius  is  equal  to  the  height  of  the  tree,  in 
autumn  or  early  winter,  and  spading  this  manure  in  spring. 

10.  Never  set  young  trees  in  a  grass  field,  or  among  wheat, 
or  other  sowed  grain.     Clover  is  still  worse,  as  the  roots  grow 
deep,  and  rob  the  tree-roots.     The  whole  surface  should  be 
clean  and  mellow;  or  if  any  crops  are  suffered,  they  should  be 
potatoes,  carrots,  turnips,  or  other  low-hoed  crops. 

11.  Constant,  clean,  and  mellow  cultivation  is  absolutely 
necessary  at  all  times  for  the  successful  growth  of  the  peach- 
tree,  at  any  age;  it  is  as  necessary  for  a  young  plum-tree,  but 
not  quite  so  much  so  for  an  old  one ;  it  is  nearly  as  essential 
for  a  young  apple-tree,  but  much  less  so  for  an  old  orchard ;  and 
still  less  necessary  for  a  middle-aged  cherry-tree. 


DISTANCES  FOR  PLANTING  TREES. 

Persons  about  to  plant  orchards  and  fruit-gardens  are  often 
at  a  loss  to  know  the  most  suitable  distances  to  place  the  trees. 
The  guiding  rule  should  be  to  allow  space  enough  that  when 
the  trees  attain  full  size,  the  sun's  rays  may  freely  enter  on  each 
side.  The  roots  as  well  as  the  tops  should  have  free  space. 
As  a  general  rule,  the  tops  should  never  approach  nearer  than 
one-half  their  diameter. 


TRANSPLANTING.  75 

Some  varieties  of  the  same  kind  of  fruit  grow  to  a  much 
greater  size  than  others,  but  as  an  average  the  following  dis- 
tances may  be  adopted: 

Apples. — In  fertile  districts  of  the  country,  where  the  trees 
may  attain  great  size,  and  where  there  is  plenty  of  land,  forty 
feet  is  the  greatest  distance  required.  The  usual  distance  is 
two  rods  or  thirty-three  feet.  Where  the  most  is  to  be  made 
of  the  land,  and  where  heading-in  the  limbs  is  practised  when 
the  trees  become  too  large,  twenty-five  feet  distance  may  be 
adopted.  It  is  an  economical  plan  to  set  apples  thirty  feet 
apart  and  a  pear  between ;  for  ten  or  fifteen  years,  at  least, 
they  can  all  grow  together,  and  if  then  too  thick  such  as  are 
least  desirable  may  be  cut  out.  It  saves  much  room  and  gives 
more  fruit  to  the  acre  while  growing.  For  pyramids  on  apple- 
stocks,  fifteen  feet ;  for  pyramids  or  dwarf  standards  on  Dou- 
cin  stocks,  ten  feet ;  for  dwarf  round-headed  trees  on  Paradise 
stocks,  eight  feet. 

Pears. — Large  growing  standard  varieties,  on  pear-stocks, 
twenty  to  twenty-five  feet;  dwarf  standards  on  quince  (with 
stems  pruned  up,  two  or  three  feet,  the  heads  with  natural 
growth,  or  slightly  thinned  by  pruning  but  once  a  year,  for 
orchard  culture),  twelve  feet ;  pyramids  on  pear  stocks,  twelve 
to  fifteen  feet;  on  quince,  ten  or  twelve  feet.  It  should  never 
be  forgotten  that  pears  on  quince  should  be  so  placed  as  to 
admit  of  high  or  enriching  cultivation. 

Peaches. — It  is  usual  to  allow  about  twenty  feet  for  peach- 
trees  that  are  never  shortened-in,  but  permitted  to  spread  out 
and  take  their  natural  course.  But  if  shortened-in  annually  as 
they  should  be,  or  even  triennially,  by  cutting  back  three-year 
branches,  they  may  occupy  only  twelve  or  fifteen  feet.  Peach- 
trees  budded  on  the  plum,  which  reduces  their  growth  a  little, 
may  be  kept  cut  back  so  as  to  require  a  space  of  only  eight  or 
nine  feet. 

Cherries. — Common  standards,  twenty  feet  apart;  pyramids 
on  common  stocks,  fifteen  feet ;  on  Mahaleb  stocks,  ten  feet. 
Dukes  and  Morellos  require  only  three-fourths  of  this  space. 

Plums. — Standards,  eighteen  feet;  pyramids,  eight  to  tep 
feet. 

Apricots. — Somewhat  more  space  than  for  plums. 

Quinces. — Eight  to  twelve  feet. 


76  TRANSPLANTING. 

Grapes. — Most  vigorously  growing  native  sorts,  on  enriched 
soils,  may  be  ten  to  fifteen  feet  apart;  on  a  poorer  soil,  moder- 
ate growers  may  be  six  to  eight  feet  apart.  The  most  usual 
distance  for  Concord  is  nine  feet. 

Gooseberries  and  Currants. — Four  to  five  feet. 

Raspberries. — Four  to  six  feet  in  rows  five  feet  apart. 

Blackberries. — In  rows  five  to  nine  feet  apart. 

For  the  above  distances,  the  following  is  the  number  of 
trees  required  for  an  acre : 


40  feet  apart,  . 

....    27 

33 

....    40 

25    " 

....    69 

20 

.    .    .    .    108 

15 

»    ...    193 

12 

*  *  .    .    .    302 

10     " 

435 

8 

680 

1,208 

4    " 

.  2,720 

REGISTERING  ORCHARDS. 

Much  inconvenience  and  often  many  mistakes  arise  from 
not  preserving  the  names  of  varieties  in  young  orchards. 
The  trees  are  received,  correctly  labelled,  from  the  nursery ; 
the  labels  are  left  on  till  the  wires  cut  the  limbs,  or  until 
effaced  by  time,  and  the  sorts  are  forgotten.  Always  draw 
on  paper  a  plan  of  the  orchard,  marking  the  place  of  each  tree 
and  its  name ;  it  saves  much  subsequent  confusion  when  labels 
are  lost. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

CULTIVATION    OF   THE    SOIL. 

IN  passing  through  the  country,  and  visiting  the  grounds  of 
fruit-growers,  and  examining  the  exhibitions  of  pomological 
societies,  a  marked  difference  is  observed  in  the  same  variety 
as  grown  on  different  grounds.  In  one  case  it  is  small  and 
poor  flavored ;  in  another  it  is  large,  beautiful,  rich,  and  excel- 
lent. The  owner  of  the  poor  fruit  is  much  disappointed  in 
what  he  expected  to  see,  and  considers  himself  as  "badly 
humbugged"  by  the  nurseryman  who  sold  him  the  trees.  The 
successful  cultivator  takes  his  specimens  to  a  fair,  and  sweeps 
off  the  premiums  by  their  delicious  quality  and  excellent  ap- 
pearance. Now,  this  question  at  once  arises:  What  is  the 
cause  of  this  difference?  And  it  is  just  such  questions  as  we 
like  to  hear  asked. 

The  first,  and  perhaps  the  most  prominent  cause,  is  cultiva- 
tion. Place  a  tree  in  grass-land,  or  give  it  no  cultivation — let 
the  surface  become  baked  hard,  like  flagging,  or  allow  weeds 
to  cover  the  surface — and  the  tree  will  have  a  feeble  growth, 
and  the  fruit,  as  a  necessary  consequence,  will  partake  of  the 
condition  of  the  tree.  A  feeble  tree  will,  of  course,  bear  small 
fruit.  Hence,  one  reason  why  young  trees  often  produce  larger 
and  finer  specimens  than  old  and  stunted  trees.  Cultivation 
alone  has  often  changed  both  size  and  quality  in  a  surprising 
degree.  Some  years  ago  a  few  trees  of  the  Seckel  pear  were 
observed  to  bear  very  small  fruit — they  were  then  standing  in 
grass.  Subsequently  the  whole  surface  was  subjected  to  good 
cultivation.  The  next  crop  had  pears  at  least  triple  the  size 
of  the  former.  A  St.  Ghislain  tree,  on  another  place,  bore  at 
first  when  standing  in  grass-land,  and  disappointment  was  felt 
by  the  owner  at  the  small  size  and  poor  quality  of  the  fruit. 
A  herd  of  swine  accidentally  rooted  up  the  grass  and  reduced 
the  ground  to  a  mellow  surface.  The  pears  that  year  were 

77 


7 8  CULTIVATION  OF   THE   SOIL. 

greatly  increased  in  size,  and  so  much  improved  in  flavor  that 
they  would  not  have  been  recognized  as  the  same  sort.  The 
d'Angouleme  when  large  and  well  grown,  is  an  excellent 
fruit.  When  small,  it  is  perfectly  worthless.  T.  G.  Yeomans, 
of  Walworth,  N.  Y.,  who  has  been  eminently  successful  in  its 
cultivation,  and  obtained  thirty-five  dollars  per  barrel  for  it, 
has  found  high  culture  of  vital  importance,  and  has  remarked 
that  when  the  specimen  does  not  weigh  over  four  ounces,  it  is 
no  better  than  a  raw  potato ;  and  this,  we  think,  has  generally 
been  found  true.  There  is  no  question  whatever  that  this  fine 
pear,  as  well  as  many  other  fruits,  has  been  placed  on  the  re- 
jected list  by  some  planters  for  want  of  good  management  and 
proper  cultivation. 

Good  cultivation  and  thinning  the  crop  cause  all  the  difference 
between  those  superb  specimens  of  the  pear  which  often  grace 
the  extended  tables  and  fill  the  vast  halls  of  our  finest  fruit 
exhibitions,  and  such  miserable  fruit  as  we  sometimes  see 
borne  on  the  grass-grown,  weed-choked,  mice-gnawed  trees  of 
the  slipshod  farmer's  grounds — planted  out  with  hardly  the  ex- 
pectation, but  rather  with  a  sort  of  dim  hope  that  they  would 
grow  and  take  care  wholly  of  themselves. 

One  of  the  best  things  that  a  horticultural  or  pomological 
society  could  do,  would  be  to  place  conspicuously  on  exhibi- 
tion a  collection  of  such  fruit  as  might  be  raised  with  every 
advantage  resulting  from  good  culture  and  judicious  thinning; 
and  another  collection  beside  it  with  all  the  marks  of  small 
size  and  scabbiness  which  might  be  expected  from  utter  neg- 
lect. One  collection  should  be  marked,  "  FRUIT  RAISED  UNDER 
THE  EYE  OF  VIGILANCE  AND  INDUSTRY:"  the  other  labelled, 

"  FRUIT  GROWN  UNDER  NEGLECT." 

Cultivation  is  the  more  important,  because  it  is  not  com- 
menced and  finished  in  a  day,  but  needs  constant  attention  for 
years;  and  in  ordinary  practice  it  receives  greater  neglect. 
For,  of  the  thousands  of  trees  which  are  every  year  trans- 
planted in  all  parts  of  the  country,  the  assertion  may  be  made 
with  safety,  that  more  are  lost  from  neglected  after-culture  than 
from  all  other  causes  put  together. 

To  purchase  and  set  out  fine  fruit-trees  of  rare  sorts,  in  a 
baked  and  hardened  soil,  whose  entire  moisture  and  fertility 
are  consumed  by  a  crop  of  weeds  and  grass,  might  very  aptly 


CULTIVATION  OF   THE   SOIL. 


79 


and  without  exaggeration  be  compared  to  the  purchase  of  a 
fine  horse,  and  then  perpetually  to  exclude  him  from  food  and 
drink. 

Here  is  the  great  and  fatal  error  with  a  large  portion  who 
attempt  the  cultivation  of  fruit.  We  may  not  incorrectly 
divide  these  into  three  classes : 

1.  Those  who,  having  procured  their  trees,  destroy  them  at 
once  by  drying  them  in  the  sun  or  wind,  or  freezing  them  in 
the  cold,  before  setting  out. 

2.  Those  who  destroy  them  by  crowding  the  roots  into  small 
holes  cut  out  of  a  sod,  where,  if  they  live,  they  maintain  a 


FIG.  113.— Neglected  Trees. 


FlG.  114.— Well  Cultivated  Orchard. 


stunted  and  feeble  existence,  like  the  half-starved  cattle  of  a 
neglectful  farmer. 

3.  Others  set  them  out  well,  and  then  consider  their  labors 
as  having  closed.  They  are  subsequently  suffered  to  become 
choked  with  grass,  weeds,  or  crops  of  grain — some  live  and 
linger,  others  die  under  the  hardship ;  or  else  are  demolished 
by  cattle,  or  broken  down  by  the  team  which  cultivates  the 
ground. 

The  annexed  illustrations  are  a  fair  exhibition  of  the  differ- 
ence in  results  between  neglected  management,  as  seen  on 
the  left,  and  good  cultivation,  on  the  right,  as  seen  in  trees 
five  or  ten  years  after  transplanting  (Figs.  113  and  114). 

A  neighbor  purchased  fifty  fine  peach-trees,  handsomely 
rooted,  and  of  vigorous  growth ;  they  were  well  set  out  in  a 
field  containing  a  fine  crop  of  heavy  clover  and  timothy.  The 
following  summer  was  dry  ;  and  a  luxuriant  growth  of  meadow- 
grass  nearly  hid  them  from  sight.  What  was  the  consequence? 
Their  fate  was  precisely  what  every  farmer  would  have  pre- 
dicted of  as  many  hills  of  corn,  planted  and  overgrown  in  a 
thick  meadow — very  few  survived  the  first  year. 

Another  person  bought  sixty,  of  worse  quality  in  growth ;  he 


8o  CULTIVATION'  OF  THE   SOIL. 

set  them  out  well,  and  kept  them  well  hoed  with  potatoes.  He 
lost  but  one  tree ;  and  continuing  to  cultivate  them  with  low- 
hoed  crops,  they  now  afford  yearly  loads  of  rich  peaches. 

Another  neighbor  procured  fifty  good  trees.  Passing  his 
house  the  same  year  late  in  summer,  he  remarked :  "  I  thought 
a  crop  of  wheat  one  of  the  best  for  young  peach-trees !"  "  Just 
the  reverse;  it  is  one  of  the  worst — all  sown  crops  are  inju- 
rious; all  low-hoed  ones  beneficial."  "  Well,"  answered  he,  "  I 
have  found  it  so — my  fifty  trees  all  lived,  it  is  true,  but  I  have 
lost  one  year  of  their  growth  by  my  want  of  knowledge."  On 
examination,  they  were  found  in  excellent  soil,  and  had  been 
well  set  out.  All  the  rows  were  in  a  field  of  wheat,  except 
one,  which  was  hoed  with  a  crop  of  potatoes.  The  result  was 
striking.  Of  the  trees  that  stood  among  the  wheat,  some  had 
made  shoots  the  same  year  an  inch  long,  some  two  inches,  and 
a  very  few,  five  or  six  inches.  While  on  nearly  every  one  that 
grew  with  the  potatoes,  new  shoots  a  foot  and  a  half  long  could 
be  found,  and  on  some  the  growth  had  been  two  feet,  two  and 
a  half,  and  even  three  feet.  Other  cases  have  furnished  nearly 
as  decisive  contrasts.  An  eminent  cultivator  of  fine  fruit, 
whose  trees  have  borne  for  many  years,  remarks :  "  My  garden 
would  be  worth  twice*  as  much  as  it  is  if  the  trees  had  been 
planted  in  thick  rows  two  rods  apart,  so  that  I  could  have  cul- 
tivated them  with  the  plough.  Unless  fruit  grows  on  thrifty 
trees,  we  can  form  no  proper  judgment  of  it.  Some  that  we 
have  cultivated  this  season,  after  a  long  neglect,  seem  like  new 
kinds,  and  the  flavor  is  in  proportion  to  the  size." 

The  thick  rows  here  alluded  to  may  be  composed  of  trees 
from  six  to  twelve  feet  apart  in  the  rows.  This  mode  admits 
of  deep  and  thorough  cultivation,  and  the  team  can  pass  freely 
in  one  direction,  until  close  to  the  row,  where  the  soil  need  not 
be  turned  up  so  deeply  so  as  to  injure  the  roots.  Fig.  115  ex- 
hibits this  mode  of  planting,  and  Fig.  1 16  another  mode,  where 
the  trees  are  in  hexagons,  or  in  the  corners  of  equilateral  tri- 
angles, and  are  thus  more  equally  distributed  over  the  ground 
than  by  any  other  arrangement.  They  may  thus  be  cultivated 
in  three  directions.  For  landscape  effect,  this  is  undoubtedly 
better  than  any  other  regular  order. 

Trees  are  frequently  mutilated  in  cultivating  the  ground 
with  a  team;  to  obviate  this  difficulty,  arrange  the  horses 


CULTIVATION-  OF  THE  SOIL. 


81 


when  they  work  near  the  line  of  trees,  one  before  the  other, 
or  tandem.  Let  a  boy  ride  the  forward  one,  use  long  traces 
and  a  short  whiffletree,  and  place  the  whole  in  the  charge  of  a 
careful  man  who  knows  that  one  tree  is  worth  more  than  fifty 
hills  of  corn  or  potatoes,  and  no  danger  need  be  feared.  In 


FIG.  115. 


FIG.  n6. 


the  absence  of  this  arrangement,  oxen  will  be  safer  than  horses. 
A  strong  single  horse  will  be  sufficient  for  working  near  the 
rows,  where  the  plough  should  run  shallow,  provided  the  soil 
is  not  hard. 

The  annexed  cut  (Fig.  117)  shows  a  mode  of  constructing 
whiffletrees  for  this  purpose,  so  as  to  pass  the  trees  freely. 
It  is  made  as  short  as  the  free  action  of 
the  animals'  legs  will  allow  (about  six- 
teen inches  for  a  single  whiffletree). 
An  iron  strap  is  riveted  so  as  to  bend 
round  the  end  of  the  wood,  turning  in 
and  forming  a  hook  inside. 

In  very  small  trees,  most  of  the  roots 
are  within  a  few  feet  of  the  stem,  but 
their  circumference  forms  an  annually 
increasing  circle.  Hence  the  frequent  practice  of  applying 
manure,  or  digging  the  ground  closely  about  the  base,  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  annexed  figure  (118),  is  comparatively  useless. 
Hence,  too,  the  practice  of  ploughing  a  few  furrows  only  or. 
each  side  of  a  row  of  large  trees  in  an  orchard,  is  greatly  in- 
ferior  to  the  cultivation  of  the  whole  surface. 

Among  the  crops  which  are  best  suited  to  young  trees  are 
potatoes,  ruta-bagas,  beets,  carrots,  beans,  and  all  low-hoed 
crops.  Indian  corn  with  its  shallow  and  spreading  roots,  and 
the  culture  usually  given  it,  is  a  good  crop  for  orchards.  All 
sown  crops  are  to  be  avoided,  and  grass  is  still  worse.  Mead- 
ows are  ruinous. 

A  chief  reason  of  the  fatal  effects  of  sown  crops  is  in  the 
6 


FIG.  117.— Orchard  Whiffle 
tree. 


82 


CULTIVATION  OF   THE  SOIL. 


impossibility  of  mellowing  the  ground  by  repeated  cultivation. 
For  this  reason,  a  low  crop  of  peas  has  been  found  much  worse 
than  a  heavy  growth  of  Indian  corn. 

Renovating  Old  Trees. — When  old  trees  become  feeble,  there 


FIG.  1 18.— Faulty  Manuring. 

is  no  better  way  of  imparting  to  them  vigor  than  by  manuring. 
Instead  of  adopting  the  more  common  practice  of  digging  a 
circular  trench  around  them  and  filling  this  with  manure,  the 
operation  may  be  performed  in  a  more  perfect  and  efficient 
manner  by  digging  narrow  radiating  trenches  from  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  trunk,  directly  from  it — this  will  prevent  cut- 
ting many  of  the  roots.  The  an- 
nexed diagram  (Fig.  119)  will  show 
the  position  of  these  trenches. 
These  may  then  be  filled  wth  a 
compost  made  of  turf,  stable  manure, 
ashes,  and  perhaps  a  little  bone 
manure — the  turf  to  be  the  chief 
constituent,  say  one-half  or  two- 
thirds  —  and  the  ashes  say  one- 
thirtieth.  The  bone  manure  is  not 
essential,  as  its  constituent  parts  are 
in  common  manure  in  small  quan- 
tities. If  this  is  done  in  autumn, 
the  roots  will  be  prepared  to  penetrate  it  early  in  spring,  and 
if  the  tree  is  not  past  recovery,  it  may  make  a  new  growth. 


FIG.  119.— Diagram  for  Trenches 
for  Renovating  Old  Trees. 


CULTIVATION  OF   THE   SOIL.  83 

The  roots  probably  reach  as  far  each  way  as  the  height  of  the 
tree,  and  the  trenches  should  extend  about  the  same  distance. 
They  rteed  not  be  cut  very  near  the  tree,  as  the  roots  are  all 
large  there,  and  would  be  more  likely  to  be  injured  and 
would  be  little  benefited.  The  trenches  should  be  only  the 
width  of  a  spade,  and  be  from  two  to  four  feet  apart. 

Old  apple  orchards  always  grow  and  bear  best  when  kept 
under  cultivation.  If  the  soil  is,  however,  naturally  or  arti- 
ficially fertile,  they  succeed  well  in  grass  continually  grazed 
short  by  sheep  and  swine.  These  animals  are  useful  in  de- 
vouring the  insects  of  the  fallen  fruit,  and  assist  in  manuring 
the  surface.  An  annual  autumn  application  of  yard  or  stable 
manure,  with  a  small  portion  of  ashes — or,  in  the  absence  of 
ashes,  of  lime — will  commonly  be  useful.  If  the  orchard  is 
only  top-dressed,  the  application  in  autumn  is  of  great  impor- 
tance, that  the  soil  may  be  soaked  in  winter  or  spring.  If 
ploughed  in  it  should  be  done  in  spring,  after  the  manure  has 
remained  all  winter  on  the  surface. 

When  to  Manure  Orchards. — Inquiry  is  often  made  as  to  the 
frequency  and  amount  of  manuring  or  cultivation  for  trees. 
The  answer  must  be :  act  according  to  circumstances.  The  ques- 
tion again  recurs :  how  shall  we  know  what  our  soils  need? 
The  answer  is :  observe  the  results  of  growth.  An  examination 
or  analysis  of  the  soil  will  be  of  little  use.  But  the  trees  will 
tell  their  own  story.  If  the  soil  is  so  rich  that  they  make  annual 
shoots  of  two  or  three  feet  or  more  in  length,  without  any  cul- 
tivation or  manuring  at  all  (which,  however,  is  rarely  the  case), 
then  it  will  be  needless  to  give  additional  care.  The  annual 
growth  is  the  best  guide  to  treatment.  There  are  very  few  apple 
or  other  orchards  which,  after  reaching  a  good  bearing  state, 
throw  out  annual  shoots  more  than  a  foot  or  a  foot  and  a  half 
long,  and  many  not  half  this  length.  The  owner  may  lay  it 
down  as  an  unalterable  rule,  that  when  his  trees  do  not  grow 
one  foot  annually,  they  need  more  manuring  or  cultivation, 
or  both.  By  observing  the  growth  he  can  answer  all  questions 
of  the  kind  referred  to,  without  difficulty. 

Management  of  Western  Orchards. — Lewis  Ellsworth,  one  of 
the  most  successful  and  intelligent  fruit-growers  in  Illinois, 
says  that  the  loss  in  fruit-trees  in  that  State  within  the  last 
three  years  is  millions  of  dollars — that  it  is  attributed  to  the 


84 


CULTIVATION  OF   THE   SOIL. 


cold  winters  and  dry  summers.  But  he  asserts  that,  to  a  great 
extent,  this  result  has  arisen  from  their  standing  unprotected 
in  a  soil  underlaid  with  a  retentive  clayey-loam  subsoil  which 
characterizes  most  of  the  prairie  land.  He  has  adopted  the 
practice  of  ridging  his  land,  by  repeated  ploughings,  com- 
mencing at  the  same  ridges  and  ending  at  the  same  dead  fur- 
rows ;  and  where  nursery-trees  were  formerly  thrown  out  by 
freezing,  after  ridging  they  stand  throughout  the  winter  with- 
out injury,  and  make  a  better  growth  in  summer.  He  recom- 
mends the  ridging  system  for  all  orchards,  each  row  of  trees 
being  placed  on  the  centre  of  the  ridge. 

We  have  no  doubt  that  drainage  would  lessen  the  effects  of 
severe  winters  on  fruit-trees  in  other  regions  than  the  West. 

It  is  explained  that  good  cultivation  improves  land  in  three 
ways :  by  improving  the  physical  texture  of  the  soil ;  by  sav- 
ing moisture ;  by  increasing  or  accelerating  chemical  activi- 
ties. 

Arrangements  to  Facilitate  Cultivation. — The  following  is  an 
arrangement  of  kinds  of  different  sizes,  into  rows  for  cultiva- 


! 


fj  & 

®  & 

&  © 

9  <3 


& 


FIG.  120.— Fruit-Garden. 


tion  both  ways  with  horse-labor  (Fig.  120).  The  larger  sorts 
are  in  wide  rows,  as  explained  on  page  143.  Fruits  which  are 
stung  by  the  curculio  are  planted  at  one  end,  and  when  the 
fruit  is  forming,  pigs  and  geese  are  confined  to  that  part  by 
the  hurdle-fence  a  a,  run  across  for  the  occasion. 

A  plan  of  a  fruit-garden,  arranged  in  a  similar  manner,  with 
full  details,  is  given  on  page  142. 


CULTIVATION  OF   THE  SOIL.  85 


THE  MODERN  CULTIVATION  OF  COMMERCIAL  ORCHARDS. 

The  methods  of  handling  commercial  orchards  have 
changed  greatly  within  the  past  few  years.  The  old  bugbear 
of  ploughing  and  tilling  orchards  has  been  very  largely  over- 
come by  the  modern  implements  of  tillage  and  by  truer  no- 
tions of  the  methods  of  caring  for  the  orchard.  All  good 
orchardists  now  accept  the  fact  that  tillage  is  the  fundamental 
treatment  for  an  orchard,  and  that  sod  is  the  exception.  Sod 
is  to  be  used  only  in  special  cases.  The  philosophy  of  the  Lill- 
ing  of  an  orchard  is  to  keep  the  land  well  and  deeply  prepared 
during  the  first  few  years,  in  order  to  make  the  roots  strike 
deep,  and  thereafter  to  maintain  a  loose  surface  in  order  to 
save  the  moisture.  If  the  land  has  been  well  cared  for  in  the 
first  four  or  five  years  of  the  orchard,  it  will  rarely  be  neces- 
sary to  plough  deep  thereafter.  After  the  trees  have  grown 
three  to  six  years,  the  position  of  the  roots  is  established,  and 
the  land  should  be  in  such  condition  that  deep  ploughing  is 
not  necessary  to  improve  its  physical  texture.  Tillage  there- 
after consists  mostly  in  keeping  the  surface  clean  of  weeds,  and 
particularly  in  keeping  the  upper  three  or  four  inches  mellow 
that  it  may  prevent  the  free  access  of  the  air  to  the  moist  lay- 
ers of  the  soil.  This  loose  surface  has  been  called  the  "  earth- 
mulch."  Of  itself  it  may  be  dust-dry;  yet,  it  interposes  a 
layer  of  mulch  between  the  moist  earth  and  the  air,  and  there- 
by saves  very  much  of  the  soil  moisture. 

On  most  lands  which  have  been  well  tilled  in  the  first  few 
years  of  the  orchard,  the  only  necessity  for  subsequent  deep 
ploughing  is  to  turn  under  some  green-manure  crop.  Continu- 
ous clean  tillage  tends  to  deprive  the  soil  of  its  humus  of  veg- 
etable mould.  This  humus  may  be  added  in  the  shape  of  sta- 
ble manure,  but  since  most  farmers  have  not  sufficient  manure, 
it  is  the  modern  idea  to  recommend  that  some  green  crop  be 
grown  on  the  orchard  late  in  the  season  and  ploughed  under 
early  the  next  spring.  This  supplies  the  vegetable  mould 
and  preserves  the  physical  texture  and  general  comfort  of  the 
plant.  This  allows  the  clean  tillage  of  the  plantation  early 
in  the  season,  and  then  the  growing  of  rye,  crimson  clover, 
peas,  or  some  other  crop  in  late  summer  and  fall.  It  is  impor- 


86  CULTIVATION  OF   THE   SOIL. 

tant  that  tillage  be  begun  very  early  in  the  season  in  order  to 
conserve  the  moisture  which  has  been  stored  up  from  the  win- 
ter rains  and  snows,  and  also  to  facilitate  the  growth  of  the 
trees.  The  growth  of  fruit-trees  takes  place  very  early  in  the 
season.  Tillage  may  cease  by  midsummer  or  August  in  most 
cases,  although  if  the  orchard  is  carrying  a  heavy  crop  and  if 
the  land  is  somewhat  dry,  surface  tillage  should  be  maintained 
later  than  that  in  order  to  hold  the  moisture.  A  heavy  crop 
of  peaches  may  often  suffer  if  tillage  is  withheld  at  midsum- 
mer. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  remarks  that  all  the  heavy 
ploughing  work  in  the  orchard  is  to  be  done  when  the  trees 
are  small.  Therefore  the  old  difficulty  of  tearing  up  the  roots 
of  old  trees  and  breaking  their  tops  by  heavy  ploughing  is 
obviated.  The  surface  tillage  is  done  by  light  tools  like 
smoothing  harrows,  spring-tooth  harrows,  and  the  like,  and 
they  may  cut  so  broad  a  swath  that  the  team  does  not  need  to 
be  driven  within  several  feet  of  the  trunks  of  the  trees. 
Whenever  one  sees  a  farmer  laboriously  breaking  up  an  old 
orchard,  he  may  be  sure  that  the  plantation  has  not  been  well 
cared  for.  He  is  trying  as  well  as  he  can  to  correct  the  mis- 
takes of  the  earlier  years,  although  he  may  not  himself  under- 
stand why  he  has  got  into  such  difficulty. 

In  modern  practice,  orchard  lands  are  rarely  ever  prepared 
with  the  subsoil  plough.  Lands  which  are  greatly  in  need  of 
subsoiling  are  usually  not  adapted  to  the  growing  of  fruits. 
Or,  if  they  are  otherwise  adapted,  the  best  treatment  is  to  tile- 
drain  them.  This  is  a  permanent  corrective,  since  it  lowers 
the  water  table  and  breaks  up  the  hardpan.  Subsoiling  is  only 
a  temporary  corrective,  as  a  rule.  However,  if  land  is  thor- 
oughly subsoiled  when  trees  are  set,  the  trees  may  be  able  to 
send  their  roots  into  the  hardpan  before  it  returns  to  its  origi- 
nal dense  condition.  One  or  two  crops  of  red  clover  will  tend 
to  improve  its  condition,  because  the  tap-roots  extend  far  into 
the  soil. 

It  was  the  old  notion  to  plough  one  year  to  the  trees  and 
one  year  from  the  trees  in  order  to  keep  the  land  more  or  less 
level.  With  the  modern  harrowing  tools,  however,  it  is  easy 
to  work  the  soil  away  from  the  trees,  and  thereby  to  keep  a 
level  surface,  even  though  the  furrows  are  thrown  toward  the 


CULTIVATION  OF   THE   SOIL.  8 7 

trees  each  year.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  deep  plough- 
ing is  advisable  in  an  orchard  only  in  the  first  few  years  of  its 
life,  as  already  said;  and  thereafter  it  is  rarely  necessary  to 
plough  deep. 

If  an  orchard  has  not  been  well  ploughed  and  tilled  in  the 
early  years,  the  roots  will  be  so  high  that  deep  ploughing  is 
practically  impossible  when  the  trees  come  to  maturity.  In 
that  case,  the  effort  should  be,  as  a  rule,  to  prepare  a  surface 
mulch  by  bringing  the  top  layer  of  soil  into  a  fine  and  mellow 
condition.  This  may  be  done  by  a  shallow  ploughing  or  by 
cutting  up  the  surface  with  a  spading  harrow.  Even  heavy 
sod  can  sometimes  be  cut  and  lacerated  by  a  spading  har- 
row, if  the  work  is  done  in  spring  when  the  land  is  soft  and 
moist. 

In  general,  it  is  best  to  plough  orchard  lands  in  spring  rather 
than  in  fall,  since  the  roots  are  not  exposed ;  the  spring  plough- 
ing allows  the  green  crop  to  remain  upon  the  land  during  the 
winter,  thereby  holding  some  of  the  rainfall  and  preventing 
the  surface  from  cementing  and  from  washing.  Fall  plough- 
ing is  generally  to  be  discouraged  in  peaches  and  other  tender 
fruits,  particularly  at  the  North.  When  land  is  very  heavy 
or  clayey,  however,  fall  ploughing  may  be  a  decided  advan- 
tage in  order  to  allow  of  the  weathering  of  the  land.  In  very 
hard  clays,  it  is  generally  important  that  the  land  have  a  cov- 
ering of  stubble,  manure,  or  some  other  fibrous  material,  to 
prevent  the  snows  and  rains  of  winter  from  cementing  or  pud- 
dling it.  If  one  has  much  land  to  plough,  and  is  short  of 
team  help,  he  may  plough  his  apple-orchards  and  other  hardy 
fruits  in  the  fall  in  order  to  be  forehanded  with  his  work. 
But,  a  3  before  said,  the  heavy  ploughing  of  an  orchard,  except 
for  turning  out  a  green  crop,  should  not  be  necessary  after  the 
orchard  is  a  few  years  old. 

Crops  which  are  used  for  temporary  green  manures  and 
protection  in  the  orchard  have  latterly  been  called  cover- 
crops.  The  seed  is  usually  sown  at  the  last  tilling  in  July, 
August,  or  very  early  September.  These  cover-crops  are 
usually  divided  into  two  groups — those  which  have  the  power 
of  fixing  atmospheric  nitrogen  (leguminous  crops),  and  those 
which  do  not  have  this  power.  To  the  former  class  belong  all 
the  peas  and  beans,  vetch,  clovers,  and  alfalfa.  The  latter 


88  CULTIVATION  OF   THE   SOIL. 

class,  including  rye  and  oats,  buckwheat,  corn,  and  other  ce- 
reals, may  not  add  plant-food  to  the  soil,  but  the  rotting  of  the 
tissues  affords  vegetable  mould  or  humus,  and  therefore  may 
greatly  improve  the  land.  By  holding  the  snow  and  prevent- 
ing the  washing  by  rains,  and  by  preventing  the  cementing  of 
hard  soils,  they  may  also  exert  a  distinctly  beneficial  mechan- 
ical influence.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  use  too  freely  of  legu- 
minous crops,  since  one  is  likely  to  secure  too  much  nitrogen, 
and  induce  too  large  a  growth.  This  is  particularly  true  with 
grapes,  peaches,  and  various  tender  fruits.  For  hard  and 
rough  soils,  the  best  general  cover  in  the  North  is  rye,  and  in 
the  South  cow-peas.  In  the  North,  the  crimson  clover  may 
be  used  now  and  then,  but  it  is  successful,  as  a  rule,  only 
on  lands  which  are  fairly  rich  and  fine,  in  which  the  plant  is 
able  to  secure  a  good  foothold  comparatively  early  in  the 
fall.  Whether  one  shall  use  a  cover-crop  every  year  de- 
pends upon  the  condition  of  his  land  and  his  trees.  The 
orchardist  will  have  to  determine  that  point  for  himself. 

FERTILIZERS. 

The  old  notion  that  the  chemist  can  analyze  the  soil  and 
then  tell  what  kind  of  fertilizer,  and  how  much,  shall  be  ap- 
plied to  it,  is  now  given  up.  The  chemist  can  tell  what  is  in 
the  soil,  but  in  the  Northern  States,  where  the  soil  is  largely 
composed  of  drift,  the  land  is  usually  not  sufficiently  uniform 
to  enable  the  chemist  to  get  a  representative  sample  of  the 
whole  field.  Judicious  and  thorough  tillage  will  unlock  much 
of  the  plant-food  which  the  chemist  finds  to  be  unavailable. 
The  chemist  can  give  hints  and  suggestions  here  and  there, 
but  only  in  exceptional  cases  can  he  give  positive  and  specific 
directions. 

As  a  rule,  there  are  only  three  of  the  elements  of  plant-food 
which  the  fruit-grower  needs  to  add  to  the  soil — potash,  phos- 
phoric acid,  and  nitrogen.  Good  tillage  may  supply  these,  or 
at  least  make  them  available.  If  trees  are  not  making  a  good 
growth  and  are  of  a  yellow  cast,  one  or  all  of  three  things  is 
to  be  suspected:  they  may  be  attacked  by  borers  or  other 
difficulties;  they  may  be  suffering  from  lack  of  moisture; 
they  may  lack  nitrogen.  If  the  grower  is  satisfied  that  they 


CULTIVATION  OF   THE   SOIL.  89 

lack  nitrogen,  the  addition  of  good  stable  manure,  or  the 
ploughing  under  of  a  leguminous  crop  may  help  matters; 
or,  he  may  find  it  quicker  and  more  economical  to  apply 
nitrogen  in  the  form  of  nitrate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  ammonia, 
or  other  material.  The  better  the  land  is  tilled,  the  quicker, 
as  a  rule,  will  be  the  results  of  such  fertilizing,  and  the  less 
material  to  be  applied.  From  two  to  three  hundred  pounds 
to  the  acre  is  ordinarily  considered  to  be  sufficient.  In  a 
similar  way  the  grower  may  experiment  with  the  addition  of 
potash  and  phosphoric  acid.  As  a  rule,  from  one  to  two  hun- 
dred pounds  per  acre  annually  of  high-grade  muriate  of  pot- 
ash and  high-grade  phosphatic  materials  will  be  sufficient. 
When  land  is  not  naturally  well  supplied  with  these  materials, 
and  when  the  crops  are  heavy,  these  applications  may  be  in- 
creased. If  truck-gardening  crops  or  small  fruits  are  raised 
between  the  trees,  then  the  amount  of  fertilizer  will  need  to 
be  increased  considerably. 

The  reader  who  intends  to  do  his  best  with  his  orchard 
should  consult  the  bulletins  of  the  various  experiment  stations 
on  the  above  points. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

PRINCIPLES   AND   PRACTICE   OF   PRUNING. 

A  GREAT  deal  has  been  said  and  written  on  this  subject,  and 
much  bad  practice  still  prevails.  Orchards  are  seen  all  through 
the  country  which  have  either  been  never  pruned  or,  if  the 
work  has  been  performed,  it  has  done  more  harm  than  good. 
Trees  with  trunks  trimmed  up  to  three  times  the  proper  height, 
mutilated  by  the  needless  lopping  of  large  branches,  one-sided 
and  totally  destitute  of  symmetry,  or  filled  with  a  mass  of 
brush,  may  be  seen  through  the  country.  A  perfect  orchard 
is  a  rarity.  The  same  remark  will  apply  to  nurseries.  The 
trees  have  been  grown  and  trained  with  very  little  attention 
to  a  perfect  shape,  the  chief  object  of  the  owner  being  to  raise 
large  trees  in  as  little  time  as  possible.  The  purchasers  of 
such  trees,  after  setting  them  out,  either  give  little  attention, 
or,  if  they  cultivate  them  well,  allow  them  to  form  their  own 
heads.  They  may  be  too  tall  or  one-sided,  or  distorted  and 
irregular,  no  attention  being  given  to  shaping  the  heads  when 
they  are  young. 

Pruning  Young  Trees  at  Transplanting. — When  young  trees 
are  dug  from  the  ground,  the  roots  from  necessity  are  more  or 
less  bruised  or  mutilated.  All  these  bruised  or  torn  surfaces 
should  be  pared  off  smoothly  with  a  sharp  knife.  If  teft  un- 
touched they  induce  decay,  and  are  unfavorable  to  the  best 
healthy  growth  of  the  tree — in  the  same  way  that  a  broken  or 
bruised  limb  above  ground  would  furnish  a  dead  stub  or  make 
a  bad  scar,  while  pruning  it  smooth  will  cause  it  to  heal  over 
readily.  Most  nurserymen  prefer  the  pruning-knife,  Fig.  121, 
for  trees  at  this  stage  of  their  growth,  considering  that  it  makes 
a  cleaner  cut — but  the  pruning-shears,  Fig.  166,  now  made 
make  a  drawing  cut,  which  leaves  a  clear  and  unbruised  sur- 
face, and  can  be  used  much  more  rapidly. 

Pruning  the  Tops. — Thrifty  young  trees  usually  have  roots 

90 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING.       '    91 

extending  as  far  each  way  from  the  foot  of  the  stem  as  the 
height  of  the  tree.     A  careful  examination  will  discover  the 


FIG.  i2i.— Forms  of  Pruning-Knives. 

whole  surface  of  the  subsoil  occupied  with  the  small  fibres  of 
full-grown  nursery-trees  (Fig.  122).  It  is  obviously  impossible, 
therefore,  in  digging  up  to  avoid  cutting  and  leaving  most  of 


FlG.  122. — Nursery  Rows — Roots  extending  under  the  whole  surface. 

the  roots  behind ;  and  the  tree  when  reset  is  unable  to  sustain 
or  feed  for  a  time  its  leaves  and  branches.  A  part  must  there- 
fore be  cut  off  to  restore  the  balance,  corresponding  in  some 


92    •       PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 

degree  with  the  loss  of  the  roots.  This  may  be  done  by  thin- 
ning out  all  the  feeble  shoots,  so  as  to  leave  an  even,  well- 
shaped  head,  and  then  cutting  back  a  part  of  each  remaining 
one-year  shoot  (Fig.  123).  Judgment  must  be  exercised  as  to 
the  amount  to  be  cut  away  from  the  tops.  The 
\  i  growth  of  new  roots  depends  on  the  assistance 
p  /  afforded  by  the  leaves  at  the  top ;  if  the  leaves 
\ff  are  too  few,  the  roots  will  not  extend  freely ; 

if  they  are  too  many,  the  roots  cannot  furnish 
proper  supply  for  them,  and  they  will  be  feeble 
and  sickly.  Planters  will  learn  a  great  deal 
on  this  point  by  cutting  away  more  or  less  on 
different  trees,  and  observing  the  result.  Dif- 
ferent kinds  of  trees  require  varying  manage- 
ment in  this  respect.  The  peach,  for  example, 
readily  reproduces  new  shoots,  and  it  may, 
FIG.  123.  — Figure  consequently,  be  cut  back  very  freely;  two- 
of  thinned  and  thirds  to  nine-tenths  of  each  previous  season's 
shoot  may  be  removed  without  detriment. 
The  grape,  also,  may  be  very  heavily  pruned, 
as  it  throws  out  new  vines  with  great  vigor.  The  cherry,  on 
the  contrary,  is  very  sensitive,  and  young  trees  have  been 
nearly  killed  by  a  severe  summer  pruning.  The  young  cherry 
shoots  should  never  be  cut  back  in  spring  more  than  half  their 
length.  The  pear  and  apple  are  intermediate,  and  the  heads 
should  be  moderately  and  not  severely  pruned. 

The  mutual  relation  between  the  roots  and  leaves  has  been 
already  alluded  to.  The  leaves  cannot  exist  without  the  moist- 
ure received  through  the  roots;  and  the  roots  cannot  grow 
without  the  nourishment  afforded  by  the  leaves.  The  only 
exception  is  the  temporary  supply  furnished  by  the  cells  in  the 
body  of  the  tree.  New  roots  are  commenced  before  the  leaves 
expand,  as  may  be  seen  on  young  seedlings,  the  roots  of  which 
have  been  trimmed,  and  where  the  new  white  fibres  protrude 
just  as  the  buds  are  swelling.  The  same  occurs  on  the  roots 
of  trees  transplanted  in  autumn,  after  the  leaves  have  fallen; 
but  this  effect  is  only  temporary,  continued  growth  requiring 
that  both  leaves  and  roots  should  work  together.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  nutriment  laid  up  in  the  cells  will  sometimes  supply 
the  leaves  for  a  short  period,  provided  care  is  taken  to  furnish 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF  PRUNING. 


93 


the  requisite  moisture  at  their  surfaces  by  means  of  a  bell- 
glass  to  retain  a  damp  atmosphere.  Cuttings  are  often  thus 
started,  a  small  portion  of  leaves  being  allowed  to  remain  upon 
them  to  assist  in  the  emission  of  new  roots.  But,  if  the  leaves 
are  placed  in  a  dry  air,  they  soon  pump  out  and  carry  off  the 
moisture,  and  the  shoot,  leaves,  and  all,  withers  in  a  short 
time.  If  all  the  leaves  had  been  cut  off,  the  shoot  would  re- 
main plump  much  longer  —  a  fact  well  known  to  nurserymen 
and  others  who  reserve  scions  for  budding. 

Proper  Time  for  Pruning.  —  Many  cultivators  have  been  mis- 
led into  the  opinion  that  early  summer  is  the  best  time  to 
prune,  from  the  fact  that  the  wounds  heal  more  readily.  Prun- 
ing after  the  tree  has  commenced  growth 
has  a  tendency  in  nearly  every  instance 
to  check  its  vigor.  For  this  reason,  where 
the  rapid  formation  of  young  wood  is  de- 
sired, the  work  must  be  performed  before 
the  buds  begin  to  swell.  Two  questions 
are  concerned  in  the  choice  of  the  proper 
time  for  pruning,  the  effect  on  fruit-bear- 
ing, and  the  effect  on  the  healing  of  the 
wounds.  As  a  rule,  light  summer  prtfn- 
ing  tends  more  to  fruit  formation  than 

does  heavy  winter  prun- 

ing.    On  the  other  point 

the  following  advice  is 

given    (Bailey,    "  Prun- 

ing-Book  ")  :  "  The  con- 

clusion —  and  my  gener- 

al opinion  —  in  respect  to  season  of  pruning,  so 

far  as  the  healing  of  wounds  is  concerned, 

is  this:  The  ideal  time  is  in  spring,  before 

growth  begins   (late    February,   March,  and 

Garly  APri1'  in  NeW  York)»  but  more  depends 

iiy  pruned  after   on  the  position  of  the  wound  in  the  tree,  and 
the  leaves  had  ex-   the  length  of  stub  than  on  the  time  of  year." 
If  heavy  pruning  is  to  be  done,  the  work  is 
best    done   when   the   tree  is  dormant.     See  Figs.   124,   125. 
There  may  be  an  exception  to  this  general  rule,  where  a  slight 
amount  of  pruning  in  summer,  not  sufficient  to  produce  any 


FIG.  124.— Head  of  Young 
Tree  pruned  before  the 
leaves  had  expanded. 


F  You"5'  Teeh 


94         PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 

material  check  in  growth,  may  be  useful  in  improving  the 
shape  of  tli°,  tree. 

As  fresh  wounds  always  render  trees  more  liable  to  be  af- 
fected by  intense  cold,  quite  hardy  trees  only  may  be  pruned 
any  time  during  winter.  On  those  inclining  to  be  tender  the 
operation  should  be  deferred  till  toward  spring. 

Pruning,  as  Affecting  Fruitf  illness. — As  a  general  rule  the 
rapid  formation  of  leaves  and  wood  is  adverse  to  the  produc- 
tion of  fruit.  On  the  other  hand,  the  slow  growth  of  the  wood 
favors  the  formation  of  fruit-buds  and  the  production  of  heavy 
crops.  These  two  adverse  tendencies  may  be  more  or  less 
controlled  by  pruning. 

When  the  too  numerous  branches  of  a  tree  produce  more 
leaves  than  can  be  properly  supplied  with  nourishment,  re- 
sulting in  a  feeble  or  diminished  growth,  new  vigor  may  be 
often  imparted  by  judicious  pruning,  directing  the  sap  into  a 
smaller  number  of  channels,  and  thus  increasing  its  force ;  for 
example — peach-trees,  after  bearing  some  years  and  yielding 
smaller  fruit  than  on  fresh  young  trees,  will  assume  all  their 
former  thriftiness  by  partly  cutting-back  the  heads.  Dwarf 
pear-trees,  which  have  not  been  sufficiently  manured  and  cul- 
tivated, whose  pruning  has  been  neglected,  and  heavy  bearing 
allowed  for  a  number  of  years,  have  been  restored  by  severely 
pruning-back  the  branches  and  thinning  out  the  fruit-spurs. 
In  all  such  operations  as  these,  it  is  indispensable  to  observe 
the  rule  already  given,  to  do  the  cutting-back  in  winter  or 
early  in  spring,  before  the  buds  have  swollen.  If  trees  are 
too  thrifty  and  do  not  bear,  a  check  may  be  given,  and  many 
fruit-buds  produced  by  a  continued  pinching-back  during 
summer. 

The  production  of  fruit-buds  may  be  accomplished  arti- 
ficially by  checking  the  growth  of  vigorous  trees ;  but  such 
treatment,  out  of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature,  though  some- 
times useful,  should  be  cautiously  applied,  as  the  first  crop 
gives  still  another  check,  and  often  materially  injures  the  tree 
and  the  quality  of  its  subsequent  crops. 

Summer  Pruning. — Another  and  an  unobjectionable  mode 
of  attaining  the  same  end,  is  summer  pruning,  which  is  effected 
by  pinching  off  the  soft  ends  of  the  side-shoots  after  they  have 
made  a  few  inches  growth.  In  these  the  sap  immediately  ac- 
cumulates, and  a  greater  or  less  number  of  the  young  buds 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING.  95 

upon  the  remainder  of  these  shoots  may  tend  to  produce 
efficient  fruit-buds.  To  prevent  the  breaking  of  these  buds 
into  new  sheets  by  too  great  an  accumulation  of  the  sap, 
a  partial  outlet  is  left  for  its  escape  through  the  leading-shoot 
of  the  branch,  which  at  the  same  time  is  affect- 
ing the  desired  enlargement  of  the  tree.  In  the 
annexed  figure  (Fig.  126),  a  branch  is  repre- 
sented with  its  side-shoots  thus  undergoing  con- 
version into  fruit-spurs,  the  dotted  lines  show- 
ing the  position  which  these  shoots  would  have 
taken  if  left  unpinched. 

It  will  be  seen  that  two  great  objects  are  here 
attained — the  fruitfulness  of  the  tree,  and  the 
increased  vigor  of  the  leading-shoot,  by  direct- 
ing the  surplus  sap  to  its  growth.  FIG.  126.— Sum- 

This  constitutes  essentially  the  art  of  summer     mer  Pruning- 
pruning  dwarf  and  pyramidal  trees,  more  especially  the  pear 
and  appie.     It  may  be  applied  with  advantage  to  young  stand- 
ards, to  produce  early  fruitfulness. 

It  often  happens,  and  especially  when  the  pinching  is  done 
too  early,  that  the  new  buds  send  out  shoots  a  second  time  the 
same  season.  When  this  occurs,  these  second  shoots  are  to  be 
pinched  in  the  same  manner  as  the  first,  but  shorter;  and 
third  ones,  should  they  start,  are  to  be  similarly  treated.  The 
bruising  given  by  pinching  off  with  the  thumb  and  finger  is 
more  apt  to  prevent  this  result  than  clipping  with  a  sharp 
knife. 

Giving  Desired  Form  to  Trees  by  Pruning. — A  tree  may  be 
moulded  into  almost  any  desired  shape  by  a  proper  use  of  the 
knife,  or  even  by  the  rubbing  and  pinching  process.*  If  a 
young  tree  from  the  nursery  is  too  tall  and  slender,  or  has  too 
high  a  top,  it  should  not  be  altered  much  the  first  year  after 
removal,  but  allowed  to  become  tolerably  established  with  its 
new  set  of  roots.  The  second  year  it  may  be  cut  back  freely 
(Figs.  127  and  128),  taking  care  to  leave  buds  for  the  forma- 
tion of  an  evenly  distributed  head.  Some  kinds  of  trees  will 


*  A  late  writer  says:  "  The  finest  standard  pear-trees  we  ever  saw,  had  never 
had  a  knife  or  saw  about  them.  The  thumb  and  forefinger  had  only  been  used. 
Rub  off  all  unnecessary  buds  that  grow  in  a  tree— and  remove  as  they  appear. 
This  keeps  the  tree  clean,  and  the  growth  in  the  proper  channels.  It  is  easily 
done." 


96 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 


V 


bear  cutting-back  freely  the  same  year  they  are  removed,  as 
for  example,  the  peach,  which,  as  already  observed,  readily 
produces  new  shoots.  The  same  characteristic  is  possessed 
by  the  sugar-maple  and  some  other  trees, 
which,  as  many  have  observed,  when  planted 
along  the  borders  of  streets,  and  cut  back  to 
single  poles,  form  heads  at  once  of  new 
branches. 

When  the  tops  are  too  low  (which  is  rarely 
the  case),  the  lower  branches  may  be  pruned 
off  and  the  top  carried  up  to 
any  desired  height.  This 
should  not  be  done  until 
the  stem  has  thickened  suffi- 
ciently to  sustain  the  top — 
the  side-shoots  always  tend- 
ing to  increase  the  diameter 
of  the  stem  which  bears 
them.  If  the  young  tree  pos- 
sesses great  luxuriance  it 
may  be  desirable  to  throw 
more  of  the  growth  upward  FIG.  i28.-The  same, 
than  these  side-shoots  would 
allow,  if  remaining  till  the 
following  spring,  the  usual  time  for  pruning, 
the  ends  of  the  side-limbs  may  be  clipped  or  pinched  off,  and 
a  portion  of  the  lower  ones  removed  with  the  knife. 

Pruning  Nursery  and  Young  Trees. — Brief  suggestions  have 
been  already  furnished  on  this  subject  in  connection  with  the 
explanation  of  general  principles.  Directions  of  a  more  mi- 
nute and  practical  character,  and  applicable  to  the  different 
kinds  of  trees,  will  doubtless  be  useful  and  acceptable.  It  is 
of  great  importance  that  a  tree  be  pruned  right,  on  the  start 
for  the  misplaced  shoot,  which  might  be  easily  rubbed  off 
with  the  finger,  when  just  beginning  to  grow,  many  ultimately 
become  the  heavy  limb  and  the  misshapen  top. 

Pruning  Single  Shoots. — Young  shoots  are  cut  back  for  va- 
rious purposes,  such  as  heading-down  to  an  inserted  bud, 
shortening-in  those  that  are  too  long,  or  cutting  out  super- 
numeraries. It  is  important  that  even  these  simple  operations 


FIG.  127.— Mode  of 
Reducing  th  e 
Height  of  a  tall 
young  tree  by 
cutting  at  the  dot- 
ted line. 


after  the  operation 
is  completed. 

In  such  a  case 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 


97 


be  rightly  performed,  i.  The  cut  is  usually  made  with  a 
sharp  knife,  which  does  the  work  smoother,  better,  and  more 
completely  at  the  control  of  the  operator.  2.  The  cut  surface 
should  bo  as  small  as 
practicable,  in  order  that 
it  may  heal  over  readily. 
The  two  annexed  figures 
show  the  right  and  the 
wrong  way  of  doing  this 
work,  Fig.  129  being  a 
well-made  cut  and  Fig. 
130  being  one  performed 
by  a  careless  workman, 
exposing  a  large  cut  sur- 
face and  leaving  an  incon- 
venient and  sharp  stub 
above  the  bud  intended  to  grow.  3.  The  cut  should  not 
be  made  too  high  above  the  bud,  nor  too  near  it.  If  too 


FIG.  129.     FIG.  130.      FIG.  131.      FIG.  132. 


FIG.  133.— Pruning:  Down  to 
Insert  Bud.  —  The  dotted 
line,  a,  shows  the  proper  FIG.  134.— Tying  up  Rare-  FIG.  135.— Nursery- 
place  to  make  the  cut — b,  ly  practised  in  commer-  tree  Pruned  too 
is  too  near  the  bud.  cial  plantations.  High. 

high   above    (Fig.  131),   in   the   space   between   the  buds   or 
joints,  this  portion,  not  being  fed  by  leaves,  dies,  and  the 
wood  must  be  afterward  pruned  again  in  order  to  make  a 
7 


98 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 


smooth  stem.  If  the  cut  is  made  too  near  the  bud,  as  in  Fig. 
132,  the  drying  surface  abstracts  moisture  and  enfeebles  the 
bud,  which  either  fails  to  grow,  or  grows  feebly.  Trees  that 
are  soft  and  porous,  as  the  peach  and  grape,  should  have  more 
wood  left  above  the  bud,  to  prevent 
drying;  and  in  pruning  down  to  all 
inserted  buds,  it  is  generally  safest  to 
leave  an  inch  or  two  until  the  young 
shoot  has  fairly 
commenced  grow- 
ing, when  the 


FlG.  136.— Well-formed       FIG.  137.— Unformed        FIG.   138.  —  Unformed   Tree, 
Young  Tree.  Tree.  left  unpruned  till  older. 

stump  may  be  pared  down  close  to  it  by  a  single  draw-cut  of  a 
sharp  knife,  made  sideways,  so  that  the  point  of  the  knife 
may  not  strike  the  shoot  (Figs.  133  and  134).  4.  In  shaping 
the  heads  of  young  trees,  prune  down  to  an  inside  bud,  where 
an  upright  shoot  is  required ;  but  prune  down  to  an  outside, 
bud  where  a  more  horizontal  or  spreading  growth  is  sought, 
as,  for  instance,  in  such  vertical  growers  as  the  Northern  Spy 
and  Early  Strawberry  apple-trees. 

Pruning  Young  Apple- Trees. — Directions  have  been  already 
given  in  relation  to  forming  a  high  or  low  top.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  crowded  growth  of  nursery-trees,  they  are  apt 
to  push  upward  to  reach  the  light,  at  the  expense  of  the  side- 
branches.  In  addition  to  this  influence,  being  closely  trimmed 


PRINCIPLES  AND   PRACTICE    OF  PRUNING.  99 

on  the  sides  to  make  them  tall,  such  mismanaged  trees  assume 
the  appearance  of  the  annexed  cut  (Fig.  135),  and  have  been 
compared  to  a  low-bowing  -dancing-master.  A  better-shaped 
tree  is  shown  in  Fig.  136.  As  all  nursery-trees  succeed  bet- 
ter, are  more  sure  to  live,  and  are  more  vigorous  and  make 
handsomer  trees  when  set  out  quite  young,  or  at  not  mora 
than  two  years  from  the  bud  or  graft,  the  following  directions 
apply  to  such  trees  at  the  time  of  planting  and  immediately 
afterward.  Three  or  four  side-shoots  on  the  unformed  tree 
(Figs.  137  and  138)  should  be  at  first  selected,  to  form  the 
main  branches  and  to  constitute  the  foundation  or  framework 
of  the  future  top  (see  Fig.  123).  In  order  to  secure  a  well- 
formed  and  nicely  balanced  head,  these  shoots  must  be  fre- 
quently watched  through  the  first  summer  of  growth,  and  if 
any  of  them  are  disposed  to  take  the  lead 
of  the  others  they  should  be  pinched  and 
checked  to  maintain  an  equality.  Two 
buds  will  be  enough  to  grow  on  each  of 
these  shoots,  making  eight  at  the  end  of 
the  season,  taking  care  that  all  are  distrib- 
uted at  equal  distances  (Fig.  139).  All  the 
other  shoots  should  be  rubbed  off  with  the 
thumb  and  finger  as  soon  as  they  form. 
The  second  year  the  same  process  is 
repeated  on  the  new  shoots,  and  contin- 
ued until  a  handsome,  even,  symmetrical 
framework  for  the  future  head  is  obtained, 
after  which  comparatively  little  attention 
will  be  necessary.  A  large  orchard  of 
young  trees  may  be  managed  in  this  way 
with  a  very  few  days'  labor — far  less  than  FlG- 139-— Weil-formed 
that  afterward  required  in  cutting  out  Kead* 

large  limbs  and  giving  shape  to  the  distorted  tops  of  full- 
grown,  neglected  orchards.  These  rules  will  apply,  substan- 
tially, to  the  pruning  of  standard  pears,  except  that  they 
generally  require  less  thinning  out. 

Nearly  the  same  course  is  to  be  pursued  in  forming  the 
heads  of  dwarf  apple-trees,  with  the  exception  that  the  base 
of  the  head  should  be  only  about  ten  inches  from  the 
ground  (Fig.  145) ;  or,  if  they  be  half -standards  on  Doucin 


too        PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 

stocks,  the  heads  should  be  about  twenty  inches  or  two  feet 
high. 

Pyramids. — For  pyramids  (a  form  of  training  applied  most 
frequently  to  dwarf  pears),  the  early  treatment  is  quite  differ- 
ent from  that  of  standards.  As  the  sap  tends  to  the  summit 
of  the  tree,  producing  the  strongest  side-shoots  toward  the 
top,  and  the  shortest  and  most  feeble  toward  the  bottom,  the 
natural  form  of  the  tree  gradually  becomes  a  trunk  or  stem 
with  a  branching  head.  To  prevent  this  result,  and  give  a 
strong,  broad  set  of  branches  at  the  bottom,  a  thorough  and 
regular  system  of  shortening-down  must  be  adopted  at  the 
outset.  The  following  is  a  brief  outline  of  the  course  usually 
pursued : 

After  the  single  shoot  from  the  bud  has  grown  one  season 
(Fig.  140),  it  is  cut  down  so  as  to  leave  not  over  one  foot,  and 

if  the  tree  is  weak  not  over  six 
inches  (Fig.  141).  As  a  conse- 
quence, the  buds  on  this  remaining 
portion,  receiving  all  the  sap, 

^Y,  £         \\^f/jy     make   a   vigorous    growth.     The 

upper  one  must  be  converted  into 
a  leader,  by  pinching  off  early  the 
tips  of  the  others,  beginning  first 

starting  the  pyramid.  with  the  upper  ones,  which  will  be 

the  strongest,  and  gradually  descending  as  the  season  advances 
to  the  lower  ones,  which  should  be  left  the  longest  in  order  to 
give  them  the  most  strength  (Fig.  142).  Six  inches  of  naked 
stem  below  the  branches  should  be  left,  by  rubbing  off  all 
shoots  below;  and  if  in  a  region  liable  to  deep  snows, 'this 
space  should  be  a  foot,  to  prevent  splitting  off  the  limbs  by 
the  weight  of  the  snow,  and  for  which  object  the  tree  should 
not  be  cut  down  lower  than  eighteen  inches  at  the  close  of  the 
first  season.  The  pruning  after  the  second  year's  growth, 
consists  in  cutting  down  again  the  leader  for  a  second  crop  of 
side-shoots;  and  these  side-shoots,  and  the  new  leader,  are  to 
be  treated  precisely  as  those  below  were  treated  the  year  be- 
fore. At  the  same  time,  the  last  year's  side-shoots,  on  the 
lower  part,  are  to  be  cut  back  (the  longest  at  the  bottom  so 
as  to  give  a  pyramidal  form),  in  order  to  insure  the  growth  of 
the  buds  upon  them.  The  new  side-shoots  thus  caused  may 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING.         IOI 

be  pinched  off  so  as  to  convert  them  into  fruit-spurs  (accord- 
ing to  the  process  described  hereafter  in  this  chapter),  except 
one  shoot  left  on  each  as  a  leader,  and  another,  if  needed,  to 
fill  up  the  space  made  by  the  widening  limbs.  The  pyramid 
may  now  be  said  to  have 
been  fairly  formed;  and  it 
is  only  requisite  to  continue 
and  prolong  the  same  pro- 
cess for  successive  years. 
Fig.  143  represents  a  four- 
year  pyramid  three  times 
pruned,  each  section  being 
shown  at  the  figures  i,  2,  3, 


FIG.  143.— Four-year  Pyramid. 


FIG.  144.— Bearing  Dwarf  Pear. 


and  the  cross-lines  indicating  the  place  for  the  fourth  pruning. 
Fig.  144  represents  a  perfectly  pruned  pyramid  in  bearing. 

After  the  tree  has  attained  sufficient  size,  its  further  ex- 
tension is  prevented  by  pruning  back  the  shoots. 

If  the  fruit-spurs  become  too  numerous,  a  part  of  them  are 
to  be  pruned  out  closely  so  as  to  give  an  even  and  not  crowded 
crop.  When  spurs  become  too  old,  they  may  be  mostly  re- 
moved for  new  ones  to  spring  from  their  bases. 

Some  varieties  of  the  pear  throw  out  side-shoots  spontane- 
ously the  first  year.  Such  trees  may  be  treated  in  a  manner 
not  unlike  the  ordinary  two-year  pyramid.  On  the  contrary, 


102         PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 

such  sorts  as  have  small  or  flat  buds  may  need  a  more  severe 
cutting-back  than  others,  in  order  to  arouse  the  buds  into 
action  and  induce  them  to  break  into  shoots. 

T.  G.  Yeomans,  a  successful  cultivator  of  the  dwarf  pear 
for  market,  gives  the  following  excellent  practical  directions 
for  pruning  the  trees,  suited  to  orchard  management : — 

"  Experience  has  convinced  me,  that  with  good  trees  of 
well-chosen  varieties,  on  any  good  corn-land  which  is  never 
too  wet ;  and  with  the  culture  a  good  farmer  gives  his  other 
crops,  and  the  important — nay  more,  the  indispensable  requi- 
site to  success — thorough  pruning,  no  one  need  fail  of  attaining 
a  degree  of  success  highly  satisfactory  and  profitable. 

"  A  dwarf  pear-tree  should  never  be  planted  at  one  year 
old.  A  good  one-year-old  tree  consists  of  a  single  upright 
shoot  or  stem,  from  three  and  one-half  to  five  feet  high,  and 
should  be  cut  off  at  about  two  feet  from  the  ground ;  and  in 
order  to  give  a  smooth,  handsome  stem  or  trunk,  let  the  buds 
be  rubbed  off  to  the  height  of  one  foot  from  the  ground — leav- 
ing on  the  upper  portion  six  to  nine  buds,  more  or  less ;  with 
the  tree  standing  in  its  original  position  in  full  vigor,  and  cut 
back  as  above  stated,  each  one  of  these  buds  will  throw  out 
a  good  strong  branch,  which  gives  a  full  round  distaff-form 
to  the  tree ;  and  this  is  the  time  and  manner,  and  the  only 
time,  when  that  desirable  shape  can  be  given,  on  which  the 
future  form  of  symmetry  and  beauty  so  much  depends ;  and 
to  avoid  a  fork-topped  tree,  in  which  the  two  uppermost 
branches  are  about  of  equal  vigor  and  height,  let  the  second 
branch  from  the  top  be  pinched  off,  when  about  nine  inches  or 
a  foot  long,  which  will  check  and  weaken  it,  while  the  upper- 
most one  becomes  a  strong  central  leader.  Whereas,  if  the 
tree  be  transplanted  at  one  year  old,  and  cut  back  as  above 
stated,  the  vital  forces  of  the  tree  will  be  weakened  half  or 
three-fourths  by  transplanting,  and,  as  the  result,  only  two  or 
three  (more  or  less)  of  the  buds  on  the  trunk  will  grow  so  as 
to  form  branches,  and  they,  perhaps,  only  at  the  top  or  all  on 
one  side,  while  the  remaining  buds  remain  dormant,  never 
afterward  to  be  developed,  as  the  other  branches  form  new 
channels,  which  will  more  readily  carry  the  sap  to  the  other 
and  upper  portions  of  the  tree. 

"  For  transplanting,  therefore,  let  a  tree  be  two  years  old 


PRINCIPLES  AND   PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 


103 


from  the  bud,  well  cut  back  at  one  year  old,  and  with  six  to 
nine  main  branches,  which  form  the  framework  or  foundation, 
which  is  to  give  form  and  character  to  the  future  tree,  with 
proper  care  and  management. 

"  The  following  cut  (Fig.  145)  will  illustrate  a  two-year- 
old  tree,  as  above  described,  its  lower  branches  about  one 
foot  from  the  ground,  its  upper  branches 
being  the  strongest  and  most  upright,  and 
those  below  less  vigorous  and  more  hori- 
zontal. 

"The  dotted  lines  indicate  where  the 
branches  should  be  cut  back  at  the  time  of 
planting. 

"  In  cutting  a  tree,  with  branches  formed 
as  above  described,  let  the  leader  be  cut 
down  within  four  to  six  inches  of  the  place 
where  the  one-year-old  tree  was  cut  off, 
and  just  above  a  good  bud  on  the  side  of 
the  tree,  over  the  previous  year's  cut,  thus 
keeping  the  leader  in  a  perpendicular  posi- 
tion over  the  original  trunk  or  bottom  of 
the  tree. 

"  If  the  side-branches  are  too  horizon- 
tal, upper  buds  are  left  for  their  exten- 
sion ;  if  too  upright,  lower  buds  are  left. 
Side  direction  may  be  given,  if  desirable,  to  fill  wide  spaces, 
in  the  same  way.  Cut  the  other  branches  at  such  a  distance 
from  the  trunk,  that  the  ends  of  all  of  them  would  form  a 
pyramid,  the  base  of  which  should  not  be  over  twelve  to  six- 
teen inches  in  diameter,  and  in  smallish  trees  much  less ;  thus 
the  lowest  branches  will  be  left  the  longest;  the  object  of 
which  is  to  check  the  natural  flow  of  sap  to  the  upper  branches 
and  induce  it  to  flow  more  forcibly  to  the  lower  ones,  increas- 
ing the  vigor  and  force  of  the  latter  as  much  as  possible,  which 
must  be  done  at  that  time,  or  never. 

"  Fig.  146  represents  a  two-year-old  tree  after  it  has  been 
pruned  at  two  years  old,  and-  made  the  third  year's  growth, 
and  showing  where  it  should  be  cut  back  at  that  time.  All 
subsequent  pruning  will  become  easy  to  any  one  who  has 
attended  to  these  directions  thus  far — observing  the  same 


FlG.  145. — Dwarf  Pear, 
marked  for  trimming 
and  transplanting. 


104        PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 


principles,  thinning  out  or  cutting  back  any  secondary  or 
other  branches,  as  shall  seem  necessary  to  admit  light  and 
air,  or  give  vigor  or  symmetry  of  form  to  the  tree;  but  as  the 
greatest  force  of  sap  will  flow  to  the  central  and  upright 
branches,  they  will  need  to  be  cut  back  most,  retaining  as 
near  as  may  be  the  pyramidal  form ;  ever  bearing  in  mind  this 
fact,  that  no  one  prunes  too  much ;  and,  after  having  pruned 
well  and  gathered  rich  harvests  of  luscious  pears,  if  you  still 


FIG.  146.— Two-Year-Old  Tree 
marked  for  trimming. 


FIG.  147.— Dwarf  Apple. 


wish  to  grow  them  larger  and  better  than  ever  before,  prune  a 
little  closer,  and  that  result  will  certainly  be  attained;  and 
the  vigor*  beauty,  and  longevity  of  your  trees  will  be  increased 
thereby." 

Throughout  the  whole  process  of  pruning  and  training 
pyramids,  as  well  as  every  other  tree,  the  frequent  error  of 
allowing  the  shoots  and  branches  to  become  thick  and  crowd 
each  other,  should  be  carefully  avoided.  The  size  and  beauty 
of  the  fruit,  and  its  perfection  in  richness  and  flavor,  where 
there  is  plenty  of  room  for  the  full,  vigorous,  and  healthy 
development  of  the  LEAVES  which  supply  the  material  for  the 
growing  fruit,  will  repay  well  the  labor  required  for  this  ex- 
cellent result. 

Dwarf  apples  (on  Paradise  stocks)  are  usually  trained  to  a 
round  and  rather  spreading  open  head,  the  same  principles  to 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF  PRUNING.      105 


be  applied  as  in  forming  dwarf  pears,  with  the  exception  of 
the  form  given  to  them,  and  being  more  dwarfish  in  growth, 
less  shortening  of  the  shoots  is  required  (Fig.  147). 

Small,  slow-growing  varieties,  as  the  Melon,  Early  Joe, 
Red  Canada,  Hawley,  Jonathan,  Lady  Sweet,  Summer  Pear- 
main,  Dyer,  Lady,  and  Lowell,  may  be  pruned  into  pyramids 
and  kept  small,  so  as  to  stand  not  farther  than  ten  feet  apart. 
Thriftier  varieties,  on  Doucin  stock,  may  be  treated  in  the 
same  way. 

The  Cherry  and  Plum  may  be  pruned  in  the  form  of  pyra- 
mids on  the  same  principles  as  the  apple  and  pear.  The  Mo- 
rello  and  Duke  cherries  may  be  treated  either  as  pyramids  or 
as  smaller,  rounded,  open-headed  dwarfs. 

Pruning  Apple- Orchards  in  Bearing. — The  mode  of  pruning 
old  neglected  apple-trees,  with  a  view  to  restoring  their  vigor 
and  fruitfulness,  is  more  particu- 
larly pointed  out  on  another  page ; 
it  may  be  only  necessary  here  to 
remark  that  the  chief  requisites  to 
keep  steadily  in  view  during  the 
operation,  are :  i.  To  avoid  cutting 
off  large  limbs  except  in  cases  of 
absolute  necessity.  2.  To  admit 
light  equally  into  all  parts  of  the 
tree  by  thinning  out  the  branches. 
3.  To  remove  all  crooked  or  badly 
growing  limbs,  and  reserve  a  hand- 
some evenly  distributed  top.  4.  To 
do  the  work  gradually,  or  in  successive  years,  and  commenc- 
ing by  preference  at  the  top  or  centre,  which  will  favor  an 
open  top.  5.  To  give  a  coating  on  all  fresh  wounds  an  inch 
or  more  in  diameter,  of  the  composition  made  of  shellac  dis- 
solved in  alcohol,  just  thick  enough  to  be  of  the  consistence 
of  paint.  The  surface  should  be  allowed  to  remain  uncovered 
a  few  days  after  the  cut  is  made,  in  order  to  become  dry. 
The  handle  of  the  brush  being  inserted  in  the  cork,  it  is  kept 
air-tight  in  drying,  and  alway  ready ;  but  fine  sand,  brick  dust, 
or  powdered  chalk,  mixed  with  warm  gas-tar,  is  a  good  appli- 
cation and  much  cheaper.  Grafting-wax  does  well,  and  may 
be  applied  with  a  brush  when  melted,  or  in  the  form  of  thick 


FIG.  148.— Limb  properly  cut 
at  A  ;  improperly  at  B. 


Io6        PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF  PRUNING. 


plasters.     Thick  white  lead  paint  is  the  best  single  material, 
however. 

Pruning-saws  are  required  for  this  work,  which  should 
always  be  kept  sharp  and  in  good  condition;  those  made  with 
coarse  teeth  on  one  edge,  and  slightly  finer  on  the  other,  will 


FlG.  149.— Two-edge  Pruning  Saw. 

be   found  most  handy  (Fig. 

149). 

For  trimming  branches  not 
over  one  inch  in  diameter  on 
the  more  inaccessible  parts  of 
the  trees,  a  powerful  cutting- 
shears  on  the  end  of  a  pole 
has  been  devised,  which  is  ex- 
tremely useful  (Figs.  150  and 
151). 

Pruning  the  Peach. — No  tree  requires 
continued  pruning  so  much  as  the  peach. 
There  is  a  strong  tendency  in  the  ter- 
minal buds  to  push  upward  and  outward, 
at  the  expense  of  the  side-shoots,  which 
soon  dying,  the  tree  ultimately  is  com- 
posed of  long,  bare  poles  with  only  tufts 
of  leaves  at  their  extremities  (Fig.  152). 
It  is  well  known  that  young  trees  bear 
large,  handsome,  and  excellent  fruit,  while 
the  old,  enfeebled  trees  yield  nothing  but 
small  specimens  of  inferior  quality.  Con- 
tinued pruning  will  prevent  this  bad  re- 
sult, and  preserve  the  heads  of  old  trees 
in  a  state  of  thrifty  growth,  and  they  will 
continue  to  yield  as  large  and  fine  fruit  as 
in  the  first  years  of  bearing.  As  the  peach 
always  bears  its  fruit  on  the  previous  years' 
growth,  and  buds  never  start  from  old  wood,  it  is  im- 
portant to  keep  a  continued  supply  of  young  wood,  evenly 


FIG.  151.— Water's 
Tree-Pruner. 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING.       107 

distributed  throughout  the  head.  This  can  only  be  done 
by  continued  cutting-back.  The  best  way  to  perform  this 
operation  is  to  commence  at  the  close  of  winter  or  early 


FIG.  152.— Neglected  Peach-tree. 

in  spring,  and  cut  off  the  upper  half  or  two-thirds  of  every 
one-year  shoot.  If  this  process  is  continued  from  year  to 
year,  in  connection  with  cutting  entirely  out  all  the  feeble 


FlG.  153.— Correctly  Trimmed  Peach,  best  method  and  form. 

shoots  where  they  grow  too  thickly,  the  desired  object  will  be 
fully  attained,  and  the  trees,  as  they  grow  older,  instead  of 
presenting  the  appearance  of  Fig.  152,  will  form  the  sym- 


I08       PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 

metrical,  evenly  distributed  heads  shown  in  Fig.  153.  An 
important  advantage  of  thus  pruning  the  peach  will  be  the 
thinning-out  of  the  fruit-buds ;  and  while  the  tree  will  bear 
perhaps  only  one-third  or  one-quarter  the  number  of  speci- 
mens, they  will  be  so  much  larger  as  to  give  as  many  bush- 
els, while  the  quality  will  be  incomparably  superior. 

An  objection  is  made  that  too  much  labor  is  required  for 
this  operation.  By  the  use  of  a  good  pair  of  pruning-shears, 
however,  it  may  be  done  with  great  expedition,  and  half  a 
dozen  trees  finished  in  the  same  time  that  would  be  required 
for  a  single  tree  in  using  the  knife. 

Another  mode,    more  rapidly  performed,   and  answering 


FIG.  154.  FIG.  155. 

Heading-back  of  the  Peach. 

nearly  the  same  purpose,  is  to  cut  off  two  or  three  years' 
growth  at  a  time,  from  all  the  longer  branches,  taking  care  to 
leave  a  sufficiency  of  young  wood,  and  always  cutting  back  to 
a  fork,  so  as  not  to  make  a  dead  stub. 

In  cases  where  the  pruning  has  been  neglected  on  young 
trees,  until  they  have  attained  several  years  of  age,  and  the 
shoots  have  just  begun  to  die  out  in  the  centre,  a  still  more 
wholesale  kind  of  pruning  may  be  adopted.  Three  or  four 
feet  may  be  taken  off,  in  cases  of  necessity,  at  a  single  stroke, 
and  if  judiciously  performed,  will  convert  the  broad  head 
which  is  beginning  to  become  enfeebled,  into  a  smaller,  neat. 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 


109 


round,  and  open  head,  possessing  the  thriftiness  of  a  young 
tree,  and  bearing  as  large  and  excellent  fruit.  Fig.  154  shows 
the  tree  before  being  thus  cut  back,  and  Fig.  155  the  same, 
with  all  the  ends  of  the  branches  (shown  by  dotted  lines)  re- 
moved. It  must  be  remembered  here,  as  in  all  other  instances, 
that  the  outer  shoots  must  be  sufficiently  thinned  back  to  admit 
light  to  the  interior.  The  shearing,  which  is  sometimes 
adopted,  like  that  of  a  common  hedge,  only  thickens  the  foli- 
age on  the  outside,  and  increases  instead  of  diminishing  the 
evil. 

Pruning  the  Cherry. — The  cherry  usually  needs  but  little 
pruning,  after  the  young  tree  has  been  properly  formed.     As 


FlG.  156.— Trimmed  Quince. 


FIG.  157.— Young  Quince,  l\  jra 
which  a  good  tree  may  be 
formed. 


wounds  made  in  winter  are  apt  to  form  gum,  and  the  removal 
of  much  foliage  in  summer  injures  the  tree  by  checking  its 
growth,  the  rubbing  and  pinching  process  should  be  exclu- 
sively resorted  to,  in  forming  an  even  and  well-distributed 
head,  nearly  in  the  same  manner  as  already  described  for  the 
apple.  The  only  care,  as  the  trees  become  older,  is  to  see 
that  no  shoots,  by  outgrowing  the  others,  form  a  distorted  top. 
Nearly  the  same  rules  apply  to  the  plum ;  but  as  single 
shoots  sometimes  make  a  long  growth  in  one  season,  an  eye 


HO         PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING. 


must  be  kept  to  them,  and  the  necessary  rubbing  and  pinch- 
ing performed,  that  they  do  not  outgrow  the  others. 

Pruning  the  Quince. — Young  quince-trees,  as  sold  by  nurs- 
erymen in  this  country,  have,  in  many  instances,  received 
no  pruning  or  training,  and  resemble  Fig.  156.  To  give  them 
a  single  straight  stem,  and  to  impart  sufficient  vigor  to  form 
a  good  well-balanced  head,  such  trees  should  be  cut  down 
near  the  ground  as  soon  as  they  become  well  established,  and 
a  single  upright  shoot  allowed  to  grow  for  the  future  tree 
(Fig.  157).  The  second  year  a  good 
head  may  be  commenced,  according 
to  the  directions  given  for  the  dwarf 
apple. 

Special  directions  for  pruning  the 
Grape,  Raspberry,  Blackberry,  Goose- 
berry, and  Currant  will  be  found  in 
the  chapters  devoted  to  these  dif- 
ferent fruits. 

Trees  which  are  kept  in  good 
shape  while  young  will  not  require 
heavy  pruning  in  after  years.  But 
orchards  rarely  receive  this  perfect 
management,  and  more  or  less  prun- 
ing occasionally  becomes  necessary. 
The  owner  is  often  unable  to  attend 
in  person  to  all  the  details,  or  to  di- 
rect the  laborer  in  the  removal  of 
each  successive  limb. 

To  obviate  this  difficulty,  attach  a 
cylinder  of  chalk  to  a  rod  several 
feet  in  length,  in  the  manner  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  158,  and  taking  this 
rod  in  the  hand,  make  a  distinct 
white  chalk-mark,  at  the  precise 
spot  where  the  pruning-saw  is  to  cut  through  for  the  removal 
of  the  rejected  branch.  The  workman  follows  with  the  saw, 
and  cuts  off  every  branch  at  the  right  place,  with  greater  ac- 
curacy than  verbal  directions  could  point  out,  and  without 
hesitation  or  delay.  The  owner  may  mark  out  enough  work 
with  the  chalk  in  an  hour  to  occupy  the  laborer  through  the 


FIG.  158.— To  mark  the  limbs 
to  be  cut. 


PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE   OF  PRUNING.         Ill 

day,  and  the  whole  operation  be  performed  with  skill  and 
accuracy.  If  the  trees  are  tall  the  marking  may  be  done  on 
horseback. 

Pruning  the  Roots. — This  has  been  tried  to  a  limited  extent 
only,  and  has  proved  useful  in  checking  over-luxuriant  growth 
attended  with  unfruitfulness.  Its  tendency,  by  lessening  the 
supply  of  sap,  is  to  render  trees  more  dwarfish,  and  operates 
not  unlike  grafting  on  dwarf  stocks ;  or  in  the  same  way,  but 
in  less  degree,  that  transplanting  produces  a  like  result.  It 
should  usually  be  done  early  in  spring,  and  with  a  spade 
ground  sharp  and  kept  solely  for  this  purpose,  so  that  the 
roots  may  be  cut  off  smoothly,  and  not  torn  or  bruised,  as 
with  a  dull  spade.  Any  required  degree  of  check  may  be 
given  to  the  tree  by  cutting  the  roots  short  or  near  the  foot  of 
the  stem — a  less  check  by  allowing  greater  length. 

To  Recapitulate. — i.  Begin  to  prune  when  the  tree  is  young. 
2.  Prune  a  little  every  year.  3.  Aim  to  keep  the  tree  in  such 
shape  that  very  heavy  pruning  is  unnecessary.  4.  The  gen- 
eral pruning  is  best  done  in  very  late  winter.  5.  Light  head- 
ing-in  in  summer  sometimes  induces  the  formation  of  fruit- 
spurs.  6.  Always  prune  back  heavily  on  transplanting.  7. 
Each  kind  of  species  of  tree  needs  its  own  kind  of  pruning. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

HAND   IMPLEMENTS  USED   BY   FRUIT   GROWERS. 

THE  more  common  tools  needed  are  the  shovel,  the  spade, 
the  fork,  and  the  hoe,  for  digging  holes,  transplanting,  and  cul- 
tivating the  ground.  The  fork  and  rake  are  useful  in  mixing 
manures  with  the  soil  for  rilling  the  remote  parts  of  largo 
holes. 

The  pruning-knife  is  a  large,  usually  hooked  knife,  for  re- 
moving useless  branches.  Common  styles  are  shown  in  Fig 
159.  The  middle  one  is  mostly  used. 


FIG.  159.— Various  Forms  of  Pruning-Knives. 

The  pruning-saw  (Figs.  160  and  161)  is  needed  in  taking  oft 
larger  limbs ;  attached  to  a  handle  several  feet  long,  it  will 
reach  those  at  a  distacne  from  the  ground. 

The  draw-saw  (Fig.  162)  has  the  direction  of  the  teeth  the 

112 


IMPLEMENTS   USED  BY  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS.     113 

reverse  of  the  common  saw;  that  is,  they  should  point  toward 
the  operator.     Being  thus  only  subject  tc  a  pulling  strain,  it 


FIG. 


does  not  require  so  thick  a  blade  as  the  thrust-saw,  with  the 
teeth  in  the  usual  way.     For  this  reason  it  is  less  liable  to 


FIG.  162.— Draw-Saw. 

become  broken  or  twisted.      The  two-edged  saw  (Fig.   163) 
can  be  readily  purchased  anywhere  and  is  very  useful. 


FlG.  163. — Two-edged  Pruning-saw. 

Th&  budding-knives  (Fig.  164)  should  have  abroad,  flat  blade, 
the  edge  of  which  is  to  be  rounded  outward,  for  the  more 
ready  incision  of  the 
bark.  The  thin  ivory 
blade  or  haft  at  the  ex* 
tremity  of  the  handle, 
as  provided  on  some 
budding-knives,  may  be 
dispensed  with  in  near- 
ly all  cases,  the  bud, 
when  set  in,  lifting  the 
bark  as  it  slides  down- 
ward, more  perfectly 
8 


FlG.  164.— Budding-Knives. 


H4    IMPLEMENTS   USED  By  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS. 


than  by  any  other  mode,  after  the  corners  of  the  bark  are 

lifted  with  the  point  of  the  blade. 

The  grafting -chisel  (Fig.  165)  is  useful  in  cleft-grafting  large 

apple-trees.     It  is  made  of  iron,  the  edge  set  with  steel.     It 

is  used  for  splitting  the 
stock,  after  it  is  sawed 
off  and  pared.  The  cut- 
ting part  should  be  not 
less  than  two  inches 
broad,  with  a  sharp 
edge,  which  should 
curve  inward,  that  the 
bark,  in  splitting,  may 
be  cut  first,  to  give  it  a 

FIG.  i65.-Grafting-Chisei.   See  also  Fig.  28.      smooth,  flat  face.     The 

wedge  at  the  end  opens  the  stock  to  receive  the  graft. 

The  pruning  shears  shown  in  Figs.   166  and   167  are,  taken 

all  in  all,  the  most  useful  tool  the  orchardist  can  have.    There 


FIG.  166.  FIG.  167. 

Forms  of  Pruning-Shears. 


are  a  variety  of  patterns  of  these  shears,  cjiffering  mainly  in 
the  form  of  spring  used  to  keep  the  blades  apart. 
In  using  the  long-handled  pruning-saw,  the  pruning-chisel, 


IMPLEMENTS   USED  BY  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS.    "5 


FIG.  168.—  Orchardist's  Hook. 


the  graft-cutter,  or  the  fruit-gatherer,  the  operator  may  stand 
on  a  ladder  or  his  stool,  as  an  additional  assistance  in  reach- 
ing the  higher  parts  of  the  tree. 

The  orchardisfs  hook  consists  of  a  light  rod,  with  an  iron 
hook  at  one  end,  and  a  piece  of  wood  made  to  slide  along  it. 
In  using  it  the  fruit-gath- 
erer draws  down  the  end 
of  a  branch  with  the  hook, 
and  fastens  it  by  the  slid- 
ing-piece  to  another  branch  below.  The  slider  passes  freely 
along  the  rod,  but  ceases  to  slide  by  the  friction  of  the  side- 
strain  whenever  it  is  in  use,  Fig.  168. 

Fruit  on  the  ends  of  long  and  tall  branches  may  be  gath- 
ered by  means  of  the  fruit-picker  shown  in  the  annexed  fig- 
ures (Figs.  169  and  170).  Fig.  169  con- 
sists of  a  piece  of  stiff  wire  about  two 
feet  long,  bent  into  the  form  shown  at  a  ; 
the  two  ends  are  then  thrust  through 
gimlet-holes  in  the  end  of  a  pole ;  a  small 
bag,  large  enough  to  hold  half-a-dozen 
apples,  is  sewed  to  the  wire.  This  com- 
pletes the  instrument.  The  narrow  part 
of  the  wire  assists  in  removing  the  stem 
from  the  branch.  A  picker  of  some  sort 


FIG.  169. 


FIG.  170. 


Fruit-Picker. 

is  especially  valuable  in  gathering  any  valuable  fruit,  such 
as  pears  or  peaches,  which  would  otherwise  be  bruised  and 
spoiled. 

Vine  Scissors. — Neat  and  convenient  instruments  for  thin, 
ning  out  the  berries  from  bunches  of  grapes  which  have  grown 
too  thick,  for  removing  unnecessary  shoots,  leaves,  etc.,  and 
for  gathering  the  fruit,  are  shown  in  the  annexed  cuts  (Figs. 
171,  172,  and  173).  The  uppermost  one  is  commonly  used. 

Garden  Reel. — Fig.  174  represents  the  reel  for  the  garden- 
line  and  stake  for  stretching  the  same,  all  made  of  iron.  The 
stakes  should  be  at  least  a  foot  long.  The  line  should  be  a 


Ii6     IMPLEMENTS   USED  BY  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS. 


strong,  well-twisted  hemp  cord,  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  in 

diameter,  which, 
when  not  in  use, 
is  quickly  wound 
up  on  the  reel. 
It  is  employed  for 
setting  trees  in 
rows. 

Self-sustaining 
friiit-ladders  are 
very  useful  in 
gathering  fine 


FIG.  171,  172,  and  173.— Forms  of  Vine  Scissors. 


fruit,  to  prevent 
mutilation  and 
bruising  of  the  bark  and  branches.  Fig.  175  is  one  of  small 
size  and  simple  construction,  is  easily  carried  in  one  hand, 
and  will  raise  one's  feet  a  yard  or  more  from  the  ground.  It 
consists  of  a  small  piece  of  light  plank  at  the  top,  supported 


FIG.  176. 
FIG.  174.— Garden  Reel.         Fruit-tree  Ladders.     FlG.  177.-  Pointed  Ladder. 

on  legs  not  larger  than  common  chair-legs.  Fig.  176  repre- 
sents one  from  eight  to  twelve  feet  high,  the  two  single  legs 
moving  on  joints,  for  closing  in  carrying,  and  spreading  like 
a  tripod  in  setting  up  under  the  tree. 


IMPLEMENTS   USED  BY  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS.     117 


FIG.  178.— Folding  Ladder. 


CD 


An  improvement  has  been  made  by  continuing  the  two 
main  bars  to  a  point,  which  more  readily  enables  the  operator 
to  thrust  it  up  among  the  branches,  and  often  to  support  him- 
self by  grasping  this  elevated  point.  The  legs  turn  at  the 
hinges/*  (Fig.  177). 

The  folding-ladder  may  be  closed  together  with  the  facility 
of  a  pair  of  compasses;  it  then  becomes  a  round  stick  easily 

carried  in  one  hand.  It  is  made 
of  strong,  light  wood,  and  its 
construction  may  be  readily  un 
derstood  by  the  annexed  figure 
(Fig.  178),  representing  the  lad- 
der as  open,  as  half-  closed,  and 
as  closely  shut.  An  enlarged 
longitudinal  section  shows  the 
manner  in  which  the  rounds 
lie  in  the  grooves  or  concave 
beds  in  the  sides  or  styles; 
above  which  is  a  cross-section 
exhibiting  the  semi-oval  form 
of  the  styles.  The  ends  of  the 
rounds  turn  on  iron  pins,  slight- 
ly riveted  outside.  The  rounds  resting  on  shoulders,  when  the 
ladder  is  opened,  render  the  whole  stiff  and  firm.  A  ladder  of 
this  construction  is  found  very  useful,  not  only  in  fruit-houses, 
where  a  common  ladder  could  not  be  conveniently  carried, 
but  in  pruning  standard  trees,  because  it  can  be  thrust  through 
the  branches  like  a  round  pole,  without  difficulty,  and  when 
once  there,  it  is  easily  opened. 

Tree  Scraper  (Fig.  1 79). — This  is  used  for  removing  the  rough 
and  shaggy  bark,  moss, 
etc. ,  from  old  fruit-trees. 
It  consists  of  a  triangu- 
lar  plate    of    steel,    at- 
tached to  a  handle  at  the  FlG'  I79'  -Tree-Scraper, 
centre.     The  sides  of  the  triangle  are  about  four  inches,  and 
the  handle  may  be  from  one  to  several  feet  in  length. 

Garden  Syringe  (Figs.  180,  181).— This  is  made  of  various 
sizes,  or  different  materials,  and  with  different  caps  or  orifices. 
The  cheapest  is  made  of  thick  sheet-tin,  and  the  best  and 


Il8    IMPLEMENTS   USED  BY  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS. 


most  durable  of  brass.  For  throwing  a  single  stream,  the  jet 
represented  in  the  figure  is  attached ;  for  washing  dusty  foli- 
age with  a  soft  shower,  a  rose  with  many  fine  holes  is  screwed 


FIG.  181.— Garden  Syringes. 

on.     The  syringe  is  used  for  washing,  watering,  destroying 
insects,  etc. 

Garden  Pump  (Fig.  182). — This  may  be  used  for  all  the 
purposes  of  a  syringe,  in 
spraying  and  watering 
plants,  as  well  as  for  wash- 
ing windows,  carriages,  and 
protecting  buildings  against 
fire.  It  will  hold  about  a 
barrel  of  water,  and  is  easily 
moved  by  its  handles  on  the 
cast-iron  wheels.  It  will 
throw  water  forty  feet  high. 

Net  Screens  are  useful  in 
preventing  the  attack  of 
birds  on  rare  and  valuable 
fruits  upon  young  or  dwarf 
trees.  The  net  should  be 

dipped  in  a  decoction  of  tan  to  prevent  mildew  when  rolled 
up  wet. 

Labels  for  standard  trees  are  useful  in  retaining  the  names 
of  the  varieties.  Purchasers  of  trees  usually  neglect  the 
names,  and  the  labels  received  with  the  trees  being  soon  lost, 
nothing  more  is  thought  of  them  till  they  begin  to  bear. 
Curiosity  is  then  excited  to  know  the  "  new  kinds."  Conjees 


*?& 

&'* 


FIG.  182.— Garden  Spray  Pump. 


IMPLEMENTS   USED  BY  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS.     119 

ture  is  set  on  foot,  and  the  greatest  confusion  follows.     Seri- 

ous and  innumerable  mistakes  are  made  and  perpetuated  in 

this  way  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Permanent  labels  are  therefore  important.     The   simplest 

is  made  of  a  slip  of  wood,  three  inches  long  and  half  an  inch 
wide,  suspended  to  the  branch  by  a  loop 
of  wire;  copper  wire  is  the  best  (Fig.  183). 
The  name  will  last  three  or  four  years,  if 
written  with  a  pencil  on  a  thin  coat  of  fresh 
white  paint.  Better  and  more  durable 
labels  are  made  of  small  pieces  of  sheet 
zinc,  written  upon  with  a  mixture  of  two 
parts  (by  weight)  of  verdigris,  two  of  sal- 
ammoniac,  one  of  lampblack,  and  thirty 
of  water.  The  ingredients  are  to  be  mixed 

FIG.  x83.-Wooden  Tag.  n  of 


at  first,  and  the  whole  added  afterward.  Preserve  the  mixture 
in  a  well-corked  bottle,  shaking  it  repeatedly  at  first,  and  keep 
the  cork  downward  to  prevent  the  escape  of  ammonia,  and  it 
will  remain  fit  for  use  for  years.  Or  just  as  good,  use  Pay- 
son's  or  other  indelible  ink,  sold  everywhere  for  marking  linen. 
A  common  steel  pen  may  be  used.  Wash  the  zinc  first  with 
vinegar  to  remove  the  oiliness  which  is  generally  on 
the  metal. 

The  pieces  of  zinc  may  be  suspended  by  strong 
wire.  These  labels  or  tallies  should  be  made  up  in 
the  winter  season  when  work  is  slack.  The  wire 
should  be  firmly  twisted  round  the  zinc,  so  as  not 
to  remain  loose  (Fig.  184),  or  else  the  constant 
motion  from  wind  will  soon  wear  out  the  wire. 
The  wire  should  be  nearly  as  large  as  a  small  knit- 
ting-needle, to  prevent  cracking  off  by  long  use. 
The  loop  should  be  large,  and  pass  round  a  side- 
shoot  instead  of  a  main  branch,  to  prevent  the  dan-  FIG.  184.— 
ger  of  cutting-in  by  the  growth  of  the  tree  ;  and  Zmc  Tagr' 
should  be  attached  below  a  small  fork,  to  prevent  its  blowing 
off  the  end  of  the  branch. 

The  wire  may  be  wholly  dispensed  with  by  the  following 
contrivance  :  cut  the  zinc  into  long  triangular  strips,  half  an 
inch  wide  and  from  six  to  ten  inches  long.  Draw  the  narrow 


120     IMPLEMENTS   USED  BY  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS. 


or  slender  end  round  the  twig,  bring  it  through  a  hole 
punched  midway  between  the  ends,  and  clinch  or  twist  it 
with  the  fingers  or  a  small  pair  of  pincers  (Fig.  185).  These 
labels  may  be  cut  and  punched  by  a  tinman  at  a  cheap  rate. 
A  good,  durable,  and  cheap  label  is 
made  of  sheet  tin.  Cut  the  tin  in 
strips  about  six  inches  long,  somewhat 
in  the  form  of  a  wedge,  about  a  fourth 
of  an  inch  wide  at  one  end  and  three- 
fourths  at  the  other.  Write  the  name 


FlG.  185.— Zinc  Tag. 


FIG.  186.— Zinc  Tag. 


near  the  wide  end,  with  any  sharp  steel  instrument,  as  an 
awl,  or  end  of  a  file  ground  sharp,  bearing  on  hard  enough  to 
go  through  the  tin  coating,  so  as  to  reach  the  iron.  In  a  few 
months  the  rain,  by  penetrating  to  the  iron,  will  rust  it,  and 
make  the  name  quite  conspicuous.  The  label  is  then  at- 
tached to  the  tree  by  bending  the  narrow  end  once  about  a 
side-limb  (Fig.  186).  As  the  tree  grows  this  coil  will  expand, 
and  not  cut  the  bark.  On  this  account  thin  tin  plate  is  better 
than  thick.  The  coil  should  pass  around  but  once,  or  it  will 
not  give  way  freely  to  the  increase  of  growth. 

Any  tin-worker  will  cut  them  of  scrap  or  refuse  plate  for 
about  ten  or  fifteen  cents  per  hundred. 

Lead  labels,  in  the  form  of  those  represented  in  Fig.  187, 
stamped  with  type,  and  suspended  with  copper  wire,  well 
twisted  against  the  hole,  to  prevent  wearing  by  the  motion  of 
the  wind,  are  very  durable.  Fig.  187  shows  the  mode  of 
stamping,  by  sliding  the  sheet-lead  between  two  plates  of  iron, 
A,  B,  screwed  together,  and  setting  the  types  successively 
against  the  upper  plate,  A,  and  stamping  one  at  a  time.  The 


IMPLEMENTS   USED  BY  FRUIT  CULTIVATORS.     121 


letters  are  thus  kept  in  a  straight  line.     The  imprinted  end 
of  the  sheet-lead  is  then  cut  off,  and  forms  the  label. 

Composition  lead  labels  with  the  names  cast  on  them  are 
much  used  in  England,  are  very 
neat  and  durable  but  expensive. 
(Fig.  1 88).  They  may  be  imported 
from  any  of  the  leading  seedsmen 
abroad. 


I 

B 

MOORPARK 

1® 

A 

® 

FIG.  187.— Device  for  Stamp- 
ing Lead  Tags. 


FIG.  188.— English  Cast 
Metal  Tag. 


1      28 


6      7 


FIG.  190.— Notched  Num- 
ber Wooden  Tag. 


FIG.  189.— Numbering  by  a  Notched  Stick. 


Sticks  or  tallies  at  the  ends  of  nursery  rows,  or  labels  sus- 
pended on  the  successive  trees  of  a  row  of  standards,  may  be 
durably  numbered  on  red  cedar,  after  the  following  manner, 
to  correspond  with  a  written  register  in  a  book.  Fig.  189 
shows  the  mode  of  notching  with  a  knife,  to  indicate  the  ten 
figures.  To  prevent  mistakes  by  getting  them  inverted,  they 
are  always  read  downward  on  a  stake,  or  from  the  loop  of  a 
suspended  label.  Fig,  190  exhibits  a  label  on  a  tree  marked 
with  the  number  47. 

No  person  who  plants  an  orchard  or  fruit-garden  should 
depend  for  distinguishing  the  names  of  his  trees  wholly  on 
labels,  which  may  be  lost  off.  The  rows,  and  the  kinds  in 
each  row,  should  be  registered  in  successive  order,  in  a  book 
kept  for  the  purpose.  This  will  facilitate  the  replacement  of 
any  lost  label. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THINNING,    GATHERING,    KEEPING,   AND 
MARKETING. 

THINNING. 

NEXT  to  good  cultivation,  nothing  contributes  more  to 
bring  out  the  excellent  qualities  of  fruit,  and  to  give  it  size 
and  a  handsome  appearance,  than  thinning  the  young  fruit  on 
the  tree.  If  crowded,  it  is  small  and  often  comparatively 
flavorless.  Overbearing  always  injures  the  growth  of  the 
tree,  yet  thinning  the  fruit  is  scarcely  ever  practised.  The 
farmer  who1  takes  care  not  to  have  more  than  four  stalks  of 
corn  in  a  hill,  and  who  would  consider  it  folly  to  have  twenty, 
never  thins  any  of  the  twenty  peaches  on  a  small  shoot.  The 
gardener  who  would  allow  twenty  cucumber  vines  in  a  hiil, 
would  be  called  an  ignoramus  by  his  neighbor,  who  at  the 
same  time  suffers  a  dwarf  pear  to  bear  five  times  as  many 
specimens  as  it  could  profitably  mature. 

All  successful  fruit-growers  now  expect  to  thin  peaches, 
plums,  apricots,  and  dwarf  pears;  and  some  of  them  thin 
standard  pears  and  apples.  Thinning  may  be  accomplished 
by  pruning,  and  by  picking  part  of  the  fruit.  Knowing  where 
the  fruit-spurs  or  fruit-buds  are,  the  pruner  can  so  reduce 
them  as  to  lessen  the  amount  of  prospective  fruit.  Thus,  the 
heading  back  of  peaches  and  the  removal  of  the  inferior  twigs 
in  the  middle  of  the  tree,  lessen  the  number  of  fruit-buds.  On 
peaches  and  apricots,  however,  the  operator  must  be  careful 
not  to  reduce  the  buds  too  much  by  means  of  pruning,  for  he 
must  allow  of  some  loss  from  spring  frosts,  curculio,  and  other 
contingencies. 

Thinning  the  fruit  by  picking  it  off  is  usually  performed  as 
soon  as  the  "  June  drop  "  is  passed.  This  "  June  drop  "  takes 
off  the  little  fruits  which  chance  not  to  be  fertilized,  and 

122 


THINNING,   GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.    123 

those  which  are  prematurely  injured  by  insects  or  fungi.  It 
is  a  good  rule,  in  peach  growing,  not  to  allow  any  two  peaches 
to  stand  within  four  inches  of  each  other.  The  thinning  is 
done  when  the  fruit  is  the  size  of  the  end  of  one's  thumb.  It 
is  better  to  burn  the  picked  fruits,  for  one  should  exercise  care 
to  take  off  those  fruits  which  are  imperfect  or  diseased. 

Apples  and  pears,  when  half  grown,  will  show  any  defects 
or  injuries  from  insects.  In  thinning  the  fruit  these  defective 
specimens  should,  in  all  cases,  be  removed.  As  many  bushels 
of  good  fruit  will  be  obtained  from  the  trees  in  autumn  as 
there  would  have  been  of  good  and  bad  mixed  together,  had 
all  been  left  to  grow.  The  labor  of  assorting  will  be  lessened, 
and  the  fruit  bring  a  higher  price  in  market.  An  experienced 
orchardist  says  that  one  day's  work  to  fifty  barrels  of  apples 
will  thus  take  out  nearly  all  the  imperfect  fruit;  while  the  in- 
creased labor  of  hand-picking  so  many  poor  specimens  will 
be  as  great  as  taking  them  off  in  summer,  when  less  care  will 
be  required  with  them. 

GATHERING. 

Mankind  consists  of  two  grand  divisions — the  careless  and 
careful.  Each  individual  may  be  assigned  his  place  under 
these  two  great  heads  by  observing  how  he  picks  or  gathers 
fruit.  The  careless  shake  the  crop  down  on  the  ground,  or,  if 
picked  by  hand,  throw  the  specimens  into  the  basket,  rather 
than  carry  and  deposit  them  carefully.  Such  persons  wonder 
why  they  have  such  poor  luck  in  keeping  fruit — it  nearly  all 
rots  prematurely. 

The  following  is  the  right  way  :  Gather  by  means  of  hooked 
baskets  suspended  in  the  tree ;  the  apples,  as  gathered,  should 
be  laid  one  at  a  time  in  the  bottom  of  the  basket,  and  when 
filled  the  basket  is  taken  down  and  the  fruits  are  taken  out  two 
by  two.  To  prevent  the  possibility  of  bruising,  these  should 
be  drawn  to  the  fruit-house  on  a  spring  wagon,  and  two 
apples  only  should  be  taken  out  at  a  time,  till  all  are  care- 
fully deposited  on  the  floor.  After  being  barrelled,  they 
can  be  stored  till  wanted  or  carried  to  the  cars  or  steamboat, 
and  carried,  not  rolled  on  board.  If  they  are  shipped  to 
England,  one  barrel  must  be  hoisted  at  a  time  and  caught  on 
a  man's  shoulder  on  the  ship,  and  carried  by  two  men  and 


124    THINNING,  GATHERING.  KEEPING,  MARKETING. 

deposited  in  place.  When  again  unloaded  the  same  care  is 
observed,  the  barrels  being  carried  off  on  a  hand-barrow. 
Throughout  the  whole  process  the  same  care  is  observed  as 
in  carrying  a  looking-glass. 

Various  modes  are  adopted  for  hand-picking  apples  and 
other  fruit.  Ladders  should  always  be  provided  for  reaching 
the  different  parts  of  the  tree.  Step-ladders,  five  or  six  feet 
high,  may  be  used  for  the  lower  limbs ;  longer  ladders,  resting 
against  the  branches,  or  supported  by  legs  as  shown  in  the 
chapter  on  Implements,  are  employed  tor  higher  portions. 
The  remaining  scattered  fruit  may  be  collected  with  a  fruit- 
gatherer  attached  to  the  end  of  a  pole.  These  are  all  figured 
and  described  in  the  chapter  on  Implements.  Baskets  are 
commonly  employed  furnished  with  hooks  for  suspending  to 
the  limbs  or  rounds  of  the  ladder  while  filling.  In  picking, 
apples  should  be  lifted  up  to  break  off  the  stem,  instead  of 
pulling  them  off,  as  many  of  the  stems  will  pull  out  of  the 
apples,  causing  decay.  They  should  be  laid  in  the  basket 
(instead  of  being  pitched  or  dropped  in)  to  avoid  bruising. 
A  better  way  is  to  buckle  a  strap  passing  over  the  shoulder 
and  beneath  the  arm,  to  which  the  basket  may  be  hooked, 
leaving  both  hands  free  for  work.  These  baskets  should  be 
round,  so  as  to  be  small  enough  to  allow  turning  for  empty- 
ing while  in  the  barrel,  that  the  fruit  may  fall  as  short  a  dis- 
tance as  possible.  Another  mode  is  to  wear  a  coat,  made  for 
the  purpose,  of  strong  canvas,  furnished  with  large  pockets 
on  both  sides,  holding  a  peck  or  more  each.  The  coat  is 
slipped  off  and  the  pockets  emptied  into  large  baskets  or  bar- 
rels. A  better  and  more  expeditious  method  is  to  take  a 
common  clean  grain-bag  and  place  a  stick,  sharpened  at  each 
end  and  about  a  foot  long,  so  as  to  prop  the  mouth  open,  leav- 
ing a  triangular  opening,  ready  for  the  reception  of  apples  as 
fast  as  picked  by  both  hands.  Tie  the  upper  and  lower  corner 
together,  by  placing  a  pebble  in  the  lower  corner,  so  as  to 
form  a  knob  or  button,  and  then  tie  the  bag-strings  closely 
above  it.  It  is  then  slung  over  the  shoulder,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
183.  A  piece  of  stiff  leather  buttoned  on  the  shoulder  serves 
to  protect  it  from  the  weight  of  the  bag.  When  the  bag  is 
filled  it  is  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  barrel  or  basket,  and 
emptied  by  carefully  withdrawing  the  bag  and  allowing  the 


THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.    125 


apples  to  slide  out  without  danger  of  bruising.  In  this  re- 
spect it  is  more  perfect  than  a  basket,  the  contents  of  which 
must  be  dropped,  unless  handed  out  one  by  one. 

The  degree  of  maturity  at  which  fruit  should  be  picked 
varies  with  circumstances.  Maturity  is  indicated  in  apples  or 
pears  by  the  dark-brown  color  of 
the  seeds,  but  as  these  cannot  be 
examined,  external  appearances 
must  serve  as  a  guide.  Early  ap- 
ples are  best  when  they  have  at- 
tained full  color,  and  have  begun 
to  soften,  except  such  as  are  liable 
to  become  dry  or  mealy,  which 
should  be  picked  some  days  before 
fully  ripe.  Winter  apples  should 
be  mature  but  not  ripe.  All  late 
winter  varieties  should  be  gath- 
ered when  too  hard  to  yield  to  the 
pressure  of  the  thumb,  and  always 
before  heavy  autumn  frosts.  When 
a  good  keeper  begins  to  drop  from 
the  tree,  as  sometimes  happens, 
the  crop  should  be  gathered  im- 
mediately. Windfalls  should 
never  be  mixed  with  hand-picked 
fruit,  as  they  have  been  bruised 
by  falling,  and  often  heated  by  the 
sun's  rays  so  as  to  diminish  their  keeping  qualities.  They 
should  be  assorted  and  reserved  for  immediate  use.  Maturity 
in  pears  is  indicated  by  a  slight  change  in  the  color  of  the 
skin,  and  by  the  readiness  with  which  the  stem  separates  from 
the  tree  when  the  pear  is  lifted  by  the  hand.  There  are,  how- 
ever, exceptions  to  this  rule — the  Bartlett,  for  instance,  may 
be  picked  even  before  it  has  attained  full  size,  and,  in  a  week 
or  two,  will  ripen  into  a  fine,  melting  texture  and  excellent 
flavor.  Ripening  summer  pears  in  the  dark  much  improves 
their  appearance.  A  Bartlett,  for  instance,  fully  exposed  to 
the  sun  and  allowed  to  ripen  on  the  tree,  or  in  a  well-lighted 
apartment,  will  show  perhaps  only  a  light-brown  cheek ;  but, 
if  in  a  dark  drawer,  the  light-brown  will  become  a  beautiful 


FIG.  191.— How  to  Pick  into  a 
Bag. 


126    THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING. 

carmine  or  crimson.  When  drawers  are  not  at  hand  the 
maturing  process  may  be  accomplished  on  shelves,  by  first 
spreading  a  thick  piece  of  woollen  cloth,  laying  the  pears  on 
this,  and  covering  them  with  the  same. 

Nearly  all  pears  ripen  with  a  much  finer  flavor  if  picked 
and  afterward  matured  in  the  house.  The  exceptions  are  very 
few.  Some,  which  prove  only  second  or  third  rate  when 
allowed  to  remain  till  they  soften  on  the  tree,  become  rich, 
melting,  and  delicious  if  house-ripened.  Gathering  the  fruit 
while  yet  hard  will,  in  nearly  all  cases,  prevent  or  greatly 
diminish  the  rotting  at  the  core,  which  otherwise  nearly  de- 
stroys the  value  of  many  early  sorts. 

Most  varieties  of  winter  pears  should  hang  as  long  on  the 
trees  as  safety  from  frost  will  permit,  in  order  that  their  fine 
qualities  may  be  fully  perfected.  Nothing  contributes  more 
to  this  high  quality  than  keeping  the  trees  in  a  state  of  strong, 
healthy  growth,  by  good  cultivation,  in  connection  with  thin- 
ning the  fruit  on  the  branches.  There  are  a  few  sorts,  as  the 
Lawrence  and  Winter  Nelis,  which  always,  like  the  Seckel  in 
autumn,  possess  a  good  flavor  when  even  of  small  size ;  but 
most  pears  are  greatly  improved  in  quality,  and  all  in  fine 
appearance,  when  grown  to  a  full  size. 


ASSORTING  AND  PACKING  FOR  MARKET. 

Assorting,  or  separating  the  large  from  the  small,  the 
smooth  from  the  defective,  and  the  hard  from  the  partly  ri- 
pened, is  a  practice  of  great  importance,  though  often  neg- 
glected.  Skilful  marketers  have  learned  that  apples  or  pears 
of  two  sizes  will  both  bring  higher  prices  when  separated, 
than  when  left  mixed  together.  Indeed,  a  few  small  apples 
in  a  barrel  have  sometimes  prevented  the  sale  of  the  whole. 
This  holds  true  of  all  kinds  of  fruit.  For  the  same  reason 
the  most  successful  strawberry-growers  are  careful  to  assort 
the  whole  crop  before  placing  the  fruit  in  the  boxes. 

For  long  keeping,  apples  and  pears  should  be  carefully 
assorted,  according  to  the  degree  of  maturity  which  they  show. 
Ripe  ones  soonest  decay,  and  if  mixed  with  hard  ones  soon 
spoil  the  whole.  If  separated,  the  frequent  picking  over  is 
avoided. 


THINNING,   GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.      127 

The  main  part  of  the  apple  crop  is  moved  in  barrels.  Some 
States  regulate  the  size  of  apple  barrels  by  law.  Barrels 
are  strong,  are  easily  rolled  or  handled,  and  they  are  quoted 
in  the  staple  markets.  However,  the  bushel  box,  or  other 
small  package,  is  bound  to  come  more  and  more  into  use, 
for  it  insures  better  packing,  more  careful  grading,  and  more 
care  to  all  the  details.  It  also  pleases  the  buyer.  Common 
and  cheap  apples  will  continue  to  be  sold  in  barrels,  prob- 
ably, but  for  the  finer  grades  another  package  is  desirable. 

Apples  are  commonly  piled  under  the  trees  after  picking, 
and  are  then  sorted  into  barrels.  Some  growers  prefer  to 
pack  directly  into  the  barrels,  and  this  is  no  doubt  preferable 
with  the  better  and  tenderer  grades  of  fruit.  Since  most  ap- 
ples are  sold  to  itinerant  buyers,  the  desire  of  the  buyer  must 
be  followed  in  respect  to  methods  of  packing.  The  better  the 
market,  the  more  careful  must  be  the  sorting  and  the  pack- 
ing. An  apple  which  is  underripe,  overripe,  wormy,  scabby, 
misshapen,  bruised,  is  not  first-class,  and  should  never  be 
sent  to  a  first-class  personal  customer.  More  fruit-growers  fail 
in  packing  and  marketing  the  fruit  than  in  growing  it. 

Apples  should  be  so  snugly  placed  in  the  barrels  that  there 
can  be  no  rattling  when  they  are  moved.  They  should  there- 
fore be  slightly  shaken  several  times  while  filling.  A  little 
practice  will  enable  any  one  to  do  this  sufficiently  without 
danger  of  bruising.  The  upper  stratum  should  be  made  as 
straight  and  uniform  as  practicable,  and  at  such  a  height  that 
the  head  of  the  barrel  will  slightly  indent  them — the  dry 
wood  absorbing  the  moisture  and  preventing  decay. 

A  simple  contrivance  is  adopted  by  packers  for  placing  the 
head  in  position,  and  is  shown  in  the  annexed  sketch  (Fig. 
192).  It  consists  of  a  plank,  a,  on  which  the  barrel  stands, 
into  one  end  of  which  is  dovetailed  an  upright  piece  of  plank, 
bt  a  little  higher  than  the  top  of  the  barrel.  A  slot,  c,  is  cut 
in  its  upper  end,  and  a  pin  runs  across  to  receive  the  end  of 
the  lever,  d,  which  may  be  six  or  eight  feet  long.  A  round 
board  is  used  as  a  follower,  to  be  placed  upon  the  head ;  and 
across  this  board  is  placed  a  cylindrical  piece  of  wood  about 
three  inches  in  diameter  (and  flat  on  the  lower  side),  on  which 
the  lever  is  placed.  A  moderate  pressure  at  the  end  of  the 
lever,  and  a  little  practice  in  its  use,  will  enable  the  operator 


128     THINNING,   GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING. 


to  bring  the  head  to  its  position  with  great  ease,  precision, 
and  accuracy. 

Fig.  193  shows  another  simple  form  of  press,  which  requires 
an  iron  yoke  made  as  shown,  and  Fig.  194,  a  still  more  per- 
fect press. 


PlG.  192.— Simple  Contrivance 
for  heading-up  Apple-Bar- 
rels. 


FIG.  193. — Cheap  Press   for 
heading-up  Apple-Barrels. 


FIG.  194.— Press  for  heading-up  Appla- 
Barrels. 


Before  filling,  the  barrel  should  have  the  hoops  firmly 
driven  on  the  bottom  and  nailed  with  shingle-nails,  then 
drive  on  the  bulge  hoops  and  secure  them  with  three  or  four 
barrel-nails  in  the  outside  ones.  When  filled,  nail  the  head 
firmly.  It  is  a  good  precaution  to  nail  a  small  hoop  outside 
each  head  and  within  the  staves  to  prevent  the  bursting-out 
of  the  heads,  which  otherwise  sometimes  happens  through 
careless  handling. 

Half-barrels  have  been  found  convenient  for  packing  and 
keeping  winter  pears,  and  for  sending  them  to  market,  packed 
as  described  for  apples.  Pear-growers  who  send  their  crops 


THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.    129 

to  distant  markets  should  pack  them  early  enough  to  reach 
their  destination  before  the  softening  process  has  commenced. 
Large  losses  have  sometimes  occurred  from  bruising  and 
other  injury  when  summer  or  autumn  pears  have  been  sent 
too  late. 

Apples  and  pears  for  shipping  have  sometimes  been  packed 
in  charcoal  dust,  dry  sand — and  at  other  times  separately 
wrapped  in  paper,  in  the  same  manner  as  oranges  are  shipped 
— but  they  can  be  shipped  with  as  much  success  without  any- 
thing with  them,  if  only  managed  with  care  in  other  respect!?. 

In  shipping  fruit,  none  but  the  very  best  should  be  sent; 
all  that  are  small,  imperfect,  or  the  least  bruised,  should  be 
rejected. 

Packing  Grapes  for  Market. — None  but  well-grown  and 
well-ripened  bunches  should  be  taken  for  this  purpose.  They 
should  not  be  picked  when  wet,  and  all  imperfect  berries  re- 
moved from  the  bunch.  They  should  be  allowed  to  dry 
twenty-four  hours,  which  lessens  their  liability  to  be  broken. 
Grapes  are  now  generally  sent  to  market  placed  in  small 
wooden  baskets  containing  five  and  ten  pounds  each  and  up- 
ward— a  wooden  cover  fitting  over  the  top  and  holding  the 
fruit  firmly  in  place.  For  immediate  consumption  some  of  the 
finest  fruit  is  packed  in  wooden  baskets  without  handles  and 
sent  to  market  in  crates  holding  from  four  to  eight  baskets. 

Such  varieties  of  the  grape  as  have  a  tough  skin  are  least 
injured  by  long  journeys;  while  those  like  the  Worden,  which 
are  tender,  cannot  be  sent  to  a  distant  market  without  many 
of  «the  berries  being  broken  open,  although  this  liability  is 
somewhat  lessened  by  drying  and  slightly  wilting  for  a  day 
or  two  before  packing. 

The  most  successful  grape-raisers,  after  they  have  selected 
the  best  sorts  and  the  best  soil,  still  give  assiduous  attention 
to  three  great  points,  viz:  i.  Good  and  constant  cultivation; 
2.  Careful  pruning  and  thinning-out  defective  fruit ;  3.  Care- 
ful gathering  and  packing ;  4.  Attention  to  spraying.  E.  M. 
Bradley,  of  East  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.,  a  skilful  marketer,  has 
kindly  furnished  the  author  of  this  work  the  following  state- 
ment of  his  management: 

"  Permit  me  first  to  say,  that  the  market  value  of  the  grape 
9 


130      THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING. 

is  more  dependent  upon  judicious  handling  than  that  of  any 
other  fruit  with  which  I  am  conversant.  While  the  grape  is 
a  fruit  peculiarly  constituted  to  endure  almost  an  unlimited 
amount  of  abuse  in  handling,  no  other  fruit  so  richly  pays 
every  iota  of  care  that  may  be  expended  upon  it.  The  most 
casual  observer  of  our  great  fruit-markets  cannot  but  have 
noticed  the  wide  range  of  prices  in  all  kinds  of  fruit,  produced 
by  a  difference  in  method  and  style  of  handling.  And  no 
fruit  with  which  I  am  acquainted  suffers  more  from  neglect  in 
growing  and  marketing,  or  more  amply  repays  thorough 
husbandry. 

"Thorough  pulverization  of  the  soil  to  a  liberal  depth 
every  week  during  the  growing  season  of  the  vine,  a  systematic 
thinning  of  fruit,  and  removing  of  all  superfluous  growth,  will 
secure  a  well-matured  crop  of  grapes.  As  soon  as  fully  ripe 
(not  before),  the  fruit  should  be  carefully  picked  and  laid  in 
shallow,  well-ventilated  drawers,  carried  to  the  packing- 
house on  a  spring-wagon,  and  placed  in  racks  or  cribs  over 
registers  so  constructed  as  to  afford  plenty  of  fresh  air,  but 
not  exposed  to  light,  or  artificial  heat.  Here  the  fruit  may 
remain  for  months  in  safety,  and  retain  its  plumpness  and 
bloom  perfectly.  When  desirable  to  send  to  market,  the 
drawers  are  taken  from  the  rack  in  the  storeroom,  and  placed 
upon  the  tables  in  the  packing-rooms,  where  the  fruit  is  care- 
fully assorted,  all  green  berries  and  superfluous  stems  re- 
moved, and  packed  closely  in  paper  pockets  or  wooden  boxes, 
and  immediately  shipped.  The  packing-rooms  should  be  well 
lighted.  Small  paper  pockets,  containing  from  one  to  three 
pounds,  snugly  packed  in  wooden  cases,  two  dozen  pockets  in 
a  case,  are  found  to  carry  the  fruit  more  safely  to  market  than 
larger  packages.  The  cases  should  be  as  nearly  air-tight  as 
possible.  I  have  sent  many  tons,  packed  in  this  manner,  to 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Quincy,  Bloomington, 
and  Dubuque,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  many  other 
towns,  over  equally  hazardous  routes,  with  entire  safety. 
Good  grapes,  neatly  packed  in  fancy  paper  pockets,  will 
always  sell  at  remunerative  prices,  however  much  the  market 
may  be  •  glutted'  with  fruit  put  up  in  a  slovenly  manner, 
"In  answer  to  your  inquiries  as  to  size  and  shape  of 


THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.    13* 

'pockets'  most  desirable,  I  would  suggest  as  a  rule,  that  the 
package  be  made  to  suit  the  desired  market. 

"  Fancy-fruit  retailers,  who  aim  at  high  prices,  require  a 
fancy  package,  and  in  the  early  part  of  the  season  a  one- 
pound  package,  gotten  up  in  best  style,  will  command  as 
much  money  as  a  four  or  six  pound  package  of  equally  good 
fruit,  but  less  pretentious  pockets;  whilst  the  hotel  or 'corner- 
grocery'  men  prefer  them  (for  the  table,  or  to  be  weighed 
out  by  the  pound)  in  wooden  cases,  containing  from  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  pounds  each. 

"  My  aim  has  ever  been,  in  putting  grapes  into  market,  to 
meet  the  wants  of  the  trade  that  I  endeavored  to  supply. 
Boston,  for  example,  will  realize  an  enormous  price  for  first- 
class  fruit  in  fancy  packages,  whilst  New  York  would  pay  far 
better  in  wood  than  in  the  costly  pockets  consumed  by  Boston 
every-day  trade." 

"  The  most  popular  package  at  the  present  time  for  grapes, 
peaches,  and  apricots  is  the  Climax  basket,  which  is  made  in 
various  styles  and  sizes.  These  are  made  in  sizes  holding 
from  five  to  ten  or  twelve  pounds  of  fruit.  They  are  handy, 
cheap,  nest  well  in  the  shipment,  and  are  durable.  A  good 
basket  of  any  kind  should  be  one  which  is  neatly  made,  with 
no  splinters  or  tag  ends  hanging  from  it,  which  is  firm  and 
symmetrical  in  shape,  well  nailed,  and  which  is  perfectly  clean 
or  white  in  appearance.  Baskets  become  yellow  and  discolor- 
ed, if  they  are  left  in  the  sun ;  therefore,  when  they  are  stored, 
they  should  be  placed  in  a  clean  and  dark  dry  loft  or  room.  If 
packages  which  have  been  left  over  from  the  last  year  are 
somewhat  dingy,  it  is  sometimes  possible  to  bleach  them  by 
burning  a  little  sulphur  in  the  room."  (Bailey,  "  Principles  of 
Fruit-Growing.")  So  general  has  the  use  of  the  Climax 
basket  become  for  grapes  that  it  is  now  commonly  known  as 
the  "grape  basket."  In  putting  up  a  good  quality  of  grapes, 
it  is  important  that  the  "  bloom  "  is  not  rubbed  off,  that  the 
berries  show  no  finger  marks,  and  that  the  clusters  be  cut,  not 
pulled,  from  the  vine. 

Packing  Strawberries  and  Other  Small  Fruits. — These  should 
be  packed  in  small  or  shallow  boxes,  holding  not  over  one 
quart — and  sent  to  market  in  open-slat  wooden  crates.  Both 


I32    THINNING,   GATHERING.  KEEPING,  MARKETING. 


baskets  and  crates,  such  as  are  now  almost  universally  used 
everywhere,  are  undoubtedly  familiar  to  every  one 

A  convenient,  light,  and  cheap  set  of  drawers,  or  flat  boxes, 
for  conveying  such  firm-fleshed  berries  as  currants,  goose- 
berries, and  the  more  solid  strawberries,  or  for  holding  the 
smaller  boxes,  often  used  in  portions  of  the  West,  is  con- 
structed in  the  following  manner : 

i.  Prepare  five  drawers,  each  two  feet  long  and  twenty 
inches  wide,  and  two  inches 
deep  in  the  clear.  It  is  best 
to  have  them  made  of  pine, 
three  -  eighths  of  an  inch 
thick.  It  is  most  convenient 
to  have  the  stuff  all  sawed 
the  same  width,  say  two  and 


FIG.  197. 


FIG.  195.  FIG.  196. 

Wooden  Nests  for  Small  Fruit. 

a  half  inches  wide,  and  use  it  this  width  for  the  bottom, 
leaving  them  about  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  apart  for  venti- 
lation. The  front  and  back  sides  of  each  drawer  should 
extend  three-quarters  of  an  inch  beyond  the  ends,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  195.  Next,  provide  two  strips  of  strong  wood  (white 
ash  for  example)  two  inches  wide  and  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  thick.  These  should  be  of  the  same  length  as  the  sides 
of  the  box,  so  that  when  placed  lengthwise  under  the  box 
they  may  project  three-quarters  of  an  inch  beyond  the  ends. 
Nail  these  strips  so  that  they  shall  be  lengthwise  under  the 
bottom,  and  three-eighths  of  an  inch  from  the  outer  part  of 
the  sides.  The  nails  may  be  driven  through  the  bottom  down 
into  the  strips.  Then  nail  to  the  box  four  similar  strips 
placed  vertically,  so  that  their  ends  shall  rest  on  these  pro- 
jecting pieces,  as  shown  in  Fig.  196,  and  strengthen  the  con- 
nection by  sheet-iron  straps  passing  around  the  corners. 
When  the  boxes  are  used,  the  lower  one,  Fig.  196,  is  filled 


THINNING,   GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.    1 33 

with  berries;  then  the  next  one,  Fig.  195,  is  placed  upon  it, 
the  projections  exactly  fitting  the  posts.  This  is  next  filled, 
and  so  on,  successively,  till  the  five  drawers  are  all  filled  and 
in  their  places  within  the  posts.  Cut  a  board  for  a  lid  so  as 
to  fit  accurately  inside  of  these  upright  posts,  which  should 
be  just  long  enough  to  project  slightly  above  the  lid.  There 
should  be  open  mortices  or  slots  in  the  top  of  each  post,  so  as 
to  admit  two  top  pieces,  Fig.  197,  made  the  same  size  as  the 
bottom  pieces  already  described,  and  with  tenons  cut  on  the 
ends  to  fit  the  slots.  When  these  pieces  are  put  in  their 
places  and  fastened  there  by  means  of  iron  pins  through  them, 
or  by  means  of  hinged  iron  straps  running  over  them  and 
keying  closely  down,  the  lid  will  then  be  held  securely  to  its 
place,  and  the  whole  set  of  drawers,  with  its  contents,  will 
be  ready  for  railway  conveyance. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  case,  consisting  almost  entirely 
of  drawers,  is  light.  The  arrangement  of  strips  around  the 
drawers,  securely  fastened  at  the  corners,  makes  the  case 
strong.  Berries  can  be  put  into  these  drawers  in  bulk,  or  any 
of  the  boxes  in  use  can  be  placed  in  them.  They  are  cheap — 
a  good  carpenter  can  make  four  in  a  day,  complete ;  the  whole 
cost,  made  in  the  best  manner,  will  not  exceed  $1.50  or  $2.00 
for  a  case  holding  two  and  a  half  or  three  bushels. 

KEEPING  FRUIT. 

The  essential  requisites  for  the  successful  keeping  of  fruit 
are — i.  A  proper  degree  of  maturity ;  2.  Careful  hand-picking 
to  avoid  all  bruises ;  3.  Assorting  the  ripe  from  the  unripe ; 
4.  An  apartment  with  a  low  temperature  and  free  from  super- 
abundant moisture;  and  5.  A  pure  air,  free  from  unpleasant 
odors. 

If  a  house-cellar  is  employed  for  this  purpose,  the  fruit- 
room  should  be  entirely  separated  from  the  rest  by  means  of 
a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  excluding  all  odors,  and  for  more 
perfectly  controlling  the  temperature.  On  this  account  a  cel- 
lar under  a  grain-barn  commonly  succeeds  well,  the  floor 
above  being  double  with  a  space  of  air  between.  A  cellar 
that  is  too  moist  may  be  rendered  dryer  by  paving  with  small 


134    THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING. 

or  broken  stone,  and  covering  this  pavement  with  a  coating 
of  water-lime  cement;  and  by  building  a  single-brick  wall 
within  the  common  cellar  walls,  with  an  interposed  space  of 
air.  Windows,  hung  on  hinges  on  opposite  sides,  and  rolling 
blinds,  will  assist  in  maintaining  proper  ventilation  and  tem- 
perature. A  thermometer  should  be  constantly  kept  in  the 
apartment,  which  should  be  at  all  times  near  the  freezing 
point  if  practicable.  If  the  cellar  cannot  be  kept  cool  enough 
in  autumn,  the  fruit  may  be  left  till  cold  weather  in  open  bar- 
rels, in  a  dry  barn  or  shed  opening  to  the  north. 

With  a  few  exceptions,  winter  pears,  if  well  matured,  will 
keep  and  ripen  in  such  an  apartment  without  difficulty.  There 
are  a  few  sorts,  however,  which  will  require  some  days  in  a 
warmer  room  to  finish  the  ripening  process. 

Apples  may  be  kept  headed  in  barrels  resting  on  their 
sides  if  needed  for  spring  use.  If  bedded  in  baked  sawdust, 
or  soft  chaff  (the  chaff  of  timothy  is  best),  moisture  will  be 
absorbed,  the  temperature  kept  cool  and  even,  and  few  will 
decay.  Those  required  for  consumption  through  winter  are 
kept  best  upon  shelves.  The  shelves  should  be  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  a  passage  extend  all  around,  both  for  ready  access 
and  for  ventilation.  The  shelves  may  be  five  feet  wide,  which 
will  enable  the  attendant  to  reach  the  middle  from  either  side 
without  difficulty.  There  may  be  three  shelves  in  an  apart- 
ment nine  feet  high,  with  a  space  of  two  and  a  half  feet  be- 
tween each,  the  lower  one  being  within  a  foot  of  the  floor.  A 
board  five  inches  high  should  extend  around  the  edge  of  each 
shelf.  For  keeping  pears,  these  shelves  should  be  furnished 
with  lids  or  covers  to  exclude  the  light ;  or  flat  movable  boxes 
with  covers  may  be  placed  on  the  shelves  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. A  better  and  more  compact  contrivance  for  keeping 
pears  is  a  series  of  drawers,  occupying  one  or  both  sides  of  an 
apartment.  Unless  the  fruit-cellar  is  a  very  dry  one,  these 
drawers  should  be  in  an  unfreezing  room  above.  The  size  of 
the  fruit-cellar  may  vary  with  the  amount  to  be  kept.  If  the 
shelves  are  five  feet  wide,  and  a  passage  two  and  a  half  feet 
wide  extend  around  them,  a  width  of  ten  feet  would  be  re- 
quired for  the  whole  apartment.  The  room  may  be  of  any 
desired  length.  A  double  series  of  shelves  would  require  a 
width  of  seventeen  and  a  half  feet. 


THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.    135 


The  accompanying  figure  (Fig.  198)  represents  the  plan  of 
a  simple  fruit-room,  with  shelves  five  feet  wide  in  the  centre, 
three  in  number,  one  above  the  other,  supported  by  six  posts, 


SHELVES  for  Fft  HIT 


I 
I 


FlG.  198.— Plan  of  Fruit  Room  for  Home  Use. 

with  a  passage  two  and  a  half  or  three  feet  wide  all  around. 
Fig.  199  represents  a  larger  fruit-room,  with  two  series  of 
shelves,  and  a  row  of  drawers  for  pears  on  each  side. 


FJJEARDRAWER3 


SHELVES 


J 


I 


J 


•EAR  DRAWERS 


I 
I 


FIG.  199.— Plan  for  Larger  Fruit  Room. 

Fruit-houses  kept  cold  by  ice  are  usually  too  expensive  in 
construction  and  too  costly  in  management  for  general  use, 
and  they  are  chiefly  applicable  to  the  perishable  fruit  ripen- 
ing in  summer  and  autumn.  Winter  fruit  may  be  sufficiently 
preserved  in  cold  storage  or  "cold-air"  houses  until  the 
ripening  of  early  strawberries  and  other  small  fruits,  after 
which  there  is  little  demand  for  the  supplies  of  the  preceding 
year. 

The  cold-air  houses  are  separate  buildings  above  ground, 
built  in  the  following  manner :  The  walls  are  double,  with  a 
space  filled  with  sawdust  a  foot  thick,  and  they  may  be  all 


136    THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING. 

wood,  or  brick  and  stone,  or  have  a  triple-brick  wall,  the  mid 
die  one  with  the  brick  on  edge,  and  all  bound  together.  The 
lower  and  upper  floors  are  double,  with  the  spaces  filled  with 
sawdt.ist.  The  stone  underpinning  gives  two  feet  air-space 
oeneath  the  lower  floor.  The  fruit-room  is  cooled  by  admit- 
ting the  air  from  the  outside  through  openings  in  the  under- 
pinning and  through  the  lower  floor,  the  warm  air  above 
passing  out  by  a  ventilator  through  the  attic,  which  is  sur- 
mounted with  a  cap  which  will  insure  an  upward  current  oi 
air  when  there  is  any  wind  or  breeze.  A  single  double- 
window  affords  sufficient  light,  and  the  fruit-room  is  entered 
through  double  doors  set  in  an  entry.  As  soon  as  the  fruit- 
room  is  filled  in  autumn,  it  is  cooled  by  the  admission  of 
cold  night-air,  and  is  kept  within  two  or  three  degrees  of 
freezing.  To  effect  this  cooling,  the  plank  registers  are 
opened  in  the  ventilator  above  and  in  the  lower  floor,  and  air 
is  admitted  through  the  openings  in  the  underpinning  from 
without.  When  the  thermometer  shows  the  temperature  of 
the  room  to  be  near  freezing,  the  openings  in  the  underpin- 
ning are  shut  with  close-fitting  wooden  blocks,  and  the  plank 
registers  in  the  lower  floor  and  in  the  ventilator  are  closed. 
By  replenishing  the  cold  air  from  without  when  required,  the 
temperature  is  kept  within  two  or  three  degrees  of  freezing 
through  winter  and  spring  as  long  as  cool  nights  continue. 

Large,  two-story  houses  may  be  built  for  holding  several 
thousand  bushels,  the  second  floor  being  made  of  slats  to 
admit  the  air  from  below.  The  low  temperature  is  more 
completely  preserved  by  closing  and  packing  the  windows  and 
doors  as  soon  as  the  house  is  filled  with  fruit,  and  entering  at 
the  top,  by  means  of  outside  stairs  and  a  passage  through  the 
attic.  These  stairs  are  enclosed  from  the  weather.  A  ther- 
mometer set  in  a  niche  in  the  lower  end  of  a  sliding-rod  pass- 
ing through  the  upper  floor,  enables  the  attendant  to  ascertain 
the  temperature  without  entering  and  disturbing  the  air  in  the 
fruit-room  below. 

The  air  of  the  room  may  be  partly  cooled  during  the  warm 
weather  of  summer  by  opening  the  ventilator  and  registers 
and  admitting  the  earth-cooled  air  from  the  space  beneath  the 
lower  floor.  If  large  quantities  of  fruit  are  to  be  stored,  the 
floors  must  be  well  strengthened  with  posts  and  piers.  The 


THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.    137 

air  in  well-constructed  houses  on  the  cold-air  principle  has 
been  kept  for  five  months,  through  winter,  within  three  de- 
grees of  freezing. 

One  of  the  most  convenient  modes  for  gathering,  storing, 
and  keeping  apples  for  home  consumption,  is  in  flat  boxes. 
These  are  filled  directly 
from   the   trees  in    the 
orchard,  and  they  may 

be  at  once  conveyed  to  FlG.  ^-Piling  Fruit  Boxes, 

an  out-building,  or  piled 

up  in  a  sheltered  place  in  the  orchard  in  the  way  shown  in  Fig. 
200.  This  mode  admits  the  free  circulation  of  air,  and  they 
may  be  protected  from  the  weather  with  a  board  cover.  As 
winter  approaches,  they  are  conveyed  to  the  cellar  or  fruit- 
room  without  disturbing  their  contents.  Or  if  they  are  to  be 
received  in  a  cold  fruit-house,  the  fresh  fruit  may  be  at  once 
conveyed  to  it. 

When  packed  away  for  winter,  the  boxes  may  be  disposed 
of  as  shown  in  Fig.  201,  and  when  they  are  examined  for  the 

removal  of  decaying  speci- 
mens, the  boxes  are  taken 
down  one  at  a  time,  and  re- 
placed in  a  new  pile.  It  will 
obviate  the  necessity  of  dis- 
turbing or  turning  over  the 

FIG.  201.— Storing  Fruit  Boxes.  .      .,    ,.  .  . ..    , 

fruit  for  examination,  if  the 

boxes  are  quite  shallow  or  only  three  or  four  inches  deep,  so 
as  to  contain  only  a  single  layer  of  specimens.  They  should 
have  slatted  bottoms,  to  admit  the  circulation  of  the  cool  air. 
If  the  lumber  of  which  they  are  made  is  sawed  of  the  right 
width,  they  are  rapidly  constructed  by  nailing  together.  A 
convenient  size  for  the  boxes  is  twenty  by  twenty-four  inches, 
with  slats  at  the  bottom  two  inches  wide  and  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  apart.  They  will  be  cheaper  for  the  same  contents  if 
six  inches  deep ;  but  the  fruit  is  more  easily  picked  over  when 
in  a  single  layer  with  a  depth  of  only  three  inches. 

If  the  boxes  are  well  made  they  will  fit  closely  together  in 
the  piles,  and,  if  desired,  give  nearly  the  same  advantages  of 
protection  from  currents  of  air  and  changes  of  temperature  as 
when  packed  in  barrels,  while  the  fruit  may  be  examined  at 


I38    THINNING,  GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING. 

any  time  for  the  removal  of  decaying  specimens,  without 
being  disturbed  from  the  moment  it  is  placed  in  the  boxes 
in  the  orchard  until  taken  out  for  use.  This  mode  admits  the 
storing  of  a  large  amount  of  fruit  within  a  small  space. 

Keeping  Grapes. — The  great  leading  requisite  for  keeping 
grapes  successfully  in  winter  is  to  have  them  well  ripened,  but 
not  over-ripe.  When  grown  on  crowded,  unpruned,  unculti- 
vated vines,  they  will  be  small,  acid,  and  watery,  and  will 
quickly  shrivel  in  a  dry  atmosphere,  and  mould  and  decay  in 
a  moist  one ;  and  they  will  soon  freeze  if  the  temperature  oi 
the  air  goes  much  below  the  freezing  point.  But  well-grown 
and  well-ripened  fruit  (resulting  from  good  cultivation  and 
judicious  pruning)  contains  a  rich  juice,  which  prevents  them 
from  shrivelling  or  decaying,  and  freezing,  even  at  low  tem- 
perature. Various  modes  are  recommended  for  packing  away 
grapes  for  winter.  They  all  succeed  well,  if  good,  well- 
ripened  fruit  is  taken,  as  already  mentioned,  and  they  are 
placed  in  a  cool  and  rather  dry  apartment  where  they  will  not 
freeze.  If  packed  in  boxes,  they  are  less  liable  to  freeze  than 
when  exposed.  These  boxes  should  not  be  of  pine,  as  it  im- 
parts a  resinous  flavor.  They  should,  of  course,  be  entirely 
free  from  moisture  when. packed  away.  As  a  general  rule, 
they  are  ripe  enough  when  fit  to  eat.  It  was  an  old  notion  to 
leave  them  until  the  stems  shrivel,  but  the  practice  now  is  to 
pick  them  when  the  stems  are  still  green. 

"  Pick  when  fully  ripe,  and  on  a  pleasant  day.  Let  them 
stand  in  the  grape-house  for  ten  days  or  two  weeks  until  all 
moisture  is  gone,  and  the  stems  are  perfectly  dry.  Then 
pack  in  a  small  and  shallow  box  about  fourteen  by  ten  and 
four  inches  deep,  after  cutting  out  all  imperfect  berries.  Pack 
close  and  tight,  and  in  the  manner  that  the  Hammondsport  or 
Ohio  grapes  are  sent  to  market,  and  nail  up  the  boxes.  Use 
no  paper  whatever.  I  have  Isabellas  to-day  (March  7th)  in 
fine  order,  packed  this  way.  They  must  be  kept  in  a  cool  and 
dry  place." 

H.  G.  Warner,  of  Rochester,  who  has  kept  grapes  nearly 
into  midsummer,  lays  down  four  essential  requisites.  They 
must  be  ripe,  clean,  dry,  and  cold.  They  are  packed  in  boxes 
containing  five,  twelve,  and  twenty-four  pounds.  They  are 
placed  in  a  cellar  under  his  barn,  where  the  temperature  is 


THINNING,   GATHERING,  KEEPING,  MARKETING.    139 

often  twenty-eight  degrees  through  winter.  Grapes  will  not 
freeze  at  this  temperature  when  kept  in  boxes.  He  is  careful 
not  to  place  so  many  in  each  as  to  press  upon  or  crush  the 
lower  ones.  The  boxes  are  nailed  up  and  set  one  upon  another, 
so  as  to  occupy  little  room. 

In  conclusion,  the  following  rules  may  be  presented  for 
strict  observance  in  keeping  fruit : 

1.  Let  the  temperature  be  kept  as  near  the  freezing  point 
as  practicable. 

2.  Keep   the    temperature   as  uniform   as  possible,  as   an 
occasional  warm  draught  hastens  decay. 

3.  Exclude  air-currents  of  any  kind  not  required  to  main- 
tain a  uniform  degree  of  cold;    hence   drawers   or   covered 
boxes  are  better  than  open  shelves. 

4.  Keep  all  odors  away  from  the  fruit,  especially  such  odors 
as  come  from  badly  kept  cellars. 

5.  See  that  only  sound  fruit  is  placed  in  storage.     Unripe, 
overripe,  diseased  and  wormy  fruit  should  not  be  expected  to 
keep  well,  no  matter  how  perfect  the  conditions. 

6.  For  storage  of  large  lots  for  commercial  purposes,  it  is 
usually  better  for  the  grower  to  put  his  fruit  in  the  hands  of 
parties  who  make  a  business  of  cold  storage. 


CHAPTER  X. 

FRUITS  TO   SUPPLY  A   FAMILY. 

THE  question  is  often  asked,  "  What  shall  I  plant  in  order 
to  obtain  a  full  supply  of  fresh  fruit  for  a  family  the  year 
round?"  It  is  difficult  to  give  a  precise  list,  as  in  some  sea- 
sons the  crop  may  be  many  times  greater  than  in  others ;  and 
again,  some  will  bear  abundantly  and  others  fail  in  the  same 
season.  The  following,  however,  will  serve  as  an  approxi- 
mation : 

The  earliest  fruits,  about  the  first  of  summer,  will  be  straw- 
berries. A  selection  of  the  most  productive  sorts,  well  culti- 
vated, with  the  runners  kept  cut  off,  will  afford  several  quart* 
a  day  from  each  square  rod  for  a  month.  Three  or  tour 
square  rods  will,  therefore,  give  an  abundant  supply  for  a 
family.  Four  or  five  hundred  plants  will  be  sufficient  for  this 
extent  of  ground.  These  will  be  followed  by  the  earliest 
cherries,  and  by  currants,  raspberries,  and  gooseberries. 
Fifty  bushes  of  each  of  the  two  best  sorts  of  currants,  one 
hundred  each  of  two  varieties  of  raspberries,  and  twenty-five 
bushes  of  Industry  or  other  good  gooseberry,  will,  if  well  cul- 
tivated, furnish  an  abundant  supply.  There  are  some  other 
gooseberries  now  as  good  or  better.  One  dozen  cherry-trees 
will  be  enough.  One  hundred  bushes  of  the  blackberry  will 
supply  several  quarts  a  day  for  some  weeks  to  ward  the  close  of 
summer.  Apricots,  early  apples,  and  early  pears,  and  a  few 
of  the  earliest  plums,  will  commence  the  season  of  abundance 
which,  with  the  later  varieties  of  these  fruits,  will  last  till 
near  winter.  Winter  apples  and  pears,  and  all  the  good-keep- 
ing varieties  of  the  grape,  will  continue  the  supply  until 
spring.  Long-keeping  apples,  such  as  the  Northern  Spy, 
Roxbury  Russet,  and  other  sorts,  if  placed  in  a  good,  cool 
fruit-room  or  cellar,  will  continue  often  until  the  commence- 
ment of  the  new  supply  of  strawberries. 

To  obtain  this  supply  there  may  be  five  or  six  apricot-trees, 
ten  or  twenty  of  plums,  ten  or  fifteen  of  summer  and  autumn 

140 


FRUITS   TO   SUPPLY  A   FAMILY.  141 

pears,  and  as  many  more  of  winter  varieties,  the  same  num- 
ber of  summer  and  autumn  apples,  and  from  twenty-five  to 
fifty  trees  of  winter  apples.  Forty  or  fifty  peach-trees  and 
the  same  number  of  well-managed  grape-vines  will  contribute 
materially  to  the  variety  and  excellence  of  the  supply.  One 
hundred  grape-vines  in  a  well-cultivated  vineyard  will  be  suffi- 
cient to  furnish  all  the  fresh  grapes  wanted  by  a  large  family 
through  the  autumn  and  early  winter  months. 

The  extent  of  ground  required  will  be  about  ten  or  twelve 
square  rods  for  the  different  summer  fruits,  and  an  acre  and  a 
half  or  two  acres  more  for  all  the  others  except  the  winter 
apples. 

PLAN  OF  A  FRUIT  GARDEN. 

The  accompanying  plan  (Fig.  202)  of  an  acre  fruit  garden 
*hows  the  number  and  disposition  of  the  trees  of  each  kind, 
it  is  represented  as  a  square,  but  may  be  varied  in  form  to  an 
oblong  shape,  planting  about  the  same  number  of  trees  in 
fewer  or  more  rows,  as  the  case  may  be.  It  is  so  arranged  that 
although  the  trees  are  of  different  sizes  and  at  different  dis- 
tances, the  rows  run  both  ways,  and  admit  readily  of  horse- 
cultivation.  The  plums  are  placed  in  a  row  at  one  side,  in 
order  that  pigs  and  poultry  may  be  confined  exclusively  among 
them  during  the  season  of  the  curculio,  which  proves  one  of 
the  most  efficient  means  for  its  destruction ;  and  in  connection 
with  knocking  on  sheets,  will  afford  good  crops  under  any  cir- 
cumstances, if  fully  and  efficiently  applied.  A  movable  or 
hurdle-fence,  separating  the  plums  from  the  rest  of  the  trees, 
renders  the  remedy  many  times  more  efficient  than  if  these 
animals  were  allowed  the  whole  range  of  the  fruit  garden.  In 
some  places,  where  the  curculio  is  particularly  destructive, 
cherries  and  early  apples  are  also  attacked;  in  which  case, 
as  these  fruits  are  next  to  the  plum  row,  all  may  be  included 
in  the  pig-yard,  if  desired. 

Autumn  and  winter  apples  are  not  required  in  an  enclos- 
ure of  this  kind,  and  the  early  sorts  are  placed  here  only  to 
protect  them  from  being  stolen,  besides  the  reason  last  named. 

Pearu  may  be  planted  with  standards  and  dwarf  together 
in  the  s-jime  row,  the  dwarfs  bearing  and  flourishing  while  the 
others  a  re  coming  forward ;  or  they  may  be  placed  in  separate 


142 


FRUITS   TO   SUPPLY  A   FAMILY. 


rows.  The  peaches,  if  in  rows  twenty  feet  apart,  and  twelve 
and  a  half  feet  in  the  row,  will  have  quite  enough  room  at  any 
age,  provided  the  long  limbs  are  thinned-in  from  the  outside 
every  two  or  three  years.  With  this  care,  apples  may  be 
planted  much  nearer  than  usual.  None  of  the  trees  stand  on 
exact  squares;  the  importance  of  preserving  straight  rows 
for  cultivation  being  greater  than  the  form  of  the  space  oc- 
cupied by  each  tree.  When  rows  are  wide  apart,  less  room 
is  needed  between  the  trees  in  the  rows. 


ft 


A  0  ft 

6  ft  ti 


B  0  A  *  8  *  <  *  ft  »  ft  ft  8  * 

|«0«***0*Afl*6£ 

ft  j^>  8  r  6  0  «  ft  ft  ft  ft  0 


Plums. 
Cherries. 
Early  applw. 


Standard  and. 
dwarf  trees. 


Peaches. 


RaipberriM. 
GooReberrie*. 
Currant*. 
Grapei. 


Fio.  202.— Plan  of  Fruit  Garden. 

By  the  arrangement  we  have  here  planned,  the  following 
trees  may  be  planted  on  an  acre,  namely: 

15  plum-tiees,     .       i  row,  occupying  20  ft. — 13  ft.  in  the  row. 

1 6  cherry-trees,  .       2    " 
8  early  apples,  .      i    " 

1 6  standard  pears,  )  M 
29  dwarf         do.     f  3 

48  peach-trees,    .      3  " 

45  raspberry,       .      i  " 

45  gooseberry,     .      i  " 

45  currant,  ,      I  " 

10  native  grapes,  .     i  " 

In  all  132  trees,  besides,  the  raspberries,  currants,  goose- 
berries, and  grapes. 


H 

4O   " 

26 

" 

M 

25" 

26 

II 

M 

40" 

(26 

(13 

« 

M 

60" 

13 

14 

M 

4" 

4 

" 

M 

4" 

4 

<4 

M 

4" 

4 

" 

M 

12" 

20 

* 

FRUITS   TO   SUPPLY  A   FAMILY.  143 

As  every  cultivator  would  make  a  different  selection,  and 
different  sections  of  the  country  will  make  this  necessary, 
see  page  142  for  directions  upon  this  point.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  occupy  space  here  on  this  subject,  except  to  re- 
mark that  varieties  ripening  in  succession  should  be  sought, 
when  a  family  supply  is  the  object. 

It  may  occur  to  some  as  an  objection,  that  too  much  space 
is  given  to  cherry-trees.  There  will  be,  however,  a  decided 
advantage  from  the  abundance  of  light  and  air  for  the  trees, 
in  diminishing  the  tendency  to  rot  in  the  fruit,  one  of  the 
most  serious  drawbacks  in  cherry  culture.  More  room  is 
given  to  dwarf  pears  than  usual,  on  account  of  their  proximity 
to  the  standards. 

All  kinds  of  trees  may  be  made  to  conform  in  some  degree 
to  the  room  allotted  to  them,  by  thinning  in  the  exterior  oc- 
casionally. 

It  may  be  stated  that  each  side  of  a  square  acre  is  about 
209  feet,  and  that  the  preceding  measurements  of  distances 
will  all  come  out  in  accordance  with  the  plan. 

There  are  many  who  would  like  a  larger  fruit  garden. 
The  following  numbers  and  distances  are  accordingly  given, 
the  mode  of  arrangement  being  the  same  as  in  the  preceding 
plan — each  side  of  the  two-acre  lot  being  295  feet. 

40  plums,  nectarines,  )  . 

and  apricots,  [  2  rows'  occuPy'nS  4°  f fc-i  5  ft.  in  row. 

40  cherries,  .          .          2    "  "  50  "      1 5  " 

10  early  apples     .          I     "  "  30  "      30  " 

40  standard  pears,  2  "  "  40  "  1 5  "         " 

80  dwarf         do.  2  "  "  20  "  7% " 

80  peaches,             .  4  "  "  80  "  15  "         " 

1 1  raspberries,    ) 

50  currants,  3"  "  12  "        4  "        " 

25  gooseberries,  ) 

10  native  grapes,  I     "  "  10  "       20  "         " 

Strawberry-bed,  13  feet  wide,  295  feet  long. 

The   grapes  are  near  the  wall  or  fence,  and,  having  the 
strawberry;bed  and  small  bushes  in  front,  are  not  shaded. 
A  fruit  garden  in  this  size  furnishes  290  trees,  ten  grape- 


144  FRUITS   TO   SUPPLY  A   FAMILY. 

vines  on  a  trellis,  and  216  raspberry,  currant,  and  gooseberry 
bushes,  with  ample  space  for  a  strawberry-bed,  a  portion  of 
which  should  be  prepared  each  year  for  planting  anew,  say 
four  feet  wide,  which  will  leave  eight  feet  for  bearing-beds, 
and  give  new  plantations  every  third  year. 

How  TO  OBTAIN  FRUIT  QUICKLY  ON  NEW  PLACES. 

This  is  an  inquiry  that  often  occurs  in  the  minds  of  many 
owners  of  new  places,  or  who  have  built  new  houses  on  un" 
improved  spots.  We  can  inform  such  residents  that  much 
may  be  done  toward  an  immediate  supply  with  proper  selec- 
tion and  management,  and  that  the  assertion  which  they  often 
hear,  that  "  it  will  take  a  lifetime  to  get  fruit"  from  a  new 
plantation,  is  an  absurd  error. 

The  quickest  return  is  from  planting  Strawberries.  If  set 
out  early  in  spring,  they  will  bear  a  moderate  crop  the  same 
season.  We  have  repeatedly  obtained  a  few  ripe  berries  seven 
weeks  from  the  day  they  were  set  out.  The  second  year,  if 
the  bed  is  kept  clean,  the  product  will  be  abundant.  Good 
varieties  will  safely  yield  any  year  a  bushel  from  a  square  rod, 
or  about  two  quarts  a  day  for  half  a  month. 

Gooseberries,  Currants,  Raspberries,  and  Blackberries  all  bear 
at  about  the  same  period  from  the  time  of  setting  out. 
Good-sized  gooseberry  plants,  say  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  will 
give  a  good  crop  for  bushes  of  their  size  the  second  year. 
We  have  had  a  bushel  of  Cherry  currants  the  third  summer 
after  setting  out  quite  small  plants,  from  a  row  thirty  feet 
long.  A  bush  of  Brinckle's  Orange  raspberry  has  been  known 
repeatedly  to  bear  about  a  hundred  berries  the  same  year  that 
it  was  transplanted— the  fruit,  however,  was  not  full  size. 

Dwarf  Pears  of  the  right  sorts,  and  under  right  manage- 
ment, come  quickly  into  bearing.  The  most  prolific  sorts 
give  some  returns  the  second  year,  and  more  afterward. 
Among  the  dwarf  pears  which  bear  soon  are  Louise  Bonne 
of  Jersey,  Doyenne  d'Ete,  White  Doyenne,  Giffard,  Angou- 
leme,  Clairgeau,  Josephine  de  Malines,  etc.  The  following 
sorts  bear  nearly  as  early  on  pear  stock,  viz. ;  Bartlett,  Seckel, 
Winter  Nelis,  Washington.  Onondaga,  Howell,  Passe  Colmer, 
Julienne. 


FRUITS   TO   SUPPLY  A   FAMILY.  145 

Grapes  afford  fruit  soon — usually  beginning  to  bear  the 
second  and  third  year.  The  Concord,  the  Niagara,  and  Dela- 
ware are  particularly  recommended. 

Dwarf  Apples  should  not  be  entirely  overlooked  in  the  list 
of  early  bearers.  Half  a  peck  per  tree  is  often  obtained  the 
third  year  from  the  most  productive  sorts. 

Standard  apples  vary  greatly  in  the  matter  of  the  age  at 
which  the  trees  bear  fruit, — some  producing  a  few  at  as  early 
as  four  or  five  years,  while  others  rarely  do  so  until  ten  or 
twelve  years  old.  For  a  record  of  a  number  of  sorts  see 
page  295. 

A  good  supply  of  all  the  preceding  will  be  sufficient  to 
furnish  a  family  with  these  wholesome  luxuries  from  within  a 


FIG.  203.— The  Circle  of  Fruits. 

year  or  two  of  occupying  entirely  new  premises;  and  will  not 
only  add  greatly  to  the  comforts  and  attractions  of  home,  but 
contribute  materially  to  the  uniform  health  of  the  occupants. 
The  accompanying  Circle  of  Fruits,  Fig.  203,  shows  at  once 
to  the  eye  what  kinds  make  up  the  yearly  supply  through  the 

several  months,  varying  of  course  with  a  difference  in  lati- 
10 


I46  FRUITS   TO   SUPPLY  A   FAMILY. 

tude,  and,  through  winter  and  spring,  with  Jhe  skill  employed 
in  preserving  from  decay. 

As  some  varieties  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  do  better  in  one  sec- 
tion of  the  country  than  in  others,  it  is  important  that  intend- 
ing growers  should  select  the  proper  sorts  for  their  locality. 
This  book  aims  to  describe  all  of  the  fruits  grown  in  the  United 
States,  of  any  value,  and  while  in  very  many,  cases  the  places 
where  they  are  sure  to  do  well  is  given,  it  is  manifestly  im- 
possible to  treat  this  matter  satisfactorily.  In  all  cases, 
therefore,  it  is  advised  that  parties  apply  to  the  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station  of  their  State,  for  information  and  advice. 
Such  applications  are  always  courteously  received  and 
promptly  answered.  A  full  list  of  these  stations  will  be 
found  in  chapter  xv.  Successful  fruit-growers  and  reliable 
nurserymen,  living  in  the  given  region,  should  also  be  con- 
sulted. After  one  has  received  and  pondered  all  advice,  his 
individual  tastes  must  make  the  final  decision  as  to  varieties. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

MANAGEMENT   OF   NURSERIES. 

IT  is  impossible  in  a  work  like  this  to  give  full  directions 
for  the  raising  and  management  of  young  trees  in  the  nur- 
sery. Every  one  who  buys  trees  should  know  when  they  have 
been  properly  cultivated ;  and  as  some  planters  prefer  to  raise 
their  own  trees,  a  few  leading  directions  will  be  laid  down  for 
the  guidance  and  assistance  of  such  as  wish  to  become  more 
fully  acquainted  with  nursery  management. 

Soils. — The  first  great  requisite  is  the  selection  of  a  suit- 
able soil.  More  depends  upon  such  selection  than  at  first 
glance  would  seem  possible.  At  least  ten  thousand  good  trees 
may  be  raised  on  an  acre — worth,  at  twenty  cents  each,  two 
thousand  dollars.  If  the  soil  is  perfect  in  every  respect,  and 
the  other  requisites  of  good  stocks,  transplanting,  and  cultiva- 
tion, are  attended  to,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  raising  this 
number.  But  if  the  soil  be  wet  or  sterile,  or  otherwise  un- 
suited  to  the  purpose,  none  of  the  trees  can  be  good ;  one-half 
or  nine-tenths  may  be  stunted,  crooked,  and  unsalable;  the 
rest  will  perhaps  not  sell  at  ha.lf-price.  While,  therefore,  a 
poor  soil  should  not  be  accepted  on  any  terms,  it  would  be 
better  to  pay  a  hundred  dollars  yearly  rent,  if  necessary,  to 
secure  one  in  perfect  condition.  A  light  or  sandy  soil  will 
raise  peach  and  cherry  trees  and  often  apples,  and  it  may  be 
worked  with  great  ease  and  in  all  kinds  of  weather;  but  for 
standard  pears  and  plums  a  stronger  or  more  clayey  soil  is 
absolutely  essential,  and  if  properly  underdrained,  is  often  as 
good  for  all  other  trees.  Every  complete  nursery,  therefore, 
should  either  consist  wholly,  or  in  part,  of  a  strong  loam  or 
loamy  clay,  which  in  general  will  require  previous  thorough 
tile  draining.  The  necessary  fertility  given  to  such  a  soil  will 
be  retained  several  times  longer  than  by  light  gravel  or  sand. 

Nothing  is  commonly  better  than  old  pasture  for  the  com- 

147 


1 48  MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES. 

mencement  of  a  nursery.  It  should  be  ploughed  twice  or 
more  until  made  perfectly  mellow,  which  should  be  done  the 
previous  autumn  if  for  planting  in  the  spring.  Or  if  turned 
over  in  the  spring  with  the  largest  double  plough  to  a  depth 
of  a  foot  or  more,  by  means  of  three  yoke  of  oxen,  it  will  gen- 
erally be  found  in  a  fine  condition. 

If  the  soil  is  not  rich  enough  without  manuring,  it  is  better 
to  apply  the  manure  a  year  or  two  beforehand  to  other  crops, 
or  else  to  apply  old  rotted  or  composted  manure.  An  appli^ 
cation  of  wood-ashes  at  the  rate  of  forty  or  fifty  bushels  per 
acre,  if  fresh,  or  a  hundred  or  two,  if  leached,  is  often  useful 
and  sometimes  eminently  so.  These  ashes  are  well  applied  if 
mixed  with  the  compost  at  the  rate  of  one-tenth  or  one-twen- 
tieth of  its  bulk. 

Laying  Out. — Nurseries  should  be  laid  out  so  as  to  admit 
of  horse  cultivation.  For  this  purpose  strips  of  land  twelve 
feet  wide  should  be  left  on  opposite  sides  of  the  nursery,  at 
the  ends  of  the  rows,  for  the  horse  to  turn  about  upon.  Cross 
alleys  should  be  left  at  convenient  distances  for  carting  out 
the  trees  and  for  the  registry  of  the  different  kinds  in  the 
rows.  The  length  of  the  rows  between  these  alleys  will  de- 
pend somewhat  upon  the  size  of  the  nursery,  varying  from 
one  hundred  to  three  hundred  feet. 

Shelter. — In  selecting  a  site  for  a  nursery,  •  the  sweep  of 
prevailing  winds  should  be  avoided;  as  in  very  windy  places 
the  young  shoots  from  buds  and  grafts  are  apt  to  be  blown  or 
broken  off,  and  the  young  trees  bent  or  inclined.  If  neces- 
sary, belts  or  screens  of  evergreens  may  afford  shelter  from 
strong  winds,  not  being  placed,  however,  near  enough  to 
shade  the  trees,  nor  to  injure  their  growth  by  the  extension  of 
their  roots.  On  the  other  hand,  low  and  sheltered  valleys, 
being  more  liable  to  sharp  night-frosts,  are  objectionable  for 
the  site  of  a  nursery. 

Fences  and  other  barriers  which  cause  large  snow-drifts 
and  a  consequent  breaking  down  of  the  young  trees,  should  be 
avoided  as  much  as  practicable. 

Seeds  and  Stocks. — The  successful  growth  of  the  young 
nursery-trees  depends  essentially  on  good,  vigorous,  and 
healthy  stocks.  Seeds  from  healthy  and  vigorous  trees, 
should,  therefore,  be  always  selected.  It  is  common,  in  rajs- 


MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES.  149 

ing  apple-seedlings,  to  procure  pomace  from  cider-mills; 
wash  out  the  seeds  and  plant  promiscuously.  If  the  strongest 
seedlings  only,  thus  obtained,  are  selected  for  setting  out  good 
trees  would  be  the  result ;  but  it  would  be  better  to  obtain 
apples  for  this  purpose  from  trees  of  known  hardiness  and  fine 
growth.  The  same  remarks  will  apply  to  the  selection  of 
pear-seed  and  cherry,  plum,  and  peach  stones. 

Different  modes  are  adopted  for  obtaining  apple-seeds 
easily  from  the  pomace.  The  following  is  similar  to  that 
used  by  most  nursery- 
men. Make  a  box  five 
feet  wide,  eight  or  nine 
feet  long,  and  ten 
inches  deep  (Fig.  204) ; 
leave  the  lower  end,  /", 

one  inch  lower  than  the 
•  i         ,-         ,  «  FIG.  204. — Apple-seed  Washer. 

sides,  for  the  water  to 

flow  over.  Place  this  box  in  the  bed  of  a  brook  or  stream,  o» 
cross-bars  or  scantling,  with  a  dam  above  to  collect  the  water 
into  a  trough  carrying  the  water  into  the  box,  and  project- 
ing six  inches  over  it.  This  trough  would  be  made  of  boards 
twelve  inches  wide  nailed  together,  and  the  stream  should 
be  large  enough  to  nearly  fill  it  when  flowing  gently.  To 
prevent  the  water  from  dashing  into  the  box  too  furiously, 
two  boards  are  first  nailed  together  as  shown  at  b,  one  board 
being  eighteen  inches  by  two  feet,  and  the  other  eighteen 
inches  by  one  foot.  The  longer  board  is  placed  on  the  top  of 
the  spout,  and  the  shorter  at  right  angles  across  the  lower  end 
of  the  spout.  This  serves  to  throw  the  water  perpendicularly 
downward  into  the  box,  and  at  the  same  time  to  spread  it  out 
into  a  thin  sheet.  By  moving  this  board  up  or  down  the 
spout,  the  quantity  of  water  pouring  into  the  box  may  be 
easily  controlled. 

One  man  stands  on  the  board  e,  which  extends  across  the 
box;  and  the  other  carries  and  deposits  the  pomace  (well 
pounded  to  pieces)  into  the  box  at  d,  one  or  two  bushels  at  a 
time.  The  man  on  the  box  then  stirs  the  pomace  rapidly  with 
a  four-tined  fork,  and  throws  out  the  straws.  The  pomace 
floats  over  the  lower  end  (which  is  an  inch  lower  than  the 
sides),  and  the  seeds  fall  to  the  bottom.  A  few  back-strokes 


15°  MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES. 

from  the  lower  end  of  the  box  assist  in  the  separation  of  the 
remaining  pomace.  In  washing  a  "  cheese"  that  contains  a 
bushel  of  seed,  it  is  usual  to  wash  it  two  or  three  times,  by 
using  a  scoop-shovel.  Afterward,  the  last  cleaning  process  is 
given  to  it  by  placing  the  whole  in  a  box,  and  then  scratching 
a  four-tined  fork  through  it  a  few  times.  A  little  experience 
will  enable  any  one  to  judge  accurately  of  the  proper  quantity 
of  water  to  turn  on,  so  as  to  make  rapid  work  and  not  carry 
the  seed  over  the  box. 

The  pomace,  fresh  from  the  cheese,  should  be  drawn  and 
placed  on  a  board  platform  beside  the  box,  and  then  plenty  of 
water  thrown  upon  it,  until  it  is  thoroughly  soaked.  This 
will  render  it  easily  beaten  to  pieces  with  a  hoe.  The  pomace 
should  never  remain  in  the  cheese  over  twenty-four  hours,  as 
it  soon  ferments  and  the  seed  is  spoiled. 

The  best  stocks  for  raising  standard  cherries  suited  to  the 
eastern  portions  of  the  Middle  States  are  procured  from  the 
Black  Mazzard,  which  is  the  original  type  of  the  heart  varie- 
ties. The  fruit  is  to  be  collected  when  fully  ripe  by  shaking 
or  beating  off  on  sheets  placed  below — the  pulp  washed  off 
and  the  stones  mixed  with  alternating  layers  of  sand,  and 
kept  exposed  to  freezing  and  thawing  until  early  the  follow- 
ing spring.  They  are  then  to  be  planted  out  in  nursery  beds 
or  thick  rows.  The  spring  following  they  may  be  trans- 
planted to  the  permanent  rows  of  the  nursery.  If  the  stones, 
after  being  washed  from  the  pulp,  are  to  be  carried  to  a  dis- 
tance, they  should  be  dried  in  the  shade  for  a  few  days  to 
prevent  moulding.  But  the  drying  process  should  not  be 
continued,  as  a  few  weeks'  exposure  to  air  will  lessen  or  de- 
stroy their  power  of  vegetating.  Plum  and  peach  stones  may 
be  similarly  treated;  but  peach-stones  do  not  as  soon  become 
injured  by  exposure  to  air  as  those  of  the  smaller  fruits. 
Plum  and  cherry  stones  keep  well  through  winter,  after  being 
mixed  with  sand,  by  placing  them  in  shallow  pits  only  a  few 
inches  deep,  and  covering  them  with  flat  stones.  They  start 
very  early  in  spring,  and  should  be  planted  the  moment  the 
frost  is  out  of  the  ground. 

For  dwarf  cherries  the  seeds  of  the  Mahaleb  are  used,  and 
are  treated  precisely  as  those  of  the  Black  Mazzard  already 
described.  In  the  Western  States  the  Mahaleb  succeeds  bet- 


MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES.  15 * 

ter  as  a  stock  than  the  Mazzard ;  and  the  Morello  stock,  which 
is  still  hardier,  answers  the  purpose  well  where  the  others 
fail,  although  the  heart  varieties,  when  budded  into  it,  do  not 
take  readily  unless  these  stocks  are  in  the  most  thrifty  con- 
dition. 

Dwarf  apple-trees  are  obtained  by  budding  the  common 
varieties  on  the  Paradise  or  Doucin  stock.  The  small  Para- 
dise apple,  which  grows  but  little  larger  than  a  currant-bush, 
reduces  the  size  of  the  apple-tree  worked  upon  it  so  as  not  to 
grow  more  than  six  or  eight  feet  high,  and  to  bear  in  two  or 
three  years.  The  Doucin  stock  is  larger,  and  forms  an  apple- 
tree  intermediate  between  the  dwarf  and  the  common  stand- 
ard. Both  of  these  stocks  are  raised  by  layers  or  stools,  and 
are  commonly  imported  from  Europe  by  nurserymen. 

The  French  quince,  which  is  employed  as  a  stock  for  work- 
ing such  varieties  of  the  pear  as  succeed  well  upon  it  to  form 
dwarfs,  is  obtained  by  stools,  layers,  and  cuttings.  When 
cuttings  are  wanted  they  should  be  made  in  autumn,  about 
ten  inches  or  a  foot  long,  and  either  planted  out  the  same 
autumn  or  very  early  the  following  spring.  They  should,  be 
set  in  a  compact  soil,  the  earth  closely  pressed  about  them — 
the  tips  projecting  an  inch  or  two  above  the  surface.  They 
often  fail  in  some  kinds  of  soils.  If  set  out  either  in 
autumn  or  spring  they  should  be  covered  with  an  inch  or  two 
of  fine  fresh  manure.  This  protects  them  from  the  cold 
through  winter,  and  preserves  the  moisture  of  the  ground  in 
hot  weather.  Many  of  them  will  take  root  and  grow,  and 
should  be  taken  up  in  the  following  autumn,  and  heeled  in 
and  covered,  ready  for  setting  out  in  the  nursery  rows  in 
spring. 

Planting  Seeds. — Seeds  are  usually  planted  in  thick  seed- 
beds for  the  first  year — especially  those  of  the  apple,  pear, 
plum,  and  cherry.  The  ground  should  be  rich,  mellow,  and 
in  perfect  condition.  As  a  general  rule,  the  depth  should  be 
from  three  to  five  times  the  length  of  the  seed — heavy  soils 
requiring  less  depth  than  light  ones.  If  there  is  much  clay 
the  surface  should  receive  a  sprinkling  about  half  an  inch 
thick  of  fine  manure  to  prevent  the  formation  of  a  crust.  The 
seedlings  should  not  be  so  thick  as  to  retard  each  other's 
growth.  The  ground  should  be  kept  constantly  mellowed 


152 


MANAGEMENT  OF  MURSEKIES. 


throughout  the   summer  to   promote  as  free  a    growth    as 
possible. 

The  seedlings  should  be  taken  up  in  autumn,  and  either 
heeled  in  or  packed  in  boxes  with  fine  compact  moss.  Be- 
fore setting  out  they  should  be  carefully  assorted,  so  that 
a  uniform  size  may  be  in  each  row  and  no  irregularities 
or  gaps  occur.  Before  setting  out,  the  tap-roots  should  be 
shortened  and  the  tops  reduced.  All  imperfect  or  doubt- 
ful plants  should  be  rejected,  in  order  to  save  the  useless 
labor  of  transplanting  those  which  will  not  grow  or  take 
the  bud. 

Seedlings  which  have  a  single  slender  root,  as  the  apple, 
may  be  transplanted  expeditiously  with  a  dibble,  which  may 
be  easily  made  of  an  old  spade-handle  shod  with 
sharp  iron  as  in  the  annexed  cut  (Fig.  205). 
Other  forms  of  this  handy  tool  may  be  purchased 
as  Fig.  206.  Or,  they  may  be  set  in  a  furrow. 

The  soil  being  previously  deep  and  mellow,  this 
instrument  is  thrust  down  by  the  side  of  the 
stretched  line,  finishing  the  whole  by  a  few  slight 
lateral  motions  of  the  hand,  then  thrusting  in  the 
seedling  held  in  the  left  hand 
and  pressing  the  earth  very  com- 
pactly about  it  with  the  same  tool.  Great 
care  is  to  be  taken  that  the  hole  be  entirely 
and  closely  filled,  and  that  no  cavities  are 
left  among  the  roots  below. 

If  the   weather   be   dry,  it  will  be   well 
to  immerse  the  roots  previously  in  mud; 

and  in  any  case  but  few  plants  should  be 

FIG.  206.— Dibble. 

left  exposed  to  the  air  at  a  time. 

If  the  seedlings  be  valuable,  as  those  of  the  pear,  or  have 
broad  branching  roots  like  the  French  quince,  they  should  be 
set  out  with  a  spade — a  trench  being  previously  cut  by  the 
line  for  this  purpose,  or  a  straight  furrow  made  by  a  skilful 
ploughman  before  the  line  is  stretched.  One  man  holds  each 
successive  seedling  with  the  hand,  placing  it  close  to  the  line, 
while  the  other  covers  the  roots  with  a  spade,  moving  back- 
ward in  the  row. 

Seedlings  may  be  set  out  in  the  nursery  row  in  autumn  if 


MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES.  1 53 

perfectly  hardy  and  the  soil  is  not  subject  to  heaving  by  frost; 
but,  as  a  general  rule,  it  is  safer  to  do  all  the  transplanting  in 
spring.  Pear  stocks  should  be  set  out  very  early  in  the 
spring,  to  prevent  check  in  their  growth,  and  to  admit  of 
budding  the  same  season. 

The  age  for  setting  out  seedlings  must  depend  on  circum- 
stances. Yearlings,  if  strong  and  vigorous,  are  always  the 
best,  and  it  is  extremely  desirable  that  they  grow  with  suffi- 
cient vigor  to  be  budded  the  same  season.  If  the  budding 
has  to  be  deferred,  a  whole  year  of  time,  cultivation,  and 
care  is  lost — more  than  enough  to  overbalance  the  additional 
cost  of  the  best  stocks. 

Cultivation. — The  soil  in  the  nursery  should  be  kept  per- 
fectly clear  of  weeds  and  in  a  state  of  constant  cultivation — 
especially  during  the  early  growth  of  the  seedlings  and  young 
trees.  Hand-hoeing  is  expensive,  and  is  only  needed  for  the 
extirpation  of  weeds,  and  occasionally,  when  performed  with 
a  pronged  hoe,  for  loosening  the  clayey  soil  between  the  trees. 
The  horse  should  be  kept  constantly  going,  either  with  the 
plough  or  cultivator.  Careful  hands  should  be  employed  for 
this  purpose,  who  can  run  closely  to  the  rows  without  injuring 
the  trees.  Short  whiffletrees  should  be  used  with  the  strap- 
traces  passing  the  ends  as  figured  in  a  previous  chapter.  If 
the  plough  is  used  it  should  run  shallow  when  near  the  rows. 
It  is  a  useful  implement  for  turning  the  soil  away  from  trees 
before  hoeing  out  weeds ;  and  it  may  be  also  used  for  throw- 
ing a  slight  covering  of  mellow  soil  against  them  to  cover  up 
weeds  as  they  are  just  appearing  at  the  surface. 

Budding  and  Grafting. — Root-grafting  is  extensively  prac- 
tised in  the  West  for  the  apple.  The  mode  of  its  performance 
is  described  in  Chapter  III.  In  setting  out  the  root-grafts 
great  care  should  be  taken  to  pack  the  earth  closely  around 
them.  Leaving  cavities  below,  which  is  not  unfrequ^ntly 
done  by  careless  workmen,  is  sure  to  result  in  their  failure. 
Root-grafting  the  pear  only  succeeds  when  strong  seedlings, 
with  well-branched  roots,  are  taken,  and  the  whole  plant  is 
used,  inserting  the  graft  at  the  collar  and  wrapping  with  muslin 
plasters.  In  the  East,  apples  are  budded. 

Nearly  all  other  stocks  are  budded.  The  time  for  budding 
varies  much  with  the  kind  of  tree,  and  with  its  condition.  To 


154  MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES. 

prove  successful,  it  must  be  done  when  the  bark  of  the  stock 
lifts  freely  from  the  wood,  and  also  when  the  inserted  buds 
have  been  sufficiently  matured.  The  cherry,  in  general,  re- 
quires budding  on  the  Mazzard  stock,  about  midsummer ;  but 
sometimes  the  growth  of  the  stock  continues  so  late  that  it 
may  be  done  near  the  close.  The  Mahaleb  continues  to  grow 
later,  and  the  budding  may  be  correspondingly  deferred.  On 
the  common  stock  the  plum  requires  early  budding ;  the  wild 
or  Canada  plum,  used  for  dwarfing,  continues  to  grow  much 
later.  The  operation  may  be  performed  on  the  apple  at  any 
time  between  the  maturity  of  the  inserted  buds  and  the  de- 
crease in  the  growth  of  the  stocks.  The  same  remark  will 
apply  to  the  pear  on  pear  stocks ;  as  the  latter  is  frequently 
struck  with  leaf-blight,  which  at  once  checks  growth,  it  is 
safest  to  bud  the  standard  pear  only.  The  peach  and  the 
quince  are  worked  from  the  middle  to  the  close  of  summer  and 
the  beginning  of  autumn.  As  the  removal  of  leaves  from  a 
tree  in  full  growth  always  checks  it,  the  stocks  should  have 
the  side-shoots  cut  away  to  facilitate  the  operation  of  budding 
when  necessary,  some  weeks  before  it  is  done,  that  they  may 
recover  entirely  from  its  effects  and  be  in  a  vigorous  condition 
for  the  lifting  of  the  bark.  If  this  has  not  been  seasonably 
attended  to,  it  may  be  performed  without  detriment  the  same 
day  the  buds  are  inserted,  cutting  away  as  little  as  may  be 
convenient. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remind  the  operator  of  the  impor- 
tance of  securing  good,  well-ripened,  strong  buds ;  of  keeping 
the  shoots  well  shaded  and  fresh  during  the  day ;  and  of  care- 
fully registering  every  variety,  both  by  tally  stakes  at  the 
ends  of  the  rows  and  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose. 

The  best  and  handsomest  trees  are  made  when  the  buds  are 
inserted  within  two  or  three  inches  of  the  ground.  Dwarf 
pears  should  be  budded  at  the  surface.  Crooked  growers  are 
sometimes  worked  on  straight  stocks  three  or  four  feet  high. 

Where  buds  fail  they  should  be  rebudded  if  the  stocks 
will  admit;  but  if  not,  they  may  be  worked  the  following 
year,  although  this  rarely  pays. 

In  heading-down  budded  stocks  in  spring  it  is  important 
that  it  be  done  quite  early  or  before  the  buds  swell,  especially 
for  the  pear,  plum,  and  cherry,  which  are  severely  checked  in 


MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES.  155 

growth  by  the  loss  of  growing  buds  or  foliage.  For  the  same 
reason  all  other  sprouts,  except  from  the  inserted  bud,  should 
be  kept  constantly  and  closely  rubbed  off. 

About  midsummer  or  a  little  later  the  projecting  stubs 
(already  mentioned  in  Chapter  III.)  should  be  carefully  pared 
down  to  the  growing  shoot.  The  sooner  this  work  is  done 
the  better,  that  the  cut  surface  may  heal  over,  provided  the 
shoot  has  become  strong  enough  to  prevent  the  danger  of 
breaking  out. 

Digging  or  Lifting  the  Trees. — When  nursery-trees  have 
grown  sufficiently  for  removal  and  transplanting,  they  may  be 
taken  up  any  time  between  the  cessation  of  growth  in  autumn 
and  its  recommencement  in  spring,  when  the  air  is  not  freez- 
ing and  the  ground  is  open.  If  a  whole  row  is  to  be  lifted  at 
a  time,  the  labor  may  be  be  lessened  by  first  ploughing  a  fur- 
row away  from  the  row  on  each  side.  Then  two  spades  made 
of  steel  and  strong  enough  to  bear  the  full  weight  of  a  laborer 
are  placed  on  opposite  sides  of  the  tree  at  a  distance  of  a  foot 
or  more  from  it.  The  blades,  which  are  at  least  fifteen  inches 
long,  are  thrust  downward  to  their  full  length  into  the  soil 
under  the  tree.  A  lifting  motion  raises  it  with  the  principal 
roots  entire.  Spades  for  this  purpose,  costing  several  dollars 
each,  are  manufactured  only  by  the  best  edge-tool  makers  in 
the  country.  Before  or  at  the  time  of  removal  the  trees 
should  be  marked  with  wooden  labels  furnished  with  copper 
wire  to  fasten  them  to  the  limb.  They  are  made  of  pine  or 
other  suitable  wood,  about  half  an  inch  wide,  three  inches 
long,  and  one-twentieth  of  an  inch  thick.  A  very  thin  coat- 
ing of  white-lead  paint  applied  just  before  writing  the  name 
with  a  common  black-lead  pencil  renders  the  letters  perma- 
nent; but  they  will  last  a  year  or  two  if  the  letters  are  written 
on  a  moistened  surface.  If  written  dry  they  wash  out  in  a 
few  weeks. 

Packing  for  Transportation.—  Millions  of  fruit  trees  are  every 
year  purchased  by  the  farmers  of  our  country.  A  large  ma- 
jority of  these  are  conveyed  long  distances  from  the  nursery 
by  railway.  Much  of  their  safety  from  injury  on  the  road, 
and  their  consequent  success  when  set  out,  depends  on  the 
manner  of  packing.  Trees  may  be  packed  so  as  to  open  from 
the  bundle  or  box,  after  being  tumbled  over  iron  rails  a  thou- 


1 56  MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES. 

sand  miles  or  more,  as  fresh,  plump,  healthy,  and  uninjured, 
as  the  moment  they  were  lifted  from  the  mellow  soil;  and 
they  are  sometimes  packed  so  as  to  become  bruised,  barked, 
and  hopelessly  shrivelled  before  they  have  travelled  a  tenth 
part  of  that  distance. 

Whether  encased  in  bundles  or  boxes,  it  is  absolutely  es- 
sential that  trees  be  protected  from  bruising,  and  that  the 
roots  be  kept  constantly  moist  from  the  moment  they  are  dug 
up  till  they  reach  their  destination.  The  first-named  object 
is  accomplished  by  sprinkling  straw  through  every  portion  of 
the  mass  of  trees ;  and  the  latter  by  first  dipping  the  roots  in 
an  artificial  bed  of  thin  mud,  and  then  imbedding  them  in 
damp  moss.  The  mud  or  the  moss  alone  may  answer  for  very 
short  distances  (the  moss  should,  however,  never  be  omitted) ; 
but  as  there  are  frequently  unexpected  detentions,  the  best 
nurserymen  always  pack  about  as  well  for  a  journey  of  fifty 
miles  as  for  two  thousand.  The  additional  labor  is  but  small 
— the  benefit  may  be  great. 

Packing  in  boxes,  which  is  always  best  for  long  distances, 
does  not  require  so  much  practice,  although  as  much  care,  as 
in  bundles.  If  the  trees  are  all  well  encased  in  straw,  or  prop- 
erly protected  by  it  on  every  side  and  through  every  part ; 
the  roots  shieded  from  the  dry  air  as  already  stated ;  and  suffi- 
cient pressure  given  to  them  to  prevent  chafing  and  rattling, 
they  cannot  become  easily  injured.  The  boxes  need  the 
additional  strength  of  iron  hoops  at  the  ends  and,  if  eight  or 
ten  feet  long  or  more,  at  intervals  between. 

To  pack  a  bundle  or  bale,  first  provide  two  simple  blocks  of 
wood,  like  that  shown  in  Fig.  207,  into  which  two  diverging 
stakes  are  inserted,  loosely,  so  as  to  be  withdrawn  easily. 
Place  these  a  few  feet  apart,  to  form  the  trough 
for  building  the  bundle.  Lay  the  trees  in  this 
trough,  perfectly  parallel,  and  with  the  roots 
together,  sprinkling  straw  among  the  stems 
and  branches,  and  damp  moss  among  the  roots 
as  the  bundle  progresses,  until  enough  are  ready.  Fifty  me- 
dium-sized trees  will  makea  fair-sized  bundle.  Then  tie  it  up 
with  twisted-straw  or  willow  bands,  as  tightly  as  one  man 
can  conveniently  draw.  This  may  be  facilitated  by  using  first 
a  broad  leather  strap  to  draw  the  bundle  together.  The  strap 


MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES. 


157 
The 


may  be  two  inches  wide,  eight  feet  long,  with  a  buckle, 
bundle  is  then  ready  for  receiving  the  straw. 

Next,  place  upon  and  across  the  little  truck  or  wagon  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  208,  four  strings  or  cords,  then  a  layer  of  rye- 
straw,  to  form  the  outside  coating.  As  the  bundle  is  longer 
than  the  straw,  the  latter  must  be  spliced,  which  is  effected 
by  first  placing  a  layer  toward  the  place  for  the  roots  of  the 
trees,  and  then  another  layer  overlapping  this,  toward  the 


FIG.  208. 

tops.     Place  within  the  side-boards  other  portions  of  straw, 
and  finally  cover  the  top,  observing  now  to  lay  the  straw  first 
on  the  tops,  and  lastly  on  the  roots.     Then  tie  together  the 
ends  of  each  of  the  four  strings,  which  will  hold  the  straw  in 
place.     Raise  the  bundle  a  few  inches  by  placing  beneath  it 
short  pieces  of  scantling,  to  admit  the  passing  the  cord  under 
Then  apply  the  rope  connected  with  the  windlass, 
as  shown   in  Fig.   208,   by  simply  passing  it   once 
around  the  trees.     A  few  turns   of  the  crank  will 
draw  the  bundle  with  great  force  compactly  together 
— at  which  place  pass  a  strong  cord  (one-fourth  or 
one-third  of  an  inch  in  diameter)  and  secure  it  by 
tying.     Slacken  the  rope ;  move  truck  a  foot,  tighten 
the  rope  again,  and  add  another  cord.     In  this  way 
proceed   from   bottom   to  top,  till  the  straw  is  so 
firmly  secured  by  the  cords,  that  no  handling,  how- 
ever rough,  can  displace  it.     By  tying  each  coil,  the 
rest  will  hold  the  straw  if  one  happens  to  become 
worn  off  or  cut.     Add  moss  to  the  exterior  of  the 
FIG.  209.     roots,  encase  the  moss  in  damp  straw,  and  sew  on  a 
piece   of  strong  sacking  or    gunny-cloth,   and  the 
bundle  is  completed,  as  shown  in  Fig.  209. 

The  former  practice  among  nurserymen  was  to  draw  the 


158  MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES. 

bundle  together  by  stout  pulling  by  hand;  but  the  mode 
here  shown,  by  the  use  of  a  windlass,  is  not  only  many  times 
more  expeditious  but  much  better — as  it  was  formerly  almost 
impossible  to  bind  on  the  straw  in  so  firm  and  secure  a  man- 
lier as  to  withstand  all  the  thumps  and  rough-and-tumble 
handling  of  modern  railway  hands  without  displacement. 

The  following  dimensions  may  be  useful  to  those  who  wish 
to  construct  this  packing  machinery;  windlass  three  feet  high 
to  top;  posts  fifteen  inches  apart  inside;  cylinder  four  inches 
in  diameter;  rope  about  eighteen  feet  long.  The  truck  is 
about  two  feet  wide  between  the  wheels,  eight  feet  long;  the 
axles  six  feet  apart ;  wheels  seven  inches  in  diameter. 

When  trees  are  always  boxed,  they  may  be  secured  advan- 
tageously in  small  bundles  by  this  mode  for  placing  in  the 
boxes. 

Convenient  dimensions  for  boxes,  where  large  quantities  are 
to  be  packed,  are  two  and  a  half  feet  square  and  nine  feet 
long.  They  should  be  made  of  light  and  strong  boards,  and 
if  sound  half  an  inch  in  thickness  will  answer.  Four  series 
of  battens  will  be  necessary  for  the  length — two  at  the  ends, 
and  the  others  at  intervals  of  three  feet  between.  Good  bat- 
tens are  made  of  elm  or  other  wood  of  equal  hardness  and 
toughness,  which  may  be  sawed  for  this  purpose  into  strips 
two  and  a  half  inches  wide  and  an  inch  and  a  fourth  in  thick- 
ness. When  the  boards  are  well  nailed  to  these  battens,  the 
whole  forms  a  stout  box.  When  closely  and  solidly  packed 
the  lid  is  nailed  on,  and  iron  hoops  are  nailed  on  the  outside 
against  every  batten,  and  extending  around  the  box.  The 
direction  is  then  written  distinctly  with  a  mixture  of  lamp- 
black and  turpentine,  or  of  lamp-black  and  rock-oil.  The 
following  materials  should  be  procured  beforehand  for  pack- 
ing :  Boxes,  with  iron  straps  or  hoops  for  the  corners ;  moss, 
for  the  roots ;  straw,  for  the  tops ;  labels,  for  designating  the 
sorts;  flag,  oziers,  or  rye-straw,  for  tying  bunches;  large 
labels  of  cloth,  parchment,  or  wood,  for  designating  bunches; 
lamp-black  and  turpentine  or  rock-oil,  and  brush  for  marking 
boxes.  If  the  trees  are  to  be  packed  in  bales  or  bundles,  pro- 
vide long  straight  rye  or  other  straw,  baling-cord,  gunny- 
cloth  or  Russian  mats,  sewing-twine,  large  packing-needles, 
directing-labels,  white-lead  paint,  and  soft  pencil. 


MANAGEMENT  OF  NURSERIES.  159 

After  the  crop  of  nursery-trees  is  removed  from  the  ground 
another  one  should  not  be  planted  in  the  same  place  until  the 
soil  has  fully  recovered  from  the  exhaustion  of  the  first.  An 
intermediate  crop  of  clover  turned  under  for  manure  is  found 
useful.  There  should  be  an  interval  of  at  least  two  or  three 
years  before  occupying  the  ground  again  with  nursery;  al- 
though a  less  time  is  often  given  in  connection  with  heavy 
manuring. 

The  reasons  for  the  failure  of  trees  to  grow  well  on  "  treed  " 
land  has  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion.  By  many  it 
has  been  supposed  that  the  first  crop  of  nursery  trees  exhausts 
the  land  of  some  element  which  trees  need.  This  notion  is 
mostly  given  up.  It  is  no  doubt  true  that  the  trees  use  first 
that  part  of  the  plant-food  which  is  most  readily  available, 
but  the  amount  of  nitrogen,  potash,  and  phosphoric  acid  which 
they  consume  is  small  as  compared  with  that  required  by 
wheat.  Probably  the  largest  factor  in  the  matter  is  the  loss 
of  humus  in  the  soil  consequent  upon  three  to  five  years  of 
clean  tillage  without  the  addition  of  manure  or  the  turning 
under  of  green  material.  It  has  been  found  that  a  thorough 
dressing  of  manure  will  sometimes  make  it  possible  to  follow 
trees  with  trees  at  a  profit. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

DESTRUCTIVE   INSECTS. 

INSECTS  are  among  the  most  formidable  enemies  to  success- 
ful fruit-culture.  The  losses  occasioned  by  the  plum  curculio 
alone  amount  to  more  than  a  million  of  dollars  annually. 
Orchardists  are  sometimes  deterred,  by  the  attacks  of  this  in- 
sect, from  attempts  to  raise  the  apricot,  nectarine,  peach,  and 
plum ;  and  the  market  supply  of  apples  and  pears  is  often  much 
disfigured  by  it.  The  apple-worm,  or  codling-moth,  is  even  a 
more  formidable  insect  pest.  New  York  fruit-growers  alone 
yearly  furnish  $2,500,000  worth  of  apples  and  $500,000  worth 
of  pears  to  feed  this  insect;  and  other  similar  apple-growing 
States  report  nearly  as  large  an  annual  loss  from  its  ravages. 
The  depredations  of  many  other  insect  pests,  like  the  apple- 
tree  and  the  peach-tree  borers,  the  canker-worms,  the  tent- 
caterpillars,  the  apple  maggot,  and  the  pear  psylla,  each 
causes  annual  losses  amounting  to  several  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

As  a  general  rule  those  remedial  measures  are  of  little 
value,  which  attempt  merely  to  repel  insects  without  destroy- 
ing them*  Experiments  show  that  rarely  is  an  insect  repelled 
from  attacking  any  part  of  a  plant  by  the  application  of  odor- 
ous substances,  like  carbolic  acid,  tar,  etc. 

How  insects  eat. — Another  very  important  fact  which  fruit- 
growers must  understand  is  that  all  insects  do  not  eat  in  the 
same  manner.  Many,  like  the  currant  worms  or  the  plum 
curculio,  have  two  pairs  of  horny  jaws,  which  they  work  from 
side  to  side  and  bite  off  or  chew  and  swallow  solid  particles 
of  their  food ;  while  several  of  our  worst  fruit-pests,  like  the 
scale-insects  or  pear  psylla,  have  mouth-parts  built  on  an  en- 
tirely different  plan.  Their  jaws  are  modified  into  long,  fine 

160 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS.  161 

bristles  which  are  worked  along  a  groove  in  a  supporting  beak 
or  elongated  lower  lip.  These  insects  place  the  point  of  this 
beak  on  the  surface  of  the  plant,  force  the  bristles  into  the 
tissue,  and  then,  by  the  help  of  a  muscular  box  in  the  throat, 
they  draw  or  suck  up  along  the  beak  the  liquid  juices  from 
the  interior  of  the  plant. 

One  can  readily  see  how  the  biting  or  chewing  insects  are 
killed  by  putting  a  poisonous  powder  or  spray  on  the  surface 
of  the  plant  attacked ;  particles  of  the  poison  would  be  taken 
into  the  body  with  the  solid  food  in  eating.  But  a  sucking  in- 
sect can  eat  only  liquid  food,  which  it  gets  from  the  interior 
of  the  plant;  hence  it  could  not  eat  a  poison  put  upon  the 
surface.  And  as  it  is  not  possible  to  poison  the  internal  tis- 
sues or  juices,  one  is  forced  to  use  something  besides  poisons 
to  kill  sucking  insects.  They  can  be  killed  by  suffocating 
them  with  a  gas,  like  hydrocyanic  acid  gas,  or  with  a  powder, 
like  pyrethrum,  which  stops  up  their  breathing-holes,  or  with 
some  liquid,  like  kerosene  or  a  soap  solution,  which  kills  by 
soaking  into  their  body  or  in  the  same  way  as  the  powders. 
Many  pounds  of  Paris  green  have  been  wasted  in  trying  to 
feed  it  to  sucking  insects. 

Fruit-growers  can  readily  determine  if  an  insect  is  chewing 
or  sucking  its  food.  If  of  the  former  class,  then  aim  a  poison 
spray  at  the  part  of  the  plant  where  it  is  feeding ;  but  if  it  is 
a  sucking  insect,  then  aim  an  oil  or  soap  spray  at  the  insect 
itself. 

There  are  a  hundred  or  more  different  kinds  of  injurious 
insects,  and  equally  as  many  diseases,  which  sometimes  seri- 
ously interfere  with  the  growing  of  a  profitable  crop  of  fruit. 
Most  of  the  serious  or  standard  insect  pests  and  the  more 
common  diseases  which  are  met  with  by  the  fruit-grower  will 
be  found  treated  of  in  this  chapter;  the  others  which  occur 
less  frequently,  or  become  serious  in  their  effects  in  restricted 
localities,  it  has  not  been  considered  necessary  to  treat  of  here. 
In  all  such  cases  advice  should  immediately  be  sought  from 
the  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  (For  list  see  chap- 
ter xvi.) 

In  previous  editions  of  this  work  no  logical  plan  was  fol- 
lowed in  discussing  the  destructive  insects.    We  have  thought 
it  advisable  to  change  this  and  first  discuss  the  apple  pests, 
ii 


162 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


beginning  with  those  affecting  the  roots,  then  the  trunk  and 
bark  depredators,  following  with  those  feeding  on  the  buds 
and  leaves,  and  finally  discussing  those  which  infest  the  fruit. 
The  insects  which  affect  the  pear,  plum,  peach,  cherry,  quince, 

grape  -  vine,  currant  and 
gooseberry,  raspberry  and 
blackberry,  and  strawberry 
will  be  discussed  in  the 
order  in  which  they  are 
named,  and  in  each  case 
the  method  outlined  for 
the  apple  insects  will  be 
followed. 

The  Woolly  Aphis  (Schizo- 
neura  lanigera}. — This  red- 
dish -  brown  plant  -  louse, 
covered  with  a  flocculent 
waxy  secretion  (Figs.  211 
and  212)  works  both  on 
the  roots,  where  it  forms 
knotty  enlargements  (Fig. 
210),  and  on  the  branches, 
where  it  causes  roughened 
scars.  It  attacks  the  apple 
only,  and  some  varieties, 
the  Northern  Spy,  for  in- 
stance, are  quite  immune 
from  it.  Nursery  stock 
and  young  trees  are  often 
seriously  damaged,  while 


FIG.  210.  •    FIG.  211. 

The  Woolly  Aphis. 


FIG.  210.— Root 
by  the  aphis. 


illustrating     deformation    jn  most  parts   Qf  the  coun_ 
FIG.  2ii.— Portion  of  root 


with  aphids  on  it.     FlG.  212.— The   Root 


try  well-established  bear- 
Louse,  female.  Figs.  210  and  211  natural  ing  trees  are  rarely  notice- 
size  ;  Fig.  212  much  enlarged.  (U.  S.  Div.  ftbl  injured>  It  has  quite 
of  Entomology.)  J  J  .  ^ 

a  complicated  life-history. 

Most  of  the  lice  are  wingless,  but  in  the  fall  many  winged 
forms  appear,  and  these  are  one  of  the  means  by  which  the 
insect  is  spread.  It  is  also  widely  distributed  on  nursery 
stock. 

Th«  aerial  or  branch  form  of  the  insect  does  little  injury, 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


163 


and  is  easily  hilled  with  kerosene  emulsion,  a  strong  soap  so- 
lution, or  a  tobacco  decoction  applied  in  a  forceful  spray.  The 
root  form  is  much  more  difficult  to  reach.  Badly  infested 
nursery  stock  should  be  destroyed.  The  roots  of  slightly 
affected  stock  should  be  dipped  for  a  few  seconds  in  water 
kept  at  a  temperature  of  130  to  150  F.,  or  in  a  warm,  strong 
soap  solution,  before  it  is  planted.  Recent  experiments  show 
that  finely-ground  tobacco  dust  is  very  effective  if  placed  in  a 
small  furrow  along  either  side  of  nursery  rows  or  distributed 
at  the  rate  of  from  two  to  five  pounds  per  tree  for  a  distance 
of  two  feet  from  the  crown,  after  first  removing  from  four  to 
six  inches  of  soil.  The  tobacco  dust  is  cheap,  and  has  consid- 
erable fertilizing  value. 

The  Round-Headed  Apple- Tree  Borer  {Saperda  Candida). 
— This  insect  enters  the  tree  and  burrows  into  the  solid  wood 
near  the  surface  of  the  earth.  It  is  a  dangerous  enemy ;  for 
while  only  a  few  small  holes  are  visible  in  the  bark  outside, 
it  may  have  perforated 
the  wood  internally  in 
all  directions. 

Not  only  the  apple- 
tree,  but  the  quince, 
mountain -ash,  and  haw- 
thorn suffer  greatly  from 
the  attacks  of  this  in- 
sect. 

The  parent  insect  is 
a  beautiful,  brown-and- 
white  striped  beetle 
(Fig.  215),  about  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
which  flies  at  night.  It 

deposits  its  eggs  in  June  and  later  in  slits  cut  in  the  bark, 
usually  near  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  egg-stage  is 
said  to  last  about  twenty  days.  The  first  indication  of  the 
work  of  the  larva  is  the  appearance  of  a  small  round  hole, 
made  visible  by  the  ejected  dust. 

The  young  larvae  tunnel  under  the  bark  and  feed  upon  the 
sapwood,  gradually  working  their  way  upward  and  afterward 
downward.  During  the  second  season  the  larvae  attain  about 


FIGS.  213  and  214.         PIG.  215.  FIG.  216. 

The  Round-headed  Apple-tree  Borer. 
FIGS.  213  and  214.— The  grub.    FIG.  215.— The 

beetle.  FIG.  2r6.— The  pupa.  All  natural  size. 

(U.  S.  Div.  of  Entomology.) 


1 64  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

half  their  growth,  still  living  on  the  sap-wood.  They  cease 
feeding  during  the  winter  and  remain  in  their  burrows  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  soil.  By  the  end  of  the  second  year  they 
have  penetrated  deeper  into  the  solid  heart-wood,  and  their 
burrows  are  closely  packed  behind  them  with  their  castings. 
After  another  winter's  rest  they  continue  their  work  in  the 
solid  wood,  and  toward  the  end  of  the  season  gnaw  outward 
to  the  bark.  With  the  aid  of  its  castings  a  cell  is  then  formed 
in  which  the  full-grown  larva  (Figs.  213  and  214)  remains  until 
spring,  when  it  transforms  to  a  pupa  (Fig.  216).  The  pupal 
stage  is  said  to  last  about  twenty  days,  and  in  May  or  June 
the  pretty  beetles  emerge  through  a  smooth,  round  hole  cut 
with  their  powerful  jaws. 

This  borer  is  a  very  difficult  insect  to  control.  It  is  nearly 
impossible  to  save  a  young  tree.  When  small,  the  larva  may 
be  cut  out  with  the  point  of  a  knife.  If  deeper  in  the  wood, 
it  may  be  extracted  or  punched  to  death  in  its  hole  with  a 
flexible  wire. 

It  will  avail  nothing  to  inject  any  substance  into  the  large 
round  holes  made  by  the  beetles  in  emerging  from  the  tree. 
But  it  is  reported  that  if  kerosene  be  applied  wherever  the 
castings  of  the  larva  are  seen  sticking  through  the  bark,  the 
oil  will  permeate  the  burrow  and  kill  the  larva. 

Some  have  successfully  destroyed  similar  borers  in  their 
burrow  by  injecting  carbon  bisulphide  from  an  oil-can  into  the 
openings  from  which  castings  are  protruding  and  then  plug- 
ging the  hole  with  putty  or  hard  soap ;  the  deadly  fumes  of 
this  liquid  penetrate  all  through  the  burrow  and  quickly  kill 
the  borers.  It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  prevent  this  borer  from 
getting  into  a  tree.  Several  thicknesses  of  newspaper  or  tarred 
paper  carefully  wrapped  about  the  base  of  the  tree  and  tied 
often  forms  quite  an  effective  barrier.  The  many  different 
washes  recommended  afford  but  little  protection  in  our  ex- 
perience. Examine  the  trees  twice  each  year,  in  May  and 
September,  and  dig  out  or  destroy  all  larvae  which  can  be  lo- 
cated. Clean  culture  will  help  in  the  warfare  against  borers. 

The  Flat -headed  Apple-tree  Borer  (Chrysobothris  femo- 
rata}.—  This  is  usually  a  much  less  dangerous,  though  more 
abundant,  insect  than  the  preceding  species.  The  pretty 
beetles  (Fig.  218)  are  day-fliers.  They  attack  by  preference 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


sickly  trees ;  they  inhabit  both  the  trunk  and  limbs  of  a  tree, 
and,  besides  apple,  pear,  peach,  and  apricot  trees,  they  also 
attack  a  variety  of  forest  trees.  They  are  chiefly  injurious  to 
young  trees. 

The  eggs  are  laid  in  crevices  of  the  bark,  and  the  larvae  (Fig. 
217)  get  their  growth  in  one  year,  living  mostly  just  beneath 
the  bark.  The  pupal 
stage  (Fig.  220),  lasting 
about  three  weeks,  is 
passed  in  a  cell  made  in 
the  solid  wood.  The 
beetles  emerge  in  May 
and  June  through  ellip- 
tical-shaped holes. 

Trees  badly  infested 
with  this  borer  should 
be  burned  at  once.  The 
remedial  measures  ad-  FIG.  217.  FIG.  218.  FIG.  219.  FIG.  220. 

Vised      for      the     round-  The  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer. 

leaded  borer  may  also   FIG.  217.— Larva  or  grub.    FIG.  218.— Beetle. 

•\:    A    „     ^^^  .4-    4-l-.,-»        FIG.  220. — Pupa.  All  twice  natural  size.   (U.S. 

je   applied  against  the      _. 

*  Div.  of  Entomology.) 

flat-headed  species. 

SCALE-INSECTS  are  minute  sucking  insects,  which  now  rank 
among  the  most  destructive  fruit  pests  in  many  parts  of  the 
country.  We  can  here  discuss  only  a  few  of  the  more  com- 
mon ones. 

7 he  Oyster-shell  Bark-louse  (Mytilaspis  pomorum). — This  scale 
(Fig.  222)  is  very  common  on  apple-trees  all  over  the  country; 
it  also  attacks  many  forest  trees,  and  it  is  found  all  over  the 
world.  It  is  shaped  somewhat  like  an  oyster-shell,  and  is 
nearly  the  color  of  the  apple  bark.  In  northern  latitudes  there 
is  but  a  single  annual  generation  of  the  insect ;  in  the  South 
there  are  two.  It  usually  confines  its  attacks  to  the  bark  of 
younger  branches,  but  sometimes  occurs  on  the  fruit  in  the 
North. 

If  the  scale  be  tipped  over  during  the  winter,  it  will  present 
the  appearance  seen  at  a  in  Fig.  221;  that  is,  the  shrivelled 
body  of  the  female  is  tucked  away  at  one  end,  and  from  30  to 
90  white  eggs  occupy  the  rest  of  the  scale.  The  winter  is 
passed  in  the  egg,  and  the  young  lice  usually  hatch  in  the 


i66 


DESTRUCTIVE   INSECTS. 


latter  part  of  May.  They  travel  about  over  the  bark  for  a  few 
hours,  and  when  a  suitable  place  is  found  to  insert  their  beak, 
they  begin  feeding,  and  never  move  from  the  spot  during  the 
rest  of  their  life.  They  soon  begin  to  secrete  the  scaly  cover- 
ing, which  gradually  increases  in  size  with  the  growth  of  tne 
tender  body  of  the  insect  underneath.  When  fully  grown  early 
in  the  fall,  the  female,  deposits  her  quota  of  eggs  under  the 
scale  and  dies.  The  male  insect  is  provided  with  wings,  and 

is  developed  under  a 
much  smaller  scale 
(Fig.  222,  d).  The  old 
scales  may  remain  on 
the  bark  for  a  year  or 
more,  and  oftentimes 
the  living  scales  may  be 
so  numerous  as  nearly 
to  cover  the  bark,  as 
shown  in  c  in  Fig.  223. 
Young  trees  are  often 
much  weakened  from  its 
attacks,  but  it  rarely 
kills  apple-trees. 

One  should  scrape  off 
all  of  the  scales  practi- 

FIG.  221.  FIGS.  222  and  223.        cable   when  the  tree  is 

The  Oyster- shell  Bark-louse.  dormant,  thus  removing 

the  eggs,  which  are  dif- 
ficult to  reach  and  kill 
with  any  wash.  Then 
wait  until  about  May 
1 5th,  or  as  soon  as  the 

young  lice  can  be  seen  crawling  on  the  bark,  and  drench  the 
bark  with  kerosene  emulsion,  or  a  whale-oil  soap  solution  of 
one  pound  in  five  gallons  of  water,  or  use  a  kerosene-water 
pump  with  ten  per  cent,  of  kerosene,  A  second  application 
may  be  necessary  a  week  or  ten  days  later. 

The  Scurfy  Bark-louse  (Chionaspis  furfurus)  is  another  scale 
very  commonly  met  with  in  orchards,  especially  on  apple  and 
pear-trees.  As  shown  in  Fig.  224,  it  is  shaped  somewhat  like 
the  oyster-shell  bark-louse,  and  has  a  similar  life-history,  but 


FIG.  221.— Female  scale  from  below,  showing 
eggs.  FlG.  222.— The  same  from  above, 
greatly  enlarged  ;  rf,  male  scale,  enlarged. 
FIG.  223.— Female  scales.  (U.  S.  Div.  of  En- 
tomology.) 


DESTR UC Tl VE   INSECTS. 


167 


its  scaly  covering  is  nearly  white  in  color.  It  is  two-brooded 
even  in  New  York,  and  from  ten  to  seventy-rive  purple  eggs 
winter  under  each  female  scale. 

This  scurfy  scale  is  best  controlled  by  the  same  methods  as 
the  preceding  species. 
San  Jost  Scale  (Aspi- 
diotus  pcrniciosus},  Fig. 
229. — This  insect  first 
appeared  in  California 
many  years  ago. 
About  1887  it  was  in- 
troduced into  the 
Eastern  United  States 
on  nursery  stock;  and 
it  has  since  attained 
international  import- 
ance,  and  has  been 
widely  distributed 
throughout  this  coun- 
try. It  is  recognized 
everywhere  as  a  most 
destructive  and  dan- 
gerous fruit  pest.  It 
spreads  all  over  the 
tree  and  fruit,  at  times  literally  covering  it — in  such  cases 
often  killing  it,  if  undisturbed,  in  a  few  years.  It  thrives  on 
all  kinds  of  fruit-trees,  and  on  the  small  fruits  as  well  as  on 
most  other  deciduous  trees  or  shrubs ;  peaches  usually  suc- 
cumb to  its  attacks  more  quickly  than  any  other  fruit-trees. 
It  can  spread  only  by  direct  contact  of  the 
living  female  with  a  live  tree,  either  from 
the  interlocking  of  the  branches  of  an  infested 
tree  with  others,  or  by  being  carried  from 
one  to  another  by  birds  or  insects.  Infested 
nursery  stock  is  the  most  fertile  source  of 
distribution.  While  it  is  often  found  on  the 
fruit,  there  is  yet  no  definite  evidence  that 
such  fruit  was  the  source  of  any  infestation. 
The  reason  this  scale  is  so  much  more  dangerous  than  either 
of  the  two  bark-lice  just  discussed  is  because  of  its  greater 


FIG.  224.  FIG.  225. 

The  Scurfy  Bark-louse. 
:,  Female  ;  d,  male.    FIG.  225.— Female 
scales.     FIG.    226.— Male  scales.     Figs.  225,  226, 
natural  size  ;  Fig.  224   enlarged.      (U.  S.  Div. 
of  Entomology.) 


FIG.  227.— San  Jose 
Scale.  (Greatly 
magnified.) 


1 68 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


power  of  multiplication.  The  insect  winters  in  the  form  of 
small  round  black  scales  scarcely  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 
These  become  full  grown  ir  May  or  June,  when  they  are  of 
a  grayish  color  and  nearly  r.n  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
There  is  no  egg  stage,  *he  young  lice  being  born  alive,  and 
they  may  become  mothers  in  about  forty  days.  Thus  there  are 
from  three  to  five  generations  of  the  scales  during  a  season, 
and  as  <^ne  ti^tker  may  rear  from  one  hundred  to  five  hundred 


FIG.  228.  FIG.  229 

FlG.  228. — San  Jose  Scale. — Female  insect  which  lives  under  the  scale,  greatly 

enlarged.     (Adapted  from  Howard's  figures.) 
FlG.  229.— San  Jos<5  Scale,  natural  size. 

young,  it  is  easy  to  understand  how  a  few  scales  may  soon 
cover  a  tree  with  their  progeny.  If  one  of  the  scales  be  tipped 
over  at  any  time,  there  will  be  found  the  soft,  yellow  body  of 
the  insect  itself,  as  shown  in  Fig.  228. 

Much  legislation  has  been  enacted  to  prevent  the  spread  of 
or  to  exterminate  this  pernicious  pest,  and  much  good  has  re- 
sulted from  the  systems  of  inspection  of  nurseries  and  or- 
chards, but  eventually  every  fruit-grower  will  have  to  work  out 
his  own  salvation.  Fruit-growers  should  understand  that  the 
insect  can  never  bo  exterminated  in  any  seriously  infested 
orchard  or  locality  without  destroying  the  trees,  but  it  can  be, 
and  some  are  controlling  it  as  effectually  as  they  are  some 
other  fruit  pests. 

It  can  best  be  treated  when  the  trees  are  dormant,  but  much 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


169 


can  be  done  also  by  spraying  the  trees  several  times  during  the 
growing  season  with  a  kerosene-water  pump,  using  about  20 
per  cent,  of  kerosene,  or  with  whale-oil  soap,  about  one  pound 
in  four  or  five  gallons  of  water.  For  a  winter  wash  a  solution 
of  good  whale-oil  soap,  two  pounds  in  one  gallon  of  water,  has 
been  found  very  effectual.  Pure  kerosene  is  also  effective, 
but  often  injures  the  tree.  Crude  petroleum  applied  as  a 
winter  wash,  in  a  25  to  4o-per-cent. 
mixture,  with  a  kerosene  -  water 
pump,  is  also  proving  a  valuable 
addition  to  the  insecticidal  batter- 
ies that  may  be  directed  against 
this  pest.  Very  effective  work  has 
also  been  done  in  the  East  with  the 
California  wash  of  lime,  sulphur, 
and  salt. 

Fumigation  with  hydrocyanic 
acid  gas  is  the  most  perfect  method 
of  controlling  the  San  Jose  scale, 
but  it  requires  expensive  appa- 
ratus for  orchard  work.  Nursery 
stock,  however,  can  be  cheaply 
fumigated,  and  when  properly 
done,  it  will  prove  a  great  safe- 
guard to  the  fruit-grower  against,  not  only  this  scale,  but 
many  other  injurious  insects  often  sent  out  by  nurserymen. 

Lecanium  Scales. — These  are  large,  soft-shelled,  brown  scales 
about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  half  pea.  There  are  many 
species,  some  of  which,  like  the  Black  Scale  of  California,  are 
very  destructive.  A  few  years  ago  one  of  these  Lecaniums 
appeared  in  overwhelming  numbers  in  several  plum  orchards 
in  western  New  York,  and  many  bearing  trees  were  killed. 
Climatic  conditions  and  its  insect  enemies,  however,  soon 
turned  the  tide,  and  the  pest  may  remain  in  its  former  obscur- 
ity for  many  years. 

Such  scales  can  often  be  successfully  controlled  by  spray- 
ing the  trees  when  dormant  with  kerosene  emulsion,  one  part 
to  four  of  water;  doubtless  a  kerosene-water  pump,  using  20  or 
30  per  cent,  of  kerosene,  or  whale-oil  soap,  one  pound  in  two 
to  four  gallons  of  water,  would  prove  equally  effectual. 


FIG.  230.— The  Peach  Lecanium 
Scale,  natural  size  and  en- 
larged. 


1 7o 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


The  Apple  Aphis  (Aphis  mali)  is  the  little  green  plant-louse 
which  often  appears  in  large  numbers  on  the  opening  buds  of 
apple  in  early  spring.  These  hatch  from  shining  black  eggs 
laid  on  the  bark  in  the  fall.  Usually  but  little  damage  is  done 
by  the  lice  on  bearing  trees,  but  in  nurseries  it  often  proves 
a  serious  pest  by  badly  curling  the  leaves  and  checking  the 
growth  of  the  stock.  Winged  forms  may  leave  the  apple-tree 
and  start  a  series  of  summer  generations  on  June  grass. 

They  may  be  destroyed  by  a  solution  of  whale-oil  soap,  or 
even  by  common  soap-suds.     It  may  be  applied  with  a  spray 
pump;    or  young  trees  in  the  ' 
nursery    and     their    branches 
may    be   bent    over    and    im- 
mersed in  the  liquid  contained 
in  a  large  pail.     It  should  be 
repeated  as  often  as  they  reap- 
pear. 

The    Bud   Moth    (Tmetocera 


FIG.  231.— The  Bud  Moth,  twice 
natural  size. 


FIG.  232. — Work  of  a  bud  moth  cater- 
pillar in  an  opening  leaf  bud,  nat- 
ural size. 


ocellana). — This  insect  does  much  damage  in  many  sections 
of  the  country.  A  little  brown  caterpillar  comes  from  a 
silken  home,  in  which  it  hibernated,  and  proceeds  to  eat  into 
the  opening  buds.  It  soon  ruins  the  opening  flowers  and  ties 
them  and  the  leaves  together  into  a  nest,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
232.  The  brown  caterpillars  get  full  grown  in  June,  when 
they  measure  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  then  soon 
undergo  their  transformations  to  the  adult  insect,  the  moth, 
shown  in  Fig.  231.  The  moths  soon  lay  their  eggs  on  the 
leaves  and  the  young  caterpillars  mine  in  the  leaves  until 
time  to  go  into  winter  quarters  in  their  silken  homes  on  the 
branches  near  the  buds. 
It  requires  intelligent  and  persistent  work  with  a  Paris 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS.  I71 

green  or  other  poisonous  spray  in  the  spring  to  control  this 
serious  pest ;  it  is  usually  necessary  to  make  two  thorough  ap- 
plications before  the  blossoms  open. 

Canker-worms  are  among  the  most  destructive  of  apple  pests. 
They  are  measuring-worms  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 


FIG.  233.— Spring  Canker-worm.— Larva;  female;  male. 

in  length,  and  finally  develop  into  small  moths,  the  females 
of  which  (Fig.  233)  have  no  wings.  There  are  several  differ- 
ent kinds  of  canker-worms,  and  they  often  work  together  in 
the  same  orchard.  They  consume  the  foliage,  except  the  larger 
leaf  veins,  and  give  the  trees  a  scorched  appearance  from  a 
distance,  so  that  the  insects  are  known  as  "  fire-worms "  in 
some  localities.  We  have  seen  thousands  of  acres  of  apple 


FIG.  234.— Fall  Canker-worm.— Female;  male  ;  larva. 

orchards  in  Western  New  York  defoliated  by  these  pests  in  a 
single  season.  They  spread  rather  slowly  from  orchard  to 
orchard. 

In  some  localities  the  kind  known  as  the  fall  canker-worm 
(Anisopteryx  pometaria)  (Fig.  234)  is  the  most  numerous,  while 
in  other  sections  the  spring  canker-worm  (Paleacrita  vernata) 
(Fig.  233)  far  outnumbers  any  others.  At  least  two  other 
kinds  may  also  occur  in  injurious  numbers ;  they  are  the  lime- 
tree  winter-moth  Hybernia  tiliaria,  and  Bruce 's  canker-worm 
Rachela  bruceata. 


172  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

The  moths  of  the  fall  canker-worm  and  of  the  two  last* 
named  species  emerge  in  the  fall,  while  the  spring  canker- 
worm  moths  appear  in  March  and  April.  In  each  case  the 
wingless  females  have  to  crawl  up  the  tree,  where  they  lay 
their  eggs  on  the  bark.  The  eggs  of  each  species  hatch  about 
the  same  time  in  the  spring,  as  the  leaves  begin  to  unfold, 
and  the  caterpillars  feed  ravenously  for  about  a  month.  They 
then  disappear  into  the  ground  a  short  distance,  where  they 
transform  to  pupse,  finally  to  emerge  as  moths  in  the  fall  or 
spring. 

Canker-worms  are  not  difficult  pests  to  control  when  one 
understands  their  habits,  so  that  the  warfare  can  be  waged  at 
the  proper  time.  The  caterpillars  can  be  killed  after  they 
have  begun  work  in  the  spring  by  thorough,  honest  efforts 
with  a  spray  of  Paris  green  or  some  similar  poison  at  the  rate 
of  one  pound  in  one  hundred  gallons  of  water  or  Bordeaux 
mixture.  It  will  require  several  applications  where  the  pests 
are  very  numerous,  and  it  is  all-important  to  apply  the  poison 
before  the  caterpillars  get  two-thirds  grown ;  it  always  takes 
much  less  poison  to  kill  a  small  caterpillar  than  one  nearly 
full-grown. 

Orchards  which  are  well  cultivated  from  year  to  year  are 
rarely  seriously  infested  with  canker-worms.  Doubtless  many 
of  the  pupae  in  the  soil  are  destroyed  by  the  cultivation. 

As  the  female  cannot  fly,  various  expedients  for  preventing 
it  from  ascending  the  tree  from  the  ground  in  the  fall  or  early 
spring  have  been  devised.  Bands  of  sheath- 
ing-paper  six  or  eight  inches  wide  are 
often  tacked  around  the  trunks  of  the 
trees,  and  then  smeared  with  tar,  or  any 
other  sticky  substance  which  will  not  lose 
its  viscidity.  Before  putting  on  the  bands 
smooth  off  the  bark,  so  that  there  shall 
be  no  crevices  under  the  paper  through 
which  the  tiny  moths  may  crawl. 

Another  simple  patented  device,  shown 
in  Fig.  235,  has  been  extensively  and   suc- 
cessfully   used    in   Western    New   York. 
FIG.    235.— Common-   This    Common-Sense    Wire    Trap,    when 

sense  Wire   Trap  for  ,  .,    .  ,  .,     ,  t 

canker-worms.  properly  put  on  and  cared  for  while  the 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


173 


moths  are  ascending  the  trees,  forms  a  simple,  cheap,  and 
very  effective  barrier.  We  have  seen  such  a  trap  filled  with 
the  moths  crowding  and  pushing  each  other  until  many  of 
them  were  killed ;  in  a  badly  infested  orchard  we  have  seen 

at  1  e  a  s  t   a  thousand 
moths    trying    to     as- 

Mffit%  '   ' 

g£raaa«DK»  one  evening. 

Tent-caterpillars  are 
serious  enemies  to  ap- 
ple-trees and  some  for- 
est trees  in  most  parts 
of  the  country.  They 
have  their  seasons  of 
increase  and  decrease. 


FIG.  236. — Apple-tree  Tent-caterpillars  on 
their  Tent,  natural  size. 


FIG.  237.  —Egg-mass  of  Tent« 
caterpillar. 


Some  years  they  nearly  strip  whole  orchards ;  and  again  they 
diminish  in  numbers  in  successive  years,  till  few  can  be  found. 
The  species  which  usually  does  the  most  damage  to  fruit- 
trees  is  shown  in  Fig.  236,  and  it  is  known  as  the  American  or 
Apple-tree  Tent-caterpillar  {Clisiocampa  americand).  In  the 
spring,  as  soon  as  the  leaf-buds  of  the  apple  begin  to  open, 
the  little  hairy  caterpillars  hatch  from  their  varnished  egg-ring 
(Fig.  237),  where  they  have  spent  the  preceding  eight  or  nine 
months.  They  feed  for  five  or  six  weeks  and  attain  the  size 


DESTRUCTIVE   INSECTS. 


shown  in  Fig.  236.  Those  we  have  watched  fed  mostly  at 
night,  early  morning,  or  at  midday.  They  are  social  cater- 
pillars, and  each  family  or  colony  lives  together  in  a  silken 
tent  or  nest,  which  they  begin  in  a  near-by  crotch  soon  after 
they  hatch,  and  gradually  enlarge  as  they  need  larger  quar- 
ters. 

These  tents  or  "  signboards"  are  conspicuous  objects  in  an 


FIG.  238.— Female  Moth  of  Apple-tree 
Tent-caterpillar  on  Cocoon,  natu- 
ral size. 


FIG.  239.— A  Forest  Tent-cater- 
pillar, natural  size. 


orchard.  The  tent  serves  as  a  home  from  which  the  cater- 
pillars issue  at  feeding  times  and  forage  over  the  tree,  spin- 
ning a  silken  thread  wherever  they  go.  When  they  get  their 
growth  early  in  June,  they  find  some  secluded  cranny  in  a 
near-by  fence  or  elsewhere  and  spin  about  themselves  a  coarse, 
white,  silken  cocoon  intermixed  with  a  yellow  powder  (Fig. 
238).  In  this  cocoon  they  change  to  pupa?,  and  finally  trans- 
form to  reddish-brown  moths  (Fig.  238)  in  about  three  weeks. 
The  moths  emerge  and  lay  their  peculiar  rings  of  eggs  (Fig. 
237)  around  the  smaller  branches  early  in  July;  each  egg- 
mass  contains  about  two  hundred  eggs,  which  are  covered  by 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS.  175 

a  vesicular,  water-proof  varnish.  There  is  thus  but  one  brood 
of  the  caterpillars  each  year,  and  by  far  the  largest  portion  of 
the  insect's  life  is  spent  in  the  egg,  usually  from  July  until 
the  following  April. 

Maple  shade  trees  and  sugar-bushes,  as  well  as  some  other 
forest  trees,  sometimes  suffer  severely  from  hordes  of  large 
hairy  caterpillars,  which  are  closely  allied  to  the  apple-tree 
tent-caterpillar,  and  have  been  called  the  Forest  Tent-cater- 
pillar (Clisioscampa  disstria}.  One  of  them  is  shown  in  Fig. 
239.  Sometimes  this  insect  invades  orchards  and  proves  a 
more  serious  enemy  than  its  near  relative.  Its  life-history  is 
practically  the  same  as  that  of  the  apple-tree  tent-caterpillar, 
but  the  two  species  are  easily  distinguished  in  the  egg,  cater- 
pillar, and  moth  stages. 

The  egg-rings  of  the  forest  species  are  shorter  and  blunter 
at  the  ends ;  the  caterpillars  have  a  row  of  whitish  spots  down 
the  middle  of  the  back  instead  of  a  continuous  white  stripe ; 
the  moths  have  an  oblique  band  of  a  deeper  tint  across  each 
front  wing,  while  those  of  the  apple-tree  tent-caterpillar  are 
crossed  by  a  similar  band  bordered  with  narrow  white  stripes. 
The  popular  name  of  forest  tent-caterpillar  is  misleading,  as 
the  caterpillars  do  not  make  a  tent,  but  simply  spin  a  thin 
silken  mat  or  carpet  on  the  bark  where  the  whole  family  rests 
when  not  feeding. 

Several  parasitic  and  predaceous  insects  prey  upon  this 
forest  species  and  usually  keep  it  in  subjection.  In  sugar- 
bushes  and  other  forest  lands  man  must  depend  largely  upon 
these  enemies  to  control  the  pest. 

The  best  and  cheapest  method  of  combating  both  the  apple- 
tree  and  the  forest  species  of  these  tent-caterpillars  is  to  cut 
off  the  small  branches  which  bear  the  eggs,  during  autumn  or 
winter,  and  burn  them  ;  do  not  leave  them  on  the  ground, 
for  they  will  often  hatch  as  readily  there  as  on  the  tree. 
A  most  convenient  implement  for  this  work  is  a  tree-pruner 
(see  page  102).  The  eggs  are  seen  at  a  glance  after  a  little 
practice.  Every  ring  of  eggs  thus  removed,  which  is  done 
in  a  few  seconds,  totally  prevents  a  nest  or  colony  of 
caterpillars  in  the  spring,  and  is  far  more  expeditious  and 
effectual  than  the  usual  modes  of  burning  the  nests,  or  brush- 
ing off  the  caterpillars  with  poles  at  a  later  period.  Enlist  the 


1 76  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

children  in  this  work  by  prizes,  or  by  paying  a  certain  amount 
for  the  collection  of  tmhatched  egg-rings  at  any  time  between 
August  ist  and  the  following  April ;  this  is  especially  appli- 
cable in  villages  where  shade  trees  are  infested. 

Where  orchards  are  thoroughly  sprayed  with  poisons  for 
other  pests,  the  tent-caterpillars  are  usually  destroyed  at  the 
same  time. 

The  caterpillars  of  the  forest  species  quickly  drop  from  the 
tree  when  it  is  suddenly  jarred,  thus  offering  a  very  prac- 
ticable method  of  collecting  and  killing  them  in  orchards,  and 
especially  on  village  shade  trees.  When  the  apple-tree  tent- 


a 


FIG.  240.  FIG.  241. 


caterpillars  and  their  nests  or  "  signboards"  are  small,  a  whole 
family  can  be  quickly  wiped  out  and  destroyed  with  an  old 
mitten  or  rag  in  one's  hand.  These  nests  should  be  looked 
upon  as  signboards  of  shiftlessness,  for  not  many  injurious 
insects  can  be  so  easily  controlled. 

Yellow-necked  Apple-tree  Caterpillar  (Datana  ministra). — The 
larva  of  this  moth,  which  usually  appears  in  July  or  August, 
when  full  grown,  is  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
long.  A  family  of  them  is  so  voracious  that  if  undisturbed 
they  will  soon  defoliate  a  small  tree.  Though  they  spin  no 
web,  they  have  a  peculiar  habit  of  collecting  together  in 
masses  in  the  noticeable  position  shown  in  Fig.  240.  At  such 
times  they  may  easily  be  destroyed  by  burning,  or  by  brush- 
ing them  off  on  to  the  ground  and  killing  them.  The  perfect 
insect  is  shown  in  Fig.  241. 

The  Apple  Maggot  (Trypefa  pomonella')  Fig.  242,  lives  in 
the  pulp  of  the  apple  and  tunnels  it  in  winding  channels,  ruin- 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


177 


ning  it  except  for  feeding  to  stock.  It  is  a  footless  maggot, 
one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  changes  to  a  pretty  two-winged 
fly.  It  prefers  the  thin-skinned  summer  and  fall  apples  to  the 
winter  varieties,  but  no  varieties  are  exempt  from  attack. 
It  has  spread  over  the  Eastern  and  Northern  States,  where  it 
has  become  a  very  serious  pest,  and 
is  sometimes  called  the  "  railroad 
worm." 

The  flies  begin  to  appear  early 
in  summer  and  insert  their  eggs 
through  the  skin  of  the  partially 
grown  apples.  The  fact  that  the 
maggots  rarely,  if  ever,  leave  the 
fruit  while  it  remains  on  the  tree 
affords  practically  the  only  vul- 
nerable place  in  the  insect's  life. 
After  the  apple  falls  or  is  picked, 
the  full-grown  maggots  crawl  out 
and  change  to  the  pupal  state  in 
the  ground,  or  in  the  receptacles 
in  which  the  fruit  may  be  stored. 
It  hibernates  in  the  pupal  stage. 

The  insect  is  thus  out  of  the 
reach  of  the  spraying  pump,  and 
the  most  efficient  remedy  is  to  turn 
sheep  or  other  stock  into  the  or-  FlG-  242.-Appie  Maggot.— a,  Fe. 

...         .  .    ,         -11   J  ±1        r      •          male;     b.    male;    c,    maggot. 

chard,  which  will  devour  the  fruit      (After  Harvey.) 
as  soon  as  it  falls,  or  to  pick  up 

at  once  and  feed  out  or  bury  deeply  the  fallen  fruit  in  gar- 
dens. 

The  Apple-Worm  or  Codling-Moth  (Carpocapsa  pomonella). — 
This  insect  has  become  the  most  formidable  enemy  of  the 
apple  in  the  United  States.  It  also  does  much  damage  to  the 
pear,  and  rarely  attacks  some  of  the  stone-fruits.  In  many 
orchards  it  ruins  nearly  the  whole  crop.  "Wormy"  apples, 
most  of  which  are  caused  by  this  insect,  have  been  mentioned 
in  agricultural  writings  as  far  back  as  the  time  of  Cato,  nearly 
two  hundred  years  before  the  Christian  era.  The  insect  is 
now  a  cosmopolitan  pest,  occurring  in  nearly  every  corner  of 
the  globe  where  apples  are  cultivated.  It  doubtless  appeared 

12 


I78  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

in  America  some  time  before  1750,  and  now  occurs  in  nearly 
every  apple-growing  section. 

The  codling-moth  appears  in  the  spring  about  the  time  the 
blossoms  are  falling  from  apple  trees,  and  after  a  few  days 
glues  its  tiny  scale-like  eggs  (Fig.  246)  on  to  the  skin  of  the 
young  fruit,  or  even  the  adjacent  leaves,  where  they  hatch  in 
about  a  week.  The  little  apple-worm  usually  finds  its  way 
into  the  blossom-end,-  where  it  takes  its  first  meal  and  where 
it  remains  feeding  for  several  days,  finaly  eating  its  way  to 


FlG.  243. — The  Codling-moth,  natural  size.     (From  Lodeman's  "  Spraying  of 
Plants,"  by  permission  of  The  Macmillan  Company.) 

the  core  (Fig.  243).  In  about  three  weeks  it  gets  nearly  full- 
grown  and  makes  an  exit  tunnel  to  the  surface,  closing  the  out- 
side opening  of  the  tunnel  for  a  few  days  while  it  feeds  inside. 
Emerging  from  the  fruit,  it  usually  makes  its  way  to  the 
trunk  of  the  tree,  where  it  soon  spins  a  cocoon  under  the  loose 
bark.  Usually  the  first  worms  thus  to  spin  up  in  June  or  July 
soon  transform  to  pupae,  from  which  the  adult  insect  emerges 
in  about  two  weeks,  and  eggs  are  soon  laid  on  the  leaves  or 
the  skin  of  the  apples,  from  which  a  second  brood  of  the  worms 
hatches.  In  most  of  the  more  northern  portions  of  the  United 
States  only  a  part  of  the  worms  of  the  first  brood  pupate  or 
transform  to  moths  the  same  season,  but  in  the  central,  western, 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


179 


and  southern  portions  there  is  a  complete  second  brood,  and 
in  some  portions  possibly  even  a  third  brood  of  the  worms 
annually.  In  the  fall  all  the  worms  spin  cocoons  wherever 


FIG.  244.— Just  the  Time  to  Spray 
for  the  Codling-moth. 


FIG.  245.— Calyx  Cup  Nearly  Closed. 


they  may  be,  either  in  the  orchard  or  in  storerooms,  and  remain 
curled  up  in  them  as  caterpillars  until  spring  opens,  when 
they  transform,  through  the  pupa,  to  the 
moth  (Fig.  243),  thus  completing  their 
yearly  life-cycle. 

No  panacea  for  the  codling-moth  has 
yet  been  found,  but  by  thorough  work 
with  a  Paris  green  spray  one  can  often 
save  at  least  75  per  cent,  of  the  apples 
that  would  otherwise  be  ruined  by  the 
worms.  Where  two  or  more  broods  of  the 
insect  occur  during  the  season,  as  in  Kan- 
sas, Nebraska,  Oregon,  New  Mexico,  and 
neighboring  localities  in  the  West,  and  FlG.  246._Caiyx  Cup 
in  the  South,  the  poison  spray  is  not  so  Closed  and  too  Late 
effective,  for,  although  75  per  cent,  of  the  to  Spray  Effectual- 

c      .     ,  ,        -  ly  (note  the  tiny  egg 

first   brood   of  worms  may  be  killed  with       on  skin  Of  appie). 


i  o  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

the  spray,  the  few  worms  left  will  form  a  sufficient  nucleus 
for  a  large  and  very  destructive  second  or  third  brood;  in 
these  localities  the  best  that  can  be  advised  at  present  is  to 
supplement  the  poison  spray  with  the  old  banding  system. 

Various  methods  of  trapping  the  worms  when  they  are  about 
to  spin  their  cocoons  have  been  practised  with  some  degree  of 
success.  The  most  simple  and  as  effective  as  any  is  to  wrap 
a  band  of  straw,  or  two  or  three  folds  of  old  burlap  around 
the  trunk  of  the  tree.  Put  on  the  bands  about  the  middle  of 
June  and  examine  and  destroy  the  cocoons  found  in  them 
every  ten  days  until  about  September  ist  when  they  need  not 
be  examined  again  until  after  the  fruit  is  gathered. 

To  use  the  poison  spray  the  most  effectually  one  must  un- 
derstand that  it  is  necessary  to  fill  the  blossom-end  of  each 
apple  with  poison  within  a  week  after  the  blossoms  fall,  for 
this  is  where  the  little  apple-worm  gets  its  first  few  meals,  and 
it  is  practically  our  only  chance  to  kill  it  with  a  spray. 
Watch  the  developing  fruit  after  the  petals  fall,  and  be  sure 
to  apply  the  poison  before  the  calyx  lobes  close  (as  shown  in 
Figs.  244  and  245),  for  while  the  falling  of  the  blossoms  is  the 
signal  to  begin  spraying,  the  closing  of  these  calyx  lobes  a  week  or 
two  later  is  usually  the  signal  to  stop  spraying. 

The  Pear  Psylla  (Psylla  pyricola),  one  of  the  jumping 
plant-lice,  has  recently  attained  first  rank  as  a  pear  pest  in 
the  eastern  United  States,  and  it  occurs  westward  to  the 
Mississippi  River.  It  attacks  only  the  pear-tree  and  has 
nearly  ruined  some  pear  orchards  in  New  York ;  trees  of  all 
ages  and  varieties  are  attacked.  Most  of  the  damage  is  done 
by  the  nymphs  (Fig.  248),  which  are  only  about  one-tenth  of 
an  inch  in  length,  but  they  often  appear  in  incredible  num- 
bers, and  congregating  in  the  leaf-axils  or  on  the  fruit  stems 
they  soon  sap  the  life  of  trees  to  such  an  extent  that  but  little 
growth  is  made  and  the  fruit  sometimes  drops  when  half- 
grown.  The  nymphs  secrete  large  quantities  of  a  sweet, 
sticky  liquid,  called  "honey-dew,"  which  spreads  over  the 
branches  and  leaves,  sometimes  even  dripping  from  the  trees. 
All  through  this  honey-dew  a  black  fungus  grows,  so  that  the 
bark  of  badly  infested  trees  has  a  black,  sooty  appearance ; 
this  is  usually  good  evidence  at  any  time  of  the  year  that  a 
pear-tree  has  suffered  from  the  psylla.  The  adult  insects  (Fig. 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS.  181 

247)  are  active  creatures,  quickly  jumping  and  flying  out  of 
reach  when  approached ;  they  feed,  but  not  enough  to  do  no- 
ticeable damage. 

The  insect  hibernates  in  the  adult  stage,  hidden  in  the  crev- 
ices under  the  loosened  bark  on  the  trunk  and  large  limbs  of 
the  pear  trees.  During  warm  days  they  often  crawl  about  on 
the  branches  and  trunk.  They  are  not  easily  seen  as  they  are 
so  small,  and  their  color  so  closely  imitates  the  bark.  In 


FIG.  247.  FIG.  248. 

The  Pear  Psylla.    Adult  and  nymph,  much  enlarged. 

April  these  adults  lay  their  curious,  orange-yellow  eggs  in  the 
creases  of  the  bark  about  the  bases  of  the  terminal  buds  of  the 
preceding  year's  growth.  By  the  middle  of  May,  or  about  the 
time  the  first  leaves  are  expanding,  most  of  the  eggs  have 
hatched,  and  the  little  nymphs  are  at  work  sucking  out  the 
life  of  the  tree.  In  about  a  month  these  nymphs  have  devel- 
oped into  adult  psyllas,  which  are  smaller  than  those  which 
hibernated,  and  they  soon  lay  eggs  on  the  leaves  for  another 
brood.  At  least  four  broods  of  the  insect  develop  in  a  season 
in  New  York  and  probably  five  in  Maryland.  Many  pear-trees 
are  so  much  weakened  by  the  drain  of  so  many  little  pumps 
sucking  the  sap  that  they  do  not  have  enough  vitality  to  sur- 
vive the  winter.  The  insect  is  thus  both  a  serious  menace  to 
the  tree  and  to  the  crop  of  fruit. 

It  is  very  important  that  this  pest  should  be  checked  early 
in  the  season,  as  the  psyllas  can  be  more  easily  hit  with  a 


182 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


spray  then,  and  every  member  of  the  first  brood  that  is  killed 
greatly  reduces  the  numbers  of  the  following  broods.  In 
badly  infested  pear-orchards  it  would  pay  to  drench  the  bark 
of  the  trees  in  winter  with  a  spray  of  whale-oil  soap,  dissolving 
about  one  pound  in  two  or  three  gallons  of  water,  and  to  each 
hundred  gallons  of  this  add  ten  gallons  of  crude  petroleum. 
With  this  spray,  or  with  a  kerosene-water  pump,  using  30  or 


FlG.  249.— The  Pear  Slug,  a,  Adult  saw-fly  ;  b,  slug  with  slime  removed ; 
c,  same  in  normal  state  ;  d,  infested  leaves,  natural  size  ;  a,  b,  c,  much  enlarged. 
(U.  S.  Div.  of  Entomology.) 

40  per  cent,  of  kerosene,  most  of  the  hibernating  psyllas  could 
be  killed,  and  thus  the  pest  be  checked  for  the  coming  season. 
The  nymphs  and  many  of  the  adults  can  be  killed  in  summer 
by  thorough  work  with  a  spray  of  whale-oil  soap,  one  pound 
in  five  gallons  of  water,  or  with  a  kerosene-water  pump, 
using  about  10  or  15  per  cent,  of  kerosene.  Sometimes  the 
nymphs  become  covered  with  honey-dew,  and  it  is  difficult  to 
hit  them  with  a  spray.  Hence,  just  after  a  hard  shower  is  a 
good  time  to  make  the  application,  as  much  of  the  honey-dew 
will  be  washed  off.  Prompt  and  thorough  work  in  May  or 
early  June  on  the  first  brood  is  necessary  if  one  is  to  control 
this  pest.  It  is  a  very  difficult  matter  to  check  it  if  it  is  let 
alone  until  later  in  the  season. 

The  Pear  or  Cherry  Slug  (Eriocampoides  limacina). — This 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


183 


European  pest  has  now  made  its  way  into  practically  every 
civilized  country.  It  is  one  of  the  saw-flies,  the  adult  (Fig. 
249*2)  being  glossy-black  and  not  quite  so  large  as  a  house-fly. 
These  flies  emerge  from  the  ground  in  May  and  insert  their 
eggs  into  the  tissues  of  the  leaves  from  the  under  surface. 
The  eggs  hatch  in  about  two  weeks.  The  dark  green  larvae 
(Fig.  249  b  c}  are  snail-like  in  form,  and  their  body  is  covered 
with  a  slimy  olive-colored  liquid ;  these  characteristics  have 
given  them  the  popular  and  apt  name  of  "  slugs."  The  slugs 
feed  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves,  skeletonizing  them, 
as  shown  at  d  in  Fig.  249. 

Although  very  sluggish  in  movement,  the  slugs  have  an 
enormous  appetite,  and  often  do  much  damage,  especially  to 
young  trees.  They  get  their  growth  in  about  twenty-five 
days,  go  into  the  ground,  and  there  transform  in  about  two 
weeks  to  the  saw-flies.  A  second  brood  of  slugs  results  in 
August  from  eggs  soon  laid  by  these  flies. 

This  is  a  very  easy  pest  to  control.  The  old  method  was 
to  dust  ashes,  lime,  or  road-dust  onto  the  slimy  slugs,  and  it 
was  sometimes  quite  effectual ;  but  many  of  the  slugs  would 
simply  moult  off  their  dusted  skin  and  thus  escape.  They 
feed  so  openly  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  that  a  dose 
of  poison  can  be  easily  included  in  their  menu.  Dust  on  some 
hellebore  if  only  a  few  young  trees  are  infested,  or  spray  in- 
fested trees  with  Paris  green 
or  some  similar  poison  at  the 
rate  of  one  pound  in  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  gallons  of  water, 
or  use  it  in  Bordeaux  mixture. 

The  Pear  Midge  (Diplosis 
pyrivora). — This  insect  was 
apparently  introduced  into 
America  from  Europe  about 
1877,  being  first  noticed  in 
Connecticut.  It  has  slowly 
spread  into  the  near-by  States, 
and  has  become  in  many  locali- 
ties the  most  destructive  enemy 
to  the  fruit  of  pear;  it  attacks  P"*- *so.-The  Pear  Midge  «,  Adult; 

,         -      .  *»  maggot ;  c,  pupa ;  all   much  en. 

no   Other  fruit.  larged.     ( Adapted  from  Riley.) 


i84 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


The  adult  insects,  which  resemble  miniature  mosquitoes 
(Fig.  250  a),  emerge  from  the  soil  beneath  the  trees  early  in  the 
spring  when  the  blossom-buds  are  just  bursting.  Before  the 
blossoms  get  open,  the  little  flies  or  midges  insert  their  long 


FlG.  251. — Work  of  the  Pear  Midge.  Section  of  pear  showing  maggots  at  work, 
enlarged  ;  an  infested,  misshapen  fruit ;  fruit  from  which  the  maggots  have 
emerged,  natural  size. 

ovipositor  through  the  closed  petals  and  calyx  and  lay  a  dozen 
or  more  eggs  on  the  anthers  of  the  flowers.  The  eggs  hatch 
in  four  or  five  days,  and  the  orange  or  reddish-colored  maggots 
(Fig.  250)  enter  the  open  ovary  of  the  embryo  fruit,  where 
they  feed  upon  the  growing  tissues,  usually  destroying  the 
core  and  seeds  and  causing  the  young  fruits  to  become  dwarfed 
and  misshapen,  as  shown  in  Fig.  251.  The  maggots  get  their 
growth  about  June  ist  and  remain  in  the  fruit  until  a  rain  or 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS.  185 

other  moist  conditions  cause  a  rapid  decaying  and  a  cracking 
open  of  the  infested  fruit,  as  shown  in  Fig.  251.  Through  the 
openings  thus  made  the  maggots  emerge  and  enter  the  soil  an 
inch  or  two,  where  they  make  oval,  silken  cocoons,  in  which 
they  remain  until  spring,  when  they  change  to  pupae,  and 
soon  afterward  to  the  adult  flies  or  midges. 

The  Lawrence  variety  of  pear,  which  blooms  early,  seems 
to  be  a  favorite  with  the  midge. 

The  pest  seems  to  be  invulnerable  to  any  insecticidal  oper- 
ation, which  does  not  involve  the  loss  of  the  fruit,  until  the 
maggots  leave  the  fruit  and  enter  the  ground.  Where  only  a 
few  trees  are  infested,  one  could  readily  distinguish  most  of 
the  infested,  misshapen  fruits,  and  pick  them  off  and  destroy 
them ;  this  should  be  done  before  May  i5th  to  be  effective.  It 
would  pay  in  certain  cases  thus  to  destroy  all  the  fruits  on  a 
few  trees  for  a  season  if  an  orchard  could  be  thereby  freed 
from  the  pest. 

Experiments  give  considerable  hope  that  many  of  the  midge 
maggots  can  be  destroyed  in  loose  sandy  soils  by  an  applica- 
tion of  kainit,  at  the  rate  of  one  thousand  pounds  to  an  acre, 
about  the  middle  of  June.  Other  experiments  on  clay  soils 
indicate  that  such  heavy  applications  of  potash  salts  each  year 
injure  the  trees,  and  that  thorough  cultivation  is  far  prefer- 
able to  the  fertilizers. 

The  Plum  Curculio  (Conotrachelus  nenuphar}. — This  native 
American  insect  is  the  cause  of  most  "  wormy  "  plums,  prunes, 
apricots,  peaches,  nectarines,  and  cherries.  It  is  usually  by 
'  far  the  most  destructive  insect  with  which  growers  of  these 
fruits  have  to  contend,  as  it  often  ruins  the  whole  crop  unless 
promptly  checked.  It  also  breeds  in  apples  and  pears,  but 
not  so  freely  as  in  the  stone-fruits;  during  years  when  the 
latter  fruits  are  a  light  crop  it  often  becomes  a  serious  pest  on 
apples.  The  insect  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  coun- 
try east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  has  not  yet  invaded  the 
Pacific  Coast  States. 

The  adult  insect  (Fig.  252)  belongs  to  a  family  of  beetles 
known  as  curculios,  weevils,  or  snout-beetles.  It  is  a  small, 
rough,  blackish  beetle,  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  with  a 
black,  shining  hump  on  the  middle  .of  each  wing-case,  and 
behind  this  a  band  of  dull  ochre-yellow  color,  with  some 


1 86  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

whitish  marks  near  the  middle.  These  curculios  hibernate  in 
any  sheltered  location,  as  in  hedge-rows,  rubbish  piles,  old 
stone-walls,  or  a  near-by  forest ;  in  consequence  of  this,  fruit- 
growers often  notice  that  the  portion  of  their  orchard  nearest 


FIG.  252.— The  Plum  Curculio.    Adult ;  larva  ;  pupa  ;  all  enlarged. 

such  places  surfers  the  most  from  the  insect.  The  curculios 
come  from  their  hiding  places  soon  after  the  fruits  are  set,  or 
when  they  are  not  larger  than  peas,  and  soon  egg-laying 
begins. 

This  is  an  interesting  operation.     Alighting  on  a  fruit,  the 

mother   beetle,   with   her  jaws, 

x^^\  which    are    situated   at  the  end 

!'$,:  J|  of    the     long    snout,     makes    a 

^^^^H  small    cut  through  the   skin  of 

Hj^^^^^L  the  fruit  and  runs  her  snout  ob- 

fp|^      ^v  liquely  into  the  flesh  just  under 

^L  I  the  skin  and  gouges  out  a  cavity 

%S  large    enough    to    receive    her 

^^^^^^^^^^^^•B    egg.     Then  turning  around,  an 

fJwffiP&P  5»          egg  is  dropped   into  the    hole, 

||p  and  again   turning,   she   pushes 

it    into     the    cavity    with    her 

FIG.  253.—  The  Plum  Curcuiio's  Cres-   snout.     Just  in  front  of  this  hole 

cent  Mark  on  a  Cherry,   natural    ^    mother    nQW    deftly     makeg 

a     crescent  -  shaped     slit    (Fig. 

253),  which  she  extends  obliquely  underneath  the  egg- 
cavity  so  as  to  leave  the  egg  in  a  sort  of  a  flap  of  flesh, 
apparently  her  object  being  to  prevent  the  growth  of  the 
fruit  from  crushing  her  very  tender  egg.  This  whole  opera- 
tion requires  about  five  minutes.  One  female  is  said  to  de- 
posit from  fifty  to  one  hundred  eggs — a  few  each  day.  One 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


187 


can  readily  see  the  eggs  with  the  naked  eye  by  carefully 
removing  the  skin  of  the  fruit  behind  the  crescent  cut.  The 
eggs  hatch  in  from  three  to  seven  days,  and  the  little  white 
grubs  burrow  into  and  feed  upon  the  flesh  around  the  stone 
for  about  a  month. 

Infested  fruits,  cherries  excepted,  usually  fall  to  the  ground 
before  the  grubs  mature.     When  full  grown  (Fig.  252),  the 


FIG.  254.— A  Cart  Curculio-catcher  in  Operation. 

white,  footless  grubs  leave  the  fruits,  burrow  into  the  soil  for 
three  or  four  inches,  where  they  form  a  little  earthen  cell,  in 
which  they  soon  change  to  white  pupae  (Fig.  252).  In  from 
three  to  six  weeks  the  pupae  transform  to  the  curculios  which 
emerge  from  the  soil  in  July  and  August  or  later,  and  perhaps 
feed  a  little  before  seeking  a  place  to  pass  the  winter.  There 
is  thus  but  one  brood  of  the  insect  in  a  year,  although  the  cur- 
culios which  "  sting  "  or  lay  their  eggs  in  the  young  fruits  in 
the  spring  are  developed  and  emerge  from  the  soil  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  preceding  summer. 


188  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

The  curculio  travels  by  flying,  but  only  during  quite  warm 
weather,  or  in  the  heat  of  the  day.  The  insects  mostly  con- 
fine themselves  to  certain  trees.  But  the  fact  that  newly 
bearing  and  isolated  orchards  are  soon  attacked  clearly  shows 
that  in  occasional  instances  they  must  travel  considerable  dis- 
tances. Indeed,  they  have  been  known  to  be  wafted  on  the 
wind  for  a  half-mile  or  more,  the  windward  side  of  orchards 
being  most  infested  immediately  after  strong  winds  from  a 
thickly  planted  plum  neighborhood. 

Their  flight  appears  to  be  never  more  than  a  few  feet  from 
the  ground,  and  successful  attempts  have  been  made  to  shut 
them  out  of  fruit  gardens  by  means  of  a  tight  board  fence, 
nine  or  ten  feet  high,  entered  by  a  tight  gate. 

The  remedial  measures  suggested  for  the  curculio  are  various. 
Those  which  merely  repel  without  destroying  the  insect,  and 
which  are  consequently  inefficient,  including  such  as  spraying 
the  young  fruit  with  tobacco  or  lime-wash,  or  applying  salt, 
offensive  odors,  etc.  If  practicable,  avoid  setting  fruits  liable 
to  attack  from  this  insect  near  woods,  hedges,  or  other 
places  where  it  can  easily  find  such  good  shelter  during  the 
winter.  As  infested  fruits,  except  cherries,  often  drop  before 
the  grubs  mature,  the  gathering  and  destruction  or  feeding  to 
stock  of  all  fallen  fruits  daily  will  materially  aid  in  reducing 
the  numbers  of  the  insect.  It  has  been  found  that  if  swine  are 
allowed  to  run  in  infested  orchards,  or  where  the  trees  are 
grown  in  poultry  yards,  good  crops  are  often  secured. 

Several  years  ago  it  was  discovered  that  the  adult  insects 
did  considerable  feeding  both  on  the  foliage  and  fruit  of  their 
food-plants.  This  led  to  extensive  experiments  in  spraying 
with  Paris  green  to  kill  the  beetles,  and  the  results  were  very 
encouraging,  especially  on  cherry  trees.  Many  fruit-growers 
now  spray  their  trees  two  or  three  times,  early  in  the  season 
when  the  beetles  are  abroad,  with  Paris  green  or  some  similar 
poison  at  the  rate  of  one  pound  in  one  hundred  and  sixty  or 
two  hundred  gallons  of  Bordeaux  mixture  or  water,  and  they 
are  convinced  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  method  so  far  as  se- 
curing a  profitable  crop  is  concerned.  Other  extensive  plum- 
growers  claim  that  when  the  curculios  are  plentiful  and  there 
is  not  an  abundant  setting  of  fruits  they  have  been  unable  to 
save  the  crop  by  spraying,  and  hence  have  discarded  this 


DESTRUCTIVE   INSECTS. 


189 


? 


FIG.  255.— Thomas'  Simple  Curculio- 
catcher. 


method  altogether.  Theoretically  the  poison  spray  should 
kill  many  of  the  curculios,  for  there  can  be  no  question  about 
their  feeding  habits,  as  any  one  can  soon  convince  himself  by 

confining  several  in  a  box 
with  fresh  fruits  or  leaves. 
Many  who  have  been 
fighting  this  pest  for 
years  are  satisfied  that  the 
jarring  method  is  the  only 
way  to  circumvent  it.  Ap- 
parently this  method  was 
first  proposed  by  David 
Thomas,  the  father  of  the 
author  of  this  volume.  In 
a  communication  to  the  Genesee  Farmer,  in  1832,  he  said: 
"  Not  three  days  ago  I  saw  that  many  of  the  plums  were  punc- 
tured, and  began  to  suspect  that  shaking  the  tree  was  not 
sufficient.  Under  a  tree  in  a  remote  part  of  a  fruit-garden, 
having  spread  the  sheets,  I  therefore  made  the  following  ex- 
periment :  On  shaking  it  well  I  caught  five  curculios ;  on  jar- 
ring it  with  the  hand  I  caught  twelve  more;  and  on  striking 
the  tree  with  a  stone,  eight  more  dropped  on  the  sheets.  I  was 
now  convinced  that  I  had  been  in  an  error ;  and  calling  in 
the  necessary  assistance,  and  using  a  hammer  to  jar  the  tree 
violently  we  caught  in 
less  than  an  hour  more 
than  two  hundred  and 
sixty  of  these  insects." 

Several  contrivances 
have  been  proposed  for 
spreading  sheets  under 
the  trees  on  which  to  jar 
down  curculios  for  the 
purpose  of  killing  them. 
Thomas  found  nothing 
better,  and  none  SO  cheap  PlG'  -s6.-Goff 's  Circular  Frame  for  Curcu- 

ho-catcher.     (After  Goff.) 

and  quickly  made,  as  the 

contrivance  represented  in  Fig.  255.  In  Fig.  256  is  shown 
a  modern  circular  frame  which  can  be  made  by  any  one 
handy  with  carpenter's  tools.  It  should  be  about  ten  feet  in 


*9°  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

diameter  for  large  trees.  Cover  the  whole  frame  with  the 
sheeting,  after  which  cut  it  open  along  one  of  the  wood 
strips  to  the  centre,  where  a  small  hole  is  cut  to  accom- 
modate the  trunk  of  the  tree.  The  free  edge  of  the  cloth 
flap  thus  formed  is  then  tacked  to  a  light  strip  of  wood  of 
sufficient  width  so  that  it  will  cover  the  seam  formed  by 
cutting  the  cloth  and  rest  by  its  own  weight  on  the  frame  be- 
yond. 

In  extensive  Eastern  orchards  a  wheelbarrow  "  curculio 
cart  or  catcher"  (Fig.  254)  is  much  used.  It  is  not  found 
necessary,  as  was  formerly  advised,  to  insert  iron  spikes  into 
the  trees  or  to  leave  short  stumps  of  limbs  on  which  to  strike 
when  jarring  the  trees.  Long-handled  mallets  with  the  head 
well  padded  answer  every  purpose  and  do  not  noticeably  in- 
jure the  bark  of  the  trees. 

The  best  time  for  jarring  is  in  the  cool  of  the  morning,  when 
the  insects  are  partly  torpid  with  cold,  and  drop  quickly.  At 
mid-day  they  retain  their  hold  more  tenaciously,  and  more 
quickly  escape.  The  work  should  be  commenced  very  early 
in  the  season,  as  soon  as  the  first  fruit  begins  to  set,  or  is  not 
larger  than  a  small  pea.  It  may  be  necessary  to  continue  the 
work  every  day  for  three  or  four  weeks  in  some  seasons. 
Usually  the  cost  of  jarring  trees  in  this  manner  a  season  is 
trom  10  to  20  cents  per  tree,  which  is  a  small  amount  to  ex- 
pend to  ensure  a  crop  worth  many  times  as  much.  After  being 
captured  on  the  sheets,  the  curculios  may  be  destroyed  by 
throwing  them  into  boiling  water,  into  kerosene,  or  some  burn 
them  in  small  charcoal  furnaces.  A  few  minutes'  work  is 
often  sufficient  for  many  trees,  and  labor  equal  in  the  aggre- 
gate to  that  of  a  single  entire  day  may  save  large  and  valu- 
able crops. 

The  Plum  Gouger  (Coccotorus  scutellaris). — In  the  northern 
portion  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  this  insect  is  often  equally 
as  destructive  to  plums  as  the  plum- curculio,  which  it  closely 
resembles.  The  female  gouger  deposits  her  eggs  in  the  young 
fruit,  making  a  round  hole,  but  no  crescent  cut,  and  the  grub 
feeds  upon  the  kernel  of  the  pit,  in  which  it  also  transforms 
to  the  beetle.  The  rest  of  its  life-story  is  much  like  that  of 
the  plum-curculio. 

Poisonous  sprays  do  not  seem  to  check  it,  but  otherwise  it 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS.  I91 

is  amenable  to  the  same  remedial  measures  as  the  plum  cur- 
culio. 

The  Black  Peach  Aphis  (Aphis  prunicola)  is  a  brownish-black 
plant-louse  (Fig.  257)  infesting  the  leaves,  twigs,  and  roots  of 
peach-trees.  Trees  less  than  three  or  four  years  old  suffer 
most  from  its  ravages.  Thousands  of  such  trees  have  been 
killed  by  it  in  Eastern  peach-grow- 
ing districts,  and  the  pest  has  in- 
vaded Northern  orchards. 

Peach  stocks  should  be  care- 
fully examined  before  setting,  and 
if  there  are  any  indications  of 
plant-lice  on  them,  they  should  be 
dipped  in  a  strong  kerosene  emul- 
sion or  whale-oil  soap  solution.  It 
is  a  difficult  matter  to  destroy  the 
lice  on  the  roots  after  the  tree  is  FlG-  257. -The  Black  Peach 

....  ..      -    .  Aphis,   wingless    form,   much 

set.     Tobacco  dust  well  worked  in      enlarged, 
around  the  base  of  the  trees   has 

given  relief  in  some  cases.  The  lice  which  work  on  the  tree 
above  ground  can  be  killed  with  a  spray  of  kerosene  emul- 
sion diluted  ten  or  twelve  times  or  with  a  kerosene-water 
mixture  containing  1 5  per  cent,  of  kerosene. 

The  Peach-tree  Borer  (Sanninoidea  exitiosa)  "  has  killed  more 
peach  trees  than  all  other  causes  combined,"  says  J.  H.  Hale. 
It  is  an  American  insect  and  has  been  a  serious  menace  to 
peach-growing  for  more  than  a  hundred  years.  It  sometimes 
also  attacks  plums,  prunes,  cherries,  apricots,  and  nectarines, 
and  has  to  be  fought  by  nearly  every  peach-grower. 

The  borer  is  a  white,  grub-like  caterpillar  (Fig.  258  c},  which 
feeds  on  the  inner  bark,  forming  a  tunnel  or  burrow,  usually 
on  the  trunk  or  large  root  below  the  surface  of  the  soil. 
Infested  peach  trees  are  easily  distinguished  by  the  large 
mass  of  a  gummy  substance  exuded  from  the  wound  and 
mixed  with  particles  of  bark  and  excrement.  The  adult  in- 
sect is  a  beautiful,  blue,  wasp-like  moth,  the  male  (Fig.  258  b) 
differing  remarkably  from  the  female  (Fig.  258  a}. 

In  the  latitude  of  New  York  the  moths  begin  to  appear  in 
the  latter  part  of  June  and  continue  to  emerge  until  Septem- 
ber. A  few  hours  after  emerging  the  females  lay  their  small, 


I92 


DESTRUCTIVE  IN  SECT  z. 


oval,  brown  eggs  on  the  bark  of  the  trunks  of  the  trees  from 
six  to  eighteen  inches  from  the  ground.  From  the  egg  there 
hatches  in  a  week  or  ten  days  a  minute  larva — the  young 
borer — which  at  once  works  its  way  into  a  crevice  of  the  bark, 
and  soon  begins  feeding  on  the  inner  layers  of  the  bark.  It 
continues  to  feed  in  this  manner,  gradually  enlarging  its  bur- 
row under  the  bark,  until  winter  sets  in,  when  it  stops  feeding 
and  hibernates  during  the  winter,  either  in  its  burrow  or  in  a 
thin  hibernaculum  made  over  itself  on  the  bark  near  the 
surface  of  the  soil.  The  winter  is  always  spent  as  a  larva  or 
borer,  a  few  of  them  being  nearly  full-grown,  but  most  of 


PlG.  258.— The  Peach-Tree  Borer,  <z,  Female  moth ;  b,  male  ;  c,  full-grown 
larva ;  d,  female  pupa  ;  <?,  male  pupa  ;  /,  cocoon  with  pupa  skin  partially  ex- 
tended ;  all  natural  size.  (U.  S.  Div.  of  Entomology.) 

them  being  considerably  less  than  one-half  grown.  In  the 
spring,  usually  about  May  ist  in  New  York,  they  break  their 
winter's  fast  and  grow  rapidly  for  a  month  or  more,  most  of 
them  getting  their  full  growth  in  June.  They  then  leave  their 
burrows  and  spin  about  themselves  a  brown  cocoon  (Fig.  258  f) 
at  the  base  of  the  tree,  usually  at  the  surface  of  the  soil.  A 
few  days  after  its  cocoon  is  made  the  borer  changes  to  a  pupa 
(Fig.  258  d,  e~),  in  which  stage  it  remains  for  about  three  weeks, 
usually  in  June  in  New  York.  From  the  pupa  the  moth 
emerges,  thus  completing  its  life-cycle  in  a  year,  fully  ten 
months  of  which  are  usually  spent  as  a  borer  in  the  tree,  the 
remainder  or  a  little  more  than  a  month  being  spent  in  the 
egg,  pupa,  and  adult  stages.  About  the  middle  of  July  all 
stages  of  the  insect  may  be  found  in  some  orchards.  The 
above  brief  sketch  of  the  life  of  the  peach-tree  borer  will  apply 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


193 


in  general  to  most  localities  in  the  United  States  north  of 
Washington,  D.  C.  In  Canada  the  moths  do  not  begin  to  fly 
until  about  a  month  later,  while  in  the  South  they  appear  a 
month  or  more  earlier,  so  that  the  dates  in  the  above  sketch 
will  not  apply  to  these  regions. 

The  insect  is  open  to  successful  attack  only  in  its  larva  or 
borer  stage,  and  in  its 
pupa  stage;  the  pupae 
are  reached  only  by 
searching  for  the  co- 
coons and  destroying 
them. 

After  four  years  of 
careful  experimenting 
with  most  of  the  meth- 
ods recommended  to 
control  this  pest,  we  are 
led  to  the  following  con- 
clusions : 

The  "  digging  out" 
method  is  the  only 
thoroughly  successful 
and  safe  way  of  killing 
the  peach-tree  borer. 
This  method  is  expen- 
sive in  time  and  labor, 
but  our  experience  leads 
us  to  believe  that  any 
other  equally  as  suc- 
cessful method  will  cost 
just  as  much.  To  make 
it  a  success  the  "  dig- 
ging out"  should  be 
thoroughly  done,  not 

only  on  every  tree  in  the  orchard,  but  also  on  all  "  old  relics " 
of  peach-trees  in  the  immediate  neighborhood.  A  half-dozen 
such  "  old  relics"  left  untreated  near  by  will  serve  thoroughly 
to  restock  an  orchard  with  borers  every  year,  so  that  the  "  dig- 
ging out "  method,  although  practised  each  year,  will  never 
reduce  the  numbers  of  the  borers  below  the  danger  limit. 


FiG.  259.— Work  of  a  Single  Borer  in  a  Peach- 
tree,  natural  size,  w  £,  Burrow  of  borer ; 
g,  gummy  mass ;  /,  pupa  projecting  from 
cocoon. 


194  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

This  is  a  very  important  factor  in  the  success  of  the  "  digging 
out"  method.  Dig  out  the  borers  in  June  or  in  June  and 
September  in  northern  peach-growing  districts. 

We  kept  out  about  two-thirds  of  the  borers  with  tobacco 
stems  wound  around  the  tree  just  below  the  surface  of  the 
soil.  The  old  "  mounding  "  method  evidently  has  considerable 
value  as  a  preventive,  and  is,  perhaps,  the  cheapest  method 
yet  devised.  It  is  the  most  practicable  method  yet  suggested 
for  combating  the  insects  in  nurseries.  Paper  protectors, 
when  carefully  put  on  and  kept  intact  during  the  danger 
period,  will  prove  a  valuable  and  very  cheap  preventive 
measure,  especially  when  combined  with  the  "  digging  out" 
method.  Wooden  boxes  or  wire  cages  did  not  prevent  the 
entrance  of  the  borer. 

The  favorite  method  of  preventing  the  ravages  of  the  peach- 
tree  borer  has  been,  for  at  least  a  century,  by  the  use  of  a 
wash  of  some  kind.  More  than  fifty  different  washes  have 
been  concocted,  most  of  which  are  valueless  as  preventives, 
and  some  of  which  will  injure  or  kill  the  trees.  Soap,  lime, 
or  clay  proved  useless  ingredients  of  washes  in  New  York's 
climate.  Paris  green  did  not  add  to  the  effectiveness  of  a 
wash,  and  is  a  dangerous  ingredient  to  use  on  a  tree.  Car- 
bolic acid  or  other  odorous  substances  did  not  repel  the  in- 
sect. 

Gas  tar  proved  to  be  the  best  application  we  tested.  We 
used  it  freely  on  the  same  trees  for  three  successive  years 
without  the  slightest  injury  to  the  trees,  and  it  kept  out  nearly 
all  the  borers.  Go  slow  with  it,  by  first  testing  it  on  a  few 
trees  in  your  orchard,  as  trees  have  been  killed  with  it.  We 
believe  it  will  prove  equally  effective  whether  the  borers  are 
dug  out  or  not,  and  from  no  other  application  yet  devised 
would  we  expect  to  get  such  results  when  used  independent  of 
the  "  digging  out"  method. 

The  following  substances  injured  or  killed  our  young  trees, 
and  are,  therefore,  classed  as  dangerous:  Paris  green  and  glue, 
raupenleim,  dendrolene,  white  paint  (with  or  without  Paris 
green),  and  printer's  ink. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  things  we  found  to  be  practi- 
cally ineffectual  or  useless :  Wire-cages,  carbon  bisulphide, 
asafoetida  and  aloes,  lime,  salt  and  sulphur,  resin  wa^h,  hard 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


195 


soap,  tallow,  tansy  plant,  whale-oil  soap,  lime  and  linseed  oil, 
hydraulic  cement  wash,  pine  tar,  and  one  application  of  Male's 
wash. 
The  following  methods  proved  to  be  quite  effective — that  is, 


o  d 

FIG.  260. — The  Fruit-tree  Bark-beetle,     #,  Beetle;  #,  same  in  profile  ;  £,  pupa; 
d,  larva;  all  enlarged  about  ten  times.     (U.  S.  Div.  of  Entomology.) 

most  of  them  kept  out  over  one-half  of  the  borers:  Hale's 
wash  (two  applications),  mounding,  tarred  paper,  tobacco 
stems,  digging  out,  and  gas  tar. 

In  regions  less  moist  than  in  Central  New 
York  it  is  possible  that  some  of  the  methods, 
listed  above  as  unsatisfactory,  will  prove 
good  preventives  against  this  serious  pest. 
Washes  should  be  applied  about  June  i5th 
in  Northern  orchards,  and  must  remain  in- 
tact for  over  two  months. 

The  Fruit-tree  Bark-beetle  or  Shot-hole  Borer 
(Scolytus  rugulosus}. — The  bark  of  plum, 
peach,  cherry,  and  apple-trees  may  appear 
thickly  "  peppered  "  with  holes,  as  though  by 
fine  bird  shot  (Fig.  261).  These  are  the  en- 
trance and  exit  holes  of  a  small  beetle  (Fig. 
260  a)  whose  grubs  (Fig.  260  d)  excavate 
narrow  galleries  in  various  directions  under 
the  bark,  and  often  kill  the  tree  or  some  of 
its  branches.  Usually  only  sickly  or  un- 

Bark- beetle  V7n   thrifty  trees  are  attacked  by  the  insect. 

Twig   of    Apple,       It  is  a  very  difficult  insect  to  combat.    Bad- 

satr>7v.  ofZeEntol  ly  infested  trees  should  be  burned  at  once. 

moiogy.)  Keep  the  trees  in  good  health  and  they  will 


196  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

be  less  liable  to  attack.  Deterrent  washes  have  not  been  very 
successful;  probably  applications  of  kerosene-water,  tar,  or 
crude  petroleum  would  be  as  helpful  as  anything. 

The  Cherry  Aphis  (Myzus  cerasi]  is  a  blackish  plant-louse 
which  often  appears  on  the  leaves  of  cherry-trees  in  immense 
numbers,  causing  the  leaves  to  curl  badly.  It  often  checks 
the  growth  of  the  trees,  and  is  sometimes  a  serious  pest  in 
nurseries.  It  winters  over  on  the  twigs  as  minute  black  eggs. 

"  Lady-bugs "  and  other  enemies  often  aid  materially  in 
checking  its  injuries.  It  will  succumb  to  the  same  remedial 
measures  as  the  apple-aphis;  it  is  important  to  spray  early 
in  the  season  before  the  leaves  are  so  badly  curled  that  one 
cannot  readily  hit  the  lice. 

The  Cherry  Fruit-fly  or  Maggot  (Rhagoletis  cingulata)  is  a 
new  fruit  pest  which  has  recently  appeared  in  the  cherry 
orchards  of  New  York  and  neighboring  States.  It  is  closely 
allied  to  the  apple  maggot,  and  has  a  similar  life-history.  It 
has  ruined  from  one-third  to  one-half  of  the  crop  in  some 
orchards.  It  will  prove  a  very  difficult  pest  to  control,  for  in- 
fested fruits  do  not  drop  from  the  tree,  nor  do  they  show  any 
external  evidences  of  their  being  inhabited  by  a  maggot  until 
they  are  overripe.  Cherry-growers  should  be  on  the  lookout 
for  this  new  enemy.  No  successful  remedial  measure  has 
yet  been  found. 

The  Quince  Curculio  (Conotrachelus  cratagi},  as  its  name  in- 
dicates, is  a  near  relative  of  the  plum  curculio.  It  is  the 
cause  of  most  "  wormy  "  and  "  knotty  "  quinces,  and  often  mars 
or  nearly  ruins  much  of  the  crop.  The  beetle  resembles  the 
plum  curculio,  except  it  is  broader  just  back  of  the  head,  and 
has  no  humps  in  its  back.  It  lays  its  egg  in  a  pit  in  the 
flesh  and  makes  no  crescent  slit,  and  it  also  differs  much  in 
its  life-history,  as  it  winters  in  the  grub  stage  in  the  soil. 

This  quince  pest  can  best  be  controlled  by  the  jarring 
method,  as  described  for  the  plum  curculio.  As  quince  trees 
are  usually  branched  much  lower  than  plum  trees,  it  will  be 
nceesary  to  use  lower  "  curculio-catchers  "  in  collecting  quince 
curculio. 

The  Grape  Phylloxera  (Phylloxera  vastatrix)  is  a  small  plant- 
louse,  one  form  of  which  works  on  the  roots,  causing  excres- 
cences on  the  smaller  roots,  and  eventually  killing  suscepti- 


DESTRUCTIVE  IN  SECT 3. 


197 


ble  varieties  (Fig.  262) ;  another  form  of  the  insect  works  on 
the  leaves,  forming  irregularities  on  the  und^f  .cides.  The  in- 
sect has  always  existed  on  American  wild  vines,  yet  it  was 
not  until  it  had  been  introduced  in  Europe,  where  it  has 
wrought  incalculable  damage,  that  it  attracted  attention  as  a 
vine  pest.  It  rarely  does  serious  damage  in  this  couatry,  ex- 
cept in  California,  where  European  vines  are  grown. 

"  The  use  of  American  vines,  either  direct  for  t'r.fe  ^>roduc- 


FIG.  262. — The  Grape-vine  Phy'loxera.  <z,  Root-galls ;  £,  enlargement  of  same, 
showing  disposition  of  lice;  c,  root-gall  louse,  much  enlarged.  (U.  S.  Div. 
of  Entomology.) 

tion  of  fruit  or  as  stocks  on  which  to  graft  susceptible  Euro- 
pean and  American  varieties,  has  practically  supplanted  all 
other  measures  against  the  insect  in  most  of  the  infested 
vineyards  of  the  world." 

Grape-vine  Flea-Beetle  (Haltica  chalybea  (Fig.  263). — This  is 
a  small  shining  beetle  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch  long,  usually 
of  a  steel-blue  color,  but  often  varying  from  green  to  purple. 
Many  grape-growers  have  awakened  some  morning  to  find  all 
of  their  prospective  crop  of  grapes  literally  "  nipped  in  the 
bud  "  by  this  pest.  It  has  recently  thus  devastated  hundreds  of 
acres  of  vineyards  in  the  great  grape-growing  regions  of  New 
York.  Sometimes  the  insect  apparently  attacks  a  certain 
variety  in  preference  to  others,  and  it  also  works  on  the  Vir- 
ginia creeper. 

After  the  beetles  have  satisfied  their  appetites,  keen  from 


198 


DESTRUCTIVE  IN  SECT 3. 


their  long  fast  in  hibernation,  on  the  opening  grape  buds, 
they  then  lay  their  yellow  eggs  in  the  crevices  around  the 
buds.  From  these  eggs  hatch  small  brown  grubs  which  eat 
irregular  holes  in  the  leaves  (Fig.  265)  in  June.  These  grubs 
(Fig.  264)  go  into  the  ground  and  transform  to  the  pretty  blue 
beetles  in  about  ten  days.  The  beetles  emerge  and  feed  upon 
various  plants  during  the  rest  of  the  season,  but  lay  no  eggs 


FIGS.  263,  264. 

The  Grape-vine  Flea- beetle. 


FIG.  265. 


FIG.  263.— Beetle.  FIG.  264.— Larva.  FIG.  265.— Beetles  and  larvae  at  work  on 
leaves,  natural  size.  Figs.  263  and  264  much  enlarged.  (U.  S.  Div.  of  Ento- 
mology.) 

for  another  brood  of  grubs  until  the  next  spring.    They  hiber- 
nate in  any  sheltered  place  around  the  vines. 

This  serious  pest  of  the  grape-growers  can  be  easily  con- 
trolled by  the  thorough  use  of  a  poison  spray  on  the  bursting 
buds  in  early  spring ;  use  Paris  green  at  the  rate  of  one  pound 
in  fifty  to  seventy-five  gallons  of  water,  to  which  two  pounds 
of  freshly  slaked  lime  are  added,  and  be  sure  not  to  let  the 
beetles  get  the  start  of  you  in  the  spring.  Or  the  beetles  may 
be  jarred  from  the  buds  into  pans  of  kerosene,  or  on  to  sheets 
soaked  in  kerosene ;  the  beetles  quickly  drop  when  the  vine 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


199 


is  jarred.  Follow  up  this  treatment  in  the  early  part  of  June 
by  spraying  the  infested  portions  of  the  vines  with  Paris  green 
(one  pound  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  gallons  of  water)  to  kill 
the  grubs  then  feeding  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  leaves ; 
every  grub  killed  then  means  one  less  beetle  to  hibernate  and 
attack  the  buds  the  next  spring ;  it  is  thus  very  important  to 
kill  these  grubs  in  June. 

The  Rose-Chafer  or  "  Rose-bug  "  (Macrodactylus  subspinosus). — 
This  beetle  suddenly  appears  in  great  numbers  in  portions  of 
the  country,  and  in  occasional  years  proves  exceedingly  de- 
structive to  the  flowers  and  foliage  of  various  plants,  more  par- 
ticularly of  the  rose,  apple,  and  grape. 

It  is  an  awkward,  long-legged,  light-brown  beetle  (Fig.  266) 
about  a  third  of  an  inch  in  length.  By  the  end  of  July  the 
unwelcome  hordes  often  disappear  as  sud- 
denly as  they  came.  The  insect  is  par- 
ticularly destructive  in  New  Jersey,  Dela- 
ware, and  in  sandy  regions  in  New  York 
and  neighboring  States.  Its  early  stages 
are  passed  in  grass  or  meadow  land,  usu- 
ally where  the  soil  is  sandy.  The  grubs 
feed  on  the  roots  of  grasses.  The  beetles 
lay  their  eggs  in  the  ground  in  June  and 
July,  and  the  grubs  get  their  growth  by 
autumn,  and  transform  to  pupae,  and  then 
to  beetles  the  following  spring. 

It  is  a  most  difficult  pest  to  control  or 
kill,  as  they  sometimes  come  in  hordes 
of  thousands.  Substances  applied  to  the 
vines  to  render  them  obnoxious  to  the  beetles  have  proved  of 
little  value.  The  arsenicals  usually  will  not  kill  them  quickly 
enough  or  in  sufficient  numbers  noticeably  to  reduce  their 
ranks.  When  they  come  in  swarms,  the  only  hope  is  in 
collecting  them  in  nets  or  in  an  inverted  umbrella-shaped 
apparatus  provided  with  a  vessel  of  kerosene  and  water 
at  the  bottom  to  wet  and  kill  the  beetles.  A  few  valu- 
able vines  or  trees  could  be  covered  with  netting  to  protect 
them.  Their  numbers  may  be  considerably  reduced,  espe- 
cially where  they  are  a  local  pest  over  a  limited  area,  by 
devoting  their  breeding  grounds,  usually  a  sandy  locality 


FIG.  266.  — The  Rose- 
Chafer,  enlarged. 


266 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


near  by,  to  the  growth  of  annual  crops  which  require  frequent 
cultivation. 

The  Grape-vine  Leaf-hopper  ( Typhlocyba  comes). — When  grape 
leaves  have  a  blotched  appearance,  or  are  covered  with  little 
yellowish  or  brownish  patches,  as  at/ in  Fig.  267,  and  event- 
ually dry  up  and  fall,  it  is  usually  the  work  of  little  jumping 
insects,  called  leaf-hoppers  (Fig.  267).  They  are  minute  in- 
sects about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  have  a  peculiar 
habit  of  running  sidewise  when  disturbed,  and  dodging  to  the 


FIG.  267.— The  Grape-vine  Leaf-hopper.  £,  Adult;  d  and  *?,  nymphs;/,  work 
of  insect  on  leaf ;  g,  cast  skins  of  nymphs  on  leaf  ;  £,  a',  and  ^,  much  enlarged. 
(U.  S.  Div.  of  Entomology.) 

other  side  of  the  leaf.  The  adults  jump  or  fly  away  quickly 
when  the  vine  is  disturbed.  Their  wings  and  back  are  vari- 
ously colored  with  red,  yellow,  and  brown,  while  the  body 
color  is  light  yellowish-green.  In  May  they  begin  to  appear, 
and  continue  on  the  vines  until  the  leaves  fall.  The  adult 
hoppers  spend  the  winter  in  masses  of  rubbish  or  leaves  ac- 
cumulated against  fences  or  other  obstruction,  where  thou- 
sands of  them  may  be  seen  on  warm  winter  days.  The  eggs 
are  thrust  under  the  skin  of  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves  of 
the  vine  in  June.  The  nymphs  (Fig.  267  d  and  e)  live  on  the 
under  sides  of  the  leaves  and  suck  out  the  substance  of  the 
"Leaf.  As  the  nymphs  grow  they  shed  their  skins  four  times, 


DESTRUCTIVE  Itf SECTS.  $61 

and  the  empty  skins  often  remain  attached  to  the  leaves  in 
large  numbers  (Fig.  267^).  The  nymphs  run  rapidly  but  do 
not  jump  like  the  adult  hoppers.  Apparently  there  is  but  one 
full  brood  annually  in  New  York.  All  varieties  of  grapes  are 
attacked,  but  the  thin-leaved  sorts  suffer  the  most. 

The  adult  hoppers  are  so  active  that  it  is  difficult  to  hit 
them,  and  insecticides  that  will  kill  them  damage  the  vine 
leaves.  We  have  killed  many  adults  in  June  by  knocking 
them  off  and  down  to  the  ground  with  a  5-per-cent.  kerosene- 
water  spray  and  then  quickly  hitting  them  on  the  ground 
with  a  2 5-per-cent.  kerosene-water  spray.  Another  practicable 
method  is  to  catch  them  on  sticky  shields.  Make  a  shield  by 
stretching  a  cloth  over  a  frame  and  treat  it  with  tar  or  resin 
and  castor  oil  ("  tanglefoot " ),  then  in  the  warm  part  of  the 
day,  when  the  insects  are  most  active,  carry  the  shield  along 
near  the  vines  and  shake  the  vines.  Thousands  of  them  will 
fly  or  jump  against  the  shield  and  be  caught.  Practise  this 
every  day  or  two  until  relief  is  gained.  In  July  the  nymphs 
or  young  hoppers  quickly  succumb  to  a  spray  of  whale-oil 
soap  (one  pound  in  ten  gallons  of  water),  but  it  requires  thor- 
ough and  intelligent  work  to  hit  them  on  the  under  sides  of 
the  leaves. 

Currant  Borers  often  work  considerable  havoc  by  burrow- 
ing up  and  down  the  stems,  usually  killing  them.  There  are 
two  species  of  insects  engaged  in  this  nefarious  work.  One  is 
the  caterpillar  of  a  moth  allied  to  the  peach-tree  borer  and 
known  as  the  Imported  Currant  Borer  (Sesia  tipuliformis) ;  the 
other  species  is  the  grub  of  a  beetle  known  as  the  American 
Currant  Borer  (Psenocerus  super  notatus}.  The  two  kinds  have 
similar  habits,  and  remain  in  the  stems  over  winter.  It  is 
thus  an  easy  matter  to  stop  their  depredations  by  cutting  out 
and  burning  all  sickly  or  hollow  stems  either  in  the  autumn 
or  early  spring. 

The  Imported  Currant  Worm  (Pteronus  ribesii}  must  be  seri- 
ously considered  when  one  attempts  to  grow  currants  or 
gooseberries  in  most  parts  of  the  country ;  it  defoliates  mil- 
lions of  these  bushes  every  year. 

The  adult  insect  is  a  pretty  little  yellow-bodied  saw-fly  (Fig. 
268)  which  emerges  from  its  cocoon  in  the  soil  in  the  spring 
when  the  first  few  currant  leaves  have  expanded,  and  at  once 


202  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

proceeds  deftly  to  place  its  white  eggs  along  the  principal 
veins  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves.  The  eggs  soon  hatch 
into  twenty-legged  larvae  or  "worms"  of  a  green  color,  with 
black  heads  and  numerous  black  dots  on  the  body  (Fig.  270). 
They  are  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  when  full  grown. 
When,  as  usually  happens,  they  occur  in  large  numbers,  the 
leaves  are  rapidly  consumed,  and  whole  rows  of  bushes  have 
been  entirely  stripped  in  forty-eight  hours.  Hence  the  impor- 
tance of  close  watching  and  prompt  attention  in  applying  the 
remedies  to  destroy  them.  A  single  defoliation,  while  it  does 
not  kill  the  bushes,  retards  growth,  and  commonly  greatly 


FIG.  268.— Male.  FIG.  269.— Female. 

Adults  of  Imported  Currant  Worm. 

injures  or  prevents  the  ripening  of  a  crop.  When  the  larvae 
attain  full  size,  they  burrow  underground,  or  hide  under  scat- 
tered leaves,  and  spin  an  oval  brown  cocoon.  After  some 
weeks  the  perfect  insect  comes  out  and  lays  eggs,  from  which 
a  second  brood  may  appear  in  Southern  localities.  The  win- 
ter is  passed  as  larvae  in  their  cocoons  in  the  soil  beneath  the 
bushes. 

Fortunately  this  currant  pest  is  easily  destroyed  by  the  ap- 
plication of  poisons.  White  hellebore  has  been  the  standard 
remedy  for  many  years.  It  is  either  dusted  on  to  the  bushes 
or  a  water  mixture  of  it  sprayed  on.  It  is  the  only  safe  thing  to 
use  after  the  fruit  is  over  half-grown.  But  extensive  currant- 
growers  now  use  a  Paris-green  spray  (one  pound  to  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  gallons  of  water)  freely  when  the  larvae  first  ap- 
pear, and  often  so  effectually  destroy  the  first  brood  that  the 
insect  is  not  a  serious  menace  to  the  crop  during  the  rest  of 
the  season. 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


203 


The  Native  Currant  Worm  ( Gymnonychus  appendiculatus)  is 
now  rarely  seen  on  cultivated  currants  or  gooseberries ;  hence 
need  not  be  discussed  here. 

The  Currant  Spanworm  {Eufitchia  ribearia)  (Fig.  271),  is 
occasionally  destructive  to  currants  and  gooseberries  in  cer- 
tain localities.  It  is  a  bright  yellow  looping  caterpillar  with 
black  spots,  that  hatches  in  the  spring  from  eggs  laid  on  the 
twigs  in  the  fall  by  a 
pale  yellowish  moth 
with  several  dusky  spots 
on  its  wings.  Hellebore 
or  Paris  green,  used  as 
recommended  for  the 
green  currant  worm, 
will  destroy  these  span- 
worms. 

Th  e  Raspberry  -  cane 
Borer  ( Oberea  bimacu- 
lata)  is  sometimes  a  se- 
rious pest  in  raspberry 
and  blackberry  planta- 
tions. The  adult  insect 
is  a  slender  dark-colored 
beetle,  about  one -half 

an  inch  long,  and  with  a  yellow  thorax.  The  beetles  appear  in 
June,  and  the  female  with  her  mandibles  makes  two  rows  of 
punctures,  about  an  inch  apart,  around  the  growing  cane  near 
the  tip.  She  then  deposits  an  egg  in  the  cane  midway  be- 
tween the  punctures  which  serve  to  girdle  the  cane  and  cause  it 
to  droop  and  wither.  The  little  white  grub  soon  hatches  from 
the  egg,  and  proceeds  to  tunnel  its  way  down  the  pith  of  the 
cane.  Recent  observations  indicate  that  the  grub  lives  in  the 
cane  for  two  seasons,  often  extending  its  tunnel  down  to  the 
ground,  where  it  transforms  through  the  pupa  stage  to  the 
beetle. 

This  borer  is  easily  controlled  by  cutting  off  when  first  no- 
ticed all  canes  with  drooping  tips  several  inches  below  where 
they  are  girdled ;  this  will  destroy  the  young  grubs.  Later, 
when  harvesting  the  fruit,  the  infested  canes  can  often  be 
detected  by  their  sickly  appearance  or  the  drying  of  the 


FIG.  270.— Imported  Currant  Worm.— Larvae. 


204 


DESTRUCTIVE   INSECTS. 


leaves ;  all  such  canes  should  be  cut  off  near  the  ground  and 
burned. 

The  Snoiuy  Tree-Cricket  ((Ecanthus  niveus)  sometimes  seri- 
ously injures  raspberry  canes  by  depositing  its  eggs  in  longi- 
tudinal rows  in  the  canes,  forming  a  long  ragged  scar,  as 


FIG.  271.  FIG.  272 

FIG.  271. — Currant  Span  Worm.      FlG.  272. — The  Snowy  Tree-cricket,    a,  d, 
Stems  of  raspberry  with  eggs  ;  c,  d,  egg,  enlarged  with  details. 

shown  is  Fig.  272.  These  eggs  are  laid  in  late  summer  or  fall 
and  do  not  hatch  until  the  early  part  of  the  next  summer. 
Except  for  the  injury  caused  by  the  female  in  laying  her  eggs, 
this  tree-cricket  is  not  an  injurious  insect,  but  is  said  to  feed 
upon  plant-lice  and  other  insects. 

Canes  containing  these  ragged  slits  full  of  eggs  should  be 
cut  off  and  burned,  especially  in  the  fall  and  winter. 

The  Raspberry  Saw- fly  {Monophadnoides  ruin)  attacks  the 
foliage  of  raspberries,  blackberries,  and  dewberries,  and  often 
occurs  in  sufficient  numbers  nearly  to  ruin  the  crop.  The 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS.  205 

black-bodied,  four-winged  saw-fly  emerges  from  its  cocoon  in 
the  soil  in  May,  and  the  female,  with  her  saw-like  ovipositor, 
inserts  her  eggs  into  the  tis'sue  of  the  under  side  of  the  leaf 
near  the  veins.  The  eggs  hatch  in  from  seven  to  ten  days. 
Although  the  insect  is  closely  allied  to  the  common  currant 
saw-fly,  the  larvae  differ  remarkably  in  having  their  body  pro- 
fusely ornamented  with  spiny  tubercles.  When  full  grown  in 
June,  the  larvae  of  this  raspberry  saw-fly  are  about  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long  and  are  nearly  the  color  of  the  rasp- 
berry leaf ;  the  spines  on  the  back  are  blackish  and  those  on 
the  sides  pale  green.  They  devour  the  whole  leaf  except  the 
mid-rib  and  larger  veins.  During  the  latter  part  of  June  they 
enter  the  ground  two  or  three  inches  and  make  an  almost 
waterproof  brown  cocoon,  in  which  they  remain  all  winter, 
gradually  changing  through  the  pupa  stage  to  the  adult  or  saw- 
flies  the  next  spring.  There  is  thus  but  one  brood  of  the 
larvae  each  season. 

The  larvae  are  easily  jarred  or  shaken  from  the  leaves,  and 
some  have  reported  success  in  controlling  this  pest  on  small 
areas  by  hiring  boys  and  girls  to  jar  off  the  little  feeders  by 
giving  the  canes  light  blows  with  a  heavy,  leafy  switch,  as  a 
light  pine  branch  with  a  bunch  of  needles  at  the  end;  the 
larvae  find  it  difficult  to  return  to  the  bushes,  especially  if  the 
ground  between  the  rows  be  left  well  cultivated  and  crumbly, 
and  if  the  jarring  be  done  in  the  heat  of  the  day. 

An  easier,  cheaper  and  more  effective  method  is  to  spray 
infested  bushes  with  Paris  green  or  some  similar  poison,  using 
one  pound  in  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  two  hundred  gallons 
of  water.  One  thorough  application  is  sufficient  to  destroy 
most  of  the  larvae.  After  the  fruit  is  more  than  half  formed, 
use  hellebore,  either  as  a  spray  (one  ounce  to  one  gallon  of 
water)  or  dusted  on  when  the  dew  is  on. 

White  Grubs  (Lachnosterna  sp.}  (Fig.  273)  are  often  a  very 
serious  menace  to  successful  strawberry  culture.  They  are 
the  larvae  of  the  large  brown  beetles  (Fig.  274),  commonly 
known  as  May  Beetles  or  "  June-bugs."  White  grubs  live  upon 
the  roots  of  plants,  and  their  usual  feeding  grounds  are  grass 
lands.  Hence,  when  strawberries  are  set  on  land  which  has 
been  in  sod  for  several  years,  it  often  follows  that  they  are 
attacked  by  the  grubs  which  had  been  living  on  the  grass 


206  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

roots.  Affected  plants  present  a  peculiar  wilted  appearance, 
readily  distinguished  by  the  practised  eye.  The  grubs  feed 
during  three  seasons,  finally  transforming  in  the  soil  through 
the  pupal  stage  (Fig.  275)  to  the  May  beetles  early  in  the 
autumn ;  the  beetles,  however,  remain  in  the  soil  and  do  not 
emerge  until  the  next  May  or  June.  Most  of  the  damage  is 
done  in  strawberry  beds  by  the  nearly  full-grown  grubs. 

The  first  precaution  for  the  strawberry-grower  to  observe  in 
trying  to  escape  the  ravages  of  white  grubs  is  to  avoid  setting 


PlG.  273.— The  Grub.  FIG.  274.— Beetle.         FlGf  275.— Pupa. 

The  White  Grub  and  its  Parent,  the  May  Beetle.     (U.  S.  Div.  of  Entomology.) 

his  plants  on  old  sod  lands.  If  this  must  be  done,  then  plough 
and  thoroughly  pulverize  or  cultivate  such  soil  in  the  fall, 
thus  disturbing  and  killing  many  grubs,  pupa?,  and  recently- 
formed  beetles.  It  will  also  pay  to  stir  the  soil  frequently  be- 
fore and  after  setting  the  strawberries  in  the  spring  or  summer, 
as  thorough  cultivation  is  a  great  discourager  of  white  grubs. 

Salt  or  similar  applications  to  the  soil  around  the  plants 
rarely  give  relief.  Experienced  strawberry-growers  can 
usually  detect  an  infested  plant,  and  they  often  practise  the 
sure  and  not  difficult  method  of  digging  out  the  culprit ;  the 
relieved  plant  often  pays  for  the  trouble  later  on. 

The  Strawberry  Root-louse  (Aphis  forbesi)  is  a  very  small 
greenish-black  plant-louse  which  attacks  the  roots  of  straw- 
berries. In  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware,  it  is  said 
that  hundreds  of  acres  of  vines  have  been  rendered  valueless 
by  these  lice.  The  insect  also  occurs  westward  through  Ohio, 
Illinois,  and  into  Wisconsin.  It  is  a  comparatively  new  pest, 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS.  207 

but  it  usually  becomes  a  serious  one  wherever  it  gets  thor- 
oughly established,  especially  in  light  soils.  The  wilting  of 
the  vines,  as  if  for  want  of  water,  is  said  to  be  an  indication 
of  the  presence  of  the  insect  on  the  roots.  One  should  dig  up 
and  carefully  examine  the  roots  of  such  wilted  plants.  If  the 
insect  is  found,  the  most  stringent  measures  should  be  taken 
to  prevent  its  spread. 

It  is  said  to  be  accompanied  by  ants,  which  may  spread  it 
from  plant  to  plant.  It  is  spread  into  new  localities  on  the 
roots  of  the  plants  sent  out  by  dealers. 

Thus  far,  no  one  has  succeeded  in  devising  a  practicable 
method  of  killing  the  lice  on  the  plants  after  they  are  set. 
Some  claim  to  have  been  successful  with  tobacco  dust,  but 
others  have  failed.  Badly  infested  fields  had  better  be 
plowed  under  at  once  and  other  crops  grown  there  for  a  year 
or  more.  The  only  sure  way  to  avoid  the  insect  is  to  buy 
plants  entirely  free  from  it  (doubtless  plants  which  had  been 
properly  fumigated  with  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  would  be  safe 
to  use),  and  then  set  them  on  land  where  the  louse  has  never 
existed. 

The  Strawberry-crown  Borer  ( Tyloderma  fragarice)  is  one  of 
the  most  destructive  strawberry  insects  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  The  adult  insect  is  a  small  brown  snout-beetle  allied 
to  the  plum  curculio.  It  cannot  fly,  as  its  wings  are  rudi* 
mentary.  The  female  lays  her  eggs  on  the  crown  of  the 
plant  in  the  spring,  and  the  thick,  footless,  white  grub  which 
hatches  therefrom  excavates  the  crowns  during  the  summer. 
In  its  subterranean  cavity  the  grub  transforms  to  a  pupa, 
and  finally,  in  August  and  September,  to  the  beetle,  which 
emerges  from  the  crown,  and,  after  feeding  on  the  leaves, 
hibernates  in  the  strawberry  field.  Old  fields  are  especially 
liable  to  injury. 

As  the  beetles  cannot  fly,  it  is  desirable  to  isolate  the  new 
plantations  from  the  old  ones.  If  new  plants  must  be  taken 
from  an  infested  field,  use  those  which  started  after  July  and 
dig  them  early  in  the  spring,  to  avoid  carrying  the  eggs  or 
larvae  of  the  insect  with  the  plants.  The  plowing  under  of 
the  infested  field  about  July  ist  will  destroy  the  insect.  The 
frequent  rotation  of  other  crops  with  the  strawberry  patch 
usually  prevents  the  ravages  of  this  crown  borer. 


208 


DESTRUCTIVE   INSECTS. 


The  Strawberry  Leaf-roller  (Phoxoptcris  comptana}  is  in 
many  localities  the  most  injurious  insect  pest  of  the  straw- 
berry. A  small  greenish  or  brownish  caterpillar  folds  the 
leaflets  of  the  strawberry  by  bringing  the  upper  surfaces  to- 
gether and  fastening  them  by  silken  cords  (Fig;.  276).  In  this 
retreat  the  insect  spends  its  whole  larval  life,  feeding  upon 
the  leaf,  and  ultimately  causing  it  to  turn  brown  and  shrivel 
up.  The  transformation  through  the  brown  pupa  to  the  adult 
insect — a  pretty  little  brown  moth — takes  place  within  the 
folded  leaf.  There  are  two  annual  broods  of  the  pest  in  the 


FIG.  276.— Strawberry  Leaves  Folded  by  the  Strawberry  Leaf-roller. 

North,  and  at  least  three  in  Kentucky  and  southward.  The 
winter  is  passed  as  a  pupa  in  the  rolled  leaves. 

Spraying  with  poisonous  mixtures  is  impracticable  while 
there  is  fruit  on  the  plants,  and  experiments  indicate  that 
such  applications  are  not  very  effectual  at  any  time,  so  se- 
curely protected  are  the  feeding-grounds  of  the  caterpillars. 

However,  it  is  claimed  that  the  pest  can  be  almost  exter- 
minated in  a  field  by  mowing  it  after  the  crop  is  gathered,  and 
after  leaving  it  a  day  or  two  to  become  dry,  burn  it  over,  per- 
haps with  the  aid  of  a  little  straw  or  rubbish.  This  can  usually 
be  done  without  the  slightest  injury  to  the  plants.  This  will 
destroy  the  leaf-roller  as  well  as  several  other  kinds  of  insects, 


DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 


209 


and  also  the  spores  of  some  serious  fungous  diseases.  On 
small  areas  it  is  practicable  to  crush  by  hand  the  insects  in 
the  rolled  leaves. 

The  Strawberry  Weevil  (Anthonomus  signatus)  is  a  little 
snout-beetle,  measuring  only  a  tenth  of  an  inch  in  length  (Fig. 
277),  which  deposits  an  egg  in  a  strawberry  bud  and  then 
punctures  or  cuts  the  stem  below  it  (Fig.  278)  in  such  a  way 
that  in  a  few  days  the  bud  drops  to  the  ground.  Within  the 
severed  bud  the  grub  hatched  from  the  egg  develops  and 
transforms  to  a  pupa,  and  soon  to  the  beetle,  which  hibernates. 


FIG.  277.— Strawberry 
Weevil. 


FIG.  278. —a,  b,  Strawberry  spray,  showing  work 
in  bud  and  stem,  natural  size;  </,  larva;  f, 
pupa  ;  d,  /,  much  enlarged.  (U.  S.  Div.  of  En. 
tomology.) 


The  beetles  often  feed  upon  the  pollen  and  petals  of  the  flowers, 
but  the  insect  never  attacks  the  fruit  or  foliage. 

This  pest  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  Eastern 
United  States;  Maryland  and  Virginia  strawberry-growers 
have  suffered  severely,  half  the  crop  in  the  former  State  being 
destroyed  in  1896,  it  is  estimated.  The  insect  restricts  its 
work  to  the  staminate  varieties  and  to  the  pistillates  which 
furnish  a  considerable  quantity  of  pollen.  It  also  attacks  the 
buds  of  the  wild  strawberry,  the  blackberry,  and  the  red-bud 
tree. 

14 


210  DESTRUCTIVE  INSECTS. 

This  weevil  is  an  extremely  difficult  pest  to  control.  Poi- 
sonous and  other  sprays  have  not  thus  far  given  very  encour- 
aging results.  It  would  be  practicable  to  cover  small  areas 
or  valuable  plants  with  a  muslin  protector,  put  on  about  a 
week  before  the  first  blossoms  appear.  Grow  as  few  staminate 
plants  as  practicable. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE   DISEASES   OF   FRUITS. 

FRUIT  growing  is  frequently  interfered  with  by  various  dis- 
eases. So  serious  have  these  become  in  many  instances  that 
considerable  attention  of  late  years  has  been  paid  to  them  by 
the  United  States  government  and  the  various  Experiment 
Stations.  It  is  the  purpose  in  the  following  few  pages  to  con- 
sider the  leading  diseases  of  those  fruits  that  are  described 
under  their  separate  heads  in  subsequent  pages  of  this  book. 

By  way  of  introduction,  it  may  be  stated  that  these  diseases 
are  generally  due  to  very  small  plants  known  as  fungi  that 
prey  upon  the  substance  of  leaf,  flower,  stem,  or  root,  and 
thus  check  the  activity  of  the  parts  or  destroy  them  alto- 
gether. These  fungi  are,  perhaps,  best  known  to  the  people 
generally  in  the  conspicuous  forms  they  assume  as  toadstools, 
puff-balls,  and  the  various  hard  shelf-like  outgrowths  often 
seen  upon  the  trunks  of  standing  trees  or  fallen  logs.  Those 
forms  that  are  charged  with  doing  injury  to  crop  plants  are 
so  small  as  to  be  entirely  microscopic.  The  mould  that  comes 
upon  bread  when  left  too  long  in  a  moist,  warm  place  is  more 
like  the  destructive  fungi  of  the  orchard  and  fruit  garden  than 
the  mushroom  or  toadstool.  These  fungi  consist  of  very 
slender  threads,  which  absorb  nourishment  from  the  substance 
they  penetrate  and  reproduce  their  kind  by  means  of  minute 
bodies  that  are  usually  produced  in  great  abundance.  These 
spores  bear  the  same  relation  to  the  fungus  that  seeds  do  to 
flowering  plants ;  they  are,  in  short,  the  offspring,  and  being 
microscopic,  their  distribution,  chiefly  through  the  moving 
air  and  flowing  water,  takes  place  unobserved  by  men. 

These  fungi  are  creatures  of  circumstance,  and  the  spores 
do  not  germinate  and  grow  unless  there  is  the  proper  food  at 
hand  and  moisture  and  warmth  abound.  It  is  during  the 
moist  warm  days  of  August,  for  example,  that  the  provisions 

211 


212  THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

in  the  pantry  quickly  spoil,  while  those  kept  at  a  low  temper- 
ature in  the  ice-box  may  be  wholesome  for  a  much  longer 
time. 

Fungi  are  divided  into  two  groups  as  regards  the  nature  of 
the  substances  upon  which  they  thrive.  Thus  there  are  a 
great  many  sorts  that  live  only  upon  dead  organic  matter,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  mould  upon  bread  and  cake,  while  others 
grow  only  upon  substances  that  are  alive.  These  are  called 
parasites,  and  to  this  group  the  fungi  producing  the  diseases 
of  plants  belong. 

With  this  short  general  introduction  the  subject  in  hand  will 
be  entered  upon,  and  it  is  hoped  that  with  the  aid  of  the  pict- 
ures the  text  will  be  clear  to  all  those  who  seek  these  pages 
for  help  in  coping  with  one  of  the  most  serious  of  the  groups 
of  enemies  to  cultivated  plants. 

It  is  the  purpose  to  consider  each  of  the  leading  fruits,  giv- 
ing a  brief  description  of  the  most  prominent  of  its  diseases, 
and  follow  immediately  with  any  suggested  remedies. 

The  Pomaceous  Fruits. 

THE  APPLE  :  Rust.  One  of  the  leading  enemies  in  the  apple 
orchard  is  the  Rust  caused  by  a  fungus  with  a  long  botanical 
name,  which  it  is  well  to  give  here  that  any  interested  reader 
may  thereby  have  a  means  of  looking  up  this  rust  in  other 
places.  The  rust  of  the  leaves,  stems,  and  even  fruits  of  the 
apple,  is  due  to  Gymnosporangium  macropus  Lk.  It  is  not  our 
purpose  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of  the  literal  meaning  of 
these  botanical  names.  It  is  usually  from  some  microscopic 
characteristic ;  but  however  that  may  be,  the  botanical  name 
of  a  fungus,  like  that  of  any  other  plant,  is  the  same  in  all 
languages  and  lands,  and  removes  the  doubt  and  confusion 
that  constantly  arise  when  only  the  local  name  is  used.  In 
further  justification  for  giving  the  botanical  name  of  each 
fungus  herein  considered  (when  the  species  is  described,  and 
therefore  known  to  science,  it  may  be  said  that  the  apple  rust 
in  question  is  fully  treated  under  its  botanical  name  in  the  re- 
port of  the  chief  of  the  Section  of  Vegetable  Pathology  for 
1888,  with  a  colored  plate,  showing  its  forms  and  structure. 

The  apple  rust  appears  upon  the  foliage  in  oval  patches  con- 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 


213 


sisting  of  a  few  deep  cups  in  which  the  spores  are  produced. 
In  connection  with  this  fungus  there  is  an  interesting  life 
cycle,  a  knowledge  of  which  is  essential  for  the  rational  ap- 
plication of  the  necessary  remedies.  The  common  red  cedar 


FIG.  279.— Branch  of  Cedar  with  Gall,  showing  the  soft  horns  that  produce  the 
spores  in  springtime.     (From  Galloway.) 


214  THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

is  associated  with  the  apple  in  the  propagation  of  the  fust 
fungus.  In  autumn  small  chocolate  galls  form  upon  the  cedar 
branches,  which  may  increase  in  size  until  an  inch  in  diameter 
when  mature  in  spring.  When  the  moist  days  of  April  and 
May  come,  these  galls  have  long,  orange-yellow,  gelatinous 
horns  develop  from  them,  and  then  the  galls  become  conspic- 
uous, resembling  somewhat  a  small  chrysanthemum  bloom, 
and  from  this  showy  appearance  they  are  often  considered  the 
flowers  of  the  cedar  (see  Fig.  279).  In  the  golden  jelly  spores 
are  produced  by  the  million,  and  as  the  horns  dry  down,  the 
spores  are  carried  away  by  the  winds,  and  falling  upon  the 
young  tender,  unfolding  apple  leaves,  soon  grow  and  produce 
the  rust  spots  above  mentioned. 

As  the  rust  matures  upon  the  apple,  the  spores  are  set  free 
from  it,  and  these,  rinding  their  way  to  the  cedar  trees  in  mid- 
summer, start  a  new  crop  of  galls  for  the  propagation  of  the 
rust  upon  the  apple  the  following  spring. 

Remedies.  It  is  seen  from  the  nature  of  this  fungus  that, 
when  it  is  destructive  in  the  orchard,  the  cedar  trees  near  by 
should  be  either  cut  away  or  the  galls  upon  them  picked  off 
and  destroyed  before  the  spores  are  matured.  It  should  be 
said  that  some  varieties  of  apples  are  more  susceptible  than 
others,  and  the  Russian  sorts  seem  to  be  exempt.  It  goes 
without  saying  that  orchardists  should  be  upon  the  watch  for 
this  difference  in  susceptibility,  and  in  regions  where  the  rust 
is  destructive  be  governed  accordingly. 

The  Scab  (Fusciladium  dendriticum  Fcl.)  is  perhaps  the  most 
common  destructive  enemy  of  the  apple.  The  fungus  attacks 
both  the  foliage  and  the  fruit,  producing  upon  the  former 
brown  patches,  with  the  leaf  somewhat  distorted  at  the  place 
of  attack.  The  fruit  is  often  attacked  just  as  it  is  passing  out 
of  the  flower  stage,  and  may  cause  a  dwarfing  of  the  speci- 
men, and  giving  it  a  blotched  and  misshapen  appearance  (see 
Fig.  280).  Unlike  the  rust,  the  scab  fungus  is  not  a  deep  feeder ; 
but  growing  close  beneath  the  skin  of  leaf  or  fruit  produces 
vast  numbers  of  brown  spores,  thus  giving  the  dirty  discolor- 
ation to  the  affected  parts.  The  spores  are  disseminated  by 
winds  and  water  and  germinate  quickly  when  the  conditions 
are  favorable,  all  of  which  is  a  full  explanation  of  the  rapid 
development  of  the  scab  at  certain  times. 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS.  215 

Remedies.  Several  of  the  Experiment  Stations  have  been 
making  extensive  tests  of  remedies  for  the  apple  scab,  per- 
haps none  more  satisfactorily  than  the  one  at  Geneva,  New 
York.  Three  sprayings  with  the  Bordeaux  mixture  are  rec- 
ommended: the  first  between  the  breaking  of  the  bud  and  the 
opening  of  the  blossom,  followed  by  the  second  shortly  after 


FIG.  280.— An  Apple,  showing  the  blotches  and  distortions  produced  by  the 

Apple  Scab. 

the  petals  have  fallen,  and  the  last  about. two  weeks  later. 
It  is  seen  by  this  that  the  attack  of  the  fungus,  upon  the  fruit 
at  least,  is  chiefly  while  it  is  young.  Later  on  the  skin  be- 
comes smooth  and  tough,  and  a  foothold  is  not  likely  to  be 
obtained. 

The  Bordeaux  mixture  now  generally  employed,  after  ex- 
tensive experiments  extending  over  several  years,  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

Copper  sulphate  (bluestone),       .         .         .6  pounds 
Quicklime,   .         .        »       ..»•••     .         .         .     4      " 
Water,  .        .        .    .    *        .        .        .60  gallons 

Slake  the  lime  with  hot  water  and  strain  through  coarse 
cloth  or  sacking.  Place  the  copper  sulphate  in  a  bag  of  sim- 
ilar material  and  suspend  it  over  night  near  the  surface  of  a 


216  THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

tub  or  other  wooden  vessel  filled  with  water.  Hot  water  will 
greatly  hasten  the  solution  if  it  is  desired.  In  preparing  the 
full  formula  of  sixty  gallons,  slowly  pour  a  ten-gallon  solution 
of  the  copper  sulphate  into  twenty  gallons  of  the  lime  wash, 
stirring  thoroughly,  after  which  the  mixture  is  to  be  diluted 
to  sixty  gallons. 

For  the  application  a  force  pump  of  some  durable  kind  at- 
tached to  a  tank  and  mounted    upon  wheels  is  necessary. 


FlG.  281. — An  Apple,  showing  the  decayed  spots  of  the  Ripe  Rot.     (From 

Alwood.) 

There  are  several  reliable  manufacturing  firms  paying  special 
attention  to  spraying  machinery,  and  bulletins  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  fungicides  and  their  application  are  published  by  the 
Experiment  Stations,  while  information  in  abundance  and 
proper  form  may  be  obtained  of  the  general  government 
through  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington. 

TJie  Ripe  Rot  ( Gloeosporium  fructigenum  Berk.),  as  the  name 
suggests,  is  confined  more  particularly  to  the  maturing  fruit 
or  after  it  is  stored.  The  first  suggestion  of  the  disease  is  a 
circular  spot  upon  the  surface  of  the  apple,  slightly  sunken 
and  pale-brown  colored.  The  diseased  area  increases  rapidly, 
and  soon  the  pimples  containing  the  spores  appear,  often  in 
concentric  circles.  When  several  rot  spots  appear  at  nearly 
the  same  time,  they  will  shortly  coalesce,  and  the  fruit  decays 
rapidly  (see  Fig.  281). 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS.  217 

Remedies. — From  the  fact  that  the  fungus  comes  late  in  the 
development  of  the  apple  and  often  grows  most  rapidly  after 
the  fruit  is  packed,  it  is  evident  that  the  early  sprayings  recom- 
mended in  the  case  of  the  scab  will  be  sufficient.  The  subject 
has  been  extensively  studied  at  the  Virginia  Experiment 
Station  and  from  the  bulletins  therefrom  published  it  is 
clearly  shown  that  the  Bordeaux  mixture  is  an  effective  rem- 
edy, but  the  sprayings  need  to  extend  through  the  season.  It 
seems  to  be  a  fact  that  this  fungus  is  much  aided  in  its  en- 
trance into  the  fruit  by  an  injury  that  may  have  happened  to 
it.  A  worm  hole  may  provide  the  open  door,  or  the  scab 
fungus  furnishes  a  place  for  the  lodgment  of  the  spores  upon 
an  otherwise  smooth  impervious  skin.  In  the  same  manner 
any  bruising,  especially  if  the  surface  is  broken,  will  give  an 
opportunity  for  the  ripe  rot  germs  to  enter.  It  follows  from 
this  that  early  sprayings  that  keep  off  the  scab  and  any  in- 
secticide to  keep  away  destructive  insects  will  indirectly  have 
a  good  effect.  It  goes  without  saying  that  in  the  harvest 
care  should  be  exercised  that  the  fruit  is  gathered  without 
any  rough  handling,  and  of  course  any  specked  fruit  must  be 
discarded,  as  the  ripe  rot  propagates  rapidly  by  contact. 

The  Black  Rot  (Sphceropsis  malorum  Berk)  is  similar  to  the 
ripe  rot  in  coming  late  in  the  development  of  the  fruit,  but  is 
distinguished  from  the  latter  by  the  great  difference  in  micro- 
scopic structure,  by  the  dark  color  of  the  diseased  flesh,  and 
by  the  production  of  innumerable  pimples  of  considerable  size 
upon  the  surface  of  the  affected  parts  in  which  the  brown 
spores  are  borne. 

Remedies. — There  is  nothing  under  this  head  to  add  to  that 
given  for  ripe  rot,  with  which  this  fungus  is  often  closely 
associated.  Sometimes  a  single  tree  or  variety  in  an  orchard 
will  have  the  black  rot  much  worse  than  others,  and  if  it  is  an 
early  variety  it  may  furnish  a  source  of  infection ;  in  such 
cases  the  rotten  fruit  should  be  gathered  up  and  burned. 

The  Fire  Blight  (Bacillus  amylovorus  Burl.)  is  sometimes 
common  upon  the  apple,  causing  the  young  twigs  to  die  and 
the  leaves  to  hang  lifeless  for  the  remainder  of  the  season. 
This  is  much  more  vigorous  and  destructive  upon  the  pear 
and  will  be  treated  later  with  the  suggested  remedies. 

The  Powdery  Mildew  (Podosphcera  oxycantha  D  C.)  is  often 


21 8  THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

met  with  upon  apples,  but  it  is  more  destructive  to  the  cherry, 
and  will  be  considered  with  remedies  under  the  latter  fruit. 

There  are  several  other  diseases  of  the  apple,  as,  for  exam" 
pie,  some  leaf-spot  fungi,  Phyllosticta  ponecz  Sacc.,  etc.,  that 
injure  the  foliage,  but  the  sprayings  recommended  will  suffice 
for  them. 

THE  PEAR.—  Fire  Blight  (Bacillus  amylovorus  Burl.).  This 
old,  widespread,  and  dreaded  disease  in  the  pear  orchard  is 
easily  recognized  by  the  brown  dead  leaves  clinging  to  dying 
branches,  giving  the  appearance  of  having  been  scorched  by 
fire.  Sometimes  only  a  single  branch  or  even  a  small  twig  is 
blighted,  and  in  other  cases  the  whole  tree  may  have  been 
destroyed,  seemingly  all  at  once  or  in  a  very  short  time. 
This  is  one  of  the  bacterial  diseases  and  the  fungus  is  very 
different  from  any  previously  treated  in  this  paper.  Instead 
of  long  slender  filaments,  as  with  ordinary  fungi  like  mildews 
and  moulds,  there  are  only  exceedingly  minute  organisms  that 
multiply  with  great  rapidity  in  the  substance  of  the  pear  tree. 
These  germs  winter  over  in  the  growing  layer  of  the  twig 
and  may  ooze  out  through  a  rift  in  the  bark  along  with  the 
juices  of  the  stem.  This  exudation  attracts  insects ;  by  means 
of  these  busy  creatures  the  disease  is  carried  to  the  opening 
buds  of  the  pear,  and  particularly  the  blossoms.  The  nectar 
glands  of  the  flower  furnish  a  very  acceptable  food  for  these 
•verms,  and  in  it  they  thrive  and  multiply  with  astonishing 
rapidity,  a  single  individual  producing  thousands  in  a  few 
hours.  From  the  blossom  the  disease  is  carried  to  other 
flowers  and  soon  begins  to  spread  down  the  twig  from  the 
point  of  inoculation,  the  tender  tissue  and  rich  juices  of  the 
shoot  forming  a  suitable,  well-protected  place  for  the  disease. 
As  it  works  its  way  down  the  stem,  the  line  of  march  is  along 
the  growing  layer  and  protected  from  the  outside  world  by  the 
overlying  covering  of  bark. 

The  amount  of  infection  varies  with  the  years  and  is  some- 
what dependent  upon  the  weather.  When,  for  example, 
there  are  a  rainy  May  and  June  there  is  apt  to  be  an  excess  of 
the  blight.  Fungi  as  a  rule  are  favored  by  abundant  moisture 
and  the  bacteria  are  no  exception  to  this  rule.  After  the 
germs  are  deeply  seated  in  the  older  stems  the  amount  of 
rainfall  may  not  have  so  much  influence  as  the  temperature. 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS.  219 

There  are  three  points  of  attack,  namely,  the  flowers,  the 
opening  leafbuds,  and,  thirdly,  any  exposed  portion  of  tissue 
upon  the  main  branches  and  stem,  and  as  a  result  there  are 
as  many  varieties  of  fire  blight  in  common  speech.  However, 
the  "  flower  blight,"  "  twig  blight,"  and  "  body  blight"  are  all 
caused  by  the  same  organism  and  differ  only  in  the  place 
of  invasion.  The  blight  of  the  apple,  previously  mentioned, 
is  chiefly  of  the  blossom  sort  and  rarely  more  than  a  few 
inches  of  the  stem  bearing  the  flowers  with  its  leaves  becomes 
killed  by  the  germs.  Occasionally  all  the  blossoms  are  de- 
stroyed and  the  crop  is  lost,  but  as  frequently  the  result  is  a 
natural  thinning  of  the  fruit  before  it  forms  and  no  great  harm 
is  done. 

With  the  pear  the  blight  is  most  at  home,  and  here  the 
whole  tree  may  be  invaded  and  destroyed.  Some  varieties  are 
more  susceptible  than  others,  but  some  that  were  considered 
immune  are  now  badly  afflicted.  In  setting  out  new  orchards 
the  fruit-grower  should  consider  among  the  most  important 
things  the  liability  of  the  variety  to  the  fire  blight. 

In  connection  with  this  fatal  disease  there  is  not  much  to 
show  in  a  picture ;  the  blighted  tree  is  unmistakable.  The 
^erms  themselves  are  exceedingly  small,  and  each  organism 
is  provided  with  whiplash-like  motile  organs,  by  means  of 
which  they  are  usually  in  motion. 

Remedies. — Mr.  Waite,  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
who  has  made  a  prolonged  study  of  this  subject,  is  of  the 
opinion  that  the  germs  live  over  winter  in  the  margins  of 
blighted  places,  where  the  diseased  cambium  joins  that  which 
is  healthy,  and  not  in  the  dead  twigs  or  the  soil.  While 
blighted  twigs  should  be  removed  whenever  seen,  autumn  is 
the  best  season  to  go  over  the  orchard  in  a  searching  manner 
and  remove  all  of  the  blight.  The  branches  should  be  cut  off 
a  foot  or  more  below  the  least  sign  of  the  blight  or  else  it  will 
hold  over  in  the  stump  and  the  neighboring  new  shoots  may 
be  killed  the  next  season.  The  greatest  difficulty  in  removing 
the  germs  in  a  tree  is  when  there  is  the  so-called  body  blight, 
but  in  many  instances  this  dies  out  of  its  own  accord. 

It  is  evident  from  the  nature  of  the  disease  that  spraying 
as  for  ordinary  fungi  will  be  of  very  little  avail.  If  the  inocu- 
lation is  chiefly  through  the  flower  it  comes  at  a  time  when 


220  THE   DISEASES   OF  FRUITS. 

spraying  is  in  itself  injurious  and  is  generally  proscribed. 
Therefore  but  little  remains  but  to  use  the  knife  judiciously. 
It  has  been  determined  that  the  vigor  and  growth  of  the 
tree  have  their  influence,  and  any  highly  nitrogenous  manures 
that  stimulate  to  an  undue  growth  of  succulent  wood  is  con- 
ducive to  blight.  When  it  is  remembered  that  the  long  withy 
water  sprouts  are  the  most  certain  to  blight,  it  suggests  that 
the  feeding  and  culture  should  be  such  as  to  give  a  medium 
growth  of  strong  healthy  wood ;  in  fact,  the  orchardist  should 
strive  for  the  development  that  is  the  most  likely  to  bring  the 
best  crop  of  fruit. 

The  Leaf  Blight  (Entomosportum  maculatum  Lev.)  is  one  of 
the  most  common  and  destructive  of  the  diseases  of  the  pear. 
It  is  recognized  by  the  ashy  spots  upon  the  foliage  and  the 
premature  falling  of  the  leaves.  Sometimes  whole  orchards 
will  become  bare  of  foliage  in  midsummer,  and  the  half-grown 
fruit  shrivels  and  becomes  worthless.  The  pears  are  not  ex- 
empt from  the  disease,  the  fungus  causing  at  first  blotches 
that  may  be  purple  or  brown,  followed  by  a  cracking  of  the 
fruit  and  a  failure  to  develop  to  useful  size.  The  difference 
between  the  appearance  of  the  blight  upon  the  foliage  and 
fruit  would  suggest  unlike  causes,  but  under  the  microscope 
the  fungus  is  seen  to  be  the  same.  This  is  a  good  illustration 
of  the  influence  of  the  infested  substance  upon  the  appearance 
of  the  fungus,  there  being  a  much  firmer  tissue  in  the  fruit 
than  in  the  leaf  and  a  consequent  cracking  of  the  former  while 
the  latter  is  sooner  killed  and  turns  to  an  ashy  gray. 

Remedies. — There  have  been  many  extended  trials  of  fun- 
gicides for  the  Leaf  Blight,  and  they  all  show  that  the  disease 
can  be  controlled.  At  the  Geneva,  New  York,  Experiment 
Station  the  results  have  been  favorable  with  Bordeaux  mixt- 
ure, the  formula  for  which  is  given  under  the  head  of  reme- 
dies for  apple  scab.  (See  Fig.  282,  where  the  scab  is  shown 
upon  the  unsprayed  fruit  and  the  pears  are  nearly  free  when 
sprayed.) 

The  writer  has  had  excellent  results  with  Cupram,  made 
according  to  the  following  formula : 

Copper  carbonate, 5  ounces 

Strong  ammonia, 3  quarts 

Water, 50  gallons 


THE   DISEASES   OF  FRUITS. 


221 


This  mixture  is  easily  made  by  dissolving  the  copper  com- 
pound in  the  ammonia  and  diluting  with  water  to  the  required 
strength.  With  this  mixture  there  is  no  lime  to  clog  the 
sprayer  and  coat  the  fruit,  the  latter  being  a  serious  objection 
when  Bordeaux  is  used  after  the  pears  are  nearing  maturity. 


FIG.  282. — From  a  photograph  of  average  fruit  of  sprayed  and  of  unsprayed 
white  Doyenne  Pears.     (From  Beach.) 

It  is  often  the  practice  to  use  the  Bordeaux  for  the  first  three 
sprayings,  one  before  the  flowers  open  and  two  at  intervals  of 
two  weeks  thereafter,  and  follow  these  with  cupram. 

Some  varieties  are  much  more  inclined  to  the  "  fruit  crack," 
as  the  disease  is  sometimes  called.     The  Flemish  beauty  and 


222  THE  DISEASES   OF  FRUITS. 

Clairgeau  are  among  the  most  susceptible,  but  fine  crops  of 
fruit  may  be  gathered  of  these  sorts  from  trees  that  formerly 
were  worthless  after  thorough  spraying  has  been  adminis- 
tered. 

It  only  needs  to  be  said  in  passing  that  the  blight  foliage 
and  diseased  fruit  are  sources  of  contagion,  and  the  progres- 
sive pear  grower  will  see  to  it  these  are  burned  so  far  as  prac- 
ticable and  thus  reduce  the  number  of  germs  of  the  disease. 
There  is  an  orchard  sanitation  as  essential  to  good  health  of 
trees  as  that  which  should  obtain  around  the  house  for  the 
well-being  of  its  inmates. 

Pear  Scab  {Fusicladiiim  pirinum  Fcl.)  is  a  very  conspicuous 
fungus  and  one  that  is  easily  confused  with  the  Entomosporium 


FIG.  283.— Microscopic  view  of  a  section  through  scab  spot  upon  pear  fruit 
showing  spores  at  5,  erect  tips  at  t,  cuticle  at  c,  epidermis  at  e,  and  corky  cells 
at£.  (From  Duggar.) 

previously  treated,  but  under  the  microscope  the  appearance 
is  strikingly  different.  Instead  of  the  compound  spores  of  the 
Entomosporium,  which  curiously  resemble  the  form  and  vari- 
ous body  parts  of  an  insect,  and  hence  its  generic  name,  the 
Fusicladium  has  simple  oval  brown  spores  that  are  produced 
singly  upon  the  ends  of  short  irregular  threads  (see  Fig.  283). 
The  fungus,  by  means  of  a  network  of  fine  threads,  makes  a 
firm  attachment  to  the  tissue  of  the  fruit  or  leaf.  The  twigs 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 


223 


are  likewise  sometimes  attacked,  and  by  means  of  these  the 
fungus  is  carried  over  the  winter  season. 

Remedies. — In  the  first  place  let  it  be  understood  that  the 
scab  fungus  may  be  in  the  twigs,  and  it  follows  that  any  dead 
stems  and  branches  should  be  removed  by  pruning  before  the 
growing  season  opens.  That  the  scab  starts  early  is  also  well 
known,  and  fruits  may  be  attacked  before  the  blossom  stage 
is  past. 

The  sprayings  with  Bordeaux  or  cupram  should  begin  early 
and  be  timed  as  for  the  leaf  blight  above  mentioned.  Some 
varieties  are  more  susceptible  than  others,  and  in  the  setting 
of  orchards  the  selection  should  be  made  with  this  in  mind. 

There  are  several  other  fungous  diseases,  as  an  anthracnose 
(Colletotrichum  sp.),  but  they  need  the  same  treatment  as  men- 
tioned above. 

THE  QUINCE. — Rust  (Gymnosporangium  sp.)  of  the  quince  is 
quite  destructive  in  some  places.  It  infests  chiefly  the  stems 


FIG.  284.— Two  rusted  young  Quince  fruits. .  The  left-hand  one  is  attacked  at 
the  blossom  end  and  the  other  at  the  stem  end.     (From  Bailey.) 

and  fruit,  upon  the  latter  producing  contorted  forms  with  an 
orange  fringe-like  coating  (see  Fig.  284).  It  is  a  close  relative 
of  the  apple  rust,  and  like  it  has  its  corresponding  winter  form 
also  upon  the  cedar  trees.  Practically  all  that  has  been  said  re- 
garding the  life  cycle  of  the  apple  rust  applies  with  equal  force. 


324  THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

Remedies. — It  goes  without  further  writing  that  the  cedar 
trees  need  to  be  removed  from  quince  trees  that  are  suffering 
from  the  rust.  As  the  quince  twigs  may  become  infested  and 
It  is  possible  that  the  rust  will  live  over  winter,  then  it  be- 
comes essential  that  the  diseased  stems  are  destroyed.  In 
orchards  where  spraying  has  been  carried  out  for  other  dis- 
eases it  is  observed  that  the  rust  is  less  abundant,  and  it  there- 
fore seems  probable  that  with  the  Bordeaux  mixture  the  rust 
may  be  held  in  check. 

The  Black  Rot  (Spharopsis  malorum  Pk.)  is  the  same  fungus 
as  previously  mentioned  with  the  same  name  under  apples  and 
need  not  be  considered  further  here.  It  is  quite  apt  to  begin 
its  destructive  work  at  the  blossom  end  of  the  fruit  and  fur- 
nishes a  good  illustration  of  this  place  as  being  a  favorite  one 
of  attack. 

The  Fire  Blight  {Bacillus  amylovorus  Burl)  is  frequently  met 
with  upon  the  quince,  and  is  demonstrated  as  being  the  same 
in  nature  as  that  of  the  pear,  under  which  head  it  has  been 
considered,  with  remedies.  The  disease  as  a  rule  is  confined 
to  the  upper  parts  of  the  twigs  and  rarely  descends  to  the 
larger  stems. 

The  Leaf  Spot  {Entomosporium  maculatum  Lev.)  is  another 
quince  enemy  that  is  more  frequently  met  upon  the  pear  and 
has  been  considered  under  the  latter.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
in  passing  that  plants  when  closely  related  are  apt  to  have  the 
same  diseases. 

The  same  thing  will  be  observed  under  the  next  groups, 
namely,  the  stone  fruits,  when  a  list  of  enemies  is  met  with 
quite  different  from  those  thus  far  considered. 

The  Ripe  Rot  (Glceosporium  fructigenum  Berk.)  is  the  same 
as  that  upon  the  apple,  and  requires  the  same  precautionary 
measures.  It  is  not  unusual  for  an  old  neglected  quince  bush 
to  be  the  source  of  infection  for  diseases  of  both  the  apple  and 
pear  trees  that  are  grown  with  good  care  near  by.  There  are 
various  leaf  blights  of  the  quince  which  will  need  the  Bor- 
deaux mixture  or  cupram  for  holding  them  in  check. 

THE  STONE  FRUITS. 

THE  PEACH. —  Yellows. — There  is  no  disease  that  is  more 
disastrous  than  the  Yellows,  which  in  general  is  recognized 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 


225 


by  the  premature  ripening  of  the  fruit  which,  enlarging  to 
more  than  the  normal  size,  takes  on  an  unnatural  spotting  of 
purplish  and  red,  with  the  flesh  streaked  with  pink.  The 
fruit  when  apparently  mature  is  bitter  in  taste  and  worthless. 
This  "  forcing,"  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  may  be  confined  to  a 


FIG.  285.— A  four-year-old  Peach-tree,  with  yellows  showing  as  "  brooms' 
"  pennyroyal  sprouts  "  upon  the  main  branches.     (From  Smith.) 


few  fruits  upon  the  tree  or  a  single  branch ;  but  when  at  its 
worst  the  whole  crop  is  highly  colored,  full-sized,  and  soft 
some  weeks  before  the  natural  time  for  maturing. 

The  trees  show  the  disease  even  before  they  come  into  bear- 
ing, and  of  course  in  years  when  there  is  no  fruit  other  char- 
acteristics than  the  prematuring  need  to  be  considered.  The 
yellows  is  recognized  in  the  tree  itself  by  the  presence  of  small 
shoots  that  spring  from  the  main  branches  and  bear  long,  nar- 
15 


226  THE   DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

row  leaves,  often  of  a  yellowish  color,  the  latter  fact  giving 
rise  to  the  common  name  by  which  this  trouble  is  known 
throughout  the  United  States.  The  tufts  of  fine-leaved 
branches  are  sometimes  spoken  of  as  "brooms,"  or  "penny- 
royal sprouts,"  and  trees  that  show  these  are  victims  to  the 
disease  (see  Fig.  285).  The  yellows  is  a  very  contagious 
affliction  of  the  peach  and  will  spread  rapidly  through  an 
orchard. 

Professor  Smith,  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
has  made  a  prolonged  study  of  the  yellows,  and  concludes  that 
it  is  quite  general  over  a  wide  range,  first  becoming  prominent 
in  the  peach  belt  of  Michigan,  where  it  threatened  the  leading 
industry  in  that  section.  It  is  now  thought  that  the  yellows  is 
closely  related  to  the  phenomenon  of  variegation,  which  may 
be  due  to  an  oxydizing  enzyme ;  that  is,  a  substance  not  asso- 
ciated directly  with  any  fungus  or  micro-organism,  but  capa- 
ble of  inducing  a  sort  of  ferment  of  some  chemical  change,  the 
result  of  which  is  the  destruction  of  the  green  of  the  foliage 
and  rendering  the  parts  unhealthy.  It  is  possible  that  this 
ferment  may  be  present  to  a  limited  amount  in  all  peach  trees 
and  only  increases  to  a  destructive  extent  when  certain  condi- 
tions obtain.  That  it  is  contagious  is  abundantly  demon- 
strated by  the  scientific  expert  who  has  transmitted  it  by  bud- 
ding, and  this  agrees  with  the  practical  working  of  the  disease 
?n  the  orchard. 

There  is  a  disease  somewhat  similar  to  the  above,  called 
Peach  Rosette,  that  threatens  destruction  in  some  localities. 

Remedies. — As  yet  under  this  head  nothing  can  be  recom- 
mended in  the  way  of  sprays.  The  contagion  may  come  into 
the  orchard  in  the  trees  from  the  nursery,  and  therefore  great 
care  needs  to  be  taken  in  the  purchase  of  healthy  stock.  The 
grower  should  be  able  to  recognize  the  disease  in  its  incipient 
stages  and  take  heroic  measures  to  remove  it  from  the  orchard. 
In  many  States  laws  have  been  enacted  for  the  protection  of 
orchards  from  this  dire  pest,  and  in  some  localities  trees  of 
all  ages  and  by  the  thousands  have  been  uprooted  and  burned 
until  at  present  in  such  regions  the  yellows  has  been  checked 
and  peach-growing  is  restored  to  its  former  importance. 

There  are  many  yellow  peach  trees  that  are  so  from  lack 
of  congenial  soil,  situation,  and  adequate  food  supply.     Manure 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 


227 


and  fertilizers  do  much  toward  removing  the  "  starvation  yel- 
lows"; but  such  is  not  contagious.  It  goes  without  saying 
that  profitable  peach  growing  is  a  high  art  that  only  the  care- 
ful student  of  the  subject  is  able  to  understand.  When  the 
genuine  yellows  is  suspected,  appeal  should  be  made  at  once 
to  all  the  many  sources  of  information  upon  the  subject,  and 
even  then  the  orchard  may  need  to  be  destroyed  for  the  sake 
of  future  crops  of  peaches  there  and  elsewhere  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. 

The  Leaf   Curl  (Exoascus  defer  mans  Fcl.)   is  perhaps  the 
most  conspicuous  of  the  well-established  fungous  diseases  of 


PlG.  286.— Branch  of  Peach,  showing  the  Leaf  Curl. 

the  peach.  The  presence  of  this  enemy  is  quicky  recognized 
by  the  distortions  it  causes  in  the  foliage,  some  of  the  leaves 
becoming  highly  colored,  yellow  and  red  (see  Fig.  286).  The 
curl  usually  comes  with  the  first  leaves  if  it  comes  at  all,  and 
in  the  worst  cases  all  the  foliage  is  affected  and  largely  falls 
away,  as  later  leaves  unfold.  The  fungus  hibernates  in  the 


22  THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

buds  and  young  twigs,  and  its  development  evidently  depends 
largely  upon  the  conditions  of  the  weather  during  winter  or 
spring,  or  both.  It  has  been  observed  that  a  wet  May  is  par- 
ticularly favorable  for  the  development  of  the  leaf  curl,  while 
in  other  years,  when  the  spring  months  are  comparatively  dry, 
the  disease  is  almost  absent. 

Remedies. — Spraying  of  the  peach  trees  in  winter  with  the 
Bordeaux  mixture  has  often  had  a  remarkably  good  effect,  as 
it  prevented  the  disease  from  destroying  the  foliage  and  blast- 
ing the  flowers.  At  other  times  the  early  spraying  of  the  trees 
has  had  very  litle  effect.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  no 
other  tree  is  so  tender  as  the  peach,  and  its  foliage  is  quickly 
burned  by  a  mixture  that  is  harmless  to  the  apple  or  pear. 
A  half-strength  solution  of  Bordeaux  is  recommended  for  the 
peach. 

The  fruit  Rot  (Monilia  fructigena  Pers. )  is  the  disease  that 
carries  off  a  large  fraction  of  the  peaches,  especially  in  a  sea- 
son with  much  wet  weather  at  the  time  of  maturing  the  fruit. 
The  Monilia  is  sometimes  called  gray  mould,  because  it  covers 
the  affected  fruit  with  a  gray  layer  with  the  feel  of  powdered 
soap-stone.  The  fungus,  after  destroying  the  fruit,  will  spread 
to  the  less  congenial  stems,  sometimes  causing  them  to  die. 
These  twigs  furnish  a  place  for  the  wintering  of  the  mould, 
as  also  do  the  fruits  which  dry  down  and  frequently  adhere 
as  mummies  to  the  stems  or  fall  to  the  ground  and  harbor  the 
fungus  there. 

Remedies. — From  the  fact  that  the  Monilia  is  a  very  rapid 
grower  in  the  soft  pulp  of  a  maturing  peach  and  favored 
greatly  by  moist  weather,  it  follows  that  spraying  has  not  al- 
ways given  the  most  satisfactory  results.  In  the  first  place,  as 
a  preventive  measure,  all  mummy  fruits  should  be  destroyed 
during  the  winter  season,  along  with  any  twigs  thaj  are  dead 
or  affected  with  the  mould.  At  the  same  time  the  trees  may 
well  be  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  to  cleanse  them  of  thousands 
of  adhering  spores.  Some  good  results  have  been  obtained 
from  the  spraying  of  the  trees  at  the  time  when  the  trees  are 
in  bearing,  but  this  should  be  with  cupram  or  other  clear  mixt- 
ure, bearing  in  mind  that  the  peach  in  leaf  is  a  very  tender 
subject. 

The  Scab  (Cladosporium  carpophilum  Thum.)  appears  as  dark 


TtJE  DISEASES  OP  FKUtTS. 


229 


spots  upon  the  fruit,  usually  the  upper  side  being  the  most 

affected,  which  is  often  dwarfed,  and  the  flesh  may  crack  and 

expose  the  inner  substance  to  the  inroads  of  the  gray  mould 

previously  mentioned    (see   Fig.   287.)      The   growth   of  the 

scab  fungus  seems  to  depend  largely  upon  the  conditions  which 

obtain  upon  the  upper  side  of  the 

fruit,   whether  this  be  the  greater 

heat  upon  the  sun-exposed  side,  or 

the  fact  that  the  spores  are  more 

apt  to    find   lodgment  there   than 

elsewhere.     This  scab  is  similar  in 

its  results  to  that  of  the  apple  and 

pear,  but  not  the  same  as  either  of 

them,    and  therefore  no  spreading 

of  the   disease    may   be    expected 

from   the  pomaceous   fruits  to  the 

stone   fruits.      This   fungus,   when 

Upon  the   foliage,  produces  Spots  of    FJG.  287.— A  half-grown  Peach, 

dead  tissue  which,  falling  out,  leave 
round  vacant  places,  sometimes 
called  "  shot  holes."  The  same  ap- 
pearance is  often  caused  by  Cercospora  persica  Sacc. 

Remedies. — It  has  often  been  observed  that  overladen  trees 
are  more  affected  than  those  with  only  a  proper  amount  of 
fruit,  and  this  suggests  that  one  of  the  best  methods  of  hold- 
ing the  scab  in  check  is  by  judicious  thinning,  which  should 
be  done  as  soon  as  the  time  for  the  natural  dropping  ("June 
drop  ")  is  past.  It  is  likewise  true  that  the  best  way  to  thin 
the  fruit  is  by  using  the  pruning  shears  early  in  the  season. 
The  young  peaches,  when  attacked  by  the  scab,  are  so  thickly 
coated  with  fuzz  that  it  almost  prohibits  any  close  contact  of 
a  liquid  fungicide  with  the  fruit.  Sulphur  dusted  through  the 
trees  has  been  recommended,  but  the  satisfactory  method  of 
dealing  with  the  scab  is  yet  to  seek. 

THE  APRICOT.—  Rust  (Puccinia  pruni  Pers.)  of  the  apricot  is 
very  destructive  to  the  orchards  in  California.  It  attacks  al- 
most all  the  drupaceous  fruits  from  prune  to  almond,  but  it  is 
only  in  the  warmer  portions  of  the  United  States  that  it  is  a 
serious  pest. 

Remedies  — This  is  one  of  the  few  genuine  rusts  that  have 


showing  the  Scab  upon  one 
side  with  cracks  in  the  fruit. 
(From  Smith.) 


230 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS, 


been  satisfac- 
torily held  in 
check  by  spray- 
ing with  fungi- 
cides. The  or- 
chardists  upon 
our  western  coast 
may  well  seek 
the  information 
for  them  in  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture. 

THE  PLUM.—  Black  Knot 
(PlowHghtta  morbosa  Sacc.) 
is  the  most  conspicuous 
fungous  enemy  of  the  plum.  The 
attack  is  made  upon  the  young 
twigs  in  the  spring,  which  soon 
begin  to  swell,  the  bark  cracks, 
and  upon  the  surface  of  the  fissure 
the  fungus  produces  an  olive  coat- 
ing of  spores  by  means  of  which 
the  disease  is  spread.  This  is 
one  of  the  very  deeply -seated 
fungi,  its  threads  being  located 
chiefly  in  the  growing  layer  be- 
neath the  bark,  and  when  the 
final  spores  are  produced  they  are 
located  in  sacs  embedded  in  a 
hard  black  crust  of  the  distorted 
branch,  from  which  the  common 
name  is  naturally  derived  (see 
Fig.  288). 

The  black-knot  fungus  attacks 
a  number  of  kinds  of  wild  plum 
and  cherry  trees.  It  is  not  infre- 
quent that  the  hedge  row  sur- 
rounding an  afflicted  orchard  con-  FlG.  288  _A  porlkn  ot-  a  Pmm 
tains  many  wild  shrubs  and  trees  Branch  with  the  Black  Knot  in 
conspicuous,  especially  during  the  mature  form-  (From  Farlow-  > 
winter,  for  the  many  black  excrescences  upon  their  branches. 


THE   DISEASES  OF  FRUITS.  231 

Remedies.  —Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  fungus  lives  from  year 
to  year  in  tae  growing  layer  of  the  branch,  it  is  evident  that 
when  once  a  tree  is  infested,  ordinary  spraying  is  not  effective 
as  a  cure.  The  only  successful  method  of  treatment  thus  far 
determined  is  the  knife  and  saw,  by  which  the  diseased  parts 
are  removed,  care  being  taken  to  cut  several  inches  below  any 
signs  of  the  knot,  or  otherwise  a  new  excrescence  will  form 
upon  the  stump.  The  spores  are  abundant  in  such  knots,  and 
they  need  to  be  burned,  for  if  thrown  into  a  brush  heap  the 
germs  will  escape  as  well  from  there  as  when  upon  the  tree. 
All  similar  knots  upon  wild  plants  should  be  treated  in  the 
same  way,  and  this  is  not  the  only  case  where  the  fruit  grower 
needs  to  go  beyond  the  garden  fence  to  stay  an  enemy  lurking 
close  at  hand. 

Experiments  have  been  made  with  some  success  in  checking 
the  fungus  by  using  fungicides.  Spraying  at  a  time  when  the 
trees  are  most  susceptible  in  early  spring,  and  the  painting  of 
the  knots  with  a  destructive  liquid,  have  given  some  encour- 
agement ;  but  the  only  reliable  method  thus  far  suggested  is 
that  of  cutting  away  the  diseased  parts  as  soon  as  they  are 
found  by  careful  search. 

Plum  Pockets  {Exoascus  pruni  Fcl.)  are  well  named  abnormal 
fruits  that  become  many  times  their  natural  size  and  usually 
very  spongy  and  often  hollow  (see  Fig.  289).  The  same 
fungus  attacks  the  twigs  sometimes  so  extensively  as  to  de« 
stroy  all  the  young  branches.  These  affected  tips  become  like 
the  young  fruits  above  noticed,  and  dying  give  the  tree  an  ap- 
pearance similar  to  that  caused  by  the  fire  blight  upon  the 
apple.  The  "  pockets "  are  often  abundant  during  moist  or 
wet  springs,  and  some  varieties  seem  more  susceptible  than 
others. 

Remedies. — Experimental  tests  for  the  control  of  this  fungus 
have  not  been  extensive,  and  while  spraying  may  prove  suc- 
cessful it  can  only  be  suggested  for  trial.  The  fungus  is  of 
the  same  class  as  that  causing  the  black  knot,  and  like  it  may 
require  the  heroic  method  of  severe  pruning.  As  the  Exoascus 
attacks  the  young  portions,  the  removal  of  the  parts  is  an  easier 
matter  than  with  the  black  knot,  especially  if  the  latter  has 
been  upon  the  tree  for  some  years.  ^ 

The  Leaf  Blight  (Cylindrosporium  /W/Karst)  produces  brown 


THE   DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 


FIG  289.— Portion  of  Plum  branch,  show- 
ing both  the  normal  fruit  and  the  en- 
larged "pockets"  due  to  the  Exoascus 
/V//;/z  Fcl.  (From  Galloway.) 


patches  upon  the  leaves 
and  causes  the  premature 
falling  of  the  foliage.  In 
general  appearance  the  work 
of  this  fungus  resembles  that 
of  the  leaf  blight  of  the  pear. 

Remedies. — Fairly  good 
results  have  been  obtained 
by  the  use  of  fungicides, 
and  plum  growers  who  suffer 
from  a  defoliation  of  their 
orchards  should  see  to  it 
that  sprayings  are  resorted 
to,  beginning  early  in  the 
season. 

The  Scab  ( Cladosporium 
carpophilum  Thum.)  is  the 
same  as  that  upon  the  peach 
treated  above,  to  which  the 
reader  is  referred. 

The  Fruit  Rot  (Monilia 
frnctigena  Pers.)  is  also  the 
same  as  that  of  the  peach, 
and  is  another  illustration 
of  a  common  enemy  to  plants 
that  are  closely  related. 

THE  CHERRY. — Black  Knot 
(Plowrightia  morbosa  Sacc.) 
of  the  cherry  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  plum,  and  the 
peculiarities  of  the  species 
and  method  of  treatment 
need  not  be  again  given  here. 

The  Leaf  Blight  (Cylin- 
drosporium  Padi  Karst.)  is 
the  same  enemy  as  men- 
tioned above  for  the  plum. 
This  "  shot  hole  "  fungus  is 
very  common  upon  cherry 
foliage. 


TtiE  btSEASES  OF  FtiUITS.  2  33 

The  Fruit  Rot  (Monilia  fructigena  Pers.)  is  a  common  fungus 
of  the  stone  fruits  generally  and  one  that  has  been  considered 
under  the  diseases  of  the  peach.  It  is  perhaps  most  rapid  in 
its  development  upon  the  cherry,  because  of  the  thinner  skin 
and  softer  pulp  of  the  latter  fruit  than  that  of  the  peach,  and  this 
may  account  for  the  unusual  rapidity  with  which  it  will  work 
ruin  to  a  maturing  crop  of  cherries  when  the  days  are  rainy. 

The  Mildew  (Podosp/uzra  oxycanthce  D  C.)  is  frequently  met 
with  upon  the  peach,  plum,  and  cherry,  and  is  mentioned  be- 
cause most  destructive  to  the  latter  plants.  It  works  particu- 
larly upon  the  young  stems  and  their  leaves  and  causes  the 
latter  to  become  coated  over  with  the  fungus  when  they  coil 
up  and  are  comparatively  worthless. 

Remedies. — This  is  a  superficial  fungus,  and  like  many  others 
of  its  class  is  easily  controlled  when  spraying  is  resorted  to.  It 
is  particularly  destructive  to  nursery  stock,  and  a  few  applica- 
tions of  Bordeaux  sometimes  make  all  the  difference  between 
a  good  healthy  growth  and  a  stunted  plant. 

THE  VINE  FRUITS. 

THE  GRAPE.—  Black  Rot  (Lastadia  Bidwellii  Ell. )  of  the  grape 
is  a  fungus  that  attacks  both  the  leaves  and  the  fruit  and  oc- 
casionally is  met  with  upon  the  young  canes,  producing  there 
dark  sunken  spots.  Upon  the  foliage  the  disease  assumes  the 
form  of  reddish-brown,  oval  blotches  situated  between  the 
veins,  and  greatly  interferes  with  the  activity  of  the  leaves. 
The  greatest  injury  is  done  to  the  fruit,  which  becomes  dis- 
colored, then  turns  black,  shrivels  upon  the  stem,  and  is  cov- 
ered with  the  spore-bearing  pimples  similar  to  those  upon  the 
dead  areas  of  the  leaf  (see  Fig.  290).  The  fungus  remains 
alive  over  the  winter  in  the  mummy  fruits,  the  dead  fallen 
leaves,  and  the  injured  canes. 

Remedies. — The  ordinary  pruning  and  burning  will  dispose 
of  the  greater  portion  of  the  disease  present  upon  the  canes 
and  berries  that  may  remain  attached.  It  is  well  to  rake  up 
and  burn  the  leaves  and  any  fallen  fruit  in  any  vineyards 
where  the  rot  has  been  injurious.  Some  growers  of  grapes 
take  the  further  precaution  of  removing  the  clusters  while 
they  are  still  green  when  the  rot  has  ruined  them.  During 


234  THE  DISEASES  OF  FXUITS. 

the  winter  the  vines  and  trellises  may  well  be  treated  with  a 
wash  of  copper  sulphate,  one  pound  to  thirty  gallons  of  water. 
This  use  of  the  plain  bluestone  solution  is  of  special  value  as  a 

cleansing  solution,  and  can  be 
safely  employed  upon  stems 
not  leaf-bearing  at  the  time. 

Last,  but  not  least,  is  the 
use  of  Bordeaux  upon  the 
vines  during  the  growing 
season,  with  cupram  as  the 
fruit  nears  maturity.  In  this 
way  there  is  usually  ample 
opportunity  for  the  removal 
of  the  lime  in  the  Bordeaux 
by  natural  causes  and  the  fruit 
will  be  acceptable  in  the  mar- 
kets. Should  the  Bordeaux 
only  be  used  it  can  be  re- 
moved from  the  fruit  by  dip- 
ping in  a  very  weak  solution 
of  vinegar.  The  bagging  of 
the  clusters  while  quite  small 
will  prevent  the  access  of  the 
germs  and  help  to  save  the 
fruit,  and  protect  them  as 
well  from  the  loss  of  the  deli- 
cate bloom  that  adds  to  their 

FIG.  290.— A  Cluster  of  Grapes  ruined 
by  the  Black  Rot.     (From  Galloway.)     attractiveness. 

The  Anthracnose  (Sphaceloma 

ampilinum  DeBy.)  causes  a  serious  disease  of  the  grape,  easily 
distinguished  from  the  black  rot  by  producing  sunken  spots 
and  lines  upon  the  new  growth  of  canes  developing  a  purplish 
border  and  a  gray  centre.  The  fruit  spots  are  usually  circular, 
and  with  the  deep  depression  and  reddish  border  they  some- 
what resemble  bird's  eyes.  Similar  spots  and  patches  are 
often  found  upon  the  main  veins  of  the  leaves. 

Remedies. — The  distribution  of  this  fungus  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  black  rot,  and  the  same  precautionary  measures 
there  given  hold  good  with  the  anthracnose,  which  is,  how- 
ever, not  so  easily  controlled  by  spraying  as  the  black  rot, 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 


235 


and  the  burning  of  the  diseased  parts  is  all  the  more  impor- 
tant. 

The  Downy  Mildew  (Plasmopara  viticola  B.  &  C.)  is  a  fungus 
quite  different  in  appearance  from  any  thus  far  considered. 
As  its  name  suggests  it 
produces  a  downy  coating 
upon  the  affected  part,  usu- 
ally the  under  side,  with  a 
yellow  discoloration  of  the 
upper  side  of  the  leaf.  The 
affected  fruits  while  half 
grown  turn  brown  prema- 
turely, and  for  this  reason 
the  term  "brown  rot"  is 
sometimes  given  to  this 
disease.  The  browned  ber- 
ries remain  hard  and  never 
become  edible  and  rarely 
show  the  fungus  upon  the 
surface.  Sometimes  the 
canes  are  infested,  when 
they  are  coated  with  the 
downiness  common  to  the 
leaves.  The  filaments  of  the 
fungus  come  to  the  surface 

through   the   StomatCS   and    PIG-   291.— Shows  threads  of  Grape  Mildew 
1          j       -uj-          arising  through  "  breathing  pore  "of  leaf, 

then  they  branch  and  subdi-      afterward  branching  and  bearing  spores 

vide,  producing  the  spores       upon  their  tips.    (From  Scribner.) 

upon  the  tips  (see  Fig.  291). 

Remedies. — The  same  treatment  is  recommended  here  as  for 
the  diseases  of  the  grape  already  considered.  As  all  these 
troubles  may  be  upon  the  same  vine,  or  even  single  leaf,  it 
follows  that  the  remedy  applied  for  one  will  answer  for  all. 

The  Powdery  Mildew  (Uncinula  necator  Schw.)  is  another 
fungus  of  the  vine  that  while  the  leading  enemy  in  Europe  is  of 
secondary  consideration  here.  This  is  a  superficial  mildew — 
that  is,  it  grows  upon  the  leaf  and  does  not  penetrate  the 
tissue,  and  on  this  account  may  be  easily  controlled  as  by  sul- 
phur dusted  over  the  vines.  The  sprayings  recommended  for 
the  other  vine  diseases  will  be  sufficient  for  this  one. 


236  THE  DISEASES   OF  FRUITS. 

The  Ripe  Rot  (Gfaosporium  fructigenum  Berk.),  previously 
mentioned  under  apple,  is  a  common  trouble  with  the  matur- 
ing grapes.  It  need  not  be  further  considered  here,  except  to 
note  that  in  this  instance  widely  different  plants  are  affected 
with  the  same  fungus.  It  should,  however,  be  kept  in  mind 
that  this  is  a  disease  of  a  substance — namely,  the  flesh  of  a 
maturing  fruit — that  is  more  of  the  nature  of  a  lifeless  tissue 
and  has  lost  its  specific  vital  qualities.  In  the  same  way  the 
common  bread  mould  will  thrive  upon  mature  sweet  potatoes 
and  turnips,  while  the  living  leaves  and  stems  of  the  same 
plants  are  not  attacked  by  it. 

THE  BUSH  FRUITS. 

THE  BLACKBERRY. — Rust  (Puccinia  Peckiana  Howe)  is  the 
leading  fungus  of  the  blackberry  and  is  quickly  recognized  by 
the  more  upright  dwarfed  canes  with  multitudes  of  blisters 
upon  the  leaves  which  upon  rupturing  expose  orange  colored 
spores  that  give  an  appearance  of  iron  rust  to  the  affected 
parts.  The  disease  threads  extend  all  through  the  plants,  and 
when  the  rusted  cane  is  cut  down  to  the  ground  it  is  soon  fol- 
lowed by  a  new  growth  that  shortly  shows  the  rust  throughout. 
The  same  disease  is  frequently  found  upon  the  wild  brambles, 
and  it  is  also  observed  that  some  of  the  cultivated  varieties 
are  more  susceptible  than  others.  % 

Remedies. — From  the  deeply  seated  nature  of  the  disease  it 
is  evident  that  spraying  will  not  effect  a  cure.  Like  the  black 
knot  the  knife  and  burn  heap  need  to  be  resorted  to  when  plants 
are  badly  diseased,  and  should  be  removed  root  and  all.  It 
would  be  folly  to  attempt  successful  blackberry  culture  in 
places  where  the  wild  brambles  are  badly  rusted  until  these 
have  been  destroyed.  The  grower  needs  to  be  assured  that 
the  waste  land  is  not  a  place  for  the  propagation  of  a  fungus 
that  may  destroy  the  garden  plants. 

The  Anthracnose  ( Glceosporiumvenetum  Speg. )  is  similar  to  the 
one  upon  the  grape  and  like  it  is  found  upon  leaves  and  canes, 
forming  oval  patches  with  gray  centres  and  purple  borders. 

Remedies. — The  winter  treatment  of  the  canes  with  a  solu- 
tion of  copper  sulphate  as  mentioned  under  grape  is  recom- 
mended. The  experiments  made  in  spraying  the  plants  dur- 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS.  237 

ing  the  growing  season  have  not  shown  that  this  anthracnose 
is  easily  checked ;  but  further  tests  need  to  be  made  before  a 
conclusion  in  the  matter  is  reached. 

THE  RASPBERRY. — The  chief  diseases  here  are  the  rust  and 
anthracnose  mentioned  already  under  blackberry,  with  which 
the  raspberry  is  very  closely  related.  There  are  some  leaf- 
spot  fungi  also  common  to  these  two  species  of  brambles. 

THE  CURRANT. — Cane  Blight  (Nectriacinnabarina  Fr.)  is  one 
of  the  newer  diseases,  but  is  becoming  quite  abundant  in  some 
localities.  This  affects  the  whole  cane,  causing  it  to  die  some- 
times when  bearing  fruit  of  nearly  full  size.  Along  with  the 
shriveling  of  the  berries  and  fall  of  the  leaves  the  diseased 
canes  show  numerous  bright  pink  pimples  (see  Fig.  292). 
This  disease  is  related  to  the  black  knot  of  plum  and  cherry, 
and  like  it  has  taken  a  firm  grip  upon  its  victim  before  its 
presence -is  observed. 

Remedies. — The  whole  plant  should  be  removed  and  burned 
as  soon  as  the  blasted  canes  are  found.  Spraying  is  too  slow 
a  treatment,  even  if  it  were  effective,  with  a  disease  so  dbntagi- 
ous  as  this  upon  plants  that  are  small  and  easily  rooted  out 
and  the  ground  occupied  with  some  other  crop. 

The  Anthracnose  (Glceosporium  ribis  M.  '&  D.)  causes  minute 
dark  spots  upon  the  leaves,  followed  by  yellowing  and  their 
dropping  from  the  canes.  When  very  severe,  the  green  fruit 
is  left  to  shrivel  upon  the  defoliated  branches,  but  usually  the 
fall  of  the  leaves  is  shortly  after  the  crop  is  harvested. 

Remedies. — This  fungus  is  closely  related  to  other  anthrac- 
noses  previously  considered  and  may  be  controlled  by  the 
use  of  the  standard  fungicides. 

The  Leaf  Spot  (Septoria  ribis  Desm.)  is  a  fungus  that  pro- 
duces effects  similar  to  those  of  the  anthracnose,  while  its 
microscopic  structure  is  quite  different. 

Remedies. — Spraying  should  be  thorough  and  begin  early  in 
the  season.  The  currant  is  well  adapted  in  size  for  the  ap- 
plication of  fungicides,  and  any  adhering  lime  upon  the  smooth 
fruit  is  easily  removed.  To  avoid  this  coating  a  clear  mixture 
may  be  used  instead  of  one  containing  lime. 

THE  GOOSEBERRY. — The  diseases  of  the  currant  are  practi- 
cally the  same  as  those  of  the  gooseberry,  and  all  that  has  been 
remarked  above  regarding  them  generally  applies  here. 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

The  Mildew  (Sphtzrotheca  mors-uvce  Schw.)  is  a  fungus  that 
is  very  destructive  to  the  gooseberry,  but  is  rarely  met  with 
upon  the  currant.  The  European  varieties  are  particularly 


no.  292.— Currant  Canes,  showing  the  Blight  as  projections  from  the  surface 
(From  Durand.) 

susceptible  and  usually  are  considered  not  worthy  of  cultiva- 
tion because  of  the  prevalence  of  this  disease.  This  mildew 
produces  a  felt-like  brown  coating  upon  the  young  growth  of 
stems,  including  the  leaves  and  fruit,  which  are  much  dwarfed 
and  distorted.  The  fungus  is  entirely  superficial  and  consists 
of  filaments  lying  upon  the  surface  with  upright  branches  that 


THE  DISRASES  OF  FRUITS.  239 

bear  the  spores.  There  is  a  second  form  of  spore  produced  in 
spherical  thick-walled  bodies,  designed  for  preserving  the 
mildew  through  the  winter.  These  form  later  in  the  season 
than  the  small  naked  spores  previously  mentioned. 

Remedies. — Satisfactory  results  are  obtained  from  spraying 
the  gooseberry  plants,  partly  because  the  mildew  is  upon  the 
surface  only.  With  a  similar  fungus  upon  greenhouse  roses 
flowers  of  sulphur  has  long  been  in  use,  dusted  upon  the  plants 


FIG.  293. -A  Leaf  of  the  Strawberry  showing  the  Spot.    (From  Bailey.) 

or  placed  upon  the  heating  pipes  where  it  gives  off  fumes.  At 
some  Experiment  Stations  sulphide  of  potassium  has  been 
found  effective  against  the  gooseberry  mildew,  the  formula 
being  one  ounce  to  a  gallon  of  water.  This  is  a  solution  easily 
made  and  applied  and  is  a  comparatively  clear  liquid.  Good 
results  follow  the  use  of  Bordeaux,  but  this  of  course  tends  to 
coat  the  fruit. 

THE  GROUND  FRUITS. 

THE  STRAWBERRY.—  Leaf  Spot  (Spharella  frag  aria  Tul.)  is 
the  most  conspicuous  and  common  of  the  fungous  enemies  of 
the  strawberry.  This  causes  purple  spots  upon  the  leaves,  the 


240  THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS. 

centres  becoming  ashy  gray  (see  Fig.  293).  The  fungus  also 
attacks  the  fruit-stalks,  cutting  off  the  supply  of  nourishment 
and  thereby  injuring  the  crop.  During  winter  the  fungus 
remains  in  the  affected  parts,  particularly  the  old  leaves. 

Remedies. — Many  remedies  have  been  used  upon  the  straw- 
berry, some  of  them  with  indifferent  results,  probably  because 
of  the  difficulty  of  reaching  the  under  surface  of  the  foliage. 
Bordeaux,  however,  is  recommended,  and  cupram  at  times 
when  the  fruit  might  be  defaced  with  the  lime  of  the  former 
mixture.  Some  growers  with  scythe  and  rake  remove  the 
blighted  leaves  in  the  autumn  and  burn  them,  while  others 
have  employed  a  weak  solution  of  sulphuric  acid  as  a  spray, 
and  thus  destroy  the  foliage,  letting  the  new  spring  growth 
supply  the  fresh  healthy  leaves  for  the  production  of  the  com- 
ing crop. 

There  are  other  fungous  diseases  of  the  strawberry,  but  they 
are  indistinguishable  from  the  leaf-spot  except  by  close  in- 
spection. 

THE  CRANBERRY. — Scald. — There  are  several  fungous  dis- 
eases of  the  cranberry,  but  as  this  crop  demands  peculiar  con- 
ditions, is  limited  to  few  localities,  and  does  not  admit  of  the 
ordinary^  methods  of  treatment,  only  a  word  need  be  said. 
The  Scald,  or  Rot,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  attacks  the  fruit 
and  other  parts  of  the  plant,  causing  upon  the  former  a  soften- 
ing of  the  fruit,  usually  first  upon  the  sun-exposed  side. 

Remedies. — All  attempts  to  check  the  Scald  by  the  use  of 
fungicides  have  failed.  The  fact  that  the  land  is  under  water 
for  much  of  the  time,  and  a  bog  at  best  in  the  dry  period  of 
the  year,  renders  it  difficult  to  apply  fungicides  satisfactorily. 
Besides,  the  cranberry  bogs  are  often  large  low-priced  areas, 
with  many  weeds,  and  the  industry  is  extensive  instead  of 
intensive,  making  spraying  improfitable  no  matter  how  effec- 
tive the  applications  might  be. 

ROOT  GALLS. — As  a  last  word,  and  going  to  the  root  of  the 
subject,  it  may  be  said  that  of  late  years  much  complaint  has 
been  made  of  galls  upon  the  roots  of  various  orchard  plants, 
especially  the  peach.  The  subject  has  been  studied  by  Prof. 
J.  W.  Tourney,  of  the  University  of  Arizona  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Station,  with  the  result  that  the  disease  has  been 
found  to  be  caused  by  a  species  of  slime-mould  living  in  the 


THE  DISEASES  OF  FRUITS.  241 

tissues  of  the  root  and  causing  the  development  of  the  galls. 
Careful  experiments  were  made  which  showed  that  the  disease 
was  easily  communicable,  thus  demonstrating  the  great  neces- 
sity of  avoiding  its  introduction  into  the  nursery  or  orchard, 
especially  since  no  very  effective  remedy  for  it  was  found.  It 
seems  wise,  therefore,  for  all  growers  to  reject  all  peach, 
plum,  apple,  or  other  plants  whose  roots  are  in  any  degree 
malformed.  The  fact  that  the  trouble  is  underground  adds 
much  to  the  difficulty  of  checking  it,  and  therefore  all  diseased 
roots  should  be  excluded  at  the  time  the  trees  are  set. 

In  conclusion,  it  is  remarked  that  only  the  leading  sorts  of 
fungi  have  been  considered,  but  enough,  it  is  hoped,  is  pre- 
sented so  that  the  fruit  grower  will  find  some  clew  to  any 
disease  that  is  serious.  It  may  be  said,  as  a  final  word,  that 
there  are  several  experts  at  work  upon  fungous  diseases,  and 
further  information  upon  the  subjects,  herein  considered,  may 
be  obtained  of  the  division  of  Physiology  and  Vegetable  Pathol- 
ogy, U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.,  or 
through  the  Experiment  Stations  of  the  various  States. 

The  fruit-grower  should  not  hesitate  to  make  complaint  and 
call  for  information  through  the  avenues  created  by  the  Gov- 
ernment for  the  special  help  of  the  crop-growers  of  this  coun- 
try. It  may  be  that  an  old  and  well-known  enemy  has  made 
its  first  appearance  in  a  community,  and  methods  for  its  treat- 
ment are  well  worked  out.  Should  it  be  a  new  disease,  or  of 
recent  importation  from  some  other  country,  it  then  becomes 
of  special  interest  to  the  expert  as  it  is  to  the  plaintiff,  and 
it  is  an  advantage  to  all  that  the  call  is  made  for  help.  In 
this  age  of  the  world,  all  obstacles  to  successful  fruit-growing 
as  far  as  possible  should  be  removed.  It  is  argued  that  the 
person  who  is  sufficiently  wide  awake  to  observe  fungous 
troubles  as  they  arrive  and  strive  to  remove  them  at  the  out- 
set will  not  fail  because  of  oversight  in  selection  of  orchard 
site,  or  varieties  of  fruits,  through  careless  pruning,  neglect 
of  thinning,  improper  feeding,  or  any  such  thing.  He  will  do 
his  best  and  take  pride  in  his  work  along  with  the  profits  as 
they  come  to  him. 
16 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

THE   SPRAYING   OF   FRUITS. 

THE  most  important  advance  in  the  management  of  fruit 
plantations  within  the  past  quarter-century  has  been  the  re- 
markable increase  in  the  means  of  checking  the  ravages  of 
insects  and  fungi  by  the  use  of  liquid  sprays.  The  spraying 
of  orchard  trees  with  poisons  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
insects  is,  at  least  in  its  modern  development,  of  American 
origin.  Arsenic  in  the  form  of  Paris-green  was  early  used 
against  the  potato-beetle,  and  in  1872  Le  Baron,  State  ento- 
mologist of  Illinois,  suggested  its  use  upon  trees  for  the  de- 
struction of  the  canker-worm.*  As  early  as  1876,  this  poison 
had  attained  to  some  popularity  as  a  means  of  combating  the 
canker-worm  in  Illinois  and  in  Michigan,  in  the  latter  State 
under  the  advocacy  of  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook.  It  appears  to  have 
been  as  late  as  1878  that  the  first  record  was  made  of  its  use 
in  New  York,  but  a  most  important  discovery  followed  the 
experiment  there.  In  the  spring  of  that  year,  J.  S.  Wood- 
ward, of  Lockport,  advised  Edward  P.  Haynes  to  spray  his 
apple-trees  with  Paris-green  to  destroy  the  canker-worm.  In 
the  fall,  Mr.  Haynes  observed  that  the  apples  upon  the 
sprayed  trees  were  less  wormy  than  those  upon  the  others. 
The  results  of  the  experiments  were  reported  the  following 
winter  before  the  Western  New  York  Horticultural  Society  at 
Rochester.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  similar  results  were  ob- 
served in  this  very  year  in  Iowa  in  sprayings  made  with 
London-purple,  under  the  auspices  of  Prof.  J.  L.  Budd  and 

*  See  Lodeman,  "  The  Spraying  of  Plants,"  for  a  complete  history  and  dis- 
cussion of  spraying. 

242 


THE   SPRAYING  OF  FRUITS.  243 

John  M.  Dixon.  Fruit-growers  were  at  first  incredulous  as 
to  the  value  of  the  arsenites  for  the  destruction  of  the  larva 
of  the  codlin-moth,  but  by  1885  sufficient  experience  had  ac- 
cumulated to  entitle  the  practice  to  the  careful  consideration 
of  every  progressive  farmer.  Spraying  for  the  codlin-moth 
and  many  other  orchard  insects  is  now  demonstrated  to  be 
of  the  greatest  value,  and  it  is  a  practice  which  every  intelli- 
gent pomologist  must  employ. 

The  practice  of  spraying  for  fungous  diseases  had  a  sepa- 
rate origin.  It  originated  in  Southern  France,  in  an  attempt 
to  check  the  mildew  of  the  grape,  a  disease  which  had  been 
introduced  from  America.  The  first  definite  efforts  to  treat 
plant-diseases  by  sprays  in  this  country  were  made  in  1884 
and  1885,  by  Saunders  and  Goff.  In  the  latter  year,  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  began  to  publish  advice,  at  first 
gleaned  largely  from  French  sources,  respecting  the  treat- 
ment of  these  serious  disorders;  and  it  has  prosecuted  the 
work  up  to  the  present  time  with  a  persistence  and  efficiency 
which  should  win  the  admiration  of  the  world. 

The  kerosene  emulsions,  and  like  compounds  used  for  the 
destruction  of  various  scales  and  other  sucking  insects,  were 
of  still  independent  origin.  The  kerosene  emulsion  is  an 
American  invention.  The  first  successful  emulsion  with  soap 
was  probably  made  by  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook,  of  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  College,  in  1877  and  1878.  It  was  soon  after  rec- 
ommended independently  by  Hubbard  and  Riley  as  the  result 
of  investigations  upon  the  scale  of  the  orange ;  and  emulsions 
with  milk  were  at  the  same  time  perfected  by  Barnard  and 
Hubbard  as  the  result  of  work  upon  the  cotton-worm.  Vari- 
ous soaps  and  oils  have  long  been  known  to  be  effective  in- 
secticides. As  early  as  1840,  whale-oil  soap  was  used  in  this 
country  for  the  destruction  of  the  rose-chafer,  although  its 
application  to  that  insect  is  no  longer  considered  to  be  effica- 
cious. 

Spraying  is  only  one  of  several  practices  which  are  of  fun- 
damental importance  in  the  care  of  fruit-plantations.  Tillage, 
fertilizing,  pruning  and  other  care  are  cardinal  methods  in 
pomology,  and  their  importance  is  none  the  less  because 
spraying  has  been  lately  proved  to  be  so  essential.  Spraying 
is  a  wholly  secondary  operation,  and  its  importance  is  the 


244  THE   SPRAYING  OF  FRUITS. 

greater  in  proportion  as  the  other  care  of  the  plantation  is 
efficient,  for  the  value  of  the  product  is  thereby  heightened. 
Many  old  and  neglected  orchards  are  scarcely  worth  the 
trouble  and  cost  of  spraying.  The  operation  of  spraying  is 
not  always  necessary,  and  it  does  not,  therefore,  always  give 
beneficial  results.  Unless  insect  or  fungous  troubles  are 
present,  there  is  no  occasion  for  the  operation ;  but  inasmuch 
as  these  enemies  are  nearly  always  troublesome,  and  as  no 
one  can  definitely  prognosticate  their  absence,  spraying  comes 
to  be  an  insurance.  The  risk  is  too  great  to  allow  the  practice 
to  be  omitted  in  any  year  in  apple  and  some  other  orchards ; 
and  the  practice  is  efficient  only  when  it  anticipates  the 
trouble. 

The  amount  of  spraying  which  shall  be  done  in  any  par- 
ticular case,  as  well  as  its  kind  and  seasons,  depends  entirely 
Upon  the  conditions  and  the  enemies  which  it  is  desired  to 
reach.  The  operator  must  first  of  all  make  a  diagnosis  of 
what  his  trouble  is  or  is  likely  to  be.  If  fungous  troubles  are 
present,  or  are  likely  to  be,  some  of  the  compounds  of  copper 
or  sulphur  must  be  used.  If  leaf-eating  or  chewing  insects — 
like  canker-worm,  codlin-moth  larva,  bud-moth  larva,  tent- 
caterpillar — are  at  work,  some  arsenical  poison  is  to  be  used. 
If  scale-like  or  lice-like  insects — as  bark-louse,  San  Jose 
scale,  aphis — are  present,  soap,  oil,  or  emulsion  should  be  em- 
ployed. In  some  fruits  the  operator  can  prognosticate  given 
troubles  with  tolerable  certainty.  For  instance,  it  is  safe  to 
assume  that  the  apple  will  be  attacked  by  the  scab-fungus — 
except  in  very  dry  regions — and  by  the  codlin-moth  larva. 
Bordeaux-mixture  is  a  specific  for  the  former,  and  Paris- 
green  for  the  latter.  These  materials  may  be  combined  and 
applied  together  with  as  good  results  as  if  each  were  applied 
separately.  As  a  rule,  two  insurance  sprayings  are  advised 
for  the  apple-orchard,  the  first  one  just  as  the  blossom  buds 
have  opened,  but  before  the  flowers  themselves  have  begun 
to  expand,  and  the  other  about  as  soon  as  the  last  petals  have 
fallen.  The  grower  must  determine  if  more  sprayings  are 
needed.  If  insect  or  fungous  enemies  are  threatening,  spray 
again.  The  fungous  diseases  are  commonly  most  serious  in 
wet  seasons.  As  a  general  rule,  there  should  be  two  spray- 
ings for  codlin-moth  larvae  on  the  apple  and  pear  (the  apple- 


THE   SPRA  YING  OF  FRUITS.  245 

worm)  after  the  petals  have  fallen ;  but  in  average  years  the 
two  early  sprayings  of  Bordeaux-mixture  advised  above  are 
sufficient  for  the  scab-fungus.  This  first  spraying  will  be  too 
early  to  reach  the  codlin-moth  larvae,  but  inasmuch  as  vari- 
ous leaf-eating  insects  are  common  upon  trees  at  this  time,  it 
will  be  well  to  add  the  Paris-green  to  the  Bordeaux-mixture, 
particularly  as  the  poison  is  cheap  and  does  not  in  any  way 
interfere  with  the  application  or  with  the  fungicidal  action  of 
the  Bordeaux-mixture. 

It  is  a  prevalent  notion  that  spraying  is  bound  to  make 
orchards  productive.  Nothing  could  be  more  fallacious.  The 
causes  of  unproductiveness  are  many.  When  such  cause  is 
insect  or  fungous  injury,  then  spraying  is  a  specific ;  but  when 
the  cause  of  unproductiveness  is  poor  soil,  lack  of  tillage  and 
other  care,  poor  varieties,  and  the  like,  spraying  can  have 
only  a  secondary  and  incidental  effect  in  correcting  the  bar- 
renness of  the  plantation.  The  general  efficiency  of  spray- 
ing is  well  tested.  The  practice  is  now  beyond  the  experi- 
mental stage,  and  the  fruit-grower  who  does  not  resort  to  it 
is  far  behind  his  opportunities.  There  is  still  much  to  learn 
about  mixtures,  machinery,  and  the  habits  of  insects  and 
fungi;  but  spraying  as  a  feature  in  the  management  of  fruit- 
plantations  rests  upon  as  solid  a  basis  of  fact  and  demonstra- 
tion as  tillage  or  pruning  does.  This  proof  has  been  so  un- 
equivocal and  so  widely  published,  that  it  is  doubtful  if  it  is 
any  longer  incumbent  upon  the  experiment  stations  to  urge 
farmers  to  spray.  The  facts  and  methods  are  all  accessible, 
and  if,  in  the  face  of  this  evidence,  the  fruit-grower  does  not 
care  to  spray,  he  should  be  allowed  to  reap  the  harvest  which 
he  desires.  It  is  very  doubtful  if  laws  designed  to  enforce 
spraying  can  be  made  of  any  service,  for  such  laws  always  de- 
pend upon  enlightened  public  sentiment  for  their  support,  and 
any  mere  perfunctory  performance  of  the  operation  would 
profit  nothing.  Spraying  must  be  deliberately  and  very  thor- 
oughly done  if  any  benefit  is  to  come  of  it,  and  such  spraying 
is  possible  only  when  the  operator  is  unreservedly  convinced 
of  its  importance  for  his  own  plantations. 

The  efficacy  of  a  spray  depends  upon  hitting  the  enemy  or 
in  placing  poison  upon  every  portion  of  the  surface  upon 
which  it  works.  Effective  spraying,  therefore,  must  cover 


246  THE   SPRA  YING  OF  'FRUITS. 

the  entire  surface  of  the  plant.  One  completely  thorough 
spraying,  in  which  the  plant  is  drenched,  is  more  useful  than 
a  half-dozen  perfunctory  or  half-hearted  operations.  The 
spray  should  be  applied  until  the  liquid  begins  to  drip  from 
the  tree.  If  the  operation  is  stopped  as  soon  as  this  dripping 
begins,  it  is  considered  that  there  is  no  danger  of  turning 
stock  into  the  orchard  to  feed  upon  the  grass.  At  least,  no 
cases  of  injury  from  such  practice  are  on  record.  The  num- 
ber of  sprayings  can  never  make  good  the  lack  of  thorough- 
ness. Prepare  for  the  operation  in  advance,  preferably  dur- 
ing the  winter  season.  Be  sure  to  know  what  the  spray  is  to 
be  applied  for.  Secure  strong  pumps  and  a  variety  of  noz- 
zles. Be  on  time  with  the  work,  do  not  be  in  a  hurry  while 
doing  it,  and  consider  that  the  spray  protects  the  plant  in 
proportion  as  the  plant  is  well  covered. 

THE  APPARATUS. 

There  is  no  one  best  pump  or  nozzle  for  all  purposes.  The 
operator  needs  different  styles  of  tools  for  spraying  as  much 
as  he  does  for  working  his  land.  The  first  requisite  is  that 
the  pump  be  strong  and  capable  of  throwing  much  liquid.  It 


FIG.  294.— Knapsack  Sprayer. 

should  be  brass-lined,  have  a  long,  strong  handle,  a  large  (two 
inches  in  diameter  or  upward)  cylinder,  and  it  should  be  low 
and  compact,  so  as  not  to  catch  in  the  limbs,  or  be  top-heavy 
when  mounted  on  a  barrel  or  tank.  As  a  rule,  from  ten  to 
fifteen  feet  of  hose  should  be  used  for  each  delivery,  and  one 


THE  SPRA  YING   OF  FRUITS. 


247 


man  should  manipulate  only  one  hose.  In  large  orchards  one 
man  should  give  his  entire  attention  to  pumping  and  driving, 
allowing  the  operator  of  the  spray  to  give  his  entire  thought 


FIG.  295.— Bordeaux  Nozzle. 


FIG.  296. — Improved  Vermorel  Nozzle 
with  Disgorger. 


FIG.  297.— Reducer  to  attach  half- 
inch  to  three-quarter-inch  con- 
nection. 


FIG.  298.— Another  form  of 
Vermorel  Nozzle. 


FiG.  299.— McGowen  Nozzle. 


FIG.  300.— Y-Fixture  for  Vermorel 
Nozzles. 


FIG.  301.—  Y-Attachment  for  using 
Two  Nozzles. 


to  his  work.  In  tall  trees  the  nozzle  may  be  elevated  upon 
a  bamboo  fishing-pole,  or  the  operator  may  stand  upon  a  plat- 
form above  the  tank.  The  exact  form  of  the  rig  must  depend 


THE  SPRAYING   OF  FRUITS. 


wholly  upon  the  lay  of  the  land  and  the  character  of  the  or- 
chard. If  the  trees  are  high,  far  apart  and  well  pruned,  some 
kind  of  a  high  platform-rig  will  be  useful.  In  thick  orchards 
of  low  trees,  a  stone-boat  may  be  used,  the  operator  standing 
on  the  ground  and  raising  his  spray  into  the  trees  by  means 
of  a  pole.  This  pole,  with  the  hose  secured  near  its  top,  is 


FIG.  302.— Barrel  Outfit  Complete  with  Wheels. 

often  used.  Many  persons  use  a  length  of  light  gas  pipe  in 
the  place  of  so  much  hose.  There  is  now  a  pipe-lined  bam- 
boo pole  which  answers  the  purpose  very  well. 

The  various  illustrations  show  some  of  the  kinds  of  pumps 
which  can  be  confidently  recommended.  For  spraying  or- 
chards and  vineyards,  they  should  be  mounted  upon  large 
casks  or  tanks,  and  these  placed  upon  a  wagon ;  but  for  limited 
plantations  of  small  fruits,  various  cart  and  wheelbarrow 
sprayers  are  useful.  It  is  generally  advisable  to  mount  the 
pump  on  the  side  of  the  cask,  for  the  rig  is  then  not  top-heavy, 
the  cask  is  easily  filled  with  water,  and  the  movement  of  the 
liquid  in  the  barrel  insures  more  perfect  agitation  than  occurs 


THE  SPRAYING   OF  FRUITS. 


249 


if  the  cask  stands  on  end.  Some  agitator  should  be  employed, 
however,  for,  if  the  material  settles,  the  work  is  likely  to  be 
very  unsatisfactory.  For  cask-outfits  it  is  quite  as  well  to 
stir  the  liquid  with  a  stick  just  before  spraying  each  tree  as 
to  depend  upon  some  of  the  agitating  devices  which  are  in 
the  market.  Power  pumps — unless  run  by  steam — are  ineffi- 
cient in  orchards  of  large  trees,  because  sufficient  liquid  can- 
not be  thrown  while  the  machine  is  passing  the  tree.  For 
vineyards,  dwarf  pears,  small  fruits  and  potatoes,  however, 
the  power  sprayers  are  often  very  satisfactory.  The  knap- 
sack sprayers  are  useful  only  for  small  areas  or  small  plants, 
or  where  hand-labor  is  cheap. 


FIG.  303. 


FIG.  304. 


Barrel  Outfits  with  Agitators. 


The  best  general  nozzle  for  tall  trees  is  probably  the  Mc- 
Gowen.  It  is  a  self-cleaning  device  and  can  be  adjusted  for 
coarse  or  fine  spray.  It  throws  more  liquid  than  some  other 
nozzles,  but  for  this  reason  it  allows  of  very  expeditious  work. 
Every  orchardist  should  provide  himself  with  the  Vermorel, 
Bordeaux,  and  various  other  nozzles,  however,  and  he  will 
find  them  all  useful  for  particular  purposes.  Some  of  the 
smaller  of  these  nozzles,  like  the  Vermorel,  may  be  used  twin 
by  placing  them  upon  a  Y-fixture,  as  shown  in  the  engraving. 


25°  THE   SPRAYING   OF  FRUITS. 


MATERIALS  AND  FORMULAS. 

Paris-green. — This  compound  of  arsenic  (aceto-arsenite  of 
copper)  is  the  standard  insecticide  for  all  chewing  and  biting 
insects,  such  as  larvaB  ("  worms")  and  most  beetles.  A  pound 
of  it  is  used  in  two  hundred  to  three  hundred  gallons  of  water 
for  fruit-plants.  For  apple  and  pear  and  plum  trees,  the 
denser  strength  is  generally  preferred,  but  for  peach-trees 
(upon  which  it  is  seldom  necessary  to  use  it)  the  weaker 
strength  is  recommended.  If  this  mixture  is  to  be  used  upon 
fruit-trees,  one  pound  of  quicklime  should  be  added,  for  re- 
peated applications  will  injure  most  foliage,  unless  the  lime 
is  used.  Paris-green  and  Bordeaux-mixture  can  be  applied 
together  with  perfect  satisfaction.  Use  at  the  rate  of  four 
ounces  of  the  arsenite  to  fifty  gallons  of  the  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture. The  action  of  neither  is  weakened,  and  the  Paris  green 
loses  all  caustic  properties.  Paris-green  itself  has  slight  fun- 
gicidal  properties. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  material  which  is  obtained  as 
Paris-green  contains  no  arsenic.  If  the  material  is  genuine  Pa- 
ris-green, it  will  quickly  and  completely  dissolve  in  common 
strong  ammonia,  giving  a  beautiful,  rich,  dark  blue,  clear 
liquid,  while  any  of  the  compounds  which  would  ordinarily  be 
substituted  for  Paris-green  on  account  of  their  color  and  tex- 
ture, will  not  behave  in  this  manner  in  ammonia.  Any  insol- 
uble residue  is  impurity.  Chrome-green,  which  may  be  pro- 
cured for  Paris-green,  will  not  dissolve  in  ammonia. 

London-purple. — This  is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as 
Paris-green,  and  in  the  same  proportions.  It  is  an  arsenite  of 
lime.  Its  advantages  over  Paris-green  are  its  cheapness  and 
the  greater  ease  with  which  it  is  held  in  suspension  in  water, 
but  these  are  not  important  merits.  As  it  is  very  caustic,  it 
should  be  applied  with  two  or  three  times  its  weight  of  lime, 
or  with  the  Bordeaux-mixture.  The  composition  of  London- 
purple  is  variable,  and  unless  good  reasons  exist  for  suppos- 
ing that  it  contains  as  much  arsenic  as  Paris  green,  it  is  better 
to  use  the  latter  poison.  Do  not  use  London-purple  on  peach 
or  plum  trees  unless  considerable  lime  is  added. 

Substitutes  for  Paris-green. — Paris-green  is  still  the  standard 


THE   SPRAYING  OF  FRUITS.  251 

insecticide  for  spraying  purposes,  yet  it  has  several  serious 
defects :  it  is  costly,  does  not  remain  long  in  suspension  when 
applied  in  water,  often  burns  the  foliage  of  tender  plants,  and 
is  variable  in  composition. 

This  has  led  several  manufacturers  to  offer  substitutes, 
chiefly  compounds  of  white  arsenic,  lime,  and  copper  sul- 
phate, a  few  of  which  appear  to  be  decidedly  superior  to 
Paris-green  for  spraying  purposes.  None  of  these  trade 
arsenites,  however,  has  been  tested  long  enough  to  warrant  a 
recommendation  that  it  supplant  the  older  insecticide.  The 
only  arsenite  which  has  been  thoroughly  tested  in  many  States 
and  has  given  universal  satisfaction  is  arsenite  of  lime.  Two 
different  compounds  have  been  passing  under  this  name. 
One  is  the  "  Taft  Mixture, "made  by  boiling  together  for  forty- 
five  minutes — 

White  arsenic i  pound. 

Stone  lime,  ,        .         .         .         2  pounds. 

Water,     .        .        *        .        .        .     i  gallon. 

This  makes  a  stock  solution  which  may  be  kept  indefinitely 
in  a  stoppered  vessel.  One  quart  of  the  stock  solution  to  50 
gallons  of  water  will  be  sufficient  for  most  insects. 

The  "  Kedzie  Mixture"  is  an  arsenite  of  lime  made  by  boil- 
ing together  until  the  arsenic  dissolves — 

Sal.  soda,         .         .       '  .        .        .8  pounds 

White  arsenic,     .        .        ...        2  pounds 

•  Water,     .        ...        .        .     2  gallons 

One  pint  of  this  stock  solution  and  two  pounds  of  slacked  lime 
will  make  a  barrel  of  spraying  mixture  equal  in  insecticidal 
value  to  one-quarter  pound  of  Paris-green.  The  comparative 
merits  of  the  two  compounds  are  not  yet  determined,  but  both 
have  given  satisfaction.  The  chief  advantages  of  both  over 
Paris-green  are  cheapness  and  efficiency.  The  same  insecti- 
cidal effect  may  be  got  for  one -third  the  cost  of  Paris-green. 
Neither  one  will  injure  the  tenderest  foliage  at  the  ordinary 
strengths.  Both  of  these  compounds  can  be  made  at  home  by 
a  careful  man.  They  seem  to  be  destined  to  replace  Paris- 
green  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 

White  Hellebore. — An  ounce  of  the  perfectly  fresh  material 
is  applied  in  three  gallons  of  water.  Apply  when  thoroughly 


25 2  THE   SPRAYING   OF  FRUITS. 

mixed.  This  poison  is  not  so  energetic  as  the  arsenites,  and 
may  be  used  a  short  time  before  the  sprayed  portions  become 
edible.  For  insects  which  chew,  but  chiefly  used  for  the  cur- 
rant-worm. 

Tobacco  Water. — This  solution  may  be  prepared  by  placing 
tobacco  stems  in  a  water-tight  vessel,  and  then  covering  them 
with  hot  water.  Allow  to  stand  several  hours,  dilute  the 
liquor  from  three  to  five  times,  and  apply.  For  soft-bodied 
insects,  especially  for  plant-lice. 

Whale-oil  Soap. — Used  for  various  scale  insects,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  one  pound  to  five  gallons  of  water.  Some  tender 
plants  may  be  injured  by  this  strength,  if  it  is  applied  when 
they  are  in  active  growth.  For  San  Jose  scale,  in  winter,  two 
pounds  to  the  gallon. 

Kerosene  Emulsion. — Hard  soap,  one-half  pound;  boiling 
water,  one  gallon;  kerosene,  two  gallons;  dissolve  the  soap  in 
the  water,  add  the  kerosene,  and  churn  with  a  pump  for  five 
to  ten  minutes.  Dilute  four  to  twenty-five  times  before 
applying.  Use  strong  emulsion  for  all  scale  insects,  including 
the  San  Jose  scale.  For  such  insects  as  plant-lice,  mealy- 
bugs, red  spider,  thrips,  weaker  preparations  will  prove  effec- 
tive. Cabbage-worms,  currant- worms,  and  all  insects  which 
have  soft  bodies,  can  also  be  successfully  treated  with  this 
emulsion.  It  is  advisable  to  make  the  emulsion  shortly  before 
it  is  used. 

Crude  Oil  and  Water  Mixture. — This  is  rapidly  superseding 
kerosene  emulsion  for  combating  sucking  insects.  It  is  mor*e 
economical  than  the  emulsion  and  is  easier  to  apply.  For  scale 
insects  use  a  i5-per-cent.  to  2$-per-cent.  mixture;  for  plant 
lice  and  thrips  the  5-per-cent.  strength  is  strong  enough. 
Cabbage-worms,  currant-worms,  and  other  soft-bodied  insects 
may  also  be  treated  successfully.  This  mixture,  or  emulsion, 
is  made  by  pumps  (of  several  patterns),  which  mix  it  auto- 
matically. 

Bordeaux  Mixture. — The  leading  fungicide,  made  of  six 
pounds  of  copper  sulphate  (blue  vitriol  or  blue-stone),  four 
pounds  of  quicklime,  forty  to  fifty  gallons  of  water.  This  is 
the  normal  or  1.6  per  cent,  mixture.  Dissolve  the  copper  sul- 
phate by  putting  it  in  a  bag  of  coarse  cloth  and  hanging  this 
in  a  vessel  holding  at  least  four  gallons,  so  that  it  is  just  cov- 


THE   SPRAYING  OF  FRUITS.  253 

ered  by  the  water.  Use  an  earthen  or  wooden  vessel.  When 
dissolved,  pour  the  solution  into  the  spraying  barrel  and  fill 
the  barrel  half  full  of  water.  Slake  the  lime,  dilute  it  to 
10-15  gallons,  and  pour  this  milk  of  lime  into  the  barrel 
through  a  wire  strainer.  Do  not  mix  the  copper  sulphate  and 
lime  when  less  dilute  than  this,  or  the  resulting  Bordeaux  will 
settle  quickly.  Add  enough  water  to  make  forty  to  fifty  gal- 
lons. It  is  then  ready  for  immediate  use.  If  the  mixture  is 
to  be  used  on  peach  foliage,  it  is  advisable  to  add  two  pounds 
of  lime  in  the  above  formula.  When  applied  to  glossy-leaved 
plants,  it  will  adhere  better  if  about  a  pound  of  hard  soap  be 
dissolved  in  hot  water  and  added  to  the  mixture.  Instead  of 
weighing  out  the  ingredients,  the  operator  may  simply  add 
lime  to  a  sulphate  of  copper  solution  and  add  occasionally  a 
drop  of  a  solution  of  ferrocyanide  of  potassium.  When  this 
ferrocyanide  ceases  to  give  a  red  or  red-brown  color  upon 
being  added  to  the  mixture,  the  operator  may  know  that  suffi- 
cient lime  has  been  added.  Five  cents'  worth  of  this  ferro- 
cyanide (or  yellow  prussiate  of  potash)  may  be  dissolved  in  a 
quart  or  two  of  water. 

The  tendency  now  is  to  use  a  weaker  strength  of  Bordeaux 
than  the  1.6  percent,  mixture,  especially  on  plants  with  tender 
foliage,  as  peaches  and  plums.  Three  pounds  of  copper  sul- 
phate and  four  pounds  of  lime  per  barrel  seems  to  give  as 
good  results  in  many  cases  as  the  stronger  mixture. 

Prepare  stock  solutions  for  the  Bordeaux-mixture,  rather 
than  to  make  each  batch  in  the  quantities  called  for  by  the 
formula,  if  large  quantities  are  needed.  The  sulphate  of 
copper  may  be  put  into  solution  and  kept  in  this  condition  in- 
definitely, ready  for  use.  A  simple  method  is  to  dissolve  forty 
or  fifty  pounds  of  the  sulphate  in  as  many  gallons  of  water, 
pulverizing  the  material  and  hanging  it  in  a  coffee-sack  in  the 
top  of  the  barrel.  A  gallon  of  water,  therefore,  means  a  pound 
of  sulphate.  The  lime  may  also  be  slaked  and  kept  in  readi- 
ness for  use.  Slake  it  into  the  creamy  condition  familiar  to 
masons,  cover  lightly  with  water,  and  then  close  the  box  or 
vessel  to  prevent  the  water  from  evaporating.  When  making 
the  Bordeaux-mixture,  pour  the  requisite  quantity  of  the  stock 
solution  of  sulphate  of  copper  into  the  barrel,  and  then  dilute 
with  four  or  five  times  the  quantity  of  water.  Now  add  the 


254  THE  SPRA  YING  OF  FRUITS. 

creamy  lime,  and  then  add  enough  water  to  satisfy  the  formula. 
If  the  ferrocyanide  test  is  used,  place  a  spoonful  of  the  mixture 
in  a  saucer  or  plate,  and  add  a  drop  of  the  test  solution.  If  a 
red  color  appears,  the  mixture  needs  more  lime.  If  the  test 
solution  is  added  directly  to  a  tank  or  barrel  of  the  mixture, 
the  color  reaction  is  apt  to  be  lost  in  the  mass.  An  excess  of 
lime  insures  the  safety  of  the  mixture,  and  it  is  always  advis- 
able to  add  a  little  more  lime  even  after  the  ferrocyanide  test 
is  satisfied. 

If  the  lime  is  thoroughly  slaked  and  is  allowed  to  settle  be- 
fore being  used  (only  the  thick,  creamy  portion  being  dipped 
off  for  making  the  mixture),  the  sediment  will  fall  to  the 
bottom  of  the  slaking-box,  and  if  the  McGowen  nozzle  is  used, 
the  material  will  not  need  to  be  strained. 

Ammoniacal  Copper  Carbonate. — Copper  carbonate,  one 
ounce ;  ammonia,  enough  to  dissolve  the  copper ;  water,  nine 
gallons;  before  making  the  solution  the  ammonia  should  be 
prepared  as  follows :  Use  26°  ammonia  and  dilute  with  seven 
to  eight  volumes  of  water.  Then  gradually  add  the  necessary 
amount  to  the  copper  carbonate  until  all  is  dissolved.  It  is 
best  treated  in  large  bottles,  and  in  them  it  will  keep  indefi- 
nitely. Dilute  as  required.  For  same  purposes  as  the  Bor- 
deaux mixture,  and  used  chiefly  upon  fruits  after  they  are 
nearly  grown,  and  upon  ornamental  plants,  to  avoid  the  dis- 
coloration which  follows  the  use  of  Bordeaux  mixture.  Gen- 
erally considered  to  be  inferior  to  the  Bordeaux  mixture  in 
fungicidal  action. 

Copper  Sulphate  Solution. — The  simple  solution  of  copper 
sulphate  is  now  being  used  more  extensively  as  a  substitute 
for  Bordeaux  in  spraying  dormant  trees  and  in  place  of  the 
ammoniacal  carbonate  of  copper  for  spraying  ripening  fruit. 
For  the  first  purpose  it  may  be  used  at  the  rate  of  one  pound 
to  15-25  gallons.  This  strength  should  never  be  applied  to 
trees  which  are  in  foliage.  For  spraying  fruit  (especially  for 
the  plum  rot)  the  strength  should  be  one  pound  to  200-300 
gallons.  Use  the  weaker  solution  on  peaches  and  Japanese 
plums.  It  does  not  stick  like  Bordeaux,  and  must  be  applied 
about  twice  as  often  in  order  to  be  effective. 


THE  SPRAYING  OF  FRUITS.  255 

Potassium  Sulphite  Solution. 

Potassium  Sulphite,     .        .         .     }&  to  i  oz. 
Water, i  gal. 

This  loses  strength  on  standing  and  should  be  used  at  once. 
The  standard  fungicide  for  gooseberry  mildew,  but  scarcely 
superior  to  Bordeaux  for  this  purpose. 

Iron  Sulphate  and  Sulphuric  Acid  Solution. — Water  (hot)  100 
parts ;  iron  sulphate,  as  much  as  the  water  will  dissolve ;  sul- 
phuric acid  (commercial),  i  part. 

The  solution  should  be  prepared  just  before  using.  Add 
the  acid  to  the  crystals,  and  then  pour  on  the  water.  Used 
for  grape  anthracnose,  the  dormant  lines  being  treated  by 
means  of  sponges  or  brushes. 

SPRAY  CALENDAR. 

(Adapted  from  Lodeman,  Bulletin  114,  Cornell  Experiment 

Station.) 

In  the  following  directions,  only  the  most  common  and 
serious  orchard  pests — both  insects  and  fungi — are  mentioned. 
The  number  and  sequence  of  the  sprayings  are  indicated  by 
the  figures.  The  sprayings  which  are  commonly  of  least  im- 
portance in  parentheses.  No  absolute  lules  can  be  given  for 
the  spraying  of  plants.  The  fruit-grower  must  be  able  to 
diagnose  his  trouble  and  to  judge  for  himself  how  the  weather, 
abundance  of  the  enemy,  and  other  conditions  should  modify 
the  treatment.  The  calendar  gives  simply  a  few  general 
suggestions.  The  operator  must  fill  in  all  the  details. 

i.    The  Orchard. 

APPLE — Scab. — i,  Copper  sulphate  or  Bordeaux  before  buds 
swell ;  2,  Bordeaux  mixture  when  fruit-buds  are  opening,  but 
before  flower-buds  expand;  3,  repeat  as  soon  as  blossoms  have 
fallen;  4,  Bordeaux  mixture  ten  to  fourteen  days  after  the 
third;  (5,  6,  repeat  4  at  intervals  of  about  two  weeks).  Two 
or  three  sprayings  are  usually  sufficient.  Canker-worm.  —  i, 
When  first  caterpillars  appear,  apply  arsenites  very  thor- 
oughly; 2,  repeat  i  after  three  or  four  days;  (3,  4,  repeat 


256  THE   SPRAYING  OF  FRUITS. 

every  few  days  if  necessary).  Everything  depends  upon 
being  on  time.  Sticky  bands  or  straps  placed  around  the 
trunks  of  the  trees  are  effective  in  keeping  the  female  moths 
from  ascending.  Bud-moth. — i,  As  soon  as  leaf-tips  appear  in 
buds,  arsenites;  2,  repeat  i  before  the  blossom-buds  open ; 
(3,  repeat  2  when  blossoms  have  fallen).  Codlin-moth.' — i, 
Arsenites  immediately  after  blossoms  have  fallen;  2,  repeat 
i,  seven  to  ten  days  later;  (3,  4,  arsenites  at  intervals  of  one 
to  three  weeks,  after  2  especially,  if  later  broods  are  trouble- 
some). Arsenites  may  be  added  to  the  Bordeaux  mixture 
and  the  two  applied  together  with  excellent  effect.  Two 
sprayings  are  commonly  sufficient  for  the  codlin-moth  larva. 
Case-bearer. — As  for  bud-moth. 

PEAR — Leaf -blight  or  Fruit-spot. — i,  Just  before  blossoms 
open,  Bordeaux  mixture;  2,  after  fruit  has  set,  repeat  i;  3, 
the  same  two  weeks  later.  If  further  applications  are  neces- 
sary, use  copper  sulphate  or  am  moniacal  carbonate  of  copper. 
Leaf -blister . — i,  Before  buds  swell  in  spring,  kerosene  emul- 
sion, diluted  five  to  seven  times.  Psylla.—\,  When  first 
leaves  have  unfolded  in  spring,  kerosene  and  water,  5-10  per 
cent. ;  2,  3,  etc.,  at  intervals  of  two  to  six  days  repeat  i  until 
the  insects  are  destroyed.  Slug. — Treat  the  same  as  for 
cherry  slug.  Codlin-moth. — Treat  the  same  as  for  apple. 

The  true  pear-blight  (or  fire  blight)  cannot  be  controlled  by 
spraying,  so  far  as  known.  This  disease  is  distinguished  by 
the  uniform  dying  of  the  entire  leaf,  and  the  leaves  hang  upon 
the  tree.  The  leaf-blight,  mentioned  in  the  last  paragraph' 
causes  the  leaves  to  become  spotted  and  to  fall. 

PLUM — Brown-rot. — As  for  peach,  which  see.  Leaf -blight. 
— i,  Copper-sulphate  solution,  before  buds  swell;  2,  When 
fruit  has  set,  Bordeaux  mixture;  3,  4,  etc.,  repeat  2  at  in- 
tervals of  two  or  three  weeks;  use  a  clear  fungicide  after 
fruit  is  three-quarters  grown.  Black-knot.  —  i,  During  first 
warm  days  of  early  spring,  Bordeaux  mixture;  2,  repeat  i 
when  buds  are  swelling;  3,  during  latter  part  of  May,  repeat 
i;  4,  repeat  i  during  middle  of  June;  (5,  repeat  i  in  July). 
All  knots  should  be  cut  out  and  burned  as  soon  as  discovered. 
Curculio. — Spraying  is  not  always  satisfactory;  jar  the  trees 
after  fruit  has  set,  at  intervals  of  one  to  three  days  during 
two  to  five  weeks.  Plum  Scale. — i,  In  autumn  when  leave? 


THE   SPRAYING   OF  FRUITS.  257 

have  fallen,  25  per  cent,  kerosene  and  water  mixture;  2  and  3, 
in  spring,  before  buds  open,  repeat  i. 

PEACH— Brown-rot. — i,  Before  buds  swell,  copper-sulphate 
solution ;  (2,  before  flowers  open,  Bordeaux  mixture) ;  3,  when 
fruit  has  set,  repeat  2 ;  4,  repeat  after  ten  to  fourteen  days ; 
5,  when  fruit  is  nearly  grown,  amoniacal  copper  carbonate;  6, 
7,  etc.,  repeat  5  at  intervals  of  five  to  seven  days  if  necessary. 
Curculio. — See  Plum. 

CHERRY — Black-knot. — As  for  plum.  Rot. — i,  As  for  plum. 
Aphis. — i,  10  per  cent,  kerosene  and  water  when  insects  first 
appear;  2,  3,  repeat  at  intervals  of  three  to  four  days  if  neces- 
sary. It  is  essential  to  be  on  time  with  this  treatment.  Slug. 
— i,  When  insects  appear,  arsenites,  hellebore  or  air-slaked 
lime;  2,  3,  repeat  i  in  ten  to  fourteen  days  if  necessary. 
Curculio. — See  Plum. 

QUINCE — Leaf -blight  or  Fruit-spot. — i ,  See  under  Pear.  Rust. 
— Same  treatment  as  for  leaf-blight.  Curculio. — See  under 
Plum. 

ROSE-CHAFER  or  ROSE-BUG. — A  very  difficult  insect  to  com- 
bat. There  is  no  good  remedy.  Spraying  thick  lime  white- 
wash on  the  plants  is  a  fairly  good  repellant.  Kerosene  emul- 
sion is  also  partially  efficient.  Hand-picking  and  bagging  the 
fruit,  where  these  means  can  be  employed,  are  always  to  be 
recommended.  The  insects  breed  in  sandy  lands.  These 
breeding  places  should  be  kept  in  constant  tilth,  and  never 
seeded  down. 

SAN  JOSE  SCALE. — For  nurserymen  with  infested  stock,  fumi- 
gation with  hydrocyanic-acid  gas;  for  those  with  infested 
growing  trees,  a  crude  oil  and  water  mixture  from  60  to  80  per 
cent. ,  dependent  upon  the  specific  gravity  of  the  oil.  Details 
on  the  methods  of  application  may  be  obtained  from  many 
experiment  station  bulletins.  Whale-oil  soap  and  kerosene 
emulsion  are  no  longer  practicable  remedies,  because  they 
are  so  costly  and  disagreeable  to  apply.  Resin  washes  are 
used  with  success  in  California. 

2.    The  Vineyard. 

Anthracnose. — i,  Before  buds   break  in  spring,  sulphate  of 
Von  and  sulphuric-acid  solution ;   2,  repeat  i  after  three  or 
17 


258  THE   SPRA  YING  Oi    FRUITS. 

four  days  to  cover  untreated  portions.  If  spraying  for  rot,  no 
further  treatment  is  necessary ;  if  not,  two  or  three  applica- 
tions of  Bordeaux  will  be  beneficial.  No  treatment  is  wholly 
satisfactory.  Black-rot. — (i,  as  soon  as  first  leaves  are  fully 
expanded,  Bordeaux  mixture) ;  2,  after  fruit  has  set,  Bor- 
deaux mixture ;  3,  repeat  2  at  intervals  of  two  to  three  weeks 
until  fruit  is  three-quarters  grown ;  4,  ammoniacal  copper  car- 
bonate when  fruit  is  nearly  grown;  5,  6,  etc.,  repeat  4  at 
intervals  of  seven  to  fourteen  days  as  required.  Downy 
Mildew,  Powdery  Mildew. — The  first  application  recommended 
under  Black-rot  is  of  especial  importance.  Ripe-rot. — Apply 
very  thoroughly  the  later  applications  recommended  under 
Black-rot.  Steely-bug.  —  i,  As  buds  are  swelling,  arsenites;  2, 
after  ten  to  fourteen  days,  repeat  i.  Flea-beetle. — i,  Arsenites 
as  the  buds  swell.  2,  Arsenites  when  worms  appear  on  the 
leaves. 

3.  Small  Fruits. 

CURRANT — Leaf -blights. — i.  When  injury  first  appears,  be- 
fore the  fruit  is  harvested,  ammoniacal  copper  carbonate,  to 
avoid  staining  the  fruit ;  2,  after  fruit  is  harvested,  Bordeaux 
mixture  freely  applied;  3,  repeat  2  when  necessary.  Worm. — 
i,  When  first  leaves  are  nearly  expanded,  arsenites;  2,  after 
ten  to  fourteen  days,  hellebore ;  3,  repeat  2  if  necessary. 

GOOSEBERRY — Mildew. — i,  Before  buds  break,  Bordeaux 
mixture;  2,  when  first  leaves  have  expanded,  Bordeaux  mix- 
ture or  potassium  sulphite;  3,  4,  etc.,  repeat  2  at  intervals  of 
seven  to  ten  days,  if  necessary,  throughout  the  summer. 
Avoid  staining  the  fruit.  Thorough  and  timely  spraying 
will  keep  the  mildew  completely  in  check.  Worm. — See  Cur- 
rant, above. 

RASPBERRY,  BLACKBERRY,  and  DEWBERRY — Anthracnose. — i, 
Before  buds  break,  copper-sulphate  solution;  also  cut  out 
badly  infested  canes;  2,  when  growth  has  commenced,  Bor- 
deaux mixture;  3,  4,  etc.,  repeat  2  at  intervals  of  one  to  three 
weeks;  avoid  staining  fruit  by  use  of  clear  fungicide.  Only 
partially  successful ;  better  treatment  is  short  rotation,  clean- 
ing off  the  old  patch  as  soon  as  it  becomes  diseased.  Orange- 
rust. — Remove  and  destroy  affected  plants  as  soon  as  dis- 
covered1. Saw-fly.  —  i,  When  first  leaves  have  expanded, 


THE   SPRAYING  OF  FRUITS.  259 

arsenites;  2,  after  two  to  three  weeks  repeat  i,  or  apply  kero- 
sene and  water  (unsatisfactory). 

STRAWBERRY — LeaJ-blight.  —  i,  When  growth  begins  in 
spring,  Bordeaux  mixture ;  2,  when  first  fruits  are  setting, 
repeat  i ;  3,  during  fruiting  season,  ammoniacal  copper  car- 
bonate; 4,  after  fruiting,  or  on  non-bearing  plants,  Bordeaux 
mixture  at  intervals  of  one  to  three  weeks.  Short  rotations 
are  best  preventives  of  disease.  Select  resistant  varieties. 
Saw-fly. — Spray  plants  when  not  in  bearing  with  arsenites, 
repeating  application  if  necessary. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

TERMS  USED   IN   DESCRIBING   FRUITS. 

IT  is  only  by  a  uniform  and  definite  use  of  terms  that  de- 
scriptions can  be  made  intelligible  to  the  reader.  Hence  a 
full  explanation  of  these  terms  becomes  a  matter  of  impor- 
tance. Distinctive  characters  should  be  permanent,  and  not 
liable  to  variation  with  a  change  of  locality,  soil,  season,  or 
climate;  or,  if  variable,  the  nature  of  such  variation  should 
be  distinctly  pointed  out.  To  assist  the  cultivator  the  more 
fully  to  understand  written  descriptions,  the  devotion  of  a  few 
pages  to  a  clear  explanation  of  the  terms  used  in  this  work 
may  prove  useful. 

I.  GROWTH  OF  THE  TREE,  SHOOTS,  AND  LEAVES. 

The  form  of  growth  often  affords  a  good  distinctive  char- 
acter of  varieties,  not  liable  to  great  variation.  Young  trees, 
only  a  few  years  old,  usually  exhibit  peculiarities  of  growth 
more  conspicuously  than  old  trees  of  irregular  spreading 
branches.  Hence,  in  all  cases  where  this  character  is  men- 
tioned, it  refers  to  young  trees  not  more  than  three  or  four 
years  from  the  bud  or  graft,  unless  otherwise  expressed. 

i.  Shoots  are  erect,  when  they  rise  nearly  perpendicularly 
from  the  main  trunk  or  stem,  as  in  the  Early  Strawberry 
apple  and  Bartlett  pear  (Fig.  305). 

Diverging,  when  they  deviate  from  the  perpendicular  at  an 
angle  of  about  forty-five  degrees,  considerable  variation  being 
found  in  the  same  tree ;  as  in  the  Domine  and  Ribston  Pippin 
(Fig.  306). 

Spreading,  when  they  more  nearly  approach  a  horizontal 
direction,  as  in  most  trees  of  the  Rhode  Island  Greening  (Fig. 
307). 

260 


TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 


Drooping,  when  they  fall  below  the  horizontal,  a  form  which 
many  spreading  shoots  assume,  as  they  become  the  large 
branches  of  older  trees. 

Ascending,  when  they  curve  upward,  as  in  the  Gravenstein 
apple,  and  small  Red  Siberian  Crab  (Fig.  308).  Erect  trees 
usually  partake  more  or  less  of  this  quality,  but  the  Early 
Harvest  is  free  from  it. 

Irregular,  when  they  assume  no  very  distinct  growth,  but 
more  or  less  a  mixture  of  the  preceding,  as  Black  Gilliflower 
and  Summer  Bonchretien  pear. 


FIG.  305.     FIG.  yA.         FIG.  307.  FIG.  308.  FIG.  309' 

Showing  Forms  of  Growth. 

Straggling,  similar  to  the  next  preceding,  but  with  shoots 
more  slender  and  curved,  as  Winter  Nelis  and  Black  Worces- 
ter pear  (Fig.  309). 

Shoots  are  straight,  as  in  the  Early  Harvest  and  Northern 
Spy  apples ;  flexuous,  or  more  or  less  deviating  from  a  straight 
line,  as  in  the  Swaar  and  Roxbury  Russet.  This  distinction 
is  very  apparent  and  uniform  in  young  and  very  thrifty 
trees,  but  not  in  older  ones  of  feeble  growth. 

They  are  stout,  as  in  the  Red  Astrachan ;  slender,  as  in  the 
Jonathan  apple  and  Winter  Nelis  pear. 

Trees  with  erect  straight  shoots  when  young,  usually  form 
more  regular  and  compact  heads  in  older  trees ;  and  those  of 
a  spreading  habit,  more  irregular  or  drooping  heads. 

Some  trees  which  grow  very  rapidly  when  young,  are  small 
when  of  full  size,  examples  of  which  are  found  in  the  Late 
Strawberry  and  Tallman  Sweeting.  Others  at  first  grow  more 
slowly,  but  ultimately  become  large,  as  the  Esopus  Spitzen- 
burgh.  Some  varieties,  again,  continue  to  increase  rapidly 


262  TERMS   USED  IX  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 

in  size  at  all  periods,  as  the  Northern  Spy ;  while  others  of 
feeble  growth  when  small,  never  attain  much  magnitude,  as 
the  Early  Joe  and  Sine  Qua  Non. 

2.  The  color  of  the  shoots  varies  greatly  in  the  same  variety 
at  different  periods  of  the  year,  as  well  as  with  different  de- 
grees of  exposure  to  the  sun,  and  with  a  change  of  soil,  cli- 
mate, and   season.     When   fresh   or  very   young,  all  have  a 
greenish  color,  but  gradually  assume  various  shades  of  yel- 
low, olive,  brown,  red,  purple,  and  nearly  black,  as  the  season 
advances,  and  as  they  become  bare  and  are  exposed  to  the  sun 
and  weather.     For  this  reason,  in  describing  the  color,  the 
terms  must  be  relative,  and  can  only  be  correctly  applied  by 
a  comparison  at  the  time  with  the  color  of  other  sorts.     Dur- 
ing winter,  and  early  in  the  spring,  the  shoots  of  most  trees 
become  so  much  darker  than  at  other  times,  that  it  is  only 
by  practice  and  by  placing  the  different  sorts  side  by  side,  that 
accuracy  may  be  attained.     Skilful  culturists  will  readily  dis- 
tinguish, by  a  glance  at  the  color  of  the  shoots,  many  of  the 
kinds  they  cultivate ;  but  the  peculiar  cast  is  hard  to  describe 
in  words,  in  the  same  way  that  it  is  impossible  to  describe  the 
handwriting  of  an  individual,  so  as  to  be  known  from  fifty 
others,  although  many  can,  at  a  glance,  know  the  penmanship 
of  hundreds  of  different  persons.     A  few  of  the  most  strongly 
marked  cases,  however,  present  peculiarities  of  color,  which 
form  useful  points  of  distinction.     No  one,  for  instance,  could 
easily  mistake  the  yellow  shoots  of  the  Bartlett  and  Dix  pears, 
for  the  dark  brown  or  purple  of  the  Tyson  and  Forelle ;  or  the 
light  greenish  cast  of  the  Bough  and  Sine  Qua  Non  apples, 
for  the  dark  color  of  the  Northern  Spy,  or  dark  brown  of  the 
Baldwin ;  nor  the  downy  or  grayish  appearance  of  the  Ladies' 
Sweeting  and   Esopus   Spitzenburgh,   for  the  clear  shining 
brown  of  the  Gravenstein  and  Red  Astrachan.      Nearly  all 
shoots  are  more  or  less  downy  at  first,  but  the  down  disap- 
pears as  they  grow  older.      Hence  the  term  must  be  used 
relatively.     In  plums,  the  smooth  or  downy  shoots  afford  in 
most  cases  good  distinctive  points. 

3.  The  Buds  sometimes  afford  distinct  characteristics.     As 
examples,   the  large,   compact,   and  projecting  buds  of  the 
Summer    Bonchretien    always    contrast    strongly    with    the 
smaller,  more  rounded,  and  softer  buds  of  the  Madeleine. 


TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 


263 


Buds  are  large  on  the  Swaar  and  Golden  Sweet,  small  on  the 
Tallman  Sweeting  and  Rhode  Island  Greening. 

4.  The  Leaves,  in  a  large  number  of  instances,  are  of  use  in 
distinguishing  different  varieties. 

They  are  even  (not  wrinkled),  as  in  the  Bartlett  pear  and 
Baldwin  apple  (Fig.  310). 


FIG.  310.— Even  Leaf.  FIG.  311.— Waved  Leaf.        FIG.  312.— Wrinkled  Leaf. 

Waved  as  in  the  Tallman  Sweeting  and  Beurre  d'Aumalis 
pear  (Fig.  311). 

Wrinkled,  when  the  waves  are  shorter  and  more  irregular, 
as  in  Green  Sweet  (Fig.  312). 

Flat,  as  in  the  Madeleine  and  Skinless  pears  (Fig.  313). 

Folded  and  recurved,  as  in  the  Easter  Pear  and  Bonchre- 
tien  (Fig.  314). 


FIG.  313. 
Flat  Leaf. 


FIG.  314. 
Folded  Leaf. 


FIG.  315- 
Erect  Leaf. 


FIG.  316. 
Drooping  Leaf. 


Large  and  wide,  as  in  the  Red  Astrachan  and  Ruling's 
Superb. 

Narrow,  as  in  the  Dyer  apple,  and  Van  Mons'  Leon  le  Clerc 
pear. 

Erect,  as  in  the  Early  Strawberry  (Fig.  315). 

Drooping,  as  in  Domine  (Fig.  316).  But  these  two  last  are 
indistinct  characters,  and  only  to  be  resorted  to  in  a  very  few 
remarkable  instances,  as  most  leaves  are  erect  on  new  shoots, 
and  become  spreading  or  drooping  as  they  grow  older. 

The  color  of  the  leaves  may  sometimes  assist  in  description, 


264  TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 

as  light  green  in  the  Yellow  Bell-flower  and  Rambo ;  deep 
green,  as  in  the  Rhode  Island  Greening ;  and  bluish  green,  as 
Peck's  Pleasant.  Color  varies  with  soil  and  tillage. 

The  serratures,  or  saw-teeth  markings  on  the  margins  of  leaves, 
are  characteristics  of  importance,  in  many  varieties  of  the 
apple,  and  on  the  peach  they  are  so  well  defined  as  to  form  a 
basis  of  the  classification  of  varieties.  The  latter  will  be 
found  particularly  described  in  the  separate  chapter  on  the 
peach. 


PIG.  517.— Sharply  Serrate.        FIG.  318 — Double  Serrate.        FIG.  319.— Crenate. 


Leaves  of  apples  are — 

Serrate,  or  cut  with  teeth  like  those  of  a  saw. 

Sharply  serrate,  when  every  serrature  ends  in  a  sharp  point, 
as  in  the  Fall  Pippin  (Fig.  317). 

Doubly  serrate,  when  the  serratures  themselves  are  again 
minutely  serrated,  as  in  the  Vandevere  and  Drap  d'Or  (Fig.  318). 

Coarsely  serrate,  as  in  the  Swaar. 

Crenate,  when  the  teeth  are  rounded,  as  in  the  Esopus  Spitz- 
enburgh  (Fig.  319). 

Obtusely  crenate,  when  the  teeth  are  unusually  rounded,  as 
in  the  Bough. 


TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 


265 


FIG.  320.— Toothed  Leaf. 


Finely  crenate,  when  the  rounded  teeth  are  small,  as  in  the 
Summer  Queen. 

When  the  serratures  are  partly  rounded,  and  irregularly 
and  rather  deeply  cut,  they  become 
toothed,  as  in  Ladies'  Sweeting  (Fig. 
320). 

Many  varieties  present  inter- 
mediate degrees,  as — 

Serrate-crenate,  partaking  some- 
what of  both,  as  the  Jersey  Sweet- 
ing and  Summer  Rose. 

Crenate -  toothed,  as  in  Sevan's 
Favorite. 

Serrate,  slightly  approaching 
toothed,  as  in  Rambo. 

5.  The  Flowers. — In  apples,  pears, 
cherries,  plums  but  little  external 
difference  exists  in  the  flowers. 
In  the  peach  and  nectarine,  how- 
ever, an  important  division  in  classification  is  made  by  the 
great  difference  between  those  with  large  and  small  petals ; 
one  class,  including  the  Early  Ann,  Grosse  Mignonne,  and 
others,  having  large,  showy  flowers ;  and  another  class,  com- 
prising the  Early  Crawford,  George  IV.,  and  many  more, 
having  flowers  with  small,  narrow  petals. 

II.  FORM  OF  THE  FRUIT. 

In  the  following  pages,  the  base  of  a  fruit  or  any  other  part 
of  production  of  a  tree  is  the  portion  toward  the  branch  or 
root.     This  is  in  accordance  with  the  lan- 
guage   universally     adopted    in    describing 
plants.     It  has,  however,  been  more  or  less 
departed  from  in  the  common  language  used 
to  describe  fruits,    and  especially  so  as  ap- 
plicable to  the  pear.      This  deviation  from 
scientific  accuracy  tends   to    confusion,  and 
if  simplicity  of  expression   is  sought,  am- 
biguity must  be  avoided.     The  apex  of  the 
stalk  of  a  fruit,  however,  where  it  joins  the  fruit,  may,  in  all 
cases,  be  termed  the  insertion. 


266  TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 

The  term  apex  should  be  understood  as  applying  to  the  part 
most  remote  from  the  branch  or  root.  In  fruits,  it  is  the  part 
opposite  to  the  insertion  of  the  stalk.  In  pears,  this  part  is 
usually  denominated  the  croum. 

The  axis  is  a  line  connecting  the  base  and  apex     (Fig.  330). 

A  longitudinal  section  is  made  by  cutting  an  apple  from  base 
to  apex. 

A  transverse  section,  by  cutting  it  at  right  angles  to  the  axis. 

The  length  is  the  longitudinal  diameter;  the  breadth  the 
transverse  diameter. 


FIG.  322.— Oblate.  FIG.  323.— Conical.  FIG.  324.— Ovate. 

A  fruit  is  round  when  nearly  spherical,  as  the  Fameuse  and 
Green  Sweet. 

Roundish,  when  varying  slightly  from  round,  or  when  the 
length  and  breadth  are  nearly  equal,  as  the  Dyet  and  Graven- 
stein. 

Oblate,  flat,  or  flattened,  when  the  height  is  much  less  than 
the  breadth,  as  the  Rambo  and  Maidens'  Blush  (Fig.  322). 

Conical,  when  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  as  Bul- 
lock's Pippin  (Fig.  323). 

Ovate,  or  egg-shaped,  when  the  length  rather  exceeds  the 
breadth,  with  a  rounded  taper  from  base  to  apex,  as  in  the 
Esopus  Spitzenburgh  (Fig.  324). 

Obovate,  or  reversed  ovate,  is  v/hen  the  smaller  end  of  an 
egg-shaped  fruit  is  at  the  base,  as  the  Burfum  and  Dearborn 
Seedling  pears  (Fig.  325). 

Oblong,  when  the  length  exceeds  the  breadth,  and  the  sides 
are  nearly  parallel,  as  Kaighn's  Spitzenburgh  (Fig.  326). 

Obtuse,  when  the  parts  are  rounded  or  blunt. 

Acute,  when  any  part  as  the  neck  of  a  pear,  tapers  to  nearly 
a  point  (Fig.  327). 

Fruits  may  partake  of  forms  variously  combined,  as— 


TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 


267 


Round-ovate,  when  nearly  round  with  a  slight  rounded  taper 
to  apex,  as  Ladies'  Sweeting  (Fig.  328). 

Round-conical,  nearly  the  same  as  the  last,  but  with  the  taper 
less  rounded. 

Oblong-conical,  as  the  Yellow  Bell-flower. 

Oblong-ovate,  as  the  Black  Gilliflower. 

Oblate-conical,  as  the  Rhode  Island  Greening  and  Hawthorn- 
den  (Fig.  329), 


FIG.  325. 
Obovate. 


FIG.  326. 
Oblong. 


FIG.  327. 
Acute. 


FIG.  328. 
Round-ovate. 


FIG.  329. 
Oblate-conical. 


Depressed,  pressed  down,  sunk  or  shortened,  applied  to  the 
apex  of  peaches,  strawberries,  etc. 

Flattened  at  the  ends,  when  the  base  and  apex  only  are  flat- 
tened, as  the  Winter  Pearmain.  An  oblong  fruit,  though  not 
flat,  may  be  flattened  at  the  ends;  a  conical  fruit  may  be  flat- 
tened at  base. 

Compressed,  pressed  together,  when  the  sides  are  flattened, 
as  in  some  apricots,  plums,  etc. 

The  CAVITY  is  the  hollow  in  which 
the  stalk  or  stem  of  a  fruit  is  placed 
(Fig.  330). 

The  BASIN  is  the  depression  which 
contains  the  calyx,  eye,  or  remains 
of  the  blossom  (Fig.  330). 

A  cavity  may  be  shallow,  narrow, 
deep,  or  broad. 

It  may  be  obtuse,  or  somewhat 
blunt  or  rounded,  at  bottom,  as  in 
the  Petre  pear  and  Pomme  Grise  apple  (Fig.  331). 

Acute,  when  simply  ending  in  a  sharp  point  at  bottom,  as 
the  Baldwin  (Fig.  332). 

Acuminate,  when  ending  in  a  long-drawn-out  taper,  as  the 
Fall  Pippin  (Fig.  333).  The  Holland  and  Fall  Pippin  are  dis- 


FlG.  330. 


268 


TERMS    USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 


tinguished  from  each  other  by  the  rather  obtuse  cavity  of  the 
former,  and  acuminate  cavity  of  the  latter. 

The  BASIN  is  always  narrow  in  any  fruit  having  a  narrow  or 
pointed  apex  (Fig.  336) ;  it  is  usually  wide  in  fruits  having  a 


FIG.  331- 

Obtuse  Cavity. 


FIG.  332. 
Acute  Cavity. 


FIG.  333. 
Acuminate  Cavity. 


wide  or  obtuse  apex,  as  the  Rambo  (Fig.  334) ;  but  where  the 
rim  or  boundary  is  broad  and  obtuse,  the  basin  may  be  nar- 
row, as  in  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Gravenstein  (Fig.  337). 

It  is  distinct  when  well  defined. 

Abrupt,  when  the  depression  breaks  off  suddenly  from  the 
rim  (Fig.  335). 

,    FIG.  334 — Wide  Basin.        FIG.  335 — Abrupt  Basin. 


FIG.  336 — Narrow  Basin. 


FIG.  337.  ^-Narrow  Basin. 


Even,  when  not  furrowed  or  wrinkled. 

Angular,  with  several  corners. 

Wrinkled,  having  small  irregular  hollows  and  ridges. 

Waved,  with  gentle  and  irregular  undulations  of  surface. 

Furrowed,  when  more  regularly  channelled. 

Plaited,  having  small,  straight,  and  regular  ridges. 

Ribbed,  with  larger  and  more  obtuse  or  rounded  ridges. 

PEARS  have  peculiar  forms  which  render  some  additional 
terms  necessary : 

Many  pears  have  a  neck,  or  narrower  part  toward  the  stalk, 
and  a  body,  or  larger  part  toward  the  crown  (Fig.  338). 

They  are  distinctly  pyriform  when  the  sides  formed  by  the 


TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS.  269 

body  and  neck  are  more  or  less  concave  or  hollowed,  as  in 
Fig.  338,  shown  by  the  dotted  lines. 

Turbinate,  or   top-shaped,  when  the  body  is  nearly  round 
and  a  short  rounded  acute  neck,  as  in  the  Bloodgood  (Fig. 

339)- 
The  form  of  different  pears  is  further  distinguished  by  the 

form  of  the  different  parts : 

The  neck  may  be  long,  as  in  the  Calebasse. 

Narrow,  as  in  the  Bosc  (Fig.  340). 

Short,  as  in  the  Glout  Morceau  (Fig.  341). 

Obtuse,  as  in  the  Bartlett. 

Acute,  as  in  the  Jargonelle  (Fig.  342). 

Distinct,  as  in  the  Bosc. 

Obscure,  as  in  the  Seckel. 


FIG.  338.  FIG.  339.  FIG.  340.  FIG.  341.  FIG.  342. 

Pyriform.  Turbinate.        Narrow  Neck.        Short  Neck.        Acute  Neck. 


The  body  may  be  heavy  or  large,  when  greatly  exceeding  in 
size  the  neck,  as  the  Catillac. 

Light  or  small,  when  not  much  larger  than  the  neck,  as  the 
Washington;  in  which  case  the  fruit  approaches  oblong  in 
form. 

Oblate,  or  flattened,  as  in  the  Frederick  of  Wiirtemburg. 

Round,  as  in  the  Jargonelle. 

Conical,  as  in  the  Vicar. 

Ovate,  as  in  the  Marie  Louise. 

Cultivation  influences  considerably  the  form  of  pears.  Thus, 
on  a  young,  thrifty  tree,  the  Seckel  pear  has  a  slight  neck;  on 
an  old,  heavily  laden  tree,  the  neck  is  obsolete.  The  body, 
when  ovate  or  slightly  conical  on  young  trees,  becomes 
rounded  on  older  trees,  and  even  flattened  in  rare  instances. 

CHERRIES  may  be  round,  cordate  or  heart-shaped,  or  ovate, 

STONE  FRUITS  usually  have  a  furrow  on  one  side,  extend- 


270  TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 

ing  from  the  stalk  to  the  apex,  termed  a  suture  (literally  mean- 
ing a  seam),  which  sometimes  occurs  on  both  sides.  It  is 
large,  when  wide  and  deep;  distinct,  when  clear  or  well  de- 
fined ;  obscure,  when  faint ;  obsolete,  when  not  existing,  or  only 
a  faint  line  on  the  surface. 

COLOR  OF  FRUIT. — The  lightest-colored  fruit  is  white,  as 
the  Snow  peach ;  next,  yellowish-white ;  pale  yellow ;  yellow ; 
and  deep  yellow.  The  addition  of  red  produces,  successively, 
orange  yellow,  orange,  orange  red,  rich  warm  red.  Shades 
of  red — clear  red,  crimson  when  darkened,  purple  when  blue 
is  added,  violet  less  blue  than  in  purple.  Amber  is  a  very 
light  yellowish-brown.  Fawn  color  is  a  light  reddish-brown, 
with  a  slight  admixture  of  gray. 

A  fruit  is  striped,  when  in  alternating  broad  lines  of  color. 

Streaked,  when  the  lines  are  long  and  narrow. 

Marbled,  when  the  stripes  are  wide,  faint,  irregular,  or  wav- 
ing. 

Blotched,  of  different  abrupt  shades,  without  any  order  or 
regularity. 

Clouded,  when  the  blotches  are  broader  and  more  softly 
shaded. 

Stained,  having  the  lighter  shades  of  a  blotched  or  clouded 
apple. 

Splashed,  when  the  stripes  are  much  broken  and  of  all  sizes. 

Mottled,  covered  with  nearly  confluent  dots. 

Dotted,  when  these  dots  are  more  distinct. 

Spotted,  when  the  dots  become  larger. 

TEXTURE  OF  FRUIT. — Hard,  those  which  need  the  artificial 
aid  of  cooking  to  soften  them  sufficiently,  as  the  Catillac  pear. 

Breaking,  when  tenderer  than  the  preceding,  but  not  yield- 
ing to  the  simple  pressure  of  the  mouth,  as  the  Summer 
Bonchretien. 

Buttery,  when  the  flesh  forms  a  soft  mass,  yielding  to  the 
pressure  of  the  mouth,  as  in  the  White  Doyenne  and  Seckel 
pears. 

Melting,  when  the  flesh  becomes  nearly  or  entirely  liquid 
by  this  pressure,  as  in  the  Madeleine.     These  qualities  may 
be  combined,  as  breaking  and  melting,   in  the  Washington; 
breaking  and  buttery,  in  the  Onondaga;  buttery  and  melting, 
in  the  Tyson,  and  in  most  of  the  best  varieties  of  the  pear. 


TERMS   USED  IN  DESCRIBING  FRUITS.  271 

The  texture  may  be  fine,  granular,  coarse,  gritty,  fibrous, 
tough,  crisp,  or  tender. 

THE  FLAVOR  may  be  sweet,  neutral,  slightly  sub-acid  or  mild 
sub-acid,  sub-add,  add,  very  add,  or  austere;  aromatic  or  spicy ; 
perfumed,  or  possessing  odor,  and  with  more  or  less  of  a 
shade  of  musk ;  astringent,  usually  a  defect,  but  sometimes  an 
excellent  quality,  if  in  a  very  minute  proportion;  rough, 
astringent  and  austere ;  vinous,  rich,  high-flavored,  and  rather 
acid ;  sugary,  or  saccharirfe,  sometimes  nearly  sweet,  possessing 
the  qualities  of  sugar,  which  may  be  mixed  with  acid. 

THE  QUALITY  is  designated  by  first,  second,  and  third  rates: 
and  fruits  perfectly  worthless  by  still  lower  grades.  A  second- 
rate  fruit,  to  be  worthy  of  cultivation,  must  possess  other 
good  qualities  in  a  high  degree,  as  hardiness,  productiveness, 
fair  appearance,  etc.  Very  few  fruits  as  low  as  third  rate, 
can  ever  be  worth  retaining,  and  only  for  extreme  earliness 
or  other  uncommon  quality.  Fruits  that  possess  desirable 
qualities  are  usually  designated  by  three  degrees  of  flavor; 
the  lowest,  including  the  best  of  second-rate  fruits,  or  "  good 
second  rate,"  are  termed  good;  the  lower  grade  of  first-rate 
fruits  are  termed  very  good,  or  fine;  and  the  highest  quality 
of  all  are  best,  very  fine,  or  excellent.  Examples — Maiden's 
Blush  apple,  Napoleon  pear,  Lombard  plum,  and  Crawford's 
Early  peach,  are  good;  Rhode  Island  Greening,  Bartlett  pear, 
Graffion  or  Bigarreau  cherry,  and  Red  Gage  plum,  are  very 
good  Q?  fine;  and  Swaar  apple,  Seckel  pear,  Down  ton  cherry, 
and  Green  Gage  plum,  are  excellent  or  best. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

IN  the  year  1887,  President  Cleveland  signed  an  act  then 
known  as  the  "  Hatch  bill,"  passed  after  long  discussion,  pro- 
viding for  the  establishment  in  each  State  and  Territory  of  a 
station  for  scientific  investigation  and  experiments  respecting 
the  principles  and  applications  of  agricultural  science,  and  for 
diffusing  among  the  people  such  useful  and  practical  informa- 
tion. Up  to  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  June  30,  1898,  54  sta- 
tions had  been  established.  In  Canada  there  are  five  experi- 
ment farms  under  government  control.  The  results  already 
attained  by  the  hundreds  of  able  and  painstaking  men  con- 
nected with  these  institutions  are  of  the  utmost  value.  The 
bulletins  constantly  emanating  from  them,  embodying  the 
results  of  their  enlightened  research,  conveying  information 
and  advice  of  the  greatest  practical  value  to  every  cultivator 
of  the  soil,  cannot  fail  to  add  to  their  successes,  to  lessen  the 
possibilities  of  disappointment,  and  to  increase  the  comfort 
and  enjoyment  of  the  individual  and  the  wealth  of  the  nation. 

These  bulletins  are  sent,  on  application,  free  to  the  resi- 
dents of  every  State  in  which  the  station  is  located.  From 
these  stations  may  be  obtained  the  most  reliable  suggestions 
and  advice  as  to  the  varieties  of  fruit  of  every  kind,  suited 
for  cultivation  in  their  State.  No  one  should  plant  large 
orchards  without  first  corresponding  with  his  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station. 

In  consequence  of  the  greater  knowledge  and  accuracy 
concerning  the  adaptability  of  various  fruits  to  the  different 
States  thus  at  the  command  of  every  one,  the  lists  of  fruits 
recommended  for  special  States,  which  previous  editions  *f 
this  work  contained,  have  now  been  omitted. 

272 


AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS.         273 

The  Acts  of  Congress  establishing  Agricultural  Experiment 
Stations,  and  a  full  list  of  them,  are  here  given,  together 
with  their  post-office  address.  Communications  should  in 
all  cases  be  addressed  "  Director,  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,"  followed  by  the  post-office  and  State. 


ACT  OF  1887  ESTABLISHING  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT 
STATIONS. 

AN  ACT  to  establish  agricultural  experiment  stations  in  con- 
nection with  the  colleges  established  in  the  several  States 
under  the  provisions  of  an  act  approved  July  second,  eigh- 
teen hundred  and  sixty-two,  and  of  the  acts  supplementary 
thereto. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  in  order  to 
aid  in  acquiring  and  diffusing  among  the  people  of  the  United 
States  useful  and  practical  information  on  subjects  connected 
with  agriculture,  and  to  promote  scientific  investigation  and 
experiment  respecting  the  principles  and  applications  of  agri- 
cultural science,  there  shall  be  established,  under  direction  of 
the  college  or  colleges  or  agricultural  department  of  colleges 
in  each  State  or  Territory  established,  or  which  may  hereafter 
be  established,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  act 
approved  July  second,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two,  entitled 
"  An  act  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Terri- 
tories which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts,"  or  any  of  the  supplements  to  said  act, 
a  department  to  be  known  and  designated  as  an  "  agricultural 
experiment  station :"  Provided,  That  in  any  State  or  Territory 
in  which  two  such  colleges  have  been  or  may  be  so  established 
the  appropriation  hereinafter  made  to  such  State  or  Territory 
shall  be  equally  divided  between  such  colleges,  unless  the 
legislature  of  such  State  or  Territory  shall  otherwise  direct. 

SEC.  2.  That  it  shall  be  the  object  and  duty  of  said  experi- 
ment stations  to  conduct  original  researches  or  verify  experi- 
ments on  the  physiology  of  plants  and  animals ;  the  diseases 
to  which  they  are  severally  subject,  with  the  remedies  for  the 
same ;  the  chemical  composition  of  useful  plants  at  their  dif- 
8 


274        AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

ferent  stages  of  growth ;  the  comparative  advantages  of  rota- 
tive  cropping  as  pursued  under  a  varying  series  of  crops ;  the 
capacity  of  new  plants  or  trees  for  acclimation ;  the  analysis 
of  soils  and  water;  the  chemical  composition  of  manures, 
natural  or  artificial,  with  experiments  designed  to  test  their 
comparative  effects  on  crops  of  different  kinds;  the  adaptation 
and  value  of  grasses  and  forage  plants ;  the  composition  and 
digestibility  of  the  different  kinds  of  food  for  domestic 
animals;  the  scientific  and  economic  questions  involved  in  the 
production  of  butter  and  cheese ;  and  such  other  researches  or 
experiments  bearing  directly  on  the  agricultural  industry  of 
the  United  States  as  may  in  each  case  be  deemed  advisable, 
having  due  regard  to  the  varying  conditions  and  needs  of  the 
respective  States  or  Territories. 

SEC.  3.  That  in  order  to  secure,  as  far  as  practicable, 
uniformity  of  methods  and  results  in  the  work  of  said  stations 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  to  furnish  forms,  as  far  as  practicable,  for  the 
tabulation  of  results  of  investigation  or  experiments ;  to  indi- 
cate, from  time  to  time,  such  lines  of  inquiry  as  to  him  shall 
seem  most  important;  and,  in  general,  to  furnish  such  advice 
and  assistance  as  will  best  promote  the  purpose  of  this  act.  It 
shall  be  the  duty  of  each  of  said  stations  annually,  on  or  before 
the  first  day  of  February,  to  make  to  the  governor  of  the  State 
or  Territory  in  which  it  is  located  a  full  and  detailed  report  of 
its  operations,  including  a  statement  of  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures, a  copy  of  which  report  shall  be  sent  to  each  of  said 
stations,  to  the  said  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  and  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

SEC.  4.  That  bulletins  or  reports  of  progress  shall  be  pub- 
lished at  said  stations  at  least  once  in  three  months,  one  copy 
of  which  shall  be  sent  to  each  newspaper  in  the  States  or 
Territories  in  which  they  are  respectively  located,  and  to  such 
individuals  actually  engaged  in  farming  as  may  request  the 
same,  and  as  far  as  the  means  of  the  station  will  permit. 
Such  bulletins  or  reports  and  the  annual  reports  of  said  sta- 
tions shall  be  transmitted  in  the  mails  of  the  United  States 
free  of  charge  for  postage,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Post- 
master-General may  from  time  to  time  prescribe. 

SEC.  5.  That  for  the  purpose  of  paying  the  necessary  ex- 


AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS.         275 

penses  of  conducting  investigations  and  experiments  and 
printing  and  distributing  as  the  results  as  hereinbefore  pre- 
scribed, the  sum  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  per  annum  is 
hereby  appropriated  to  each  State,  to  be  specially  provided 
for  by  Congress  in  the  appropriations  from  year  to  year,  and 
to  each  Territory  entitled  under  the  provisions  of  section 
eight  of  this  act,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  proceed- 
ing from  the  sales  of  public  lands,  to  be  paid  in  equal  quar- 
terly payments,  on  the  first  day  of  January,  April,  July,  and 
October  in  each  year,  to  the  treasurer  or  other  officer  duly 
appointed  by  the  governing  boards  of  said  colleges  to  receive 
the  same,  the  first  payment  to  be  made  on  the  first  day  of 
October,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-seven :  Provided,  how- 
ever, That  out  of  the  first  annual  appropriation  so  received  by 
any  station  an  amount  not  exceeding  one-fifth  may  be  ex- 
pended in  the  erection,  enlargement,  or  repair  of  a  building 
or  buildings  necessary  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  such  sta- 
tion ;  and  thereafter  an  amount  not  exceeding  five  per  centum 
of  such  annual  appropriation  may  be  so  expended. 

SEC.  6.  That  whenever  it  shall  appear  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  from  the  annual  statement  of  receipts  and  ex- 
penditures of  any  of  said  stations  that  a  portion  of  the  preced- 
ing annual  appropriation  remains  unexpended,  such  amount 
shall  be  deducted  from  the  next  succeeding  appropriation  to 
such  station,  in  order  that  the  amount  of  money  appropriated 
to  any  station  shall  not  exceed  the  amount  actually  and  neces- 
sarily required  for  its  maintenance  and  support. 

SEC.  7.  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  impair 
or  modify  the  legal  relation  existing  between  any  of  the  said 
colleges  and  the  government  of  the  States  or  Territories  in 
which  they  are  respectively  located. 

SEC.  8.  That  in  States  having  colleges  entitled  under  this 
section  to  the  benefits  of  this  act  and  having  also  agricultural 
experiment  stations  established  by  law  separate  from  said  col- 
leges, such  States  shall  be  authorized  to  apply  such  benefits 
to  experiments  at  stations  so  established  by  such  States ;  and 
in  case  any  State  shall  have  established  under  the  provisions 
of  said  act  of  July  second,  aforesaid,  an  agricultural  Apart- 
ment or  experimental  station,  in  connection  with  any  univer- 
sity, college,  or  institution  not  distinctively  an  agricultural 


276        AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

college  or  school,  and  such  State  shall  have  established  or 
shall  hereafter  establish  a  separate  agricultural  college  or 
school,  which  shall  have  connected  therewith  an  experimental 
farm  or  station,  the  legislature  of  such  State  may  apply  in 
whole  or  in  part  the  appropriation  by  this  act  made  to  such 
separate  agricultural  college  or  school,  and  no  legislature 
shall  by  contract  express  or  implied  disable  itself  from  so 
doing. 

SEC.  9.  That  the  grants  of  moneys  authorized  by  this  act 
are  made  subject  to  the  legislative  assent  of  the  several  States 
and  Territories  to  the  purposes  of  said  grants :  Provided,  That 
payment  of  such  instalments  of  the  appropriation  herein 
made  as  shall  become  due  to  any  State  before  the  adjourn- 
ment of  the  regular  session  of  its  legislature  meeting  next 
after  the  passage  of  this  act  shall  be  made  upon  the  assent  of 
the  governor  thereof  duly  certified  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury. 

SEC.  10.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  held  or  construed  as 
binding  the  United  States  to  continue  any  payments  from  the 
Treasury  to  any  or  all  the  States  or  institutions  mentioned  in 
this  act,  but  Congress  may  at  any  time  amend,  suspend,  or 
repeal  any  or  all  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Approved,  March  2,  1887. 

EXTRACT  FROM  AN  ACT  MAKING  APPROPRIATIONS  FOR  THE 
DEPARTMENT  QF  AGRICULTURE  FOR  THE  FISCAL  YEAR  END- 
ING JUNE  THIRTIETH,  EIGHTEEN  HUNDRED  AND  NINETY- 
FIVE. 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS  :  To  carry  into  effect 
the  provisions  of  an  act  approved  March  second,  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty-seven,  *  *  *  and  to  enforce  the  execution 
thereof,  seven  hundred  and  forty-five  thousand  dollars,  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars  of  which  sum  shall  be  payable  upon  the 
order  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  enable  him  to  carry 
out  the  provisions  of  section  three  of  said  act  of  March  second, 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-seven;  and  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  shall  prescribe  the  form  of  the  annual  financial 
statement  required  by  section  three  of  the  said  act  of  March 
gecond,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-seven;  shall  ascertain 


AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS.        277 

whether  the  expenditures  under  the  appropriation  hereby 
made  are  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  said  act, 
and  shall  make  report  thereon  to  Congress;  and  the  Secretary 
of  Agriculture  is  hereby  authorized  to  employ  such  assistants, 
clerks,  and  other  persons  as  he  may  deem  necessary,  and  to 
incur  such  other  expenses  in  travelling,  stationery,  and  office 
fixtures  as  he  may  find  essential  in  carrying  out  the  objects  of 
the  above  acts,  and  the  sums  apportioned  to  the  several  States 
shall  be  paid  quarterly  in  advance.  And  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  is  hereby  authorized  to  furnish  to  such  institu- 
tions or  individuals  as  may  care  to  buy  it  copies  of  the  card 
index  of  agricultural  literature  prepared  by  the  Office  of  Ex- 
periment Stations,  and  charge  for  the  same  a  price  covering 
the  additional  expense  involved  in  the  preparation  of  these 
copies,  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  to  apply  the  moneys  re- 
ceived toward  the  expense  of  the  preparation  of  the  index. 

LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

•  t  *r 

ALABAMA. 

Agricultural   Experiment  Station  of  the  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  College  of  Alabama, 

AUBURN,  ALA. 
Canebrake  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

UNIONTOWN,  ALA. 
Tuskegee  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

TUSKEGEE,  ALA. 


ALASKA. 

Alaska  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

ARIZONA. 


SITKA,  ALASKA. 


Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of 
Arizona, 

>_  TUCSON,  ARI. 


2 78         AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

FAYETTEVILLE,  ARK. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of 
California, 

BERKELEY,  CAL. 


COLORADO. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 


FORT  COLLINS,  COL. 


CONNECTICUT. 

The  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

NEW  HAVEN,  CONN. 

Storrs  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

STORRS,  CONN. 

DELAWARE. 

The  Delaware  College  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

NEWARK,  DEL. 


LAKE  CITY,  FLA. 


FLORIDA. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Florida, 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia  Experiment  Station, 

EXPERIMENT,  GA. 

HAWAII. 

Federal  Station, 

HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 
Sugar  Planters'  Station, 

HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 
IDAHO. 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of 

Idaho,  Moscow,  IDAHO. 


AGRICULTURAL   EXPERIMENT  STATIONS.         279 

ILLINOIS. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of 
Illinois, 

URBANA,  ILL. 

INDIANA. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Indiana, 

LAFAYETTE,  IND. 

IOWA. 

Iowa  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

AMES,  IOWA. 

KANSAS. 

Kansas  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

MANHATTAN,  KAN. 

KENTUCKY. 

Kentucky  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

LEXINGTON,  Kv. 

LOUISIANA. 
No.  i.  Sugar  Experiment  Station,  Audubon  Park, 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 
No.  2.  State  Experiment  Station, 

BATON  ROUGE,  LA. 
No.  3.  North  Louisiana  Experiment  Station, 

CALHOUN,  LA» 

MAINE. 

Maine  State  College  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

ORONO,  ME. 

MARYLAND. 

Maryland  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

COLLEGE  PARK,  MD. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Hatch  Experiment  Station  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College, 

AMHERST,  MASS. 


280        AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

MICHIGAN. 

Experiment  Station  of  Michigan  Agricultural  College, 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  MICH. 

MINNESOTA. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota, 

ST.  ANTHONY  PARK,  MINN. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Mississippi  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  Miss. 

MISSOURI. 

Missouri  Agricultural  College  Experiment  Station, 

COLUMBIA,  Mo. 
Fruit  Station,  MOUNTAIN  GROVE,  Mo. 


MONTANA. 

Montana  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

NEBRASKA. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Nebraska, 


BOZEMAN,  MON. 


LINCOLN,  NEB. 


NEVADA. 

Nevada  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

RENO,  NEV. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

New    Hampshire    College    Agricultural    Experiment 
Station, 

DURHAM,  N.  H. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

New  Jersey  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK,  N.  J. 


A  GRICUL  TURA L  EXPERIMENT  S TA  TIONS.         281 

NEW    MEXICO. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  New  Mexico, 

MESILLA  PARK,  N.  M. 

NEW  YORK. 

New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

GENEVA,  N.  Y. 
Cornell  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

ITHACA,  N.  Y. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

North  Carolina  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

RALEIGH,  N.  C. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

North  Dakota  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  N.  D. 

OHIO. 

Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

WOOSTER,  O. 

OKLAHOMA. 

Oklahoma  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

STILLWATER,  OKLA. 

OREGON. 

Oregon  Experiment  Station, 

CORVALLIS,  ORE. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  Pennsylvania  State   College  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station, 

STATE  COLLEGE,  PENN. 

PORTO  RICO. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

MAYAGUEZ,  PORTO  Rico. 
RHODE  ISLAND. 

Rhode  Island  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

KINGSTON,  R.  1. 


282        AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

South  Carolina  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

CLEMSON  COLLEGE,  S.  C. 
SOUTH  DAKOTA. 
South  Dakota  Experiment  Station, 

BROOKINGS,  S.  D. 
TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

KNOXVILLE,  TENN. 
TEXAS. 

Texas  Agricultural  Station, 

COLLEGE  STATION,  TEX. 

UTAH. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

LOGAN,  UTAH. 

VERMONT. 

Vermont  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

BURLINGTON,  VT. 

VIRGINIA. 

Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  Experi- 
ment Station, 

BLACKSBURG,  VA. 

WASHINGTON. 

Washington  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

PULLMAN,  WASH. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 
West  Virginia  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

MORGANTOWN,  W.  VA. 

WISCONSIN. 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin, 

MADISON,  Wis. 


WYOMING. 

Wyoming  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 


LARAMIE,  WY. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

RULES  ADOPTED  BY  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  ASSOCIA- 
TION FOR  NAMING  AND  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 

Rule  i. — The  originator  or  introducer  (in  the  order  named) 
has  the  prior  right  to  bestow  a  name  upon  a  new  or  unnamed 
fruit. 

Rule  2. — The  society  reserves  the  right,  in  case  of  long,  in- 
appropriate, or  otherwise  objectionable  names,  to  shorten, 
modify,  or  wholly  change  the  same  when  they  shall  occur  in 
its  discussions  or  reports ;  and  also  to  recommend  such  changes 
for  general  adoption. 

Rule  3. — The  name  of  a  fruit  should  preferably  express,  as 
far  as  practicable  by  a  single  word,  a  characteristic  of  the 
variety,  the  name  of  the  originator,  or  the  place  of  its  origin. 
Under  no  ordinary  circumstances  should  more  than  a  single 
word  be  employed. 

Rule  4. — Should  the  question  of  priority  arise  between  dif- 
ferent names  for  the  same  variety  of  fruit,  other  circumstances 
being  equal,  the  name  first  publicly  bestowed  will  be  given 
precedence. 

Rule  5. — To  entitle  a  new  fruit  to  the  award  or  commenda- 
tion of  the  society,  it  must  possess  (at  least  for  the  locality 
for  which  it  is  recommended)  some  valuable  or  desirable  qual- 
ity or  combination  of  qualities  in  a  higher  degree  than  any 
previously  known  variety  of  its  class  and  season. 

Rule  6. — A  variety  of  fruit  having  been  once  exhibited,  ex- 
amined, and  reported  upon,  as  a  new  fruit,  by  a  committee  of 
the  society,  will  not  thereafter  be  recognized  as  such  so  far  as 
subsequent  reports  are  concerned. 

A  rule  governing  the  revision  of  names  was  authorized  by 
the  society  at  its  meeting  in  Washington  in  September,  1891, 
as  follows: 


284  NAMING  AND  DESCRIBING  FRUITS. 

Prefixes,  suffixes,  apostrophic  terminations,  and  secondary 
words,  together  with  words  whose  significations  are  expressed 
in  the  descriptive  columns  of  the  catalogue,  are  eliminated  from 
the  names  of  fruits,  save  in  a  few  cases  in  which  they  may  be 
needful  to  insure  the  i'dentity  of  a  variety  and  in  a  few  time- 
honored  names. 

The  anglicising  of  foreign  names  is  resorted  to  only  in  the 
interest  of  brevity  or  pronounceability. 

In  questionable  cases,  subsidiary  words  are  retained  in 
parentheses. 


part 

ON  THE 

DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  FRUIT. 


The  synonyms  on  all  the  following  pages  are  given  in 
parentheses. 

The  dates  for  the  ripening  of  fruits  given  in  this  book  are 
mostly  adapted  to  the  Northern  States ;  they  should  be  about 
three  weeks  earlier  for  the  latitude  of  Southern  Virginia,  and 
six  weeks  earlier  for  the  Gulf  States. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

APPLES. 

"  THE  APPLE,"  says  Downing,  "  is  the  world-renowned  fruit 
of  temperate  climates."  Although  less  delicious  than  the 
peach  or  pear,  it  possesses,  from  its  great  hardiness,  easy 
cultivation,  productiveness,  its  long  continuance  through  the 
whole  twelve  months,  and  its  various  uses,  an  importance  not 
equalled  by  any  other  fruit. 

Nursery  Management. — The  mode  of  raising  the  seedlings 
or  stocks,  and  of  Budding  and  Grafting  has  been  already  de- 
scribed in  Chapter  III.  of  the  first  part  of  this  work.  The  seed- 
lings are  treated  in  three  different  ways.  They  may  be  set 
out  into  nursery  rows  in  the  spring,  when  a  year  old,  to  be 
budded  the  second  summer;  they  may  be  taken  up  and  root- 
grafted  as  soon  as  large  enough ;  or  they  may  be  planted  into 
rows  and  grafted  at  any  subsequent  period. 

The  following  figures  exhibit  the  difference  between  good 
and  bad  planting-out.  Fig.  343  represents  a  graft  well  set 
out,  the  earth  packed  closely  around  the  root,  which  is  sending 
out  new  fibres,  and  the  leaves  expanding  above.  In  Fig.  344 
the  work  has  been  carelessly  done,  the  earth  being  closed 
around  the  top,  but  left  with  a  cavity  below. '  Grafts  set  in 
this  way  rarely  grow. 

Fig.  345  represents  the  usual  form  of  the  dibble,  and  Fig. 
346  the  appearance  of  the  root-graft  when  ready  to  be  set  out. 

The  most  favorable  soils  are  rich,  well-pulverized,  and 
rather  strong  loams.  If  light  or  gravelly,  there  is  more  dan- 
ger from  midsummer  droughts,  which  often  prove  quite  de- 
structive. Grafting  the  whole  root  entire  will  much  lessen 
the  difficulty. 

The  chief  care  afterward  is  to  keep  the  ground  constantly 
cultivated,  and  perfectly  clean,  which  will  increase  the  growth 
during  summer,  and  exclude  mice  in  winter;  the  trees  are  to 
be  trained  up  to  one  leading-stem,  not  trimming  so  closely  as 
to  make  them  slender ;  they  are  to  be  kept  straight,  by  tying 


288  APPLES. 

them  when  necessary  to  upright  stakes;   and  all  destructive 
insects  must  be  watched  and  destroyed. 


FIG.   343.— Root-Graft,   set   out  well,  with       FIG.  344.— Root-Graft,  badly  set 
earth  compactly  pressed  against  its  roots.  out,  with  a  cavity  below. 

If  the  ground  is  rich  and  kept  perfectly  clean,  they  will 
grow  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  feet  the  first  summer  after 
grafting;  to  three  or  four  feet  the  second  summer;  five  to  six 
or  seven  feet  the  third  summer,  when  many  of  them  will  be 
large  enough  for  removal  to  the  orchard,  and  most  of  the  re- 
mainder in  one  year  more. 


FIG.  345.— Dibble.  FIG.  346.—  Root-Graft  ready  for  setting. 

Root-grafting  is  extensively  performed  in  large  nurseries; 
but  on  unsuitable  soils,  budding  is  found  the  most  certain  of 
success,  the  buds  being  rarely  destroyed,  and  only  by  the 
most  unfavorable  winters.  The  bud  remaining  dormant  the 
first  summer,  the  growth  is  one  year  later  than  on  grafted 
stocks  of  the  same  age ;  but  this  difference  is  made  up  by  the 
more  rapid  growth  of  the  shoot  from  the  bud,  which  is  usually 
twice  as  great  as  that  of  a  graft  on  the  root.  To  obtain 


APPLES.  289 

handsome  and  good  trees,  the  bud  should  be  set  within  two  or 
three  inches  of  the  ground.  Budded  trees  usually  have  better 
roots  than  root-grafted  ones,  and  are  the  common  stock  in  the 

East. 

PLANTING  ORCHARDS. 

Soil. — The  apple  is  a  vigorous  and  hardy  tree,  and  will  grow 
upon  most  soils.  It  does  best,  however,  on  those  that  are 
deep,  rich,  and  fertile,  such  as  will  give  good  crops  of  Indian 
corn.  Hard,  shallow,  and  wet  grounds  are  to  be  avoided. 
Improvement  by  manuring  and  deep  cultivation  is  desirable, 
as  a  great  difference  in  quality  and  productiveness  results  from 
a  difference  in  fertility. 

Distance. — Where  the  quantity  of  ground  is  limited,  and  in 
rare  cases,  trees  may  for  a  time  stand  within  fifteen  or  twenty 

*  ••*»        *        *        *        «        *      *      *      * 

*  *    «    «    *        *        *        •        •        *      *      *      * 

*  *    *    *    *        *        *        *        ***** 
*****        *       *       *        *        ***»          . 
*****        *        *        *        *        ***» 

FIG.  347.— Diagram  of  Rows  for  Tree  Planting. 

feet ;  but  for  large  and  permanent  orchards  they  should  not 
be  nearer  than  forty  feet.  There  is,  however,  a  material 
difference  in  the  size  of  varieties,  hence  a  variation  may  be 
allowed.  But  this  variation  in  distance  should  not  break  the 
rows  which  are  to  be  preserved  for  convenience  in  cultivation. 
The  rows  may  be  kept  entire,  by  varying  the  distance  in  one 
way  only,  as  in  the  annexed  figure  (Fig.  347).  The  middle 
portion  is  for  trees  of  the  largest  size,  as  the  Esopus,  Fall 
Pippin,  and  Rhode  Island ;  those  of  smallest  size,  as  Bough, 
Yellow  Harvest,  and  Sine  Qua  Non,  are  on  the  left ;  and  those 
of  middle  growth,  as  the  Swaar,  Black  Gilliflower,  and  Tol- 
man  Sweet,  are  on  the  right.  On  the  plains,  the  trees  may  be 
planted  somewhat  closer,  as  the  trees  do  not  attain  such  great 
size  as  in  the  Northeastern  States. 

Transplanting. — Full  directions  have  been  given  in  a  pre- 
ceding chapter,  where  the  superior  advantages  of  broad,  deep, 
and  loose  beds  of  earth,  made  by  heavy  subsoiling  and  manur- 
ing, have  been  pointed  out;  or  in  the  absence  of  this  excellent 
preparation,  by  digging  large  holes  to  be  filled  with  rich 
mould,  or  manured  surface-soil. 


29°  APPLES. 

CULTIVATION. 

The  importance  of  thorough  cultivation  has  been  already 
noticed,  and  cannot  be  too  well  understood.  If  two  speci- 
mens could  be  exhibited  side  by  side,  the  one  showing  the 
stunted,  lingering,  mice-eaten,  and  moss-covered  trees,  caused 
by  neglect;  and  the  other,  the  vigorous  and  thrifty  growth, 
and  the  fair  and  abundant  crops,  resulting  from  fine  and  clean 
culture, — none  could  fail  to  be  satisfied  of  the  superiority  of 
the  one  and  impolicy  of  the  other. 

RENOVATING  AN  OLD  ORCHARD. 

It  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  outline  treatment  for  an  old  and 
barren  orchard.  One  cannot  often  tell  just  why  such  an  or- 
chard does  not  bear.  Through  long  years  of  neglect  the  trees 
have  got  into  a  non-bearing  habit,  and  it  may  be  next  to  im- 
possible by  any  kind  of  treatment  to  thoroughly  renovate  and 
Recuperate  them.  The  one  safe  thing  always  to  advise  is  better 
care  and  good  tillage.  If  the  orchard  has  not  been  ploughed 
for  many  years,  it  is  probable  that  the  roots  are  so  high  that 
ploughing  is  practically  impossible.  In  that  case  it  is  well  to 
make  a  surface  mulch  by  cutting  up  the  sod  when  rather 
moist  and  soft  with  a  spading  harrow,  spring  tooth  harrow,  or 
other  strong  surface-working  tool.  After  the  sod  is  once 
broken,  it  can  be  got  into  fine  and  mellow  condition,  and 
thereafter  surface  tillage  may  be  employed  to  hold  the  mois- 
ture. In  most  cases  it  will  be  necessary  to  prune  the  lower 
limbs  in  order  to  allow  a  team  to  work  in  the  plantation.  If 
the  heads  are  so  low  that  a  team  cannot  work  in  the  orchard 
even  after  the  trees  are  pruned,  it  may  be  well  to  apply  an 
annual  mulch  of  straw  or  litter.  After  the  ground  is  once 
mellow  on  top,  it  may  pay  to  add  stable  manure  or  commer- 
cial fertilizer.  If  one  has  only  a  few  such  trees,  he  may  dig  a 
trench  around  the  tree  somewhere  near  the  edge  of  the  spread 
of  limbs,  and  put  manure  therein. 

The  trees  should  be  pruned.  Heavy  pruning  of  the  top  in- 
duces wood  growth.  This  pruning  therefore  will  tend  to 
reinvigorate  the  trees  and  to  correct  any  of  the  mistakes  of 
earlier  years.  Heavy  pruning  is  not  a  direct  means  of  setting 
trees  into  bearing;  in  fact,  it  is  rather  a  means  of  setting 
them  into  growing.  But  after  they  have  been  renovated  by 


APPLES. 


291 


this  means,  they  may  be  expected  soon  to  slow  down  and  to 
come  into  bearing  condition,  after  which  time  a  moderate  or 
light  annual  pruning  should  keep  them  in  shape.  Scrape  off 
the  hanging  bark.  Spraying  with  fungicides  and  insecticides 
should  be  begun  with  the  other  treatment. 

The  way  to  make  apple-trees  bear  well  is  to  give  good  and 
thoughtful  treatment  from  the  time  they  are  set.  To  begin 
with  such  treatment  late  in  life  is  necessarily  only  corrective, 
and  too  much  should  not  be  expected  of  it. 

Bearing  orchards  commonly  lose  their  vigor,  and  give  small 
and  poor  fruit,  when  allowed  to  grow  in  grass-land,  without 
any  cultivation.  If  the  soil  is  naturally  rich,  a  shallow  plough- 
ing and  an  occasional  harrowing  will  restore  their  vigor.  Or 
if  ploughing  cannot  conveniently  be  given,  they  may  be  much 
improved  by  being  converted  to  pasture  for  sheep,  adding 
occasionally  a  top-tressing  of  manure  in  autumn.  These  ani- 
mals will  serve  in  part  to  enrich  the  land,  keep  the  grass 
grazed  short,  and  pick  up  the  prematurely  fallen  fruit,  in- 
fested with  worms  or  insects. 

The  amount  of  cultivation  or  top-dressing  to  be  given  to 
such  orchards  must  be  determined  by  the  annual  growth  of 
the  shoots.  If  less  than  a  foot  in  length,  more  vigor  must  be 
imparted  to  them.  If  more  than  a  foot  and  a  half,  they  are 
quite  thrifty  enough. 

Pruning.  —  The  mode  of  treating  large  trees  has  been  already 
adverted  to  in  the  chap- 
ter on  pruning.  There 
are  some  owners  of  or- 
chards who  most  errone- 
ously suppose  that  when 
trees  become  old,  heavy 
pruning  will  restore 
their  vigor  in  the  ab- 
sence of  good  cultiva- 
tion; while  the  correct 
mode  of  treatment  is 
very  moderate  and  grad- 
ual pruning,  in  connec- 
tion  with  the  best  of  cul- 
tivation.  The  forego- 
ing correct  portraits  of  actually  existing  specimens  of  bad 


Fl°'  4*- 


Pruning  °£ 


APPLE  3. 


FIG.   349.— Proper     Pruning 
form  New  Heads  on  Old  Trees. 


pruning  unhappily  have  too  many  originals  over  the  country 
(Fig.  348).  This  most  unsightly  mode  of  trimming  is  often 
adopted  when  a  removal  of  the  top  by  grafting  is  intended. 

Grafting  JVeiv  Tops  on  Old  Trees.— It  often  happens  that 
fruit  on  large  trees  is  worthless,  and  it  becomes  an  important 
object  to  change  the  top  by  grafting  or  budding  it  with  some 
better  variety.  In  this  case,  instead  of  cutting  off  large 

branches  and  grafting  them  at  once, 
it  is  befter  to  prune  the  top  in  part, 
as  shown  by  Fig.  349,  which  will 
cause  an  emission  of  vigorous 
shoots.  These  are  then  budded  or 
grafted  with  ease  and  success.  And, 
as  the  grafts  gradually  extend  by 
growth,  the  remainder  of  the  top 
may,  by  successive  excisions,  be  en- 
tirely removed.  Where  trees  are 
not  too  old,  and  the  ground  is  kept 
to  cultivated,  good-sized  trees  are  thus 
obtained  much  sooner  than  by  set- 
ting out  young  ones. 

To  give  a  well-shaped  head  to  such  newly  formed  trees,  and 
to  prevent  the  branches  from  shooting  upward  in  a  close  body 
near  the  centre  of  the  tree,  the  old  horizontal  boughs  should 
be  allowed  to  extend  to  a  distance  in  each  direction,  while  the 
upright  ones  should  be  lopped.  This  is  distinctly  exhibited 
in  Fig.  349. 

The  following  judicious  mode  of  renewing  the  old  tops  of 
trees  formerly  regarded  as  worthless,  was  given  by  the  late 
George  Olmsted,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  the  Horticulturist: 

"  These  trees  I  commenced  grafting  six  years  ago  last  spring. 
/  began  on  the  top,  and  grafted  one-third  of  the  tree  each  year.  It 
therefore  required  three  years  to  complete  the  entire  heads  of 
the  trees. 

"  1  like  this  method  better  than  any  I  have  ever  tried  for 
grafting  large  trees,  as  it  gives  the  grafts  a  good  opportunity 
to  get  well  started.  Cutting  off  and  grafting  the  top  first 
gives  the  grafts  there  the  best  possible  chance,  while  the 
necessary  reduction  of  the  top  throws  the  sap  into  the  remain- 
ing side-branches,  which  fits  them  well  for  grafting  the  fol- 
lowing year ;  and  the  third  year,  the  lowest  branches  being 


APPLES.  293 

made  ready  in  the  same  way,  may  be  grafted  successfully. 
By  this  mode,  it  will  be  seen  that  when  the  grafts  are  put  in 
the  side-branches,  they  are  not  shaded  by  the  heavy  shoots 
above  them,  and  they  have  an  unusual  supply  of  nourishment 
to  carry  them  forward.  Those  who  have  attempted  to  graft 
the  whole  head  of  a  large  tree  at  once  are  best  aware  of  the 
great  difficulty  in  the  common  mode  of  getting  the  grafts  to 
take  on  the  side-limbs. 

"  One  of  these  large  trees  so  treated  is  probably  more  than 
seventy-five  years  old,  and  has  now  an  entirely  new  and 
vigorous  head,  grafted  with  this  excellent  variety.  When  I 
began  with  it,  the  fruit  was  only  fit  for  cider,  and  it  was  ques- 
tionable .whether  the  tree  should  not  be  cut  down.  By  graft- 
ing it  in  this  manner,  I  have  added  surprisingly  to  its  value. 
Two  years  ago  (the  bearing  year),  I  obtained  from  it  ten 
bushels  of  apples;  last  year  eight  bushels;  and  this  year  (only 
six  years  from  the  time  I  began  to  graft  it),  I  gathered  twenty- 
eight  and  a  half  bushels  of  excellent  fruit ! 

"  I  consider  this  tree  now  worth  one  hundred  dollars ;  the 
cost  of  grafting  it  was  about  five  dollars ;  and  the  latter  was  all 
repaid  two  years  ago — the  first  season  the  grafts  bore  fruit." 

The  bearing  year  of  apple-trees  which  yield  excessive  crops 
is  only  every  alternate  year ;  but  by  thinning  out  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  fruit  while  yet  small,  the  exhaustion  will  not  be  so 
great  as  to  render  the  tree  barren  the  second  season,  and  it 
will  bear  annually.  By  picking  off  all  the  young  fruit,  the 
bearing  year  may  be  entirely  changed,  or  one  bough  may  be 
made  to  bear  one  year,  and  another  bough 
the  second  year. 

Depredators. — The  insect  enemies  of  the 
apple  have  been  already  described.  Mice, 
which  sometimes  girdle  and  destroy  young 
trees,  especially  such  as  are  neglected  and 
allowed  to  grow  in  grass,  may  be  excluded 
by  a  small  mound  of  earth,  thrown  up  about  _M 

ten  inches  high  around  the   stems  late  in      Banking  up  Trees 
autumn.     This  earth  should  be  compact  and      to  Protect  from 
smooth,  and  not  consist  of  turf,   which  is      Mlce> 
liable  to  cavities,  instead  of  repelling  the  depredators.     Fig.' 
350  shows  the  mode  of  performing  this  operation.     If  well 


294  APPLES. 

done,  it  has  never  failed  to  protect  the  trees.  One  man  will 
go  over  some  hundreds  in  a  day.  In  the  following  spring  this 
earth  is  again  levelled. 

Rabbits  are  excluded  by  tying  woven  wire  netting  or  stiff 
painted  paper  around  the  stems  eighteen  inches  high,  or, 
easier,  by  rubbing  fresh  blood  upon  the  bark  every  few  weeks 
during  winter,  which  may  be  done  by  using  a  piece  of  fresh 
liver  for  this  purpose. 

CHANGES  WROUGHT  BY  CLIMATE  AND  SOIL. 

This  subject  has  been  treated,  as  applied  to  fruits  generally, 
in  a  former  part  of  this  work;  a  few  brief  remarks  on  the  vari- 
ations in  the  apple  may  be  interesting. 

The  winter  apples  of  the  Northern  States,  when  cultivated 
farther  south,  are  changed  to  autumn  apples ;  and  as  far  south 
as  Georgia,  some  of  our  good  keepers  ripen  nearly  by  the  end 
of  summer.  The  Baldwin  and  Rhode  Island,  at  Cincinnati 
and  at  St.  Louis,  cease  to  be  winter  fruits.  There  are  few  or 
none  of  the  northern  apples  which  succeed  well  as  keepers  as 
far  south  as  Carolina.  This  is  owing  to  the  long  southern 
summers.  It  has  been  found  that  varieties  originated  in  the 
Southern  States  are  generally  best  adapted  to  the  climate  of 
that  region.  . 

Some  varieties  are  greatly  influenced  by  a  change  of  cli- 
mate and  others  but  slightly.  The  Ribston,  so  excellent  at 
Montreal,  is  of  little  value  a  few  degrees  further  south. 
The  Rhode  Island  and  the  Roxbury,  on  suitable  soils,  through- 
out New  York  and  New  England,  present  the  same  charac- 
teristics of  flavor  and  appearance;  the  Baldwin,  so  fine  at 
the  east,  greatly  deteriorates  in  northern  Ohio;  and  the 
Belmont,  which  has  been  pronounced  the  most  valuable 
of  all  apples  at  Cleveland,  is  unworthy  of  cultivation  at 
Cincinnati.  These  changes,  in  the  latter  instances,  may 
perhaps  be  ascribed  to  a  difference  in  soil ;  and  the  applica- 
tion of  special  manures,  as  lime,  potash,  etc.,  on  those  unfavor- 
able soils,  has  improved  the  quality.  The  periods  of  ripening, 
given  in  the  following  pages,  are  intended  to  apply  to  the 
Northern  States.  A  difference  of  about  two  or  three  weeks 
exists  between  fruits  cultivated  at  Boston  or  Rochester,  and 


APPLES.  295 

in  central  Ohio  and  southern  Pennsylvania,  and  other  differ- 
ences of  latitude  nearly  in  the  same  ratio. 

DWARF  APPLES. 

For  summer  and  autumn  sorts,  dwarf  apples  are  valuable  in 
affording  a  supply  to  families.  They  begin  to  bear  in  two  01 
three  years  from  setting  out,  and  at  five  or  six  years,  if  well 
cultivated,  will  afford  a  bushel  or  so  to  each  tree.  A  portion 
of  a  garden  as  large  as  the  tenth  of  an  acre  may  be  planted 
with  forty  or  fifty  trees,  without  crowding.  All  the  different 
varieties  of  the  apple  may  be  made  Dwarfs  by  working  on  the 
Paradise  or  Doucin  stock — the  former  are  smaller  and  bear 
soonest ;  the  latter  are  large  and  ultimately  afford  the  heaviest 
crops.  Among  the  handsomest  growers  as  dwarfs  are  Red 
Astrachan,  Jersey  Sweet,  Porter,  Baldwin,  Dyer,  Summer 
Rose,  Benoni,  and  Bough. 

THE  AGE  AT  WHICH  APPLE-TREES  BEGIN  TO  FRUIT. 

To  those  who  wish  fruit  at  the  earliest  time  after  setting 
oat  trees,  the  following  results  of  observations  at  the  New 
York  General  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  is  of  interest 
and  value.  Probably  most  trees  obtained  from  nurseries  are 
two  to  three  years  old,  and  the  time  of  fruiting  after  this  will 
no  doubt  vary  somewhat  with  the  location,  soil,  and  cultiva- 
tion given  them.  The  list  is  by  no  means  complete,  and 
from  it  are  here  quoted  only  those  in  general  cultivation : 


Baldwin  .         .        . 

.    "•*<•.      .     8 

years 

Ben  Davis         •        . 

.        .        .4 

M 

Carolina  June  .        . 

;'••'••'••;''••-    .    4 

• 

Cooper's  Market       . 

•    5 

M 

Dominie            .        . 

•       •        -5 

M 

Oldenburg 

.      2 

M 

Early  Harvest           . 

..    4 

M 

Early  Strawberry  had 

not  fruited  at  9 

M 

Esopus  Spitzenburgh 

.    9 

M 

Fallawater 

•    5 

M 

Fall  Pippin 

•        •        -9 

M 

Fameuse  .        . 

•    5 

M 

Gideon      .        .       %:••.• 

.    4 

M 

296  APPLES. 

Golden  Russet 9  years 

Golden  Sweet            .        .        «..       .  9  " 

Gravenstein 8  " 

Green  Newtown  Pippin  .        .        .  5  " 

Haas          .        .         .......        .  2  " 

Jefferis      .        .        .        ,        .        .  4  " 

Jersey  Sweeting       .        .        «        .  4  " 

Keswick   ....       ..,       .  3  " 

King,  Tompkins  County.        ,        .  5  " 

Lady   Sweet             .        .        .        .  9  " 

Longfield 4  " 

Maiden's  Blush         .        .        .        .  4  " 

McMahon's  White    .        .        .        .  4  " 

Melon 4  " 

Monmouth 5 

Mother 9 

Munson's  Sweet       .        .        .        .  5  " 

Northern  Spy 9  " 

Peck's  Pleasant        .        .        .        .  7  " 

Pewaukee 5  " 

Pomme  Grise 5  " 

Primate             3 

Pumpkin  Russet       .        .        «        .  9  " 

Pumpkin  Sweet        .        .        .        .  9 

Rambo  had  not  fruited  at        .        .  9  " 

Rawle's  Janet 5  " 

Red  Astrachan          .        .        .        •  5  " 

Red  Beitigheimer    .        .        ,        .  8  " 

Red  Russet       .        .        .        f        .  9  " 

Rhode  Island  Greening  .        •,        •  5  " 

Rome  Beauty  .        ,        ».       i.        .  2  " 

Sops  of  Wine    .        ,        ,        ,        •  5  M 

Stump       .        %        .        ,        ,        .  7  " 

Sutton's  Russet        ,        .        *  :     .  9  " 

Tallman's  Sweet    •;*,«.' ;.*i •  vv*--.     •  8  * 

Tetofsky  .        ,.      ,        .     ;/ .;-,     .  4  " 

Twenty  Ounce.        .        .        ,        .  5  " 

Vandevere        •        .        .        .        •  5  " 
Wagener  .        ,        .        .        f        .4 

Westfield  Seek-no-further        .        •  9  * 


APPLES.  *97 

William's  Favorite  ....     3  years 
Winesap 5 

Yellow  Bellflower    ....    9 
Yellow  Transparent         .        .        .4 


VARIETIES. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  ARRANGEMENT 

Division  I.     SUMMER  APPLES. 

Class  I.     Sweet  Apples. 

Section    I.     Color  striped  with  red. 

Section  II.     Color  not  striped. 
Class  II.    With  more  or  less  acidity. 

Section    I.     Color  striped  with  red. 

Section  II.     Color  not  striped. 

Division  II.    AUTUMN  APPLES. 

Class   I.     Sweet  Apples. 

Section    I.     Color  striped  with  red. 

Section  II.     Color  not  striped. 
Class  II.     With  more  or  less  acidity. 

Section    I.     Color  striped  with  red. 

Section  II.     Color  not  striped. 

Division  III.    WINTER  APPLES. 

Class   I.     Sweet  Apples. 

Section    I.     Color  striped  with  red. 

Section  II.     Color  not  striped. 
Class  II.-  With  more  or  less  acidity. 

Section    I.     Color  striped  with  red. 

Section  II.     Color  not  striped. 

Division  IV.     CRAB  APPLES. 

The  characteristics  which  constitute  these  divisions  and 
subdivisions  are  not  in  all  cases  perfectly  distinct.  Summer 
apples  gradually  pass  into  autumn,  and  autumn  into  winter 
apples.  A  few,  but  the  number  is  extremely  small,  possess 
nearly  a  neutral  flavor  between  a  dead  sweetness  and  slight 
-acidity.  Again,  apples  classed  with  those  that  are  striped 


298  APPLES. 

sometimes  present  a  nearly  uniform  shade  of  red ;  and  in  rare 
instances,  the  brown  cheek  of  a  green  or  yellow  variety  ex- 
hibits faint  stripes. 

But  these  may  be  regarded  rather  as  exceptions  to  general 
characters,  which  are  on  the  whole  as  clearly  defined  as  any 
other  distinctive  points  of  the  different  varieties.  Controlling 
circumstances  will  produce  changes  in  all  fruits,  and  descrip- 
tions are  not  founded  on  extreme  exceptions,  but  on  average 
characteristics. 

The  SIZE  is  designated  by  comparison ; — for  example,  the 
Swaar  and  Baldwin  are  large;  Herefordshire  and  Tolman 
Sweet  are  medium;  English  Golden  Pippin  and  Lady  are 
small.  Qualifying  terms  give  a  more  precise  meaning — as  the 
Fall  Pippin  and  Monstrous  are  very  large;  Hawley  and  Mig- 
nonne  are  quite  large;  Bullock  and  Early  Strawberry  are  rather 
small;  and  the  Siberian  Crab  is  very  small. 


The  illustrations  in  this  chapter  are  all  taken  from  average 
sized  specimens  of  the  fruit,  and  uniformly  reduced  in  size  one- 
half.  The  more  valuable  varieties  are  indicated  by  an  asterisk, 
thus*. 

DIVISION  I.-SUMMER  APPLES. 
CLASS  I. — SWEET  APPLES. 

Section  1. — Striped  with  red. 

Beautiful  Arcade.  Medium,  oblong,  truncated,  angular ;  white,  yel- 
low splashed  with  crimson  on  side.  A  marked  characteristic  is 
the  roughened  surface;  cavity  slightly  abrupt,  slightly  wavy, 
stem  very  short;  basin  wide,  corrugated;  flesh  yeHow,  firm,  fine- 
grained, sweet,  and  rich;  best  quality.  Summer.  Fig.  358.  Rus- 
sian. 

Foster.  Large,  roundish ;  indistinctly  striped,  pale  red  on  yellow  ; 
stalk  short,  calyx  open  ;  basin  deep,  ribbed,  sweet,  rich.  August. 
Massachusetts. 

Sweet  Borovinka.  Medium,  roundish,  oblate;  yellow,  striped,  and 
splashed  with  red ;  cavity  acute ;  stem  short ;  basin  wide,  shallow, 
corrugated ;  flesh  white,  firm,  juicy,  mild,  quality  good.  Sum- 
mer. Fig.  355.  Russian. 


APPLES.  299 

Section  IL—Nol  striped. 

Golden  Sweet.*  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish,  slightly  flat- 
tened ;  greenish,  becoming  pale  yellow ;  stalk  an  inch  or  more 
long,  slender;  cavity  acuminate;  basin  moderate;  flesh  very 
sweet,  good,  of  moderate  quality.  The  fruit  is  always  fair,  the 
tree  a  free  grower,  and  very  productive.  Buds  large;  leaves 
sharply  serrate.  Late  in  summer.  Valuable  for  culinary  pur- 
poses. Tender  far  West;  succeeds  well  Southwest.  Connecti- 
cut. Fig.  359. 

Hightop.*  (Summer  Sweet  of  Ohio,  Sweet  June.)  Rather  small, 
roundish,  regular;  skin  smooth,  light  yellow;  cavity  deep,  nar- 
row ;  calyx  small,  in  a  shallow,  slightly  furrowed  basin ;  flesh 
yellowish,  very  sweet,  rich  :  tree  upright,  productive.  A  valua- 
ble summer  sweet  apple  at  the  West.  Massachusetts.  Fig.  353. 

FIG.  351.— Sweet  Bough. 


FIG.  353.  FIG.  354.  FIG.  352- 

Hightop  Sweeting.       Early  Harvest.      American  Summer  Pearmain. 

Manomet.  (Manomet  Sweeting.)  Size  medium,  roundish  ;  yellow, 
with  a  rich  cheek ;  stalk  rather  slender,  cavity  shallow ;  basin 
shallow,  furrowed ;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  rich.  Late  summer. 
Massachusetts. 

Sweet  Bough.*  (Large  Yellow  Bough,  Early  Sweet  Bough.) 
Large,  roundish,  remotely  conical-ovate,  sometimes  distinctly 
conical;  pale  greenish  yellow,  stalk  one-half  to  an  inch  long; 
basin  narrow,  deep ;  flesh  white,  very  tender,  with  an  excellent 
sweet  flavor.  Ripens  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  summer. 
A  moderate  and  regular  bearer.  Shoots  yellowish,  somewhat 
irregular,  ascending  ;  tree  round-headed ;  leaves  obtusely  crenate. 
Fig-  35i. 

CLASS  II. — WITH  MORE  OR  LESS  ACIDITY. 
Section  1.— Striped  with  red. 

American  Summer  Pearmain.*  (Early  Summer  Pearmain ,  of  Coxe.} 
Medium  in  size,  oblong,  slightly  inclining  to  truncate-conical ; 
nearly  covered  with  fine  broken  streaks  and  dots  of  red;  stalk 


3oo 


APPLES. 


nearly  one  inch  long ;  basin  round,  even,  distinct ;  very  tender, 
often  bursts  in  falling;  sub-acid,  flavor  fine.  Continues  to  ripen 
for  several  weeks  in  late  summer  and  early  autumn.  Needs 
good  and  rich  cultivation.  Growth  rather  slow.^  This  is  distinct 
from  the  English  Summer  or  Autumn  Pearmain,  in  its  larger  size, 
higher  red,  more  oblong  form,  and  superior  quality.  Fig.  352. 

Aromatic  Carolina.  Large,  oblate-conic,  oblique;  pale  red  with 
heavy  bloom ;  flesh  tender  and  melting,  flavor  aromatic  and  ex- 
cellent. July.  Tree  spreading.  An  abundant  bearer.  South- 
ern. 

Benoni.*  Medium  in  size,  roundish,  sometimes  obscurely  conical ; 
deep  red  on  rich  yellow,  in  distinct  broken  stripes  and  dots ; 
stalk  half  an  inch  long;  basin  small;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  rich; 
mild  sub-acid,  "very  good."  Late  summer.  Tree  erect,  good 
bearer.  Has  not  succeeded  well  in  all  localities.  A  native  of 
Dedham,  Mass.  Fig.  364. 


FIG.  355.  FIG.  356.  FIG.  357.  FIG.  358. 

Sweet  Borovinka.    Sweet  Pepka.    Smoky  Arcad.    Beautiful  Arcad. 


Carolina  Red  June.*  (Red  June,  Blush  June.)  Size  medium,  ob- 
long, very  red;  flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  with  a 
sprightly,  agreeable  flavor ;  quite  early,  and  continues  to  ripeo 
for  four  weeks,  and  will  keep  long  after  ripe  for  a  summer  apple  ; 
profitable  for  market.  The  tree  is  a  fine  erect  grower,  very 
hardy,  bears  young  and  abundantly.  The  most  valuable  early 
apple  in  northern  Illinois  and  adjacent  region.  Hardy  at  the 
West.  North  Carolina.  Fig.  360. 

Carolina  Watson.  Large,  greenish  yellow,  red,  striped;  flesh 
white,  tender,  sub- acid;  tree  vigorous.  Alabama.  Summer. 

Early  Joe.*  Size  medium  or  rather  small ;  oblate,  sometimes  ob- 
scurely approaching  conical ;  smooth  and  regular ;  color,  with 
numerous  short,  broken,  red  stripes  on  yellow  ground,  a  nearly 
uniform  deep  red  to  the  sun,  with  conspicuous  white  specks; 
stem  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  rather  thick;  cavity  shallow, 
acute;  basin  small,  even;  flesh  fine  grained,  very  tender,  slightly 
crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid,  spicy,  quality  "best."  Ripens  the  last  two 
weeks  of  summer.  Shoots  dark,  growth  slow.  A  profuse  bearer. 
Fig.  362.  Origin,  East  Bloomfield,  N.  Y. 


APPLES.  301 

Early  Norfolk.  Medium,  oblate ;  yellow  striped  and  blotched  red ; 
flesh  white,  sub-acid.  Said  to  bear  transportation  well.  July. 
Virginia. 

Early  Pennock.  Fruit  large,  roundish,  conical;  striped  bright  red 
on  greenish  yellow;  stem  long;  cavity  deep;  irregular;  flesh 
yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  sub-acid,  of  rather  poor  quality. 
Esteemed  at  the  West  for  its  hardiness  and  productiveness. 
August  and  September. 

Early  Red  Margaret.  Medium,  round-ovate ;  striped  with  dull 
red,  somewhat  russeted  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  thick  ;  basin 

Elaited,  narrow,  very  shallow ;  flesh  sub-acid,  tender,  good  when 
•esh ;  ripens  at  wheat  harvest,  scarcely  earlier  than  Early  Har- 
vest.    Shoots  erect,  downy  ;  moderate  bearer.     England. 


FIG.  359.— Golden  Sweet.  Flo.  360.— Carolina  Red  June. 

Early  Strawberry.*  (American  Red  Juneating,  of  Manning.} 
Rather  small,  roundish,  varying  to  round-ovate,  and  sometimes 
quite  conical ;  surface  indistinctly  and  finely  striped  with  bright 
and  deep  red,  tinging  faintly  the  flesh  ;  stalk  slender,  three-quar- 
ters to  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  basin  small  and  narrow ;  flesh 
white,  tender,  sub-acid,  rather  brisk,  pleasant,  not  very  rich. 
Ripens  one  to  three  weeks  later  than  Yellow  Harvest.  Growth, 
very  erect ;  leaves  erect,  finely  crenate.  Productive.  Good  in  all 
localities.  New  York.  Fig.  361. 

Fourth  of  July.  Above  medium,  roundish  oblate,  often  slightly 
conic;  striped  red  on  pale  yellow,  with  a  white  bloom;  flesh 
yellowish,  tender,  rather  acid,  of  moderate  quality;  ripens 
very  early,  productive.  Valuable  for  cooking  and  profitable  for 
market.  Cultivated  at  the  West.  Of  foreign  origin. 

Foundling.  Rather  large,  oblate-conic,  ribbed  ;  striped  red  on  yel- 
lowish green;  stalk  short,  slender,  cavity  large,  basin  small, 
furrowed;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  with  a  rich,  sub-acid  flavor. 
Late  summer.  Massachusetts. 

Garden  Royal.  Below  medium,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  at  ends, 
even  and  regular;  surface  with  small,  broken,  red  stripes  on 
yellow  ground,  deep  red  to  the  sun  ;  stalk  short,  or  half  to  three- 


302  APPLES. 

fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slender,  cavity  acute ;  calyx  large,  open ; 
basin  very  shallow;  flesh  yellowish  white,  exceedingly  tender, 
and  fine-grained;  flavor  mild,  sub-acid,  fine.  A  poor  grower, 
but  a  first-rate  dessert  fruit.  Late  summer.  Origin,  Sudbury, 
Mass. 

Hocking.  (Townsend.)  Rather  large;  striped  red  on  yellow ;  cav- 
ity wide;  basin  shallow,  slightly  ribbed;  flesh  fine-grained, 
tender,  mild  sub-acid.  August.  An  upright,  vigorous,  produc* 
tive  tree.  Valued  at  the  West.  Pennsylvania. 

Julian.  (Julin.)  Fruit  medium,  roundish,  conical;  calyx  small  in 
a  narrow  basin,  stem  short  in  a  moderate  cavity ;  striped  with 
fine  red  on  yellowish  white;  flesh  white,  tender,  and  fine 
flavored.  One  of  the  finest  summer  apples  at  the  South,  where  it 
ripens  at  midsummer. 

FIG.  361.— Early  Strawberry.  FIG.  364.— Benoni. 


FIG.  362.  FIG.  363.  FIG.  365. 

Early  Joe.  William's  Favorite.  Summer  Rose, 

Klaproth.     Size  medium,  oblate  ;   streaked  and  stained  with  red  on 

freenish    yellow ;    stalk    short,    cavity    deep ;    basin  wide,  even ; 
esh  white,  crisp,  with  a  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor.     Tree  a  strong 
grower  and  great  bearer.     Fruit  bears  carriage  well.     A    good 
market  sort.     Lancaster  County,  Pa.     August  to  October. 

Raspberry.  (Red  Cheek.)  Small,  oblong  truncated  ;  yellow,  cov- 
ered rosy  red;  cavity  narrow;  basin  wide,  almost  flat;  flesh  white 
stained  with  red;  sub-acid,  juicy,  sprightly,  best.  Resembles 
Red  June.  Tree  hardy  and  healthy.  Russian.  Fig.  394. 

Sops  of  Wine.*  Medium  size,  round-ovate,  dark  red .  stalk  long, 
slender;  flesh  white,  often  stained  red,  moderately  juicy,  sub- 
acid,  of  good  flavor.  Valuable  for  its  free  gixnyth  and  fair  fruit. 
Late  summer.  The  Sapson  is  smaller,  firmer  in  flesh,  and  less 
valuable.  Fig.  392. 


APPLES.  3°3 

Summer  Hagloe.  Size  medium,  roundish  conic ;  streaked  with 
bright  red  on  yellow  ground  ;  stalk  rather  short  and  thick  ;  flesh 
very  soft,  rich,  of  fine  quality.  Ripens  at  the  end  of  summer. 
An  excellent  culinary  variety.  Shoots  dark,  strong,  thick  ;  termi- 
nal buds  very  large. 

This  is  wholly  distinct  from  the  Hagloe  Crab,  a  late,  small,  ill- 
shaped,  ovate  fruit,  cultivated  only  for  cider. 

Summer  Queen.  Rather  large,  roundish-conical,  somewhat  ribbed  ; 
striped  with  bright  red  on  rich  yellow  ground  ;  stalk  an  inch  and 
a  half  long ;  cavity  small,  acute  ;  basin  small,  furrowed  ;  flesh 
yellowish,  rather  acid,  spicy,  very  rich.  Fine  for  cooking.  Late 
summer.  Good  on  warm,  sandy  soils,  poor  on  cold  clay.  Shoots 
light  colored,  leaves  finely  crenate.  Hardy  far  West. 

Summer  Rose.*  (Woolman's  Early,  Lippincott's  Early,  Wool- 
man's  Striped  Harvest.)  Medium  or  rather  small,  roundish-ob- 
late ;  yellowish,  blotched,  and  streaked  with  red  ;  stalk  rather 
short ;  basin  round,  slightly  plaited  ;  flesh  very  tender,  slightly 
crisp,  texture  fine,  mild  sub-acid,  juicy,  excellent.  Begins  to 
ripen  with  wheat  harvest,  and  continues  a  month.  Tree  a  slow 
grower  but  productive.  Too  small  for  market  but  good  for  home 
use.  New  Jersey.  Fig.  365. 

Williams'  Favorite.*  (Williams,  Williams'  Red,  Williams'  Favo- 
rite Red.  Size  medium,  sometimes  rather  large  ;  oblong-ovate, 
remotely  conical,  very  smooth  ;  color  mostly  fine  dark  crimson 
stripes  ;  stalk  three-quarters  to  one  inch  long,  enlarged  at  inser- 
tion, cavity  shallow  ;  basin  small  and  shallow,  even,  or  some- 
what ribbed ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  moderately  juicy,  with  some- 
times a  tinge  of  red  near  the  surface,  mild,  agreeable,  fine. 
Ripens  for  several  weeks  late  in  summer.  Its  handsome  appear- 
ance has  partly  contributed  to  its  high  reputation.  Requires  a 
rich  soil  and  good  cultivation.  Fig.  363.  Origin,  Roxbury,  Mass. 

Section  11.— Not  Striped. 

Cole's  Quince.  Large,  round,  oblate,  ribbed ;  yellow ;  mellow 
when  ripe,  inild,  rich,  high  quince  flavor.  Cooks  well  before  ripe. 
Productive.  Maine.  Hardy  far  West. 

Early  Harvest.*  (Yellow  Harvest,  Prince's  Harvest,  Early  French 
Reinette,  July  Pippin.  Size  medium,  roundish,  usually  more  or 
less  oblate,  smooth  ;  bright  straw  color  when  ripe  ;  stalk  rather 
short  and  slender ;  calyx  moderately  sunk ;  flesh  nearly  white, 
flavor  rather  acid,  fine.  Ripens  at  wheat  harvest,  and  for  three 
weeks  afterward.  Shoots  erect,  slightly  diverging,  straight, 
often  forked.  Productive.  Needs  rich  cultivation  to  be  fine. 
Good  throughout  the  northern  States  and  Southwest,  tender  North- 
west. Fig.  354.  t 

Fanny.*  Fruit  large,  roundish;  skin  deep  crimson;  flesh  tender, 
sub-acid,  very  good.  Season,  August.  Popular  in  the  East. 
Pennsylvania. 

Garrettson's  Early.  Size  medium,  roundish-conic  ;  skin  greenish 
yellow  with  numerous  dots ;  stalk  short,  cavity  shallow  ;  basin 
small,  furrowed  ;  flesh  white,  crisp,  tender,  sub-acid,  fair.  July 
and  August.  Tree  vigorous,  productive.  New  Jersey. 

Switzer.*  Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  very  productive ;  fruit  me- 
dium, roundish-oblate ;  skin  pale  yellow,  striped  and  blushed 


304  APPLES. 

with   light  crimson  ;   very  handsome  flesh,   white,   fine  grained, 
.    juicy,  very  good.     Russian.     Valuable  for  market  or  culinary. 

Tetofski.*  Medium,  roundish,  or  oblate  conic,  handsomely  striped 
with  red  and  covered  with  a  whitish  bloom  ;  flesh  white,  sprightly, 
sub-acid,  pleasant.  Tree  a  moderate  grower,  very  hardy  and 
productive.  Valuable  for  market.  July  and  August.  Russian. 

Horse.  Large,  varying  from  oblate  to  round,  ribbed ;  yellow ; 
stalk  short ;  cavity  and  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  yellow,  rather  coarse, 
sub-acid.  Tree  vigorous,  productive,  valued  at  the  South  and 
West  as  a  summer  cooking  and  drying  apple.  North  Carolina. 


FIG.  366.  FIG.  367.  FIG.  368. 

Primate.  Red  Astrachan.  Starr. 

Kirkbridge  White.  (Yellow  June.)  Size  medium,  oval,  tapering 
to  apex  and  base,  equally  blunt  at  ends  with  broad  ribs,  smooth  ; 
pale  yellow  ;  stem  short ;  cavity  and  basin  very  narrow  ;  flesh 
very  tender,  fine-grained,  with  a  moderately  "good"  sub-acid 
flavor.  Ripens  soon  after  Early  Harvest  and  for  six  weeks. 
Tree  a  slow  grower,  but  a  great  and  early  bearer ;  valuable  at 
the  West.  Too  tender  for  long  transportation. 

Lowland  Raspberry.  Medium,  roundish,  conic,  clear;  waxen, 
white,  shaded  and  marbled  crimson  ;  cavity  narrow,  acute  ;  stem 
medium  ;  basin  small ;  flesh  snow-white,  tinged  with  pink  next 
the  skin ;  tender,  fine-grained,  crisp,  juicj',  sub-acid,  almost 
sweet,  quality  good.  Fig.  397.  August.  Russian. 

Lyman's  Large  Summer.  Large,  roundish,  flattened  at  ends ; 
pale  yellow  ;  sub-acid,  high  flavored,  rather  fine  in  quality.  Ri- 
pens at  the  end  of  summer.  Tree  a  poor  bearer  until  large.  Conn. 

Primate.*  Above  medium  in  size,  roundish-conical,  somewhat 
ribbed  ;  light  green,  becoming  light  yellow,  often  with  a  slight 
blush  ;  fine  grained,  very  juicy,  with  a  very  agreeable,  mild, 
sub-acid  flavor.  Ripens  for  several  weeks  through  the  latter 
part  of  summer.  Often  water-cores.  Valuable  for  home  use. 
New  York.  Fig.  366. 

Red  Astrachan.*  Rather  large,  sometimes  quite  large,  roundish- 
oblate,  slightly  approaching  conical,  rather  smooth  ;  nearly  whole 
surface  brilliant  deep  crimson,  with  a  thick  bloom  like  a  plum  ; 
stalk  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long ;  calyx  in  a  small 
slightly  uneven  basin  ;  flesh  white,  rather  crisp ;  good,  rather 
acid,  slightly  austere.  A  few  days  after  Early  Harvest.  Excel- 
lent for  cooking.  Shoots  stout,  dark  brown,  diverging  and  ascend- 
ing ;  leaves  broad.  This  apple,  although  of  second-rate  flavor, 


APPLES.  305 

% 

because  of  its  earliness  and  very  handsome  and  fair  appearance, 
by  the  vigor  and  productiveness  of  the  tree,  and  its  excellent 
culinary  qualities,  is  now  in  general  cultivation.  It  should  be 
picked  a  few  days  before  fully  mature.  Hardy  far  West.  Rus- 
sian. Fig.  367. 

Sine  Qua  Non.  Size  medium,  roundish,  inclining  to  conical; 
smooth,  pale  greenish  yellow,  shaded  with  reddish  brown  to  the 
sun  ;  stalk  quite  slender,  nearly  an  inch  long  ;  basin  smooth  or 
very  slightly  plaited ;  flesh  greenish  white,  fine  grained,  delicate, 
very  tender,  moderately  juicy,  of  a  fine,  agreeable,  sub-acid 
flavor.  Shoots  greenish  yellow,  growth  slow.  Ripens  two  weeks 
after  Early  Harvest.  Origin,  Long  Island. 

Starr.  Large,  roundish  oblate,  regular,  smooth ;  pale  green,  often 
with  blush  on  sunny  side;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  sub-acid,  good. 
Summer.  New  Jersey.  Fig.  368. 

FIG.  369.— Broadwell.  FIG.  370.—  Munson's  Sweet. 


FIG.  371.— Porter.  FIG.  372.— Hawley.       FIG.  373.— Pomeroy. 

Summer  Pippin.  (Sour  Bough.)  Rather  large,  oblong,  oval,  irreg- 
ular ;  skin  pale  yellow,  with  greenish  dots  and  a  crimson  blush ; 
stalk  variable,  deep  set;  basin  abrupt,  furrowed;  flesh  white, 
tender,  with  a  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor.  End  of  summer.  A 
regular,  handsome  grower  and  good  bearer.  Westchester  County, 

Trenton  Early.  Size  medium,  roundish-oblate,  ribbed;  color  yel- 
lowish, somewhat  marked  with  green ;  surface  smooth,  cavity 
wide,  basin  furrowed ;  flesh  light,  tender,  with  a  pleasant  sub- 
acid  flavor.  Late  summer.  Valued  at  the  West. 

White  Juneating.  (Ye/low  May.)  Small,  round,  sometimes 
slightly  oblate,  smooth,  very  regular  ;  pale  greenish  yellow,  or  light 
yellow  ;  very  thin  russet  round  the  stalk ;  stalk  slender,  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  long,  set  shallow  ;  basin  very  shallow  ;  ten- 
der, sub-acid,  not  rich,  becoming  dry.  Ripens  a  little  before 
Yellow  Harvest.  Growth  upright,  rather  stout.  Productive. 
For  cooking  only.  Old  English  sort. 

20 


APPLES. 

The  May  apple,  of  Virginia,  is  a  fruit  similar  to  or  identical  in  char- 
acter and  quality  with  the  White  Juneating,  where  it  ripens  about 
the  first  of  summer,  bearing  every  year.  Large  quantities  are 
sent  to  Baltimore  for  tarts. 

Warfield.  Medium,  very  round  ;  fair,  with  a  light  blush  ;  tender, 
pleasant  acid  ;  may  be  used  for  cooking  in  July  when  two-thirds 
grown.  An  excellent  late  summer  market  apple.  Origin,  Musca- 
tine,  la. 

Yellow  Transparent.*  Medium,  round  conic  ;  skin  yellow,,  almost 
transparent ;  basin  shallow,  regular,  cavity  acute  ;  flesh  crisp, 
sub-acid,  good.  Largely  grown  all  over  the  country  as  an  excel- 
lent early  market  apple.  Especially  valuable  for  the  kitchen. 
Russia. 


DIVISION  II.— AUTUMN  APPLES. 

CLASS  I. — SWEET  APPLES. 
Section  1. — Striped  with  red. 

Jersey  Sweet.*  Size  medium,  round  ovate,  often  oblong-ovate, 
somewhat  conical ;  thickly  striped  with  fine  red  on  greenish  yel- 
low ;  stalk  one-half  to  an  inch  long ;  cavity  rather  irregular ; 
basin  wrinkled,  distinct ;  flesh  whitish,  very  sweet,  juicy  and 
tender,  good  flavor.  Succeeds  well  in  most  localities.  Early 
and  mid-autumn — immediately  follows  Golden  Sweet.  Shoots 
stout,  short  jointed ;  leaves  crenate-serrate.  New  Jersey.  Fig. 
376. 


FIG.  374.  FIG.  375.  FIG.  376. 

Rambo.  Prolific  Sweeting.  Jersey  Sweet. 

Richmond.  Large,  roundish-oblate,  slightly  ribbed  ;  splashed  and 
striped  with  crimson  on  yellow  ground,'  with  numerous  dots ; 
stalk  short,  cavity  large ;  calyx  large,  open ;  basin  large,  fur- 
rowed ;  flesh  white,  tender,  sweet,  rich.  Late  autumn.  Origin, 
Sandusky,  O. 

Section  11. — Not  striped. 

Autumn  Swaar.  (Sweet  Swaar.)  Large,  oblate,  sometimes  very 
slightly  ribbed  ;  rich  yellow  ;  stalk  an  inch  or  more  long,  varying 
from  long  and  slender,  to  thick  and  fleshy  at  insertion  ;  cavity 


APPLES.  3°7 

and  basin  wide  and  slightly  ribbed  ;  i^erfh  tender,  yellowish,  not 
juicy,  with  a  very  sweet,  spicy,  agreeable  flavor.  Mid-autumn. 
Growth  vigorous,  shoots  diverging,  tree  spreading.  A  large, 
roundish-conical  apple,  with  a  good,  mild,  sub-acid  flavor,  is 
grown  under  this  name  at  the  West. 

Autumn  Sweet  Bough.  (Autumn  Bough,  Fall  Bough,  Late  Bough, 
Philadelphia  Sweet.)  Size  medium,  conical,  angular;  pale  yel- 
low ;  stalk  slender,  deep  set ;  basin  deep,  furrowed  ;  flesh  white, 
tender,  with  a  very  good  flavor.  Early  autumn.  Tree  vigorous 
and  productive. 

Haskell  Sweet.  Large,  oblate,  regular :  greenish,  a  warm  brown 
cheek  ;  stalk  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  moderately 
sunk  ;  basin  rather  deep,  nearly  even  ;  flesh  tinged  with  yellow- 
ish brown,  very  tender,  sweet,  good. 

Munson  Sweet.*  Size  medium,  oblate,  smooth,  and  regular ;  pale 
yellow,  with  a  brown  blush  ;  stalk  short,  in  a  broad  cavity  ;  calyx 
in  small  basin  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  tender,  with  a  very  good, 
sweet  flavor.  Tree  a  strong  grower  and  uniform  bearer.  Last 
half  of  autumn.  A  valuable  sweet  apple.  Mass.  Fig.  370. 

Prolific  Sweet.  Medium,  oblate  conical,  base  and  apex  very 
irregular  ;  smooth  yellowish  white,  lined  green  ;  flesh  white,  firm, 
juicy,  sweet,  with  clear  water  spots.  Good.  September  in  Ver- 
mont. Fig.  375.  Russian. 

Pumpkin  Russet.  (Sweet  Russet.)  Large,  round,  slightly  flat- 
tened ;  yellowish  green,  partly  russetted  ;  cavity  wide,  shallow  ; 
basin  small ;  flavor  rich  and  sweet.  Through  autumn.  Distinct 
from  the  Sweet  Russet  cultivated  through  western  New  York, 
which  is  a  more  conical  fruit.  Connecticut. 

Pumpkin  Sweet.  (Lyman's.)  Very  large,  roundish,  ribbed  most 
toward  the  stalk ;  pale  green ;  stalk  short ;  calyx  small,  basin 
abrupt ;  flesh  white,  sweet,  tender,  not  juicy,  of  moderate  qual- 
ity. Ripens  through  autumn,  into  winter.  A  valuable  culinary 
sort.  Connecticut. 

Stump.*  Fruit  medium,  oblong-conic  ;  yellow,  striped  bright  red  ; 
sub-acid,  very  crisp,  excellent.  Resembles  Chenango.  Remark- 
ably prolific.  A  very  desirable  home  or  market  variety.  Monroe 
County,  N.  Y. 

Summer  Sweet  Paradise.  Large,  roundish,  sometimes  remotely 
oblong,  and  slightly  flattened  at  the  ends,  regular ;  pale  green  ; 
stalk  rather  thick,  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long;  basin  large, 
distinct ;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  rich,  aromatic.  Ripens  first  of 
autumn.  Shoots  spreading,  leaves  sharply  serrate.  Origin, 
Pennsylvania. 

This  is  totally  distinct  from  the  Dwarf  Paradise,  used  for  stocks, 
which  bears  a  small,  poor,  sweet,  summer  fruit. 

Sweet  Longfield.  Large,  regular,  oblong-conic ;  truncated  green- 
ish yellow,  usually  blushed  on  sunny  side  ;  cavity  regular,  acute  ; 
stem  medium  ;  basin  small  and  abrupt ;  flesh  white,  fine-grained, 
rich,  very  sweet,  quality  good.  Late  autumn.  Fig.  381.  Rus- 
sian. 


308  APPLES. 

Sweet  Pepka.  Small,  oblong-conic,  angular ;  yellowish  white ; 
cavity  regular,  narrow  ;  stem  short ;  basin  wide,  shallow,  wrin- 
kled ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  fine-grained,  sweet,  quality  fair.  Au- 
tumn. Fig.  356.  Russian. 

Tifft  Sweet.  Medium  in  size,  flat;  greenish  yellow  with  rus- 
set network  and  a  warm,  light  brown  cheek  ;  stalk  one  inch  long  ; 
cavity  wide,  obtuse  ;  flesh  yellowish,  rich,  sweet,  fine  in  flavor. 
A  light  bearer.  New  England. 

CLASS  II. — WITH  MORE  OR  LESS  ACIDITY. 
Section  J. — Striped  with  red. 

Alexander.  Very  large,  oblate,  inclined  to  conic,  regular  ;  streaked 
with  bright  red  on  greenish-yellow;  stalk  small,  cavity  rather 
deep  ;  calyx  large,  basin  deep,  even  ;  flesh  rather  crisp,  sub-acid, 
good  ;  a  coarse  sort,  only  for  cooking.  A  moderate  or  poor  bearer. 
Late  autumn.  Very  showy,  its  chief  recommendation.  Russian. 

Beauty  of  Kent.  Very  large,  rounding,  somewhat  flattish-conical, 
fair,  smooth,  and  rather  obtuse  ;  nearly  the  whole  surface  striped 
with  rich  purplish  red  ;  stalk  three-fourths  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  slender;  cavity  acuminate;  calyx  small,  basin  deep,  nar- 
row ;  flesh  tender,  slightly  sub-acid,  of  rather  poor  flavor.  One 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  magnificent  in  appearance  of  all  apples, 
but  of  little  or  no  value,  except  for  cooking.  Late  autumn. 
Growth  strong  and  upright,  shoots  dark.  English. 

Bonum.  Large,  oblate  ;  red  ;  basin  cavity  shallow  ;  stem  medium 
length;  flesh  yellow,  sub-acid,  rich,  delicious.  An  early  and 
abundant  bearer.  North  Carolina. 

Buckingham.*  (Bachelor,  Equinetely,  Fall  Queen  of  Kentucky, 
Kentucky  Queen.)  Medium  to  large,  oblate,  inclining  to  conic  ; 
striped,  shaded  and  splashed  with  crimson  on  greenish  yellow, 
with  many  light  brown  dots  ;  cavity  large  ;  stalk  short ;  basin 
wide  and  deep,  somewhat  furrowed  ;  flesh  yellowish,  tender, 
breaking,  mild  sub-acid,  very  good  in  quality.  Late  autumn  and 
early  winter.  A  popular  and  profitable  sort  in  the  southwestern 
States.  Tree  hardy  and  healthy,  and  moderately  productive, 
forming  a  round-headed  top.  Virginia.  Fig.  383. 

Carnation.  W.  N.  White,  of  Georgia,  gives  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  this  apple  :  Medium  size  ;  a  delicious,  sub-acid  apple,  fully 
first  rate  ;  dark  red,  splashed  with  russet ;  flesh  white,  brittle,  and 
very  juicy  ;  both  stalk  and  calyx  are  sunk  in  deep  depressions  ; 
no  autumn  apple  is  superior.  Ripe  August  loth. 

Chenango  Strawberry.*  (Frank,  Buckley,  Jackson,  Sherwood's 
Favorite,  Strawberry.)  Rather  large,  oblong-conic,  angular; 
striped  and  splashed  with  light  crimson  on  whitish  yellow  ground  ; 
cavity  narrow  and  deep  ;  basin  narrow  ;  flesh  white,  very  tender, 
with  a  pleasant,  mild,  sub-acid  flavor.  September,  October. 
Growth  upright,  vigorous,  shoots  light  colored.  Origin,  Chenango 
County,  N.  Y.  An  excellent  dessert  or  market  variety. 


APPLES.  3°9 

Clyde  Beauty.  Large,  roundish-conical,  slightly  ribbed ;  striped 
and  mottled  red  on  greenish  yellow  ;  stem  short,  slender,  deep 
set ;  basin  furrowed ;  flesh  white,  fine-grained,  sub-acid,  fair. 
Late  autumn.  Wayne  County,  N.  Y. 

Cooper.  Rather  large,  round  oblate,  sides  unequal ;  greenish  yel- 
low and  pale  red ;  stalk  slender,  deep  set ;  basin  deep ;  flesh 
crisp,  juicy,  pleasant,  but  not  very  high  flavor.  Mid-autumn. 
Cultivated  in  Central  Ohio. 

Cornell.  (Cornell's  Fancy.)  Medium,  oblong  conic;  shaded  and 
splashed  red  on  yellow  ;  stalk  medium,  cavity  large ;  basin 
abrupt,  furrowed  ;  flesh  white,  tender,  with  a  pleasant  sub-acid 
flavor.  September.  Originated  and  valued  in  central  Pennsyl- 


FIG.  378.  FIG.  38o. 

Red  Summer  Calville.  Lubsk  Queen. 


FIG.  379.  FIG.  377-  FIG.  381. 

Basil  the  Great.  Longfield.         Sweet  Longfield. 

Doctor.  (De  Witt.)  Medium  in  size,  or  large;  regular,  oblate; 
yellow,  clouded  and  streaked  with  red  ;  stalk  and  calyx  deep  set ; 
flesh  breaking,  tender,  aromatic,  brisk,  fine  flavor.  Late  au- 
tumn and  early  winter.  Succeeds  well  in  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio;  less  esteemed  farther  north.  Origin,  Pennsylvania. 

Fairbanks.  Size  medium,  rather  oblate,  inclining  to  conic;  skin 
light  yellow,  striped  with  red,  with  patches  of  russet;  stem  long, 
set  in  a  broad  and  shallow  cavity;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  with  a 
rich  sub-acid  and  vinous  flavor.  September  and  October.  Ori- 
gin, Winthrop,  Me. 

Fall  Seek-no-further.  Very  large,  oblate  ;  shaded  and  striped  with 
red  on  yellow ;  stalk  long ;  cavity  large,  russeted  ;  basin  broad, 
uneven ;  flesh  whitish,  tender,  pleasant,  sub-acid.  Productive. 
Connecticut. 


APPLES. 


Fall  Wine.*  Medium  to  large,  roundish-oblate;  color  a  rich  red, 
faintly  striped  on  a  rich  yellow  skin;  stem  slender;  flesh  yellow, 
crisp,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  mild,  rich,  scarcely  sub-acid  flavor. 
Mid-autumn  till  winter.  Fig.  382.  Succeeds  best  in  the  West— 
often  scabby  at  the  East. 

Fameuse.*  (Snow-apple,  Pomme  de  Neige.)  Medium  in  size, 
round,  often  oblate,  even  ;  handsomely  striped  and  blotched  with 
fine  deep  red  on  whitish  ground — where  much  exposed,  a  deep, 
nearly  uniform  red ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slender ; 
cavity  small ;  basin  quite  small,  slightly  wrinkled ;  flesh  very 
white,  juicy,  sub-acid,  a  little  spicy,  exceedingly  pleasant,  but 
not  very  rich.  Late  autumn.  Shoots  dark,  diverging,  some- 
what flexuous.  Much  admired  as  a  table  fruit  for  its  handsome 
appearance  and  pleasant,  refreshing  flavor.  Fig.  388. 

Gabriel.  Size  medium,  roundish-ovate,  regular;  striped  and 
splashed  with  pale  red  on  yellow ;  stalk  slender ;  calyx  and 
basin  small ;  flesh  yellowish,  sub-acid,  of  excellent  flavor. 


FIG.  382. 
Fall  Wine. 


FIG.  383. 
Buckingham. 


FIG.  384. 
Soulard. 


Gravenstein.*  Rather  large,  roundish,  slightly  oblate,  obtusely  and 
obscurely  ribbed,  surface  a  little  wavy ;  striped  and  splashed 
with  bright  red  on  a  yellow  ground ;  stalk  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  long ;  cavity  rather  deep ;  calyx  large ;  basin  deep,  narrow ; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  very  rich,  sub-acid  or  rather  acid,  high 
flavored.  Mid-autumn.  Productive,  handsome,  and  excellent. 
Fine  in  all  localities.  Shoots  strong,  becoming  smoo'.h  and  shin- 
ing, ascending.  Fig.  391.  German. 

Hurlbut.  Size  medium,  oblate,  conic;  yellow  striped  with  red; 
stalk  small;  cavity  large;  basin  shallow;  flesh  wnite,  crisp, 
tender,  with  a  mild  sub-acid  flavor.  Connecticut. 

Jefferson  County.  Medium,  roundish,  regular ;  striped  and  shaded 
red  on  yellow ;  cavity  deep ;  calyx  small ;  basin  deep,  smooth  ; 
flesh  crisp,  tender,  with  a  very  good  mild  sub-acid  flavor.  Late 
autumn.  Tree  vigorous,  productive.  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y. 

Jefferis.  Medium  or  rather  large,  round  oblate ;  yellow,  red,  and 
deep  red,  striped ;  stalk  very  short,  slender ;  cavity  and  basin 


APPLES.  311 

deep  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  remarkably  tender  and  juicy  ;  flavor 
very  pleasant.  Ripens  first  of  autumn.  Fig.  390.  Origin,  West- 
Chester,  Pa.  Hardy  far  north. 

Jewett's  Red.  (Jewett's  Fine  Red,  Nodhead.)  Medium  or  rather 
large,  roundish,  slightly  oblate  ;  striped  red  on  yellow  or  slightly 
greenish  yellow  ground,  with  conspicuous  white  dots ;  stem 
nearly  an  inch  long;  cavity  acuminate;  basin  rather  shallow; 
flesh  remarkably  tender,  fine  grained,  mild  sub-acid,  slightly 
aromatic.  Mid-autumn  into  winter.  Cultivated  in  the  northern 
parts  of  New  England.  Hardy  at  the  West.  New  Hampshire. 


FIG.  386.— Late  Strawberry. 


FlG.  388.— Faraeuse. 


FIG.  387.— Oldenburg.       FIG.  385.— Twenty  Ounce.         FIG.  389.— Melon. 


Kane.  (Cane,  Cain.)  Size  medium,  roundish-oblate,  often  ob- 
scurely conical,  regular;  surface  fair  and  beautiful,  highly  pol- 
ished,, indistinctly  striped  with  brilliant  light  crimson,  gradually 
merging  into  delicate  blush  color  on  the  shaded  part ;  stalk  often 
very  short ;  cavity  acute,  narrow ;  basin  regular ;  flesh  yellow- 
ish white,  with  a  pleasant,  good  flavor.  Hardly  .of  the  highest 
quality,  but  much  admired  for  its  beauty.  Late  autumn.  A 
native  of  Kent  County,  Delaware. 

Late  Strawberry.*  (Strawberry,  Autumn  Strawberry.)  Size  me- 
dium ;  roundish,  slightly  conical,  sometimes  faintly  ribbed; 
nearly  whole  surface  with  small  broken  streaks  of  light  and  dark 
red ;  stalk  slender,  about  an  inch  long ;  basin  ribbed ,  flesh  yel- 
lowish white,  slightly  fibrous,  very  tender  and  juicy,  with  a  fine, 
very  agreeable,  sub-acid  flavor.  Young  trees  of  remarkably 
thrifty  growth,  leaves  sharply  serrate,  which  at  once  distin- 
guishes them  from  the  crenate  leaves  of  the  Early  Strawberry. 
Ripens  early  in  autumn,  and  often  keeps  till  winter.  Very  pro- 
ductive. Fig.  386.  One  of  the  best  early  autumn  apples.  Sue 
ceeds  well  in  the  West.  New  York. 


3I2 


APPLES. 


Leland  Spice.  (Leland  Pippin.)  Large,  roundish,  obscurely  coni- 
cal, slightly  ribbed ;  whole  surface  with  brilliant  red  streaks  on 
yellow  ground,  dotted  with  yellow;  stalk  half  an  inch  long; 
cavity  and  basin  ribbed;  flesh  yellowish  white,  sub-acid,  spicy, 
rich,  fine.  October.  Origin,  Sherburne,  Mass. 

Long  Island  Seek-no-further.  Large,  oblate,  conical ;  skin  yellow, 
striped  and  splashed  with  red  ;  flesh  tender,  with  a  good  sub- 
acid  flavor.  October  to  February.  An  old  variety.  Tree  pro- 
ductive. Origin  unknown. 

Lyscom.  Large,  round,  with  broad,  broken,  distinct,  pale  red 
stripes,  on  yellowish  or  greenish  yellow  ground ;  stalk  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slender ;  calyx  deep  set ;  flesh  fine 
grained,  mild,  slightly  sub-acid,  moderately  rich,  good  flavor. 
Middle  and  late  autumn.  Massachusetts. 


FIG. 
Jefferis. 


FIG.  391. 
Gravenstein. 


FIG.  392. 
Sops  of  Wine. 


Magnolia.  Size  medium,  oblate-conical ;  striped  and  mottled  with 
crimson  on  yellow;  stalk  short;  cavity  broad,  uneven;  basin 
small;  flesh  white,  tender,  with  a  brisk  aromatic  flavor.  Growth 
moderate,  productive.  Mid-autumn. 

Mangum.  (Gulley.)  Medium,  oblate,  slightly  conic,  ribbed; 
shaded  and  striped  with  red  on  yellow  with  numerous  dots; 
stalk  small,  in  a  broad,  russeted  cavity  ;  basins  lightly  furrowed  ; 
flesh  yellow,  very  tender,  with  a  mild  sub-acid  excellent  flavor. 
A  valuable  Southern  apple.  Tree  thrifty,  productive.  Alabama. 

Melon.*  (Watermelon,  Norton's  Melon.)  Medium  or  large,  round- 
ish, often  slightly  conical,  frequently  a  little  irregular;  color, 
with  stripes  and  dots  of  bright  red  on  yellow  ground,  or  clear 
red  on  pale  yellow ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  slender ;  cavity  acumi- 
nate;  basin  deep;  flesh  white,  tender,  very  juicy,  fresh,  and 
pleasant,  spicy,  sub-acid  or  slightly  sub-acid,  fine  flavored. 
Growth  rather  slow.  Late  autumn  and  early  winter,  but  often 
keeps  longer.  Fig.  389.  An  excellent  table  apple,  but  a  moder- 
ate bearer.  Origin,  East  Bloomfield,  N.  Y. 

Melt  in  the  Mouth.  Medium  or  rather  small,  roundish,  slightly 
flattened ;  skin  greenish  yellow,  indistinctly  striped  and  shaded 
with  red,  with  russet  dots ;  stalk  short ;  cavity  shallow,  obtuse ; 
calyx  open  ;  flesh  yellow,  with  a  rich,  aromatic,  rather  acid,  and 
very  good  flavor.  Ripens  through  autumn.  Pennsylvania. 


APPLES.  3*3 

Mexico.  Size  medium,  roundish ;  striped  light  and  dark  red ; 
stalk  large  and  long ;  cavity  broad,  shallow,  russeted ;  calyx 
large,  in  a  narrow  basin  ;  fle.-h  whitish  stained  with  red,  tender, 
with  a  very  good  flavor.  A  handsome  New  England  fruit.  Tree 
very  hardy,  productive. 

Myer's.  (Ohio  Nonpareil.)  Large,  roundish,  slightly  oblate; 
marbled  and  splashed  red  on  yellow  ;  cavity  and  basin  medium  ; 
flesh  yellowish  white,  with  an  excellent  sub-acid  flavor.  Autumn. 
Growth  strong  and  straight,  forming  a  compact  head.  Produc- 
tive, and  much  valued  at  the  West. 

Oldenburgh.*  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish,  a  little  flattened 
at  the  ends  ;  light  red  in  broad  broken  stripes  and  splashes  on 
yellow  ground  ;  stem  short,  in  an  acuminate  cavity  ;  basin  deep 
and  narrow ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  sub-acid,  very  handsome. 
Good  for  cooking.  Early  autumn.  Shoots  dark,  ascending. 
Very  hardy.  Suceeds  well  at  the  West  and  North.  The  strong 
growth  of  the  tree,  its  early  bearing  and  endurance  of  severe  win- 
ters, and  the  fair  and  handsome  appearance  of  the  fruit,  render  it 
one  of  the  most  valuable  sorts  for  the  West.  Russian.  Fig.  387. 

Orndorf.  Size  medium,  roundish  ;  slightly  striped  and  shaded  red 
on  yellow  ;  stalk  slender ;  cavity  and  basin  deep  ;  calyx  open  ; 
flesh  yellowish,  crisp,  with  an  excellent  sub-acid  flavor*.  A  mod- 
erate bearer.  October  and  November.  Ohio. 

Rambo.*  (Romanite  of  New  Jersey.)  Size  medium,  oblate, 
smooth  ;  streaked  and  marbled  with  dull  yellowish  red  on  pale 
yellowish  ground  ;  dots  large  ;  whitish  ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  rather 
slender ;  basin  broad,  slightly  plaited ;  flesh  tender,  rich,  mild 
sub-acid,  fine  flavored,  often  excellent.  Fine  in  nearly  all  local- 
ities. Late  autumn  and  early  winter.  Known  by.the  erroneous 
name  of  Seek -no-further  in  Philadelphia  market.  Pa.  Fig.  374. 
Tender  far  West. 

Red  Summer  Calville.  Medium,  regular,  oblong-conical ;  yellow- 
ish white,  mostly  covered  with  rosy  red,  mottled  and  splashed 
with  darker  red,  basin  very  shallow,  almost  wanting  ;  flesh  white, 
fine  grained,  spicy,  sub-acid,  quality  good.  Early  autumn.  Fig. 
378.  Russian. 

Republican  Pippin.  Large,  round-oblate;  striped  with  red  on  a 
mottled  reddish  ground,  greenish  yellow  in  the  shade;  stalk  an 
inch  long,  slender;  cavity  sometimes  with  radiating  russet  rays; 
flesh  tender,  sub-acid,  with  a  pleasant,  peculiar,  somewhat  walnut 
flavor.  Ripens  early  and  mid-autumn,  but  is  a  good  cooking  apple 
in  summer.  Excellent  for  drying.  Tree  a  strong  and  crooked 
grower — moderate  bearer.  Origin,  Lycoming  County,  Pa. 

Ribston  Pippin.  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish  conical ;  clouded 
and  striped  with  yellowish  red,  on  a  yellow  and  slightly  russeted 
ground  ;  stalk  slender,  often  short ;  cavity  rather  wide  ;  basin  nar- 
row, angular  ;  flesh  yellow,  crisp,  granular,  juicy,  with  a  very  rich 
and  rather  sharp  or  acid  flavor.  First-rate  as  far  north  as  Maine, 
often  second-rate  farther  south  ;  but  its  quality  is  usually  suffered  to 
deteriorate  needlessly  by  remaining  too  long  on  the  tree.  Late 
autumn  and  early  winter.  Shoots  diverging  or  spreading;  buds 
and  young  shoots  rather  hoary.  English. 


3U  APPLES. 

Richards'  Graft.  (Derrick's  Graft,  Red  Spitzenburgh.)  Rathef 
large,  roundish-oblate  ;  striped  red  on  yellow  ;  cavity  large  ;  basin 
deep;  flesh  fine  grained,  tender,  with  a  refreshing,  sub-acid,  very 
good  flavor.  September  and  October.  Cultivated  on  the  Hudson 
River. 

Shiawasse  Beauty.  Medium,  oblate,  regular,  smooth;  deep  bril- 
liant red  on  greenish  yellow  ground  ;  stalk  very  short, deeply  sunk  ; 
basin  small,  regular;  flesh  white,  tender,  crisp,  sub-acid  and  aro- 
matic. October  and  November.  Resembles  Fameuse,  but  tree  a 
stronger  and  more  upright  grower  and  fruit  larger.  Michigan. 

Smokehouse.*  Medium  or  rather  large,  oblate,  regular ;  mottled, 
and  indistinctly  striped  with  red  on  yellow  ground  ;  a  slight  green- 
ish cast  at  the  crown ;  stalk  one  inch  long,  slender,  cavity  wide, 
acute;  basin  rather  distinct;  flesh  yellowish  white,  rich,  aromatic, 
fine  sub-acid  flavor.  Mid-autumn  to  winter.  Origin,  Chester 
County,  Pa.  Succeeds  in  the  Middle  States. 

St.  Lawrence.  (Corse's  St.  Lawrence.)  Large,  roundish,  slightly 
oblate,  and  sometimes  a  little  conical,  obtuse ;  whole  surface 
broadly  and  very  distinctly  striped  with  very  dark  red,  on  light 
greenish  yellow  ground ;  stem  rather  short  and  slender,  cavity 
wide ;  basin  round,  deep,  with  a  very  obtuse  rim  ;  flavor  rather 
acid,  moderately  rich,  agreeable.  A  very  handsome,  hardy,  and 
productive  apple,  of  good  flavor,  ripening  about  mid-autumn. 
Canadian. 

Soulard.  Medium,  round  oblate,  slightly  angular ;  whitish,  striped 
bright  red,  dots  few,  brown  ;  stalk  short,  cavity  large ;  basin  me- 
dium, corrugated  ;  flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  Very  good. 
Late  autumn.  Fig.  384.  Missouri. 

Titus.  Large,  round ;  greenish  yellow,  striped  with  red ;  cavity 
deep,  stem  medium ;  basin  wide,  shallow ;  flesh  fine-grained, 
juicy,  sub-acid,  the  best  of  the  Titus  family  of  Russian  apples. 
Late  autumn.  Fig.  434.  Russian. 

Twenty  Ounce.*  (Cayuga  Red  Streak,  Twenty  Ounce  Pippin 
erroneously.)  Very  large,  roundish,  remotely  conical;  surface 
sometimes  smooth,  often  very  wavy ;  color  striped  rich  yellowish 
red  on  greenish  yellow  or  yellowish  white  ground ;  stalk  three- 
fourths  inch  long;  sub-acid,  rather  coarse,  second  quality.  Very 
showy,  fair,  and  productive.  Fig.  385.  A  profitable  market  sort. 
Late  autumn  and  early  winter.  Growth  in  large  trees  becoming 
straggling.  Connecticut.  The  Twenty  Ounce  Pippin  is  a  large, 
green,  third-rate  fruit. 

Vandevere.  (Watson's  Vandevere,  Indiana  Vandevere.)  Large, 
oblate,  remotely  conic  ;  striped  and  blotched  with  light  red  on 
yellow ;  stalk  short,  cavity  large ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  firm, 
crisp,  brisk  sub-acid.  Culinary.  Western.  November  and  De- 
cember. Delaware. 

Washington  Strawberry.  Rather  large,  roundish-conic,  slightly 
oblate  ;  striped  and  splashed  with  deep  crimson  on  yellow  ;  cavity 
deep  ;  flesh  yellow,  a  little  coarse,  brisk  sub-acid.  Growth  vigor- 
ous. September,  October.  Origin,  Washington  County,  N.  Y. 


APPLES.  3I5 

Winter  Pear.  Rather  small ;  yellow  striped,  splashed  and  marbled 
with  red  ;  cavity  rather  deep  ;  stem  medium,  basin  narrow,  regular ; 
flesh  yellowish,  fine-grained,  juicy,  very  spicy,  mild  sub-acid  with 
a  decided  pear  flavor.  Early  autumn.  Fig.  393.  Russian. 

Section  IL—Not  Striped. 

Bailey  Spice.  Fruit  medium,  roundish-conic;  light  yellow  with 
a  faint  blush  ;  stalk  large,  deeply  set ;  calyx  closed,  basin  moder- 
ate ;  flesh  fine-grained,  tender,  spicy,  rich,  sub-acid.  Mid-autumn. 
Origin,  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. 

Bellerdovskoe.  Large,  round,  regular,  smooth;  greenish  yellow, 
bronzed  in  the  sun  ;  cavity  regular,  acute ;  stem  short,  basin  wide, 
shallow;  flesh  white,  juicy,  sub-acid,  good.  Early  autumn. 
Fig.  396.  Russian. 

FIG.  393.— Winter  Pear.       FIG.  394.— Raspberry. 


FIG.  395.  FIG.  396.  FIG.  397. 

Blushed  Calville.        Bellerdovskoe.  Liveland  Raspberry. 

Bietigheimer.  (Red  Bietigheimer.)  Very  large,  round,  oblate; 
dark  yellow,  covered  with  purplish  crimson  ;  flesh  firm,  sub-acid, 
good.  Tree  a  vigorous  grower  and  free  bearer,  hardy.  German. 

Blushed  Calville.  Medium,  roundish  oblate;  yellow,  blushed  on 
side ;  cavity  large,  oblique ;  basin  narrow,  corrugated ;  flesh  red- 
dish white,  fine-grained,  sub-acid,  quality  good.  Season  August, 
following  Yellow  Transparent.  Fig.  395.  Russian. 

Capron's  Pleasant.  Rather  large,  roundish-oblate  ;  greenish  yellow  ; 
stem  rather  stout ;  calyx  large  ;  cavity  and  basin  medium  ;  flesh  yel- 
low, tender,  mild,  sub-acid,  agreeable.  September  and  October. 

Cracking.  Large,  roundish  ;  light  yellow,  with  a  tinge  of  red  in  the 
sun  ;  stalk  slender,  in  a  deep,  narrow,  acuminate  cavity  ;  basin  deep 
and  narrow  ;  flesh  a  little  coarse,  yellow,  with  a  pleasant  breaking 
texture,  and  a  good  sub-acid  flavor.  Valuable  at  the  West.  Ohio. 


316  APPLES. 

Disharoon.  Rather  large,  roundish-oblate,  slightly  conical ;  yellow- 
ish green  ;  stalk  short,  cavity  large,  calyx  small ;  basin  rather  deep 
and  narrow  ;  flesh  white,  with  a  fine  sub-acid,  aromatic  flavor, 
resembling  that  of  Newtown  Pippin.  November,  December. 
Georgia. 

Drap  d'Or  or  "Cloth  of  Gold."  Large,  roundish,  sometimes  slightly 
oblong-conical,  more  frequently  rather  oblate ;  bright  yellow,  with 
numerous  black  specks ;  stalk  short ;  basin  shallow,  plaited ;  sub- 
acid,  mild,  agreeable.  Early  autumn,  extending  to  mid-autumn. 
Tree  regular,  spreading ;  leaves  doubly  serrate. 

Duckett.  Rather  large,  roundish-oblate ;  light  greenish  yellow, 
slightly  ribbed ;  stalk  short,  deep  set ;  basin  deep ;  flesh  fine- 
grained, mild,  sub-acid.  Late  autumn.  A  good  southern  fruit. 

Dyer.*  (Pomme  Royal,  which  is  the  original  name.)  Rather  large, 
roundish,  often  approaching  round  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  flat- 
tened, obscurely  ribbed  ;  light  yellow,  rarely  a  faint  brown  cheek, 
and  sometimes  a  slight  russet  network  over  the  skin  ;  stalk  three- 
fourths  to  one  inch  long;  basin  often  deep  and  large,  ribbed  ;  flesh 
very  fine-grained,  tender,  very  juicy,  with  a  rich,  sub-acid,  or  rather 
acid,  excellent  flavor,  having  but  few  equals.  Fig.  365.  Season 
variable;  November,  December.  Productiveness  variable.  An 
early  bearer. 

Ernst's  Pippin.  Large,  oblate,  smooth  ;  pale  greenish  yellow,  with 
a  brownish  cheek  ;  cavity  wide,  basin  wrinkled,  calyx  open  ;  flesh 
tender,  sub-acid,  very  agreeable.  Mid-autumn.  Cincinnati. 

Esten.  Large,  oblong-ovate,  slightly  ribbed,  smooth  ;  yellow,  some- 
times a  blush ;  dots  large,  green  and  red ;  stalk  one  inch  long, 
slender  ;  cavity  very  deep  ;  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  white,  fine-grained, 
mild  sub-acid.  Tree  vigorous,  very  productive.  Rhode  Island. 

Fall  Harvey.  Large,  roundish-oblate,  nearly  regular;  pale  yellow; 
stalk  slender,  one  inch  long;  cavity  moderate ;  basin  medium  in 
size,  furrowed;  flesh  fine-grained,  juicy,  good,  mild  sub-acid  flavor. 
Moderate  or  poor  bearer.  Essex  County,  Mass. 

Fall  Orange.*  (Holden  Pippin.)  Large,  roundish-ovate,  or  oval ; 
light  greenish  yellow,  becoming  pale  yellow,  rarely  a  brown 
cheek  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  cavity  narrow ;  basin  even-rimmed, 
slightly  plaited;  sub-acid,  tender,  good,  best  when  fresh  from  the 
tree.  Shoots  very  stout,  dark  colored.  Tree  very  hardy,  bears 
while  very  young,  fruit  always  fair.  Massachusetts. 

Fall  Pippin.*  (Holland  Pippin,  erroneously.)  Very  large,  round- 
ish, obtuse,  somewhat  oblong-conical,  a  little  flattened  at  the 
ends,  sometimes  with  large  obtuse  ribs;  color  greenish,  becoming 
a  high  rich  yellow  when  ripe,  with  some  large  shades  of  green  about 
the  crown  before  fully  ripe ;  stalk  large,  in  an  acuminate  cavity, 
basin  deep;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  firm,  becoming  tender,  rich, 
aromatic,  excellent.  Leaves  sharply  serrate,  shoots  vigorous, 
rather  dark,  diverging,  becoming  spreading;  tree  large.  Late 
autumn,  keeping  into  mid-winter.  Mostly  a  moderate  bearer — 
fruit  sometimes  water-cored.  Excellent  for  cooking.  Fine  in 
nearly  all  localities.  Fig.  368. 


APPLES.  317 

Hawley.  (Dowse.)  Quite  large,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  some- 
times nearly  round,  with  a  broad  obtuse  apex,  and  slightly  flat- 
tened, smooth ;  pale  green  becoming  yellow,  sometimes  a  very 
faint  orange  cheek  ;  stalk  one-half  to  one  inch  long,  slender  ;  cavity 
wide,  deep,  acute,  sometimes  slightly  obtuse ;  basin  deep,  slightly 
furrowed ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  fine-grained,  quite  tender,  with 
a  mild,  rich,  sub-acid,  fine  flavor.  Ripens  at  mid-autumn.  Shoots 
of  rather  slow  growth.  Origin,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.  Liability 
to  dry  rot  and  water-core  has  rendered  it  of  little  value.  Fig.  372. 

Holland  Pippin.  Very  large,  roundish,  somewhat  oblong,  and  flat- 
tened at  the  ends,  sometimes  slightly  oblate;  greenish  yellow,  be- 
coming pale  yellow  or  whitish  yellow,  with  a  brownish  red  cheek ; 
stalk  variable  in  length,  usually  short ;  cavity  wide,  acute  ;  basin 
slightly  plaited  ;  flesh  nearly  white,  rather  acid,  with  a  moderate 
flavor.  Ripens  early  and  mid-autumn,  but  isr,  good  cooking  apple 
some  weeks  previously.  Wholly  distinct  from  the  Fall  Pippin.  An 
excellent'culinary  sort. 

Hunge.     Rather  large,  roundish,  somewhat  irregular  and  oblique; 
skin  smooth,  bright  yellow, with  a  faint  delicate  blush  ;  stem  half  an 
inch  long ;  basin  rather  deep,  slightly  ribbed ;   flesh  fine-grained, 
tender,  sub-acid,  "very  good."    Cultivated    in    North    Carolina. 
September  and  October. 

Keswick  Codlin.*  Rather  large,  somewhat  conical,  and  ribbed; 
greenish  yellow,  becoming  light  yellow;  stalk  short,  deep  set; 
calyx  rather  large;  juicy,  pleasant  acid,  quality  moderate.  Suc- 
ceeds well  at  the  West.  Fine  for  cooking  ;  very  productive,  bears 
early.  Ripens  in  September  but  may  be  used  for  cooking  in  sum- 
mer. English. 

Lowell.*  (Orange,  Tallow  Apple,  Tallow  Pippin,  Queen  Anne,  of 
Northern  Ohio.)  Large,  roundish-oblong,  obtuse, slightly  conical ; 
green,  becoming  rich  yellow  ;  surfaces  lightly  oily  ;  stalk  one  inch 
long ;  basin  deep,  furrowed  or  plaited  inside,  rim  obtuse,  even  ;  flesh 
yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  rich  sub-acid,  or  rather  acid  ;  hardly 
first  quality,  but  valuable  for  its  fair  surface  and  great  and  early 
productiveness.  Early  autumn.  Tree  rather  slender  and  a  mod- 
erate grower. 

Maiden's  Blush.*  Rather  large,  oblate,  smooth,  and  regular;  with 
a  fine,  evenly  shaded  red  cheek  or  blush  on  a  clear  pale  yellow 
ground;  stalk  short ;  cavity  rather  wide;  basin  moderate,  even; 
flesh  white,  fine-grained,  tender,  pleasant  sub-acid,  but  not  rich. 
Mid-autumn.  Tree  spreading.  Although  deficient  in  richness,  it 
is  valued  for  its  fair,  tender,  and  beautiful  fruit,  and  uniform  pro- 
ductiveness. Fig.  400.  Valuable  at  the  West.  New  Jersey. 

Porter.*  Above  medium,  oblong-ovate-conical,  regular,  often  ribbed 
at  apex  ;  bright  yellow,  sometimes  a  dull  blush  in  the  sun  ;  stalk 
one  inch  long,  slender,  cavity  rather  small ;  basin  narrow  ;  flesh 
tender,  rich,  rather  acid,  of  fine  flavor.  Fair  and  productive. 
Early  autumn.  Succeeds  in  the  Northern  and  Middle  States. 
Leaves  sharp,  serrate.  In  some  localities  this  fruit  proves  too  acid 
for  the  table.  Fig.  371.  Massachusetts, 


APPLES. 


Roberson's  White.  Medium,  oblong,  flattened  at  ends  ;  green,  with 
dark  dots;  flesh  yellowish,  fm.e-grained,  crisp,  with  a  sub-acid, 
aromatic  flavor.  Late  autumn.  Tree  vigorous,  upright.  A 
good  bearer.  Formerly  grown  in  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Oliver.  Medium,  red  on  greenish  yellow  'ground,  with  grayish 
dots  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  stained  with  pink,  crisp,  sprightly,  sub- 
acid.  Arkansas. 

Star.  Medium,  flat,  slightly  conical,  unequal,  regular,  smooth; 
greenish  yellow  ;  dots  numerous,  dark,  prominent ;  basin  shallow, 
regular,  eye  small,  closed,  cavity  shallow,  regular,  russeted ;  stem 
short ;  flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  rich. 


FIG.  398.— Dyer. 


FIG.  399.— Am.  Golden  Russet. 


FIG.  400.  FIG.  4°i. 

Maiden's  Blush.     Fall  Pippin. 


FIG.  402. 

Monmouth  Pippin. 


Stevenson's  Winter.  Medium,  roundish  oblate;  greenish  yellow 
and  dark  red  ;  vigorous  and  prolific.  Autumn.  Alabama. 

Wealthy.  Medium,  roundish,  oblate;  yellowish  shade  with  dark 
red,  oily ;  flesh  tender,  white,  juicy,  sub-acid,  very  good.  Tree 
hardy,  vigorous  and  productive.  A  standard  commercial  variety 
in  the  plains  region,  and  valued  as  an  excellent  culinary  and 
market  sort  elsewhere.  Minnesota.  Fig.  469. 

Winthrop  Greening.  Large,  oblate,  remotely  conical,  slightly 
ribbed,  nearly  regular ;  skin  yellow,  when  ripe,  with  a  little 
green,  sometimes  a  faint  red  shade  to  the  sun  ;  stem  short,  cav- 
ity shallow,  basin  moderate ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  sub-acid, 
very  good.  Mid-autumn.  A  valued  sort  in  Maine. 


APPLES.  319 


DIVISION  III.— WINTER  APPLES. 

CLASS  I  — SWEET  APPLES. 
Section  I. — Striped  with  red. 

Bailey  Sweet.*  (Patterson  Sweet,  Edgerly  Sweet.)  Large,  regu- 
lar ovate,  often  slightly  and  sometimes  considerably  ribbed  ;  the 
whole  surface  frequently  a  full  bright  red,  in  small,  broken,  indis- 
tinct stripes  and  dots,  on  light  ground  ;  stalk  slender,  one  inch 
long  ;  cavity  small,  narrow,  slightly  ribbed  ;  basin  small,  plaited  ; 
flesh  very  tender,  not  juicy ;  flavor  mild,  rich,  sweet ;  fine. 
Early  winter.  Fig.  404.  Origin,  Perry,  Wyoming  Co.,  N.  V. 

Bentley's  Sweet.  Rather  large,  roundish-cblong,  striped  and 
blotched  with  red  on  yellow  ground  ;  stalk  in  a  deep,  narrow 
cavity,  calyx  large,  open  ;  basin  deep ;  flesh  rather  coarse,  firm, 
of  moderate  quality.  Keeps  long.  Virginia. 

Hartford  Sweet.  (Spencer  Sweeting.)  Rather  large,  roundish, 
slightly  flattened ;  striped  with  fine  red  on  greenish  yellow 
ground  ;  stalk  slender,  cavity  rather  shallow,  round  ;  calyx  large, 
basin  shallow ;  juicy,  tender,  rich,  agreeable.  Keeps  through 
winter  and  spring.  Productive.  Although  hardly  first-rate  in 
quality,  valuable  for  its  productiveness  and  long  keeping.  A 
native  of  Hartford,  Conn. 

Hockett's  Sweet.  Large,  roundish  oblate,  smooth  ;  lightly  shaded 
and  obscurely  striped  with  light  dull  red  on  a  dull  rich,  yellow 
skin  ;  flesh  yellowish,  coarse  grained,  somewhat  crisp,  compact, 
with  a  very  sweet  and  rather  rich  flavor.  Early  winter.  North 
Carolina. 

Ladies'  Sweet.*  Medium,  roundish-ovate,  apex  narrow ;  striped 
with  red  on  pale  yellow  ground,  a  nearly  uniform  shade  of  fine  red 
to  the  sun  ;  faintly  marbled  or  clouded  with  white  over  the  red, 
and  cavity  faintly  rayed  with  white  ;  stalk  short,  cavity  small ; 
calyx  and  basin  small ;  tender,  juicy,  agreeable,  fine.  One  of 
the  best  winter  sweet  apples.  A  profuse  bearer.  Growth  feeble. 
Fig.  403.  Newburgh,  N.  Y. 

Maverack's  Sweet.  Large,  roundish-oblate,  approaching  conical ; 
striped  and  shaded  with  bright  red  on  yellow  skin  ;  stalk  short, 
cavity  rather  large  ;  calyx  open  ;  flesh  fine-grained,  tender,  of 
sweet,  very  good  flavor.  Early  winter.  South  Carolina. 

Phillips'  Sweet.  Medium  or  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  and 
conical,  regular ;  mottled  red,  yellow,  and  dark  red  ;  flesh  rich 
yellow,  tender,  juicy,  crisp,  sweet.  Very  handsome  ;  resembles 
Ladies'  Sweeting,  but  more  showy  and  not  equal  in  flavor. 
Early  winter.  Growth  upright,  vigorous.  Central  Ohio.  ' 

Ramsdell's  Sweet.  (Ramsdell's  Red  Pumpkin  Sweet.)  Rather 
large,  oblong,  obscurely  conical,  regular ;  dark  rich  red,  with 
a  blue  bloom  ;  stalk  short ;  basin  rather  deep,  even  ;  flesh  yellow- 
ish, tender,  sweet,  rich,  good  second  quality.  Tree  vigorous, 
upright,  productive.  Late  autumn  and  early  winter,  Connecti- 
cut. 


320  APPLES. 

Sweet  Pearmain.  (Henrick  Sweet.)  Medium  size,  roundish  ol 
ovate-conical ;  dark  rich  red,  with  rough  dots ;  stalk  an  inch 
long,  slender,  cavity  wide,  round  ;  calyx  woolly,  basin  very  small ; 
flavor  sweet  and  rich.  Through  winter.  Introduced  from  England 
before  the  Revolution.  Much  valued  in  central  Ohio  and  farther 
West. 

Sweet  Romanite.  (Sweet  Nonsuch,  of  Illinois.)  Size  medium, 
roundish  oblate,  regular;  striped  and  shaded  with  bright  red  on 
greenish  yellow;  stalk  short;  calyx  large,  open;  basin  shallow, 
furrowed;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  firm,  crisp,  juicy,  sweet.  Keeps 
through  winter.  Fig.  405.  Valuable  at  the  "West. 


FIG.  403.  FIG.  404*.  FIG.  405- 

Ladies'  Sweeting.         Bailey's  Sweet.  Sweet  Romanite. 

Sweet  Vandevere.  (Sweet  Redstreak,  Sweet  Harvey.)  Size  me- 
dium, oblong,  slightly  conical ;  shaded  and  striped  dull  red  on 
greenish  yellow;  stalk  small,  cavity  large,  irregular;  basin  wide; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  with  a  rich  aromatic  flavor.  Growth  crooked, 
a  profuse  bearer.  Through  winter. 

Wing  Sweet.  Medium,  roundish,  slightly  oblong,  ribbed  ;  color 
bright  red  in  small  stripes  and  shades  on  yellow  skin  ;  stalk  slen- 
der, basin  and  apex  very  sharply  ribbed  ;  flesh  whitish  yellow, 
sweet,  good.  A  good  bearer,  and  when  well  grown  on  strong  soil, 
a  handsome  and  line  sweet  winter  apple. 

Section  IL—Not  Striped. 

Broadwell.*  Rather  large,  slightly  conical,  somewhat  oblate  ;  skin 
thin,  smooth,  greenish  yellow ;  stalk  short,  small,  deep  set ; 
flesh  white,  tender,  sweet,  juicy,  fine — and  one  of  the  best  winter 
sweet  apples.  Keeps  through  winter  late  into  spring.  Ohio. 
Fig.  369. 

Camak  Sweet.  Size  medium,  roundish-conical ;  light  green  with  a 
warm  cheek ;  stem  short  or  long,  cavity  narrow  ;  calyx  open, 
basin  deep  ;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  very  good.  North  Carolina. 


APPLES.  321 

Danvers  Winter  Sweet.*  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish,  re- 
motely oblong  or  conical,  obscurely  ribbed ;  greenish  yellow,  be- 
coming a  rather  dull  rich  yellow,  sometimes  an  orange  blush  ;  stalk 
three-quarters  to  one  inch  long,  cavity  acute  ;  basin  smooth,  narrow  ; 
flesh  yellow,  sweet,  rich.  Fig.  408.  Growth  vigorous,  tree  pro- 
ductive. Massachusetts. 

Green  Sweet.*  Large  or  medium,  nearly  round,  slightly  approach- 
ing ovate-conical,  regular;  surface  green,  with  greenish  white 
dots ;  stalk  about  an  inch  long,  moderately  thick,  cavity  rather  small 
and  narrow,  round,  acuminate ;  basin  small,  slightly  furrowed  ; 
flesh  greenish  white,  with  a  very  sweet,  spicy,  good  flavor.  Fair, 
productive,  and  a  long  keeper.  Fig.  407.  Massachusetts. 

Higby's  Sweet.  Size  medium,  roundish,  slightly  oblate ;  pale  yel- 
low ;  stalk  short ;  basin  deep,  slightly  furrowed  ;  flesh  white,  tender, 
with  a  good,  sweet  flavor.  Early  winter.  Northeastern  Ohio. 


FIG.  406.  FIG.  407.  FIG.  408. 

Tallman  Sweet.  Green  Sweet.         Danvers  Winter  Sweet. 

Honey  Greening.  Large,  oblong,  oval ;  greenish  yellow  with  green 
and  gray  dots  ;  stalk  long,  slender,  deeply  set ;  basin  broad,  deep  ; 
flesh  tender,  mild,  sweet,  slightly  aromatic.  Grown  at  the  West. 
Tree  vigorous,  upright,  an  early  and  constant  bearer.  November 
and  December. 

Jacobs  Sweet.*  Tree  vigorous,  spreading  ;  fruit  medium  to  large, 
roundish-oblate  ;  light  yellow  with  numerous  large  greenish  dots, 
occasionally  blushed  ;  flesh  white,  crisp,  somewhat  coarse,  but 
good.  November  to  late  winter.  An  excellent  winter  sweet. 
Medford,  Mass. 

Leicester  Sweet.  (Potter  Sweet.)  Rather  large,  oblate  ;  greenish 
yellow  and  dull  red  ;  tender,  rich,  excellent,  fine  for  dessert  or  bak- 
ing. Winter.  Tree  vigorous,  not  very  productive.  Origin, 
Leicester,  Mass. 

London  Sweet.  (Heicke's  Winter  Sweet.)  Rather  large,  oblate  ; 
pale  yellow;  stalk  very  short,  deeply  set;  basin  abrupt;  flesh 
whitish,  tender,  with  a  fine,  sweet,  aromatic  flavor.  Early  winter. 
Tree  upright,  a  good  annual  bearer. 

Tolman  Sweet.*  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish-oblate  slightly 
conical ;  clear  light  yellow,  with  a  clear  brownish  line  from  stalk 
to  apex ;  stalk  nearly  an  inch  long ;  calyx  in  a  distinct,  slightly 


322  APPLES. 

wrinkled  basin  ;  flesh  white,  firm,  rich,  very  stveet.  Excellent 
for  winter  baking.  Keeps  into  spring.  Young  tree  vigorous, 
upright,  shoots  becoming  spreading ;  leaves  wavy.  Fig.  406. 
Productive.  Hardy.  Rhode  Island. 

Wells  Sweet.  Medium  in  size,  roundish,  tapering  slightly  to  base 
and  apex  ;  color  light  green,  wtih  a  brownish  cheek  ;  stalk  short ; 
basin  shallow  ;  flesh  very  white,  tender,  rich,  agreeable.  Early 
winter.  Newburg,  N.  Y. 

Winter  Sweet  Paradise.  Rather  large,  roundish  ;  skin  pale  green- 
ish yellow  with  a  brown  blush  ;  stalk  short ;  calyx  and  basin  small ; 
flesh  white,  with  a  sweet,  "very  good"  flavor.  Ripens  through 
winter.  Origin,  Pennsylvania.  Succeeds  well  at  the  West. 


CLASS  II. — WITH  MORE  OR  LESS  ACIDITY. 

Section  /. — Striped  with  Red. 

Ailes.  Large,  oblate  ;  striped  and  shaded  red  on  yellow  ;  stalk  short, 
cavity  narrow,  basin  medium  ;  flesh  yellow,  crisp,  firm,  with  a 
rich,  sub-acid,  "very  good"  flavor.  Keeps  through  spring.  Chester 
County,  Pa. 

Anis.  Small,  oblate  conical,  ribbed ;  yellow,  nearly  covered  with 
dark  crimson  in  strips  and  splashes ;  cavity  deep,  stem  short,  stout ; 
basin  wide,  shallow;  flesh  firm,  finegrained,  sub-acid,  aromatic; 
quality  best  when  properly  ripened.  This  apple  belongs  to  a  family 
grown  on  the  upper  Volga  in  Russia,  on  a  large  scale,  all  of  which 
are  valuable  for  cultivation  in  the  northern  limits  of  fruit  culture. 
Fig.  432.  Russian. 

Anisovka.  Large,  oblate  ;  yellowish,  striped  and  splashed  with  red  ; 
flesh  yellowish  white,  juicy,  sub-acid;  cavity  large,  stem  medium, 
basin  wide,  deep.  This  belongs  to  the  Oldenburg  family  and  re- 
sembles the  Oldenburg  in  the  tree  and  in  the  size,  shape,  and  mark- 
ings of  the  fruit.  It  has  also  proven  hardy  in  the  Northwest. 
Fig.  451.  Russian. 

Arkansas  Black.  Medium,  slightly  conical,  regular,  smooth,  glossy ; 
yellow,  generally  covered  with  deep  crimson,  small  light-colored 
dots  ;  basin  shallow  ;  eye  small,  closed  ;  cavity  shallow,  russeted  ; 
stem  medium  ;  flesh  very  yellow,  fine-grained,  firm,  juicy,  sub-acid, 
rich,  very  good.  Late  winter.  Arkansas.  Fig.  477. 

Babbitt.  Large,  oblate  conical,  angular,  smooth;  greenish  white, 
shaded  and  striped  with  red,  dots  light,  few ;  cavity  large,  deep, 
regular ;  stem  short ;  basin  medium,  regular,  furrowed  ;  calyx  shal- 
low ;  eye  small,  closed ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  fine-grained,  juicy, 
brisk,  sub-acid  ;  excellent  cooking  apple.  Strong  grower,  hardy, 
productive. 

Baer.  Rather  small,  roundish-oblate ;  striped  red  on  greenish  yel- 
low ;  stalk  long,  cavity  wide  and  deep  ;  basin  small,  plaited  ;  flesh 
tender,  fine  grained,  pleasant,  very  good— keep  still  spring.  Berks 
County,  Pa.  Identical  with  Hiester. 


APPLES. 


323 


Baldwin.*  Rather  large,  roundish,  with  more  or  less  of  a  rounded 
taper  towards  the  apex  ;  shaded  and  striped  with  yellowish  red 
and  crimson  on  yellow  ground  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
rather  slender,  calyx  in  a  narrow,  slightly  plaited  basin  ;  flesh  yel- 
lowish white,  with  a  rich,  sub-acid  flavor.  Young  tree  vigorous, 
upright,  shoots  dark  brown,  diverging  and  ascending.  Fig.  380. 
Very  productive.  Ripens  through  winter.  A  first-rate  winter  apple 
in  New  England,  New  York,  and  Michigan  ;  mostly  unsuccessful 
at  the  West  and  South.  Too  tender,  and  mostly  fails  as  far 
north  as  Maine,  unless  grafted  standard  height.  Massachusetts. 
The  Baldwin  is  liable  to  vary  in  character ;  the  Late  Baldwin  ap- 
pears to  be  identical,  but  modified  by  external  causes. 

Ben  Davis.  (New  York  Pippin,  Kentucky  Streak.  Carolina  Red 
Streak,  Victoria  Red.)  Large,  roundish-ovate,  slightly  oblique, 
regular,  smooth,  striped  red  on  yellow  ;  stalk  long,  deep  set ;  basin 
deep,  wrinkled;  flesh  whitish,  tender,  with  a  mild,  good,  but  not 
rich,  sub-acid  flavor.  Fig.  409.  Succeeds  well  at  the  West,  where 
it  proves  one  of  the  most  profitable  winter  apples  for  market ;  does 
not  mature  well  at  the  extreme  North.  An  early  and  abundant 
bearer.  The  leading  commercial  variety  of  America  to-day. 
Kentucky. 

FIG.  409. — Ben  Davis.  FIG.  410. — Dutch  Mignonne. 


FIG.  4".—  Prior's  Red.         FIG.  4i2.--Dominie. 


FIG.  413 — Baldwin. 


Bethlehemite.  Medium,  roundish-oblate,  remotely  conical ;  striped 
red  on  yellow ;  stalk  short,  deeply  set ;  basin  deep ;  furrowed ; 
flesh  yellowish  white,  tender,  with  a  mild,  sub-acid,  very  agreeable 
flavor.  Ripens  through  winter.  Growth  strong,  upright.  Ohio. 

Black  Gilliflower.  Rather  large,  oblong-ovate,  long  conical,  regu- 
lar, obscurely  ribbed  ;  surface  dark,  dull,  reddish  purple,  inclining 
to  greenish  yellow  where  densely  shaded  ;  cavity  very  narrow, 
acuminate ;  basin  very  small,  ribbed  ;  flesh  greenish  white,  with  a 
rich,  good,  slightly  sub-acid  flavor,  becoming  dry  when  ripe. 
Keeps  through  winter  and  late  into  spring.  Shoots  dark,  rather 
crooked,  fruit  always  fair  ;  very  productive.  Rejected  by  most  cul- 
tivators on  account  of  its  very  dry  flesh,  but  a  good  baking  variety. 
Totally  distinct  from  the  Red  or  Cornish  Gilliflower. 


3*4  APPLES. 

Blue  Pearmain.*  Very  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  oblong,  slightly 
and  obtusely  conical ;  dark  purplish  red  in  large  broken  stripes  on 
lighter  ground;  bloom  conspicuous  ;  dots  large  ;  indistinct;  stalk 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  ;  calyx  deep  set ;  flesh  yellowish,  mild 
sub-acid,  good.  Early  winter.  A  thin  bearer. 

Boardman.  Medium,  roundish  ;  light  yellow, splashed,  streaked  and 
dotte.1  crimson;  stem  short;  cavity  open  and  rather  deep;  basin 
large,  deep ;  flesh  very  white,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid,  good.  Winter. 
Maine. 

Brightwater.  Large,  round, conical ;  greenish  yellow,  mottled  russet, 
splashed  and  striped  dull  red,  dots  minute  yellow  and  brown  ;  skin 
thick ;  flesh  greenish  yellow,  fine-grained,  juicy,  sub-acid,  good. 
Arkansas. 

Bryant.  Large,  roundish  oblate ;  greenish  yellow,  shaded  with  dull 
red  and  striped  darker,  dots  numerous,  large,  gray,  many  with 
rough  prominent  centres,  gray  over  all  color ;  flesh  yellow,  coarse, 
tender,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid.  Virginia. 

Buff.     Large,  round,  oblate,  smooth;  distinctly  striped  with  light 
and  dark   red;   cavity  broad  and  deep;   basin  round,   furrowed; 
flesh  white,  tender,  sub-acid,  mild,  agreeable,  "good,"  or  perhaps 
"very  good,"  sometimes  poor.     Much  valued  at  the  South. 

Bullet.  (North  Carolina  Greening,  Green  Abram.)  Rather  small, 
roundish  ;  striped  with  light  and  dark  red  on  greenish  yellow  ;  stalk 
short,  often  with  a  lip  at  base,  cavity  small ;  basin  deep  ;  flesh  ten- 
der, juicy,  with  a  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor.  Valuable  in  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina  as  a  long  keeper.  Tree  productive. 

Cannon  Pearmain.  Rather  large,  roundish  or  oblong-conical ;  red 
on  yellow;  cavity  small,  basin  abrupt;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  rich, 
spicy,  mild  sub-acid.  Keep  still  spring.  Tree  vigorous,  spread- 
ing, productive.  North  Carolina. 

Carnahan  Favorite.  Large,  roundish  conic;  red  on  yellow;  cav- 
ity and  calyx  large,  basin  furrowed ;  flesh  fine-grained,  pleasant, 
sub-acid.  Tree  vigorous,  productive.  Keeps  till  spring.  Ohio. 

Carolina  Queen.  (Carolina  Winter  Queen.)  Rather  large,  round- 
ish, slightly  oblate,  smooth  and  regular ;  greenish  yellow  shaded 
and  striped  with  light  dull  red  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
cavity  wide  and  rather  inclining  to  obtuse,  basin  ribbed ;  flesh  yel- 
lowish white,  sprightly  sub-acid,  of  an  excellent  flavor.  Early 
winter.  Popular  in  North  Carolina. 

Carter.*  (Mangum.)  Medium  to  large,  roundish-ovate;  red  on 
orange  yellow ;  stalk  rather  short,  cavity  deep,  calyx  large,  open,  in 
a  wide,  deep,  somewhat  furrowed  basin  ;  flesh  tender,  mild,  pleas- 
ant. One  of  the  best  apples  in  the  Southern  States.  Alabama. 

Carthouse.*  (Gilpin,  Romanite.  Red  Romanite,  and  Small  Roman- 
ite,  of  the  West.)  Medium  or  rather  small,  roundish-oblong, 
nearly  regular,  apex  flattened ;  striped  and  shaded  deep  red  on 
greenish  yellow  ground;  stalk  one-half  to  an  inch  long,  slender; 
basin  slightly  furrowed,  wide,  distinct ;  flesh  tough,  crisp,  fresh, 


APPLES.  325 

agreeable,  mild  sub-acid,  nearly  sweet,  of  moderate  quality.  Keeps 
fresh  till  late  in  spring.  Much  cultivated  as  a  long  keeper  at  the 
West.  Virginia. 

Chandler.  Large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened,  somewhat  angular ; 
striped  and  shaded  red  on  greenish  yellow ;  stalk  short,  cavity 
large,  calyx  small,  in  a  wide,  plaited  basin  ;  flesh  greenish  white, 
tender,  with  a  moderately  rich,  sub-acid  flavor.  Early  winter. 
Connecticut. 

Cogswell.  Rather  large,  roundish-oblate,  regular;  striped  rich  red 
on  yellow;  stalk  small,  cavity  large,  russeted  ;  calyx  short,  basin 
small ;  flesh  yellowish,  compact,  tender,  scarcely  sub-acid,  with  a 
fine,  rich,  aromatic  flavor.  Through  winter.  An  excellent  dessert 
fruit.  An  abundant  bearer  every  other  year.  Connecticut. 

Cooper's  Red.  (Cooper's  Market.)  Size  medium,  oblong  conical ; 
shaded  and  striped  with  red  on  yellow  ;  stalk  short,  cavity  deep, 
narrow  ;  basin  small ;  flesh  white,  tender,  with  a  brisk  sub-acid 
flavor.  Through  winter.  Shoots  long,  slender.  Profitable,  al- 
though not  of  highest  quality,  New  Jersey. 

Cranford.  Large,  oblate;  yellow,  covered  with  brownish  red, 
splashed  and  streaked  with  light  crimson  ;  stem  short,  thick  ;  basin 
broad,  deep,  russeted ;  calyx  wide,  deep ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sub- 
acid,  sprightly.  Tree  good  grower,  fair  bearer.  Winter. 
Arkansas. 

Cross.  Medium,  regular,  oblate  ;  yellow,  splashed  and  striped  with 
crimson,  much  like  Fameuse ;  cavity  deep ;  basin  shallow;  flesh 
white,  sub-acid,  very  good.  Fig.  412.  Midwinter.  Russian. 

Cullasaga.  Rather  large,  roundish;  slightly  conical,  striped  crim- 
son on  yellow;  stalk  short,  slender;  cavity  deep,  russeted;  calyx 
open  ;  basin  shallow,  furrowed ;  flesh  yellow,  tender,  very  mild, 
aromatic,  rich.  A  well-known,  long-keeping,  valuable  Southern 
fruit.  North  Carolina. 

Detroit.  (Red  Detroit.)  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish  or 
slightly  conical;  skin  thick,  smooth,  dark  purple  when  mature; 
cavity  deep;  basin  shallow,  plaited;  flesh  white,  often  stained 
with  red,  crisp,  of  an  agreeable  sub-acid  flavor. 

The  Black  Detroit,  or  Grand  Sachem,  is  a  larger  apple,  more  irreg- 
ular ;  rather  dry  fruit  of  inferior  quality. 

Domine.*  (Wells,  of  Ohio.)  Rather  large,  roundish  oblate ;  sur- 
face with  narrow  and  distinct  stripes  of  light  red,  on  whitish 
yellow  ground  ;  dots  or  specks  large,  rough  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  long ;  cavity  wide,  deep,  acute ;  basin  deep,  obtusely 
ribbed;  flesh  white,  firm,  mild  sub-acid,  spicy,  fine  flavored. 
Fig.  412.  Shoots  very  long,  vigorous,  diverging,  leaves  drooping, 
coarsely  serrate.  Productive.  Keeps  through  winter.  Tender  at 
the  West.  New  York. 

Dutch  Mignonne.  Quite  large,  roundish,  regular;  rich  orange, 
dotted,  mottled,  and  obscurely  striped  with  bright  red,  slightly 


326 


APPLES. 


russeted  ;  stalk  nearly  an  inch  long,  slender ;  calyx  large,  open  ; 
basin  large,  round,  even  ;  flesh  firm,  becoming  tender,  with  a 
high,  rich,  rather  acid  flavor.  Fig.  410.  Early  winter.  Native 
of  Holland.  A  large,  handsome,  high-flavored,  but  coarse  fruit. 

Walbridge.  Large,  roundish,  oblate ;  red  streaked ;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  sub-acid,  vigorous,  hard}*.  Tree  prolific  bearer,  good. 
Winter. 

Elkhorn.  Large,  oblate,  regular;  yellowish,  striped  red  and  brown, 
dots  light  gray,  large,  and  numerous  ;  basin  large  ;  eye  closed ; 
cavity  wide,  deep,  russeted ;  stem  very  short,  slender ;  flesh  yel- 
lowish, coarse,  juicy,  sub-acid,  pleasant,  good.  Arkansas. 

FIG.  4is. 
Belle  de  Boskoop. 


FIG.  414- 


FIG.  416.— Herren. 


Fio.  4T7-— Cross.  Grandmother.       Flo.  419.— Sandy  Glass. 

Eustis.  (Ben.)  Rather  large,  roundish,  very  slightly  ovate; 
striped  and  dotted  with  light  rich  red  on  rich  yellow ;  stalk  very 
short;  basin  narrow,  rather  deep ;  flesh  yellowish,  rich,  sub-acid, 
fine.  Origin,  Essex  County,  Mass. 

Evening  Party.  Rather  large,  oblate,  slightly  oval ;  yellow,  striped 
with  red ;  stalk  short,  inserted  in  a  round,  deep  cavity,  often 
russeted;  calyx  closed,  basin  large;  flesh  juicy,  tender,  crisp, 
with  a  vinous,  aromatic  flavor.  An  excellent  dessert  fruit.  Tree 
health,  vigorous,  ^  bearer.  December  and  January.  Penn- 
sylvania. "^ 'r^U' 

Flushing  Spitzenburgh.  Medium,  roundish  conical;  rich  red  on 
yellow,  with  large  whitish  or  fawn  spots;  cavity,  basin,  and  calyx 
small;  flesh  whitish  yellow,  crisp,  with  a  very  mild  sub-acid,  mod- 
erate flavor.  Early  winter.  Shoots  strong,  brown,  unlike  the 
slender,  gray  shoots  of  Esopus  Spitzenburgh. 

Gano.*  (Ozark  Reagan.)  Fruit  medium  large,  oblate,  irregular ; 
red  striped,  handsome  ;  sub-acid,  brisk,  good  ;  season  medium  to 
late.  Grown  for  market  in  Middle  West. 


APPLES.  327 

Good  Peasant.  Medium  ;  greenish  yellow,  splashed  and  striped  red 
on  the  sunny  side ;  cavity  russety ;  basin  deep,  wrinkled ;  stem 
medium;  flesh  fine-grained,  sub-acid,  very  good ;  season,  mid- 
winter. Russian. 

Grandmother.  Medium,  regular,  roundish  oblate;  green,  striped 
and  splashed  with  red ;  calyx  broad,  large ;  basin  narrow ;  stem 
short,  stout ;  flesh  firm,  juicy.  Fig.  418.  Mid-winter.  Russian. 

Granite  Beauty.  Large,  roundish-ovate,  longest  at  middle,  ribbed ; 
skin  yellow,  striped  bright  red  ;  stalk  short,  slender;  cavity  rather 
small,  ribbed ;  basin  medium,  furrowed ;  flesh  juicy,  rich  sub-acid, 
quality  medium.  Early  and  mid-winter.  Growth  rather  spread- 
ing. New  Hampshire. 

Hall.*  Rather  small,  roundish,  slightly  oblate;  striped  red  on 
greenish  yellow,  with  russet  dots ;  stalk  slender,  curved ;  cavity 
round,  medium  ;  basin  small,  plaited  ;  flesh  yellowish,  fine-grained, 
with  a  very  rich,  mild  sub-acid,  aromatic  flavor.  Through  winter. 
A  widely  cultivated  and  highly  esteemed  Southern  variety. 
Growth  moderate,  upright,  shoots  slender,  reddish.  Fig.  420. 
Hardy.  North  Carolina. 

Herefordshire  Pearmain.  (Royal  Pearmain,  Winter  Pearmain, 
erroneously.)  Medium  in  size,  round-oblong,  approaching  obtuse- 
conical;  surface  mostly  covered  with  indistinct  stripes  and  soft 
clouds  of  light  red  on  greenish  yellow,  which  on  ripening  becomes 
a  pale  clear  yellow ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  cavity  small ;  calyx 
large,  open;  basin  narrow,  plaited;  flesh  yellowish  white,  fine 
grained,  with  a  pleasant,  mild  sub-acid,  aromatic,  fine  flavor. 
Early  winter.  Best  on  light  soils.  Distinguished  from  Winter 
Pearmain  by  its  stronger  shoots,  less  oblong  form,  and  by  the  soft 
shades  and  clouds  of  fine  red,  which  cover  the  surface.  Fig.  424. 

Herren.  Medium,  regular,  oblate;  yellow,  nearly  covered  with 
dark  red,  splashed  crimson  ;  basin  wide  ;  stem  medium  ;  flesh  white, 
sub- acid.  Early  winter.  Poland.  Fig.  416. 

Hess.  Medium,  roundish  or  conical;  striped  with  red ;  stalk  short, 
rather  stout ;  cavity  narrow,  deep ;  basin  deep,  narrow ;  flesh  green- 
ish white,  tender,  with  a  very  good,  aromatic  flavor.  Through 
winter.  Pennsylvania. 

Hollow  Crown.  Size  medium,  oblong,  oval,  flattened  at  crown; 
skm  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  —  "  stalk  short,  in  a 
moderate  cavity  ;  calyx  closed,  L«^  •-,«,  7^'r  '  h  yellowish,  with  a 
sprightly  excellent  flavor.  October,  January.  (Downing.) 

Hubbardston.*  Large,  round-ovate,  largest  at  the  middle,  nearly 
regular  ;  color  with  small  broken  stripes  and  numerous  dots  of  light 
rich  red  on  a  rich  yellow  ground ;  stalk  three-fourths  to  one  inch 
long;  cavity  acute,  russeted ;  calyx  open,  basin  ribbed;  flesh  yel- 
lowish, very  rich,  slightly  sub-acid,  with  a  strong  mixture  of  a  rich 
sweet  flavor,  excellent.  Early  winter.  A  famous  New  England 
sort— fine  at  the  North  and  "Northwest.  Shoots  rather  slender, 
gray.  A  native  of  Hubbardston,  Mass.  Loses  flavor  by  keeping. 
Coming  into  favor  as  a  commercial  sort. 


328  APPLES. 

Indiana  Favorite.  Medium,  oblate,  regular,  handsome ;  shaded  and 
striped  with  red  on  rich  yellow,  with  large  yellow  russet  specks; 
stem  short,  cavity  wide,  calyx  open,  in  a  moderate  even  basin; 
flesh  yellowish,  crisp,  a  mild  sub-acid,  agreeable  flavor,  "very 

food."     Tree  spreading,  excellent  bearer.    Keeps  remarkably  well, 
t  is  a  seedling  of  the  Vandevere  Pippin  and  resembles  it,  except  in 
being  of  a  deeper  red  and  much  less  acid,  and  superior  in  flavor. 

Ingram.  (Ingram  Seedling.)  Medium,  roundish  conical ;  yellow, 
splashed  and  striped  crimson  ;  cavity  regular,  medium  depth,  stem 
short  and  stout,  basin  medium  ;  slightly  leather  cracked  ;  flesh 
yellowish,  fine,  tender  and  juicy  when  fully  ripe,  sub-acid,  good. 
Late  winter.  Seedling  of  Rails.  Good  South.  Missouri. 

Jersey  Black.  Size  medium,  round,  somewhat  irregular;  striped 
blackish  red  on  lighter  red,  with  numerous  small  dots;  flesh  often 
stained;  stalk  variable,  cavity  deep;  basin  shallow,  plaited;  flesh 
yellow,  crisp,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid,  agreeable.  Early  winter. 
Tree  vigorous,  but  does  not  grow  large  ;  spreading,  productive.  A 
valuable  market  apple  at  the  West. 

FIG.  420.— Hall.          FIG.  421.— King.  FIG.  422.— Jonathan. 


FIG.  423.— Smith's  Cider.  FIG.  424.— Herefordshire  Pearmain. 

Jonathan.*  Medium  in  size,  round-ovate,  or  approaching  truncate- 
conical  ;  regular,  nearly  covered  with  brilliant  stripes  of  clear  red 
on  a  pale  yellow  ground  ;  stalk  slender  ;  basin  very  distinct,  rather 
deep;  flesh  white,  ywy  j^w\y,  spicy,  sub-acid,  moderately  rich. 
Keeps  through  winter.  Snoots  slender,  diverging  ;  tree  very  pro- 
ductive ;  fruit  always  handsome  and  fair.  Fig.  422.  Kingston, 
N.  Y.  The  slender  growth  of  the  tree  is  an  objection  with  cul- 
tivators. It  succeeds  well  in  most  localities  and  is  a  popular 
market  variety  in  many  sections,  both  East  and  West. 

Jones'  Seedling.  Medium,  round  conical ;  light  yellow,  striped 
red  ;  flesh  sub-acid,  almost  sweet.  Winter.  Tennessee. 

Kaiser.  (Red  Seek-no-further.)  Size  medium,  roundish-oblate, 
often  slightly  oblique  ;  shaded  and  obscurely  striped  with  red  on 
greenish  yellow  ;  stalk  short,  cavity  large  ;  basin  shallow,  some- 
times deep,  furrowed ;  flesh  fine-grained,  mild  sub-acid,  slightly 


APPLES.  329 

aromatic,  with  a  very  good  flavor.  Small  specimens  have  a  small 
cavity  and  are  smooth,  regular,  and  are  I'ree  from  ribs.  Early 
winter.  Southeastern  Ohio.  Growth  resembles  Rambo. 

King.*  (Tompkins  County  King.)  Large,  sometimes  quite  large, 
roundish,  ribbed;  color  a  deep  red,  in  stripes;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  rich,  high  flavored.  Tree  a  strong  grower  with  few 
branches.  Shoots  slightly  flexuous  :  a  good  but  not  heavy  bearer. 
Drops  its  fruit  rather  early,  and  should  be  gathered  soon.  Early 
winter,  and  keeps  through  winter.  Fig.  421.  Succeeds  East  and 
West  at  the  North,  but  not  so  well  farther  South.  New  Jersey. 

Lacker.  Rather  large,  oblate,  somewhat  irregular ;  striped  light 
and  dark  red  on  greenish  yellow,  with  conspicuous  whitish  specks; 
stalk  half  an  inch  long  ;  basin  furrowed  ;  flesh  white,  fine-grained, 
firm,  crisp,  fresh,  mild,  agreeable,  sub-acid.  Keeps  through 
winter.  Cultivated  in  Western  New  York  ;  originally  from  Lan- 
caster, Pa. 

Large  Anis  (Cross.)  Large,  irregular  conic ;  yellowish  green, 
splashed  and  striped  with  red  ;  cavity  deep,  stem  medium,  basin 
regular,  deep  ;  flesh  fine-grained,  mild  acid,  good.  Will  prove 
valuable  north  of  parallel  43°,  where  it  will  keep  through  the  win- 
ter. Fig.  433.  From  the  Upper  Volga,  Russia. 

Lawver.  Large,  roundish,  regular ;  with  surface  handsomely 
striped  with  red,  sub-acid,  good.  It  is  not  very  productive  and 
does  not  promise  well  for  a  market  variety.  Winter.  West. 
Fig.  468.  Missouri. 

Limbertwig.*  (James  River.)  Large,  roundish,  slightly  conical ; 
striped  and  splashed  with  red  on  yellow  ;  stalk  long,  slender, 
calyx  rather  small ;  flesh  yellowish,  very  compact,  not  high  flav- 
ored, but  cultivated  in  the  South  and  West  for  its  keeping  prop- 
erties. The  tree  is  ill  shapen,  with  pendent  branches,  whence 
its  name.  Distinct  from  the  Willow  Twig.  North  Carolina. 

Long  Stem  of  Pennsylvania.  Rather  small,  roundish-oval ;  shaded 
and  slightly  striped  with  red  or  crimson  on  yellow ;  stalk  long, 
slender,  curved,  cavity  large;  basin  somewhat  furrowed;  flesh 
tender,  crisp,  with  a  rich,  aromatic,  sub-acid,  excellent  flavor. 
Berks  Co. ,  Pa.  A  fine  dessert  fruit. 

McLellan.  (Martin.)  Medium  in  size  or  rather  large,  nearly  round, 
smooth,  regular;  striped  and  mottled  with  lively  clear  red  on 
yellow  ground  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slender ;  cavity 
narrow;  basin  narrow,  waved;  seeds  small;  flesh  nearly  white, 
finegrained,  very  tender,  slightly  sub-acid,  agreeable,  but  not  very 
rich.  Early  winter.  Very  productive.  Connecticut.  Fig.  429. 

Mallett.  Large,  roundish  oblate ;  greenish  yellow,  marbled  red 
with  crimson  slashes ;  cavity  shallow,  stem  medium;  basin  wide, 
wrinkled ;  flesh  white,  coarse-grained,  juicy,  sub-acid,  quality 
good.  October.  In  Minnesota  it  keeps  well  into  the  winter. 
Fig.  435-  Russian. 

Marston's  Red  Winter.  Large,  roundish-oval,  regular,  slightly 
narrowed  to  each  end,  smooth;  striped  with  bright  red  and 
crimson  on  yellow  ground  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  slender ;  cavity 


33$  APPLES. 

russeted ;  basin  abrupt,  round,  smooth ;  flesh  yellowish,  fine- 
grained, tender,  juicy,  high  flavored.  Ripens  through  winter. 
Origin,  New  Hampshire. 

Mickel.  No.  i.  Large,  oblate,  smooth;  glossy,  greenish  white, 
striped  light  red,  dots  few,  white;  cavity  large,  very  deep, 
slightly  russet ;  stem  short,  slender ;  basin  medium,  deep,  abrupt, 
folded;  eye  small,  closed;  flesh  white,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy, 
slightly  sub-acid,  good.  Wisconsin. 

Milam.  Rather  small,  roundish ;  greenish,  shaded  and  striped  with 
red ;  flesh  rather  firm,  with  a  pleasant,  sub-acid,  moderate  flavor. 
A  good  keeper.  Although  not  of  high  flavor,  it  is  widely  culti- 
vated at  the  West  and  Southwest  on  account  of  its  hardiness,  pro- 
ductiveness, and  good  keeping  qualities.  Does  not  succeed  well 
farther  North.  Fig.  425. 


FIG.  425.— Milam.        FlG.  426.— Mother.      FIG.  427.— Roxbury  Russet. 

f^N  ^^.  y~* 


FlG.  428.— Rawle's  Janet.      FlG.  429.— McLellan.      FIG.  430.— Nickajack. 


Minister.  Large,  rather  irregular,  oblong-conical,  ribbed,  surface 
more  or  less  wavy,  base  broad,  apex  very  narrow  ;  very  distinctly 
striped  with  red  on  greenish  yellow  ground  ;  stalk  one  inch  long, 
slender;  cavity  usually  wide,  shallow,  and  irregular;  flesh  yellow- 
ish, moderately  rich,  sub-acid,  flavor  second  quality.  Productive, 
fair,  and  showy.  Early  winter.  Apt  to  be  warty.  Mass. 

Mother.*  Rather  large,  oblong-ovate,  approaching  conical ;  slightly 
and  obtusely  ribbed ;  color  a  high  warm  rich  red  on  yellow 
ground;  deep  red  to  the  sun — in  obscure  broken  stripes  and  spots; 
stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cavity  moderate;  basin  small, 
plaited ;  flesh  yellow,  more  so  toward  the  outside,  moderately 
juicy,  rich,  very  spicy,  very  mild  sub-acid,  with  an  admixture  of 
sweet.  Somewhat  resembles  the  Esopus  Spitzenburgh  in  external 
appearance,  and  in  its  rich  yellow  flesh  and  spiciness.  Growth 
slow.  Fig.  426.  Late  autumn  and  early  winter.  Worcester 
County,  Mass. 

Monk's  Favorite.  Large,  roundish,  slightly  oblate,  ribbed;  mot- 
tled and  striped  red  on  yellow ;  stalk  short,  cavity  wide,  calyx 


APPLES.  331 

small  in  a  broad  basin  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  with  a  very  good 
snb-acid  flavor.     A  long  keeper. 

Newark  King.  Size  medium,  conical;  skin  smooth,  red  in  streaks 
on  yellow  ground ;  flesh  tender,  rather  rich,  pleasant.  Early  win- 
ter. Origin,  New  Jersey. 

New  York  Vandevere.*  (Newtown  Spitzenburgh,  Ox  Eye.)  Me- 
dium in  size,  round-oblate,  regular;  color  light  red  in  indistinct 
streaks  on  yellow  ground,  often  a  high  red  where  exposed;  dots 
numerous;  stalk  uniformly  about  half  an  inch  long,  cavity  and 
basin  wide ;  flesh  light  yellow,  with  a  rich,  mild,  sub-acid,  excellent 
flavor.  Early  winter.  Not  always  fair — succeeds  best  on  light 
soils.  Shoots  spotted  ;  leaves  doubly  serrate-crenate.  New  York. 

Nickajack.*  (Summerour,  Berry,  Edwards,  Carolina  Spice,  Red 
Hazel.)  Rather  large,  smooth,  handsome,  roundish,  slightly  ob- 
long; splashed,  striped,  and  mottled  with  deep  red,  and  with  large 
whitish  spots ;  stalk  short,  deep  set,  basin  moderate,  rim  obtuse, 
calyx  open;  flesh  yellow,  rather  firm,  sub-acid,  spicy,  very  good. 
Fig.  430.  Keeps  till  spring.  Growth  irregular — a  good  bearer. 
A  standard  Southern  variety,  and  a  good  market  sort  in  lower  Ohio 
valley.  Georgia. 

FtG.  431.— Recumbent.        FlG.  432.— Anis.        FlG.  433.— Large  Anis. 


FIG.  434.— Titus  (Riga).    FIG.  435.— Mallett.      FlG.  436.— Rambour  Queea 


Northern  Spy.*  Large,  roundish-conical,  often  flattened,  slightly 
ribbed;  handsomely  striped  with  red;  stalk  and  calyx  deep  set; 
flavor  rich,  aromatic,  mild  sub-acid,  fine.  Keeps  through  winter 
and  late  into  spring ;  preserves  its  flavor  remarkably  fresh. 
Shoots  dark,  spotted,  erect,  stout.  A  tardy  bearer.  To  afford  fine 
fruit,  the  tree  must  be  kept  thrifty  by  good  cultivation.  A  native 
of  East  Bloomfield.  N.  Y.  A  fruit  of  the  highest  quality,  and  profit- 
able for  market  under  proper  cultivation,  and  with  care  in  picking, 
assorting,  and  packing.  Succeeds  throughout  the  North  and 
Northwest,  but  less  valuable  farther  South.  Fig.  439. 

Osceola.  Size  medium,  roundish-oblate,  angular;  skin  yellowish, 
shaded  and  striped  with  red;  stalk  small;  cavity  large,  russeted; 


33 2  APPLES. 

basin  deep  ;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  crisp,  mild  sub-acid, "  very  good. " 
A  good  keeper.     Indiana.     Resembles  New  York  Vandevere. 

Perry.  Medium,  oblate,  regular,  smooth  ;  yellow  shaded  and  striped 
bright  red,  dots  numerous,  large,  russety ;  cavity  large,  deep, 
russet;  stem  short,  medium  ;  basin  medium,  folded  ;  calyx  short ; 
flesh  yellow,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid,  good.  A 
good  bearer  and  long  keeper.  Ohio. 

Pewaukee.*  Fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish  oblate  ;  striped  with 
dark  red  on  a  bright  yellow  ground  ;  flesh  white,  tender,  brisk 
sub-acid.  Seedling  of  Oldenburg.  Valued  for  its  hardiness. 
Wisconsin. 

Pilot.  Medium,  round,  regular,  smooth  ;  yellow  covered  by  dull  red, 
with  brighter  splashes  of  lighter  red,  dots  numerous,  large,  gray, 
sometimes  star-shaped ;  basin  deep,  regular ;  eye  small,  closed ; 
cavity  shallow,  narrow,  slightly  russeted,  stem  short ;  flesh  yellow, 
fine-grained,  firm,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid,  rich  ;  very  good.  Fig.  440. 
Virginia. 

FIG.  437 — Willow  Twig.         FlG.  438.— Winesap. 


FIG.  439.— Northern  Spy.       FlG.  440.— Pilot.       FIG.  441.— Rome  Beauty. 


Pryor's  Red.*  (Pryor's  Pearmain.)  Medium  or  rather  large, 
roundish,  irregular,  varying,  apex  often  broad,  sometimes  narrow, 
considerably  or  slightly  ribbed;  color  dull  brick  red  on  greenish 
yellow  in  dots,  shades,  and  obscure  streaks,  slightly  russeted  ;  stalk 
longer  short,  cavity  small;  calyx  open,  basin  narrow;  flesh  very 
tender,  mild,  rich,  sub-acid,  agreeable.  Highly  esteemed  in  In- 
diana, Kentucky,  and  Virginia— where  it  keeps  till  spring— and 
succeeds  well  farther  North.  Often  a  poor  bearer.  Fig.  411.  Va. 

Ragan.  Large,  roundish  ovate ;  striped  and  marbled  with  red  on 
light  greenish  yellow  ground;  stalk  medium  to  long,  cavity  deep, 
basin  deep;  flesh  yellowish  white,  of  a  rich,  spicy,  rather  acid 
flavor.  Early  winter.  Putnam  County,  Ind. 


APPLES.  333 

Rambour  Queen.  Large,  irregular  oblate  ;  greenish  yellow,  splashed 
with  crimson  ;  cavity  medium,  stem  medium,  basin  wide,  irregu- 
lar;  flesh  white  with  greenish  veinings,  very  juicy,  sub-acid, 
good.  Late  autumn.  Fig.  436.  Good  for  keeping  in  cold  stor- 
age. Russian. 

Rail's  Genet.*  (Rawle's  Jenneting,  Neverfail,  Rockremain.) 
Medium  in  size,  roundish,  approaching  oblong  or  obtuse-conical, 
often  oblique ;  color  pale  red,  distinct  stripes  on  light  yellow 
ground;  stalk  half  an  inch  long;  flesh  nearly  white,  tine,  mild, 
sub-acid,  fine  texture,  crisp,  juicy.  Growth  slow ;  a  profuse 
bearer,  with  a  portion  of  the  crop  knotty  or  under  size.  Keeps 
through  spring.  Highly  esteemed  in  the  Ohio  valley  ;  does  not 
succeed  farther  North.  The  blossoms  open  ten  days  later  than 
usual,  thus  sometimes  escaping  spring  frosts ;  hence  the  name 
Neverfail.  Hardy  far  West.  Fig.  428.  France. 

Recumbent.  (Lieby.)  Large,  irregular,  oblate;  yellow  splashed 
red  and  crimson  ;  cavity  deep,  regular,  basin  wide ;  skin  astringent, 
good  for  cooking.  Fig.  431.  Russian. 

Red  Canada.*  (Nonsuch,  Old  Nonsuch  of  Massachusetts,  Richfield 
Nonsuch  of  Ohio.)  Medium  in  size,  roundish-conical,  regular; 
nearly  the  whole  surface  covered  with  red,  and  interspersed  with 
large  and  rather  indistinct  whitish  dots ;  stalk  about  an  inch  long,  in 
a  very  wide  and  even  cavity;  basin  nearly  even,  moderate;  flesh 
fine-grained,  compact,  with  a  rich,  sub-acid,  high  and  excellent 
flavor.  Keeps  through  winter.  Shoots  rather  slender,  leaves  wavy. 
Productive.  Succeeds  in  New  England,  New  York,  and  Ohio. 
This  is  wholly  distinct  from  the  Nonsuch  of  England,  to  prevent 
confusion  with  which  the  name  Red  Canada  is  preferred.  One  of 
the  finest  table  apples,  often  keeping  late  in  spring.  The  slender 
growth  of  the  tree,  the  frequent  scabbiness  of  the  fruit,  and  its 
moderate  crops  in  some  localities,  are  the  chief  drawbacks  on  its 
value.  Fig.  450. 

Red  Winter  Pearmain.  (Red  Lady  Finger,  Meigs,  Red  Fall  Pippin, 
and  Red  Vandevere  of  Tennessee.)  Size  medium,  oblong  conical ; 
dark  purplish  red  on  yellow,  with  numerous  whitish  dots ;  stalk 
short,  cavity  narrow ;  basin  small ;  flesh  whitish,  very  tender  and 
juicy,  with  a  mild,  slightly  sub-acid,  slightly  aromatic  flavor. 
Mid-winter.  Growth  moderate,  upright ;  a  regular  bearer. 

Robey's  Seedling.  Large,  roundish  conic ;  obscurely  striped  with 
lively  red;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  with  a  rich,  high  flavor.  Early 
winter.  Succeeds  in  Middle  and  Western  States.  Tree  vigorous 
and  productive. 

Rome  Beauty.*  Large,  roundish,  very  slightly  conical ;  mostly 
covered  with  bright  red  on  pale  yellow  ground ;  flesh  tender,  not 
fine-grained,  juicy,  of  good  quality.  Ripens  early  in  winter.  The 
large  size  and  beautiful  appearance  of  this  Ohio  apple  render  it 
popular  as  an  orchard  variety.  Fig.  441. 

Royal  Table.  Medium,  conical,  ribbed,  greenish  yellow,  red 
stripes  on  yellow  side  ;  cavity  wide,  shallow  ;  basin  wide  ;  flesh 
greenish  white,  quality  good.  Early  winter.  Russian. 


334  APPLES. 

Russet  Pearmain.  Size  medium,  roundish-conical ;  faint  red  stripes 
on  greenish  yellow  ground  ;  flesh  juicy,  tender,  rich,  fine  sub-acid 
flavor.  Through  winter. 

Shockley.  (Waddel's  Hall.)  Medium,  roundish-oblong,  narrow- 
ing to  the  eye;  yellow  striped  and  clouded  with  red,  with  dark 
greenish  russet  blotches;  stalk  long,  slender;  cavity  narrow,  deep; 
flesh  firm,  of  good  but  not  high  flavor.  Georgia.  Ripens  from 
October  to  March.  Wm.  N.  White. 

Siloam.  Medium,  oblate,  regular,  smooth;  yellow,  with  dull  red 
stripes  and  splashes,  dots  numerous,  small,  light  gray  ;  basin  shal- 
low, regular ;  eye  small,  closed ;  cavity  shallow,  russeted ;  stem 
very  short;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sub-acid,  rich,  very  good.  Arkan- 
sas. 

Skrnishapfel.  Medium  ;  flat,  conical,  ribbed ;  yellow,  flushed  and 
striped  with  red  ;  cavity  and  basin  shallow  and  ribbed  ;  flesh  firm, 
sub-acid.  Mid-winter.  Belongs  to  Cross  apple  family,  and  may 
prove  identical  with  the  Russian  Baldwin.  Russian. 


•> — -^ 

FIG.  442.  FIG.  443.— Westfield,        FIG.  444. 

Esopus  Spitzenburgh.        Seek-no-Further.         Wagener 


Smith  Cider.*  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish-oblong,  some- 
what flattened  at  the  ends  ;  shaded  and  slightly  striped  with  light 
red  on  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  a  few  conspicuous  whitish, 
yellow  dots  ;  stalk  slender,  cavity  rather  deep,  calyx  large  ;  basin 
shallow,  wrinkled;  flesh  whitish,  tender,  crisp,  with  a  sub-acid, 
moderate  flavor.  Grown  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  Ohio  valley. 
Valued  for  its  hardiness,  productiveness,  and  handsome  fruit. 
Pennsylvania.  Fig.  423. 

Spitzenburgh,  Esopus.*  Rather  large,  round-ovate,  slightly  coni- 
cal ;  surface  a  high  rich  red,  rather  obscurely  striped ;  stalk 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  rather  slender;  basin  shallow, 
slightly  furrowed ;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  crisp,  spicy,  rather  acid, 
nearly  unequalled  in  its  high  rich  flavor.  Keeps  through  winter. 
Shoots  ascending  and  erect,  rather  slender  leaves  crenate.  Usually 
a  moderate  bearer.  Fig.  442.  Succeeds  best  in  New  York,  its 
native  State. 

Sutton  Beauty.*  Fruit  large,  roundish  ;  skin  waxen  yellow,  striped 
and  shaded  with  crimson,  very  handsome ;  flesh  white,  tender, 


APPLES.  335 

sprightly,  very  good.  A  late  keeper.  Tree  a  free  grower  and 
productive.  Coming  to  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  market 
varieties  in  the  East.  Massachusetts. 

Wagener.*  Medium,  oblate,  distinctly  ribbed ;  shaded  and  indis- 
tinctly striped  with  pale  red,  and  a  full,  deep  red  in  the  sun  on 
warm  yellow  ground  ;  often  streaked  with  russet ;  stalk  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long ;  cavity  wide,  rather  obtuse ;  basin  even, 
rather  large ;  flesh  yellowish,  fine-grained,  tender,  compact,  mild 
sub-acid,  aromatic,  excellent.  Ripens  through  winter.  From 
Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.  Fig.  444.  Succeeds  well  at  the  West.  An  early 
bearer. 

Wellford's  Yellow.  Rather  small,  roundish  oblate  ;  faintly  streaked 
with  red  on  pale  yellow ;  flesh  yellow,  fine-grained,  juicy,  with  a 
rich,  aromatic  flavor.  Rapid  grower,  great  bearer,  and  long 
keeper.  Cultivated  in  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Westfidd  Seek-no-Further.*  (Connecticut  Seek-no-further,  New 
England  Seek-no-further.)  Medium  or  large,  roundish,  often 
slightly  conical;  obscurely  striped  with  light  dull  red,  more  or  less 
russeted,  rarely  covered  wholly  with  russet;  stalk  slender;  calyx 
partly  open ;  flesh  tender,  rich,  spicy,  of  fine  fla.vor.  Early  and 
mid-winter.  Tree  productive,  fruit  always  fair.  Connecticut. 
Fig.  443.  Succeeds  well  throughout  the  Northern  States. 


PIG.  445.— Scott's  Winter.    PlG.  446.— Windsor.     FIG.  447.— Wolf  River. 

Willow  Twig.*  Large,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  obtuse,  very 
regular ;  greenish  yellow,  striped  and  mottled  faintly  with  dull  red ; 
stalk  short ;  basin  very  wide  and  deep,  rim  obtuse ;  flavor  sub-acid, 
or  rather  acid,  not  rich.  A  long  keeper.  Shoots  slender.  Culti- 
vated as  a  market  apple  in  Southern  Ohio.  Fig.  447. 

Windsor.  (Windsor  Chief.)  Small,  oblate ;  greenish  yellow  suf- 
fused with  red  splashes,  gray  dots  ;  flesh  pale  yellow,  fine-grained 
juicy,  sub-acid,  good.  Tree  early  bearer  and  prolific.  Winter. 
Wisconsin.  Fig.  446. 

Wine.  (Hays'  Apple,  Hays  Winter.)  Rather  large,  often  quite 
large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  ;  obscurely  striped  and  mottled 


336  APPLES. 

with  red  on  yellow  ground ;  stalk  quite  short ;  cavity  deep,  acumi- 
nate ;  calyx  large,  open ;  basin  large ;  flesh  yellowish  white, 
with  a  rich  sub-acid  flavor.  Early  winter.  There  are  several 
spurious  varieties  under  this  name.  Delaware. 

Winesap.*  Size  medium,  round-ovate,  slightly  conical,  sometimes 
obscurely  flattened  ;  color  a  lively  deep  red  ;  stalk  slender,  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long ;  cavity  acute ;  calyx  small,  in  a  finely 
plaited  basin;  flesh  yellowish,  firm,  crisp,  with  a  rich  sub-acid  or 
rather  acid  flavor.  Keeps  through  winter.  One  of  the  best  apples 
for  baking.  Growth  rather  irregular,  fruit  formerly  always  fair, 
of  late  years  more  imperfect.  Widely  cultivated  at  the  West  and 
Southwest.  Fig.  438. 

Winter  Aport.  Large,  flat,  conical ;  greenish  yellow,  red  striped; 
cavity  deep ;  basin  shallow,  ribbed  ;  stem  medium  ;  flesh  yellow- 
ish, firm,  sub-acid,  good.  Season,  winter.  Russian. 

Wolf  River.  Very  large,  round  oblate,  regular,  smooth  ;  yellowish 
white,  splashed  with  bright  red,  dots  large,  scattering,  light 
gray ;  basin  shallow,  small ;  eye  medium,  open,  segments  re- 
flexed  ;  cavity  deep,  wide,  very  russet ;  stem  short,  stout ;  flesh 
yellowish  white,  coarse,  tender,  dry  when  ripe,  sub-acid,  not 
rich,  medium  quality  only.  Valuable  in  the  Northwest.  Winter. 
Fig.  447.  Wisconsin. 


FIG.  448.  PIG.  449-  PIG.  45°- 

Yellow  Transparent.  York  Imperial.         Red  Canada. 

Yacob.  Large,  oblate,  smooth;  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  crim- 
son, dots  few,  gray;  cavity  regular,  deep,  abrupt,  green;  stem 
short,  slender,  basin  deep,  calyx  twisted,  eye  small,  closed;  flesh 
yellowish  white,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  fine-grained,  tender, 
]uicy,  sub-acid,  spicy,  good.  Pennsylvania. 

Yates.  Small,  oblate  ;  yellow,  covered  with  dark  red  stripes,  small 
white  dots ;  flesh  yellow,  spicy,  sub-acid.  Great  bearer  and  good 
keeper.  Georgia. 

York  Imperial.*  (Johnson's  Fine  Winter.)  Medium,  oblong, 
angular,  oblique,  often  varies  in  form,  smooth  ;  yellow,  shaded 
red,  indistinct  red  stripes  ;  basin  deep,  wide  ;  eye  nearly  closed  ; 
cavity  deep,  narrow,  russeted  ;  stem  short ;  flesh  yellow,  firm, 
juicy,  sub-acid,  good.  Winter.  Pennsylvania.  An  excellent 
shipping  apple,  always  brings  high  prices.  Fig.  449, 


APPLES.  337 

Section  IL—Not  Striped. 

Antonovka.  Roundish  oblate ;  yellow  with  white  bloom :  basin 
deep  and  cavity  acute  ;  flesh  yellow,  sub-acid,  crisp,  good.  Tree 
not  so  hardy  as  some  varieties  received  from  Northern  Europe 
which  much  resemble  it  in  form  and  fruit.  Fig.  452.  Russian. 

Arabsko.  Large,  conic  ;  green  covered  with  purplish  red  ;  cavity 
medium,  stem  medium,  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  greenish  white,  sharp, 
sub-acid.  Winter.  Fig,  459.  Russian.  Often  rots  on  the  trees. 

Aunt  Hannah.  Size  medium,  roundish,  approaching  ovate ;  straw 
color,  with  a  very  pleasant  mild  sub-acid,  fine  flavor,  resembling 
in  character  the  Newtown  Pippin.  Origin,  Essex  County,  Mass. 

Basil  the  Great.  (Vasilis  Largest.)  Large,  roundish,  oblong, 
unequally  truncated,  irregular;  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  dark 
red  and  crimson  ;  cavity  deep,  acute ;  stem '  very  short ;  basin 
wide,  deep,  abrupt ;  flesh  coarse  grained,  red  next  skin,  juicy, 
sub-acid,  excellent  for  culinary  use.  Very  showy  apple  and  is  a 
profitable  market  one.  The  trees  are  said  to  endure  drought  with- 
out lessening  the  size  of  the  fruit.  Russian.  Fig.  379. 

FIG.  452.— Antonovka.        FIG.  453.— Iowa  Blush. 


FIG.  451.— Bergamot.  FIG.  454.— Anisovka. 

Belle  et  Bonne.  Large,  roundish,  flattened  at  ends,  obtuse;  green- 
ish yellow  ;  stem  short ;  calyx  in  a  wide,  deep  basin  ;  flesh  yellow, 
tender,  large  grained,  sub-acid,  agreeable,  and  very  good.  Early 
winter.  A  Connecticut  apple ;  a  strong  growing  and  productive 
variety,  much  esteemed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hartford. 

Belmont.*  Rather  large,  roundish-conical  or  ovate-conical,  apex 
usually  narrow,  but  sometimes  quite  obtuse;  faintly  ribbed, 
smooth  ;  color  clear  pale  yellow,  with  sometimes  a  light  vermilion 
blush,  and  rarely  with  large  thinly  scattered  carmine  dots;  stalk 
varying  from  half  an  inch  long  and  stout,  to  an  inch  or  more  long 
and  slender ;  basin  in  conical  specimens,  narrow  and  shallow ;  in 
obtuse  specimens,  narrow  and  deep,  with  an  obtusely  ribbed  rim  ; 
flesh  yellowish  white,  compact,  crisp,  becoming  quite  tender,  with 
a  mild,  rich,  sub-acid,  fine  flavor.  Leaves  crenate.  Early  win- 
ter. A  profuse  bearer.  Excellent  in  New  York,  Michigan,  and 
Northern  and  Central  Ohio— worthless  at  Cincinnati.  Tender  at 
the  West.  Fig.  466. 

22 


333 


APPLES. 


Bergamot.  Medium,  regular,  oblong,  cylindrical ;  yellow  with 
white  bloom,  has  much  the  appearance  of  Grimes'  Golden  ;  cavity 
regular,  deep  ;  stem  very  short ;  basin  deep,  ribbed  ;  flesh  yellow, 
crisp,  sub-acid,  good.  Fig.  451.  Russian. 

Boiken.  Medium,  roundish  conic  ;  yellowish  green,  reddened  on 
sunny  side,  cavity  large  ;  stem  short ;  basin  large  ;  flesh  white, 
acid.  Very  late  keeper,  good  culinary  apple.  Fig.  456.  Russian. 

Brooke's  Pippin.  Large,  roundish,  slightly  conical ;  greenish  yel- 
low, with  a  faint  blush;  stalk  short  and  stout ;  cavity  deep,  rus- 
seted ;  basin  small,  shallow,  furrowed;  flesh  crisp,  aromatic. 
November  to  March.  Productive.  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Bullock's  Pippin,  or  American  Golden  Russet.*  (Golden  Russet, 
Sheepnose.)  Rather  small,  conical;  light  yellow,  sprinkled  and 
sometimes  overspread  with  thin  russet ;  stalk  long,  slender ;  basin 
very  small  and  narrow,  ribbed;  flesh  yellowish  white,  very  fine 
grained,  becoming  very  tender,  with  a  mild,  rich,  slightly  sub-acid 
flavor.  Growth  erect,  shoots  rather  slender ;  leaves  sharply  serrate ; 
tree  overbears.  Early  winter.  When  well  ripened,  this  apple  is 

FIG.  455.— Longstem.        FIG.  456.— Boiken.       FIG.  457.— Rosenhager. 


FIG.  458.— Red  Queen.         FIG.  459.— Arabsko. 


exceedingly  delicate  and  tender ;  sometimes  it  does  not  become  soft 
in  ripening,  when  the  quality  is  poor,  and  often  worthless.  It  is 
too  small  to  become  very  popular.  Generally  rendered  worthless  at 
the  East  by  black  mildew,  and  becoming  more  affected  with  it  at 
the  West.  Fig.  399.  New  Jersey. 

Canada  Reinette.  (Reinette  du  Canada,  Canadian  Reinette.) 
Quite  large,  somewhat  conical  and  flattened ;  rather  irregular, 
ribbed,  apex  obtuse  ;  greenish  yellow,  sometimes  a  brown  cheek ; 
stalk  short,  cavity  wide  ;  calyx  large  ;  basin  rather  deep,  irregular; 
flesh  nearly  white,  rather  firm,  becoming  quite  tender,  juicy,  with 
a  good,  lively  sub-acid  flavor.  Early  and  mid-winter. 


APPLES.  339 

Clarke  Pearmain.  Size  medium,  roundish,  slightly  conical ; 
skin  inclining  to  rough  yellow  and  russety  in  shade,  light  rich  red 
in  the  sun,  thickly  dotted  with  whitish  russet ;  cavity  and  basin 
medium  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  with  a  very  good  sub-acid  flavor. 
Tree  productive.  A  well-known  Southern  variety.  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Cumberland  Spice.  Rather  large,  varying  from  roundish  conical  to 
long  conical,  the  tapering  sides  being  nearly  straight  and  not 
rounded ;  color  waxen  yellow,  with  a  slight  vermilion  tinge  near 
the  base,  and  with  black  specks  on  the  surface  ;  stalk  half  to  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long  ;  cavity  wide,  slightly  russeted ;  calyx  open, 
basin  even ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  breaking,  rather  light ;  core  hol- 
low ;  flavor  mild  sub-acid,  with  a  peculiar  and  agreeable  spiciness, 
of  good  quality. 

Dansic  Pepka.  Large,  roundish  oblong;  greenish  yellow  with 
blush ;  cavity  very  narrow,  deep  ;  stem  short ;  basin  small,  wide, 
shallow ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  sub-acid,  fair.  Late  winter.  Rus- 
sian. Fig.  460. 

English  Russet.*  (Poughkeepsie  Russet.)  Medium  or  rather 
small,  roundish  conical,  regular ;  surface  more  or  less  overspread 
with  brownish  russet  on  light  greenish  yellow  ground  ;  in  large  ex- 
posed specimens,  wholly  russeted  ;  stalk  one-half  to  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  long  ;  cavity  moderate,  round ;  basin  smooth  ;  flesh  green- 

FiG.  460.— Dansic  Pepka.        FlO.  461.— Lead. 


FIG.  462.— Zugoff  Winter.  FIG.  463.— Romna. 

ish  or  yellowish  white,  texture  fine,  rather  firm,  with  an  aromatic, 
sub-acid  flavor.  Keeps  through  spring,  and  often  through  sum- 
mer for  twelve  months.  Growth  upright,  shoots  lively  brown.  A 
profuse  bearer.  A  profitable  market  variety,  but  of  rather  poor 
quality.  New  York. 

Fallawater.*  (Tulpahocken,  Fornwalder.)  Rather  large,  round- 
ish, and  slightly  ovate-conical,  very  regular,  smooth;  color  a 
smooth  shade  of  dull  red  on  light  greenish  yellow,  with  a  few 
large  whitish  dots ;  stalk  slender ;  cavity  narrow,  acuminate ;  basin 
small;  flesh  greenish  white,  fine-grained,  with  a  mild,  slightly  sub- 


340  APPLES. 

acid,  moderate  flavor.  Early  winter.  A  native  of  Pennsylvania. 
Although  this  fruit  is  of  quite  moderate  quality,  its  large  size  and 
fair  appearance  render  it  very  popular  in  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and 
portions  of  the  West.  Fig.  464. 

Fulton.  Rather  large,  roundish,  flattened  at  ends,  slightly  oblique  ; 
skin  smooth,  yellow,  often  with  a  handsome  blush ;  stalk  rather 
short,  cavity  deep;  basin  large,  slightly  wrinkled;  flesh  yellowish, 
white,  fine-grained,  with  a  mild  sub-acid  flavor.  Illinois — valued 
at  the  West. 

Golden  Ball.  Large,  often  quite  large,  roundish,  remotely  conical, 
ribbed  ;  fine  yellow  ;  stalk  short,  slender,  with  fine  green  rays  <*r 
furrows  radiating  from  the  centre  of  the  cavity ;  basin  very  shal- 
low; flesh  tender,  rich,  aromatic.  Ripens  late  in  autumn,  and 
keeps  through  winter.  Liable  to  vary  in  size  and  fairness.  Ex- 
cellent for  cooking.  Tree  very  hardy  ;  a  poor  bearer.  Cultivated 
chiefly  in  Maine. 


FIG.  464.— Fallawater.    FIG.  465.— Huntsman.    FIG.  466.— Belmont. 

Golden  Pippin,  of  Westchester  County.  (American  Golden  Pippin, 
New  York  Greening.)  Form  variable,  oblate,  globular  or  conic, 
ribbed  ;  skin  golden  yellow  ;  stalk  short,  deeply  set ;  basin  irregu- 
lar; flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  rich,  refreshing,  aromatic 
flavor.  Early  winter.  Tree  spreading — very  productive. 

Golden  Russet.*  (Golden  Russet  of  Western  New  York.)  Size 
medium,  roundish,  usually  a  little  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  flat- 
tened, nearly  regular ;  surface  sometimes  wholly  a  thick"  russet, 
and  at  others  a  thin,  broken  russet  on  a  greenish  yellow  skin  ;  stem 
slender,  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  being  longest  on  oblate 
specimens;  flesh  fine-grained,  firm,  crisp,  with  a  rich,  aromatic 
flavor.  Shoots  speckled  ;  tree  rather  irregular.  Keeps  through 
winter.  This  is  distinct  from  the  English  Russet,  of  straight  up- 
right growth,  and  a  very  long  keeper,  and  from  the  American 
Golden  Russet  or  Bullock's  Pippin.  English. 

Green  Seek-no-further.  Large,  often  quite  large,  roundish,  slightly 
approaching  oblong  obtuse  conical ;  greenish  yellow  becoming  yel- 
Jow,  specks  large  and  conspicuous  ;  stalk  very  short ;  calyx  large, 
basin  slightly  ribbed,  deep ;  flesh  rather  coarse,  sub-acid,  of  good 
flavor. 


APPLES.  341 

Grimes'  Golden.*  Above  medium,  roundish,  slightly  oblong,  regu- 
lar ;  skin  yellow,  with  large  russet  dots  ;  stalk  slender,  in  a  deep 
cavity ;  basin  deep,  slightly  wrinkled  ;  flesh  of  yellowish  white, 
with v a  mild  sub-acid,  agreeable,  very  good  flavor.  November. 
Virginia.  Unexcelled  for  home  use. 

Hughes.  Large,  roundish  ;  skin  greenish  yellow,  with  a  blush  ; 
stalk  slender ;  calyx  large,  open  ;  basin  wide,  deep ;  flesh  fine 
grained,  tender,  with  an  excellent,  agreeable,  aromatic  flavor. 
Berks  Co.,  Pa. 

Huntsman.  (Huntsman's  Favorite.)  Large,  unequal,  oblate, 
smooth  ;  yellow,  large  distinct  dots  ;  stem  medium  to  short,  basin 
wide,  deep,  eye  open  ;  cavity  wide  ;  flesh  yellow,  fine-grained, 
firm,  juicy,  sub-acid,  rich,  very  good.  Winter.  Western.  Fig. 
465.  Missouri. 

Iowa  Blush.  Medium,  conical,  regular,  smooth ;  yellow,  blushed 
red  on  sunny  side  ;  cavity  regular,  deep  ;  stem  medium  ;  flesh 
fine  grained,  juicy,  sub-acid,  good.  A  seedling  originating  in 
Iowa.  Midwinter.  Fig.  453.  Russian. 

Kinnard.  (Kinnard's  Choice.)  Medium,  oblate ;  yellow,  covered 
with  dark  red ;  flesh  tender  and  juicy.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy. 
Bears  young.  Tennessee. 

Lady  Apple.*  (Pomme  d'Api.)  Quite  small,  regular,  flat;  a 
brilliant  deep-red  cheek  on  light  clear  yellow ;  stalk  and  calyx 
deep  set ;  flesh  tender,  delicate,  sub-acid,  flavor  good.  A  fancy 
dessert  apple,  sometimes  selling  for  $10  a  barrel.  Winter  and 
spring.  Tree  rather  tender.  France. 

Lead.  Medium,  irregular,  oblate ;  greenish  yellow,  red  blush ; 
cavity  acute,  stem  long  ;  basin  very  wide,  shallow  ;  quality  good. 
Mid-winter.  Fig.  461.  Russian. 

Ledenets.  Large,  roundish  oblate ;  yellow,  with  white  veinings ; 
cavity  regular,  basin  wide,  stem  medium  ;  flesh  white,  sub-acid, 
juicy.  Mid-winter.  Russian. 

London  Pippin.  Large  or  very  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened, 
obtuse-conical ;  greenish  yellow ;  stalk  very  short ;  calyx  large, 
in  a  smooth  even  basin  ;  flesh  sub-acid,  of  a  good  second-rate 
flavor.  Early  winter.  Much  cultivated  in  Northern  Virginia ; 
and  from  its  large  size  and  handsome  appearance  sells  well  in  the 
Washington  market.  Productive. 

Longfield.*  Medium,  round-conic,  regular ;  yellow ;  cavity  nar- 
row ;  stem  large,  slender ;  basin  small ;  flesh  white,  melting, 
juicy,  sub-acid,  quality  good.  A  fine  fall  or  early  winter  apple. 
Fig.  374.  Russian. 

Lubsk  Queen.  Medium,  irregular  oblique ;  white,  more  or  less 
covered  with  rosy  red  ;  very  smooth,  polished  and  waxy ;  cavity 
small,  acute  ;  stem  medium  ;  basin  wide,  rather  shallow  ;  flesh 
snow  white,  firm,  juicy,  sub-acid,  very  good.  Late  autumn. 
Keeps  well  in  cold  storage  until  March.  Fig.  380.  Russian. 

Mann.  Fruit  large,  roundish  oblate  ;  yellow,  with  a  brownish-red 
cheek  ;  mild,  juicy,  good.  Tree  an  upright  grower  and  annual 
bearer.  Keeps  till  April.  New  York. 

Marshall  Red.  Large,  oblong  ovate  ;  bright  red  all  over ;  acid, 
good  bearer ;  a  cross  between  Yellow  Bellflower  and  Red  June. 
Does  well  in  the  West. 


342  APPLES. 

Michael  Henry  Pippin.*  Size  medium,  roundish-ovate,  apex  nar- 
row ;  yellowish  green ;  stalk  short,  rather  thick ;  basin  narrow , 
flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy.  Growth  upright.  Through  winter. 
Origin,  Monmouth  County,  N.  J.  Fig.  467. 

Monmouth  Pippin.*  (Red-cheeked  Pippin.)  Rather  large,  round- 
ish-oblate, light  greenish  yellow,  with  a  fine  red  cheek  ;  flesh  crisp, 
juicy,  mild  sub-acid,  with  a  good  rich  flavor.  Keeps  through 
winter.  Fig.  402.  New  Jersey. 

Monstrous  Pippin.  (Gloria  Mundi,  Ox  Apple,  Baltimore.)  Very 
large,  roundish,  somewhat  flattened  at  the  ends,  slightly  angular  or 
ribbed  ;  skin  smooth  whitish  green,  becoming  whitish  yellow  ;  stalk 
stout,  short ;  calyx  large  ;  basin  wide,  deep,  somewhat  ribbed,  with 
an  obtuse  rim  ;  flesh  white,  tender,  rather  coarse,  sub-acid,  not 
rich.  Late  autumn  and  early  winter.  A  good  cooking  apple. 

FIG.  467.— Michael  Henry  Pippin.    FIG.  468.— Lawyer. 


FIG.  469.— Wealthy.  FIG.  470.          FIG.  471.— White  Pippin. 

White  Winter  Pearmain. 

Newtown  Pippin.*  (Pippin,  Green  Newtown  Pippin.)  Medium  or 
rather  large,  roundish,  oblique,  slightly  irregular,  remotely  conical 
or  else  a  little  flattened ;  dull  green  becoming  yellowish  green, 
often  with  a  dull  brownish  blush ;  stalk  short,  deep  set,  and  sur- 
rounded by  thin,  dull,  whitish  russet  rays  ;  basin  narrow,  shallow  ; 
flesh  greenish  white,  juicy,  crisp,  fine-grained,  with  a  high,  fine 
flavor.  Keeps  through  spring,  and  retains  remarkably  its  fresh- 
ness. Tree  of  rather  slow  growth,  with  a  rough  bark.  The  fruit 
is  very  liable  to  black  spots  or  scabs,  unless  under  high,  rich,  and 
constant  cultivation.  One  of  the  best  fruits  for  foreign  markets. 
A  native  of  Newtown,  Long  Island.  Extensively  grown  in  Vir- 
ginia and  California. 

Newark  Pippin.  (French  Pippin,  of  some.)  Rather  large,  round- 
oblong,  regular ;  greenish  yellow,  becoming  yellow ;  stalk  and 
calyx  deep  set ;  flesh  tender,  rich,  and  high  flavored.  Growth 
crooked,  irregular.  Early  winter. 


APPLES.  343 

Northwestern  Greening.  Tree  a  free  grower,  spreading;  fruit 
large,  oblate,  inclined  to  conic ;  skin  pale  yellow  when  fully 
ripe  ;  flesh  coarse,  juicy,  mild,  good.  Season  December  to  April. 
Wisconsin. 

Ortley.*  (White  Detroit,  Ortley  Pippin,  Warren  Pippin,  White 
Bellflower,  Woolman's  Long,  Detroit,  Jersey  Greening,  Detroit  of 
the  West. )  Large,  roundish,  somewhat  oblong-ovate  ;  pale  yellow, 
slightly  tinged  with  pink  in  the  sun;  stalk  about  an  inch  long; 
sometimes  short,  but  always  slender;  cavity  deep  and  narrow; 
basin  rather  deep,  nearly  even  or  slightly  plaited  ;  flesh  sub-acid, 
crisp,  sprightly,  rich,  fine.  Shoots  slender.  This  fine  fruit  has  had 
a  high  reputation  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  but  it  is  becoming  much 
affected  with  the  black  mildew  or  scab.  Fig.  476.  New  Jersey. 

Peck  Pleasant.*  Large,  often  quite  large,  roundish,  sometimes 
remotely  oblong,  often  a  little  oblique,  usually  slightly  flattened ; 
smooth  and  regular;  color  light  green,  becoming  yellow,  with  a 
brown  blush  ;  stalk  very  short,  one-fourth  to  one-half  an  inch  long, 
thick,  rarely  longer  and  somewhat  slender;  calyx  open,  basin 
abrupt,  rather  deep  ;  flesh  compact,  very  tender,  with  a  mild,  rich, 
fine,  clear  sub-acid,  Newtown  Pippin  flavor.  Early  winter;  poor, 
if  too  ripe.  Growth  rather  erect.  Shoots  somewhat  diverging. 
A  good  bearer ;  fruit  always  fair.  Fig.  473.  R.  I.  Tender  far  West. 


PIG.  473.  FIG.  474. 

Peck's  Pleasant.       Green  Mt.  Pippin. 

Pittsburg  Pippin.  (Father  Apple,  William  Tell.)  Large,  round- 
ish-oblate ;  pale  yellow  ;  stalk  small,  cavity  large ;  basin  broad- 
furrowed  ;  flesh  tender,  with  a  mild  sub-acid  flavor.  Early  win- 
ter. Valued  in  Pennsylvania.  An  irregular,  spreading  grower. 

Pomme  Gris.*  (Gray  Apple.)  Rather  small,  roundish-oblate;  a 
gray  russet ;  stalk  slender,  cavity  wide,  rather  obtuse ;  calyx 
small,  basin  round ;  flesh  very  tender  for  a  russet,  and  fine- 
grained, rich,  and  high  flavored.  Canada.  One  of  the  best 
dessert  apples  for  the  extreme  north. 

Pound  Royal.  (Pomme  Royale,  erroneously.}  Large,  sometimes 
furrowed,  roundish,  slightly  oblong,  a  little  uneven  ;  surface  whit- 


344  APPLES. 

ish  yellow ;  stalk  slender,  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  cavity 
large ;  basin  furrowed,  regular ;  flesh  tender,  breaking,  fine- 
grained, mild,  agreeable,  sprightly.  Ripens  through  winter. 
Tree  vigorous,  productive.  Origin,  Pomfret,  Conn. 

Progress.  Rather  large,  roundish-conical,  often  slightly  oblate; 
smooth,  yellow,  often  with  a  brownish  cheek ;  stalk  short,  cavity 
russeted ;  calyx  large,  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  crisp,  with  a  pleasant 
sub-acid  flavor.  Connecticut. 

Red  Russet.  Large,  roundish-conical ;  yellow,  shaded  with  dull 
red  and  deep  carmine  in  the  sun  ;  thickly  dotted  with  some  rough 
russet;  stalk  short  and  thick  ;  calyx  with  long  segments,  basin  nar- 
row, uneven  ;  flesh  yellow,  solid,  crisp,  tender,  with  an  excellent, 
rich,  sub-acid  flavor,  somewhat  resembling  Baldwin.  (C.  Down- 
ing.) Said  to  be  a  graft  hybrid  between  Baldwin  and  Roxbury 
Russet. 

Red  Queen.  Medium,  irregular  conical ;  greenish  yellow,  red  blush 
on  sunny  side  ;  cavity  small ;  stem  short,  stout ;  basin  small ;  flesh 
white,  green  veinings,  quite  acid.  Late  winter.  Fig.  458.  Rus- 
sian. 


PIG.  475.— R.  I.  Greening.    FIG.  476.—  Ortley.     FlG.  477-— Arkansas  Black. 

Rhode  Island  Greening.*  (Greening.)  Large,  roundish  oblate ; 
green,  becoming  greenish  yellow,  always  fair,  a  dull  brown  blush 
to  the  sun  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  ;  basin  rather  small, 
often  slightly  russeted  ;  flesh  yellow — a  rich  yellow  if  much  exposed 
to  the  sun,  and  whitish  yellow  or  greenish  white  if  much  shaded — 
tender,  juicy,  with  a  rich  rather  acid  flavor.  Growth  strong,  young 
trees  crooked  or  oblique,  shoots  rather  spreading,  leaves  sharp 
serrate ;  very  productive,  single  trees  sometimes  yielding  forty 
bushels  of  fair  fruit  in  favorable  years  and  orchards  500  bushels 
per  acre.  Fine  in  New  England  and  New  York.  Fig.  475.  Ten- 
der far  West.  Susceptible  to  scab.  Rhode  Island. 

Roman  Stem.  Medium  in  size,  round  ovate ;  whitish  yellow,  with 
a  faint  brownish  blush  ;  stalk  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch 


APPLES.  345 

long,  with  a  fleshy  protuberance  at  insertion  ;  cavity  shallow  ;  basin 
narrow,  slightly  plaited;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid,  good 
flavor.  Keeps  through  winter.  A  New  Jersey  fruit  which  suc- 
ceeds well  throughout  the  Ohio  Valley  and  Middle  States. 
Hardy  far  West. 

Romna.  Medium,  oblate;  greenish  yellow,  dull  red  blush;  cavity 
deep,  basin  wide,  shallow ;  flesh  firm,  mild  sub-acid,  juicy,  good. 
Winter.  Fig.  465. 

Rosenhager.  Medium,  round;  partly  yellow,  nearly  covered  with 
bright  red;  cavity  medium,  deep,  stem  medium,  basin  shallow; 
flesh  white,  mild  sub-acid.  Late  winter.  Fig.  460.  Russian. 

Roxbury  Russet.*  (Boston  Russet,  Putnam  Russet  of  Ohio.)  Me- 
dium or  large,  roundish-oblate,  remotely  conical ;  partly  or  wholly 
covered  with  rather  rough  russet  on  greenish  yellow  ground,  some- 
times a  dull  brown  cheek;  stalk  one-half  to  an  inch  long,  cavity 
acute;  basin  round,  moderate;  flesh  greenish  white,  rather  granu- 
lar, slightly  crisp,  with  a  good  sub-acid  flavor.  Keeps  late  in 
spring.  Large  specimens  become  conical,  with  short  thick  stalks; 
small  specimens  are  more  flat,  and  with  longer  and  more  slender 
stalks.  Growth  spreading,  shoots  downy.  Although  not  of  the 
highest  flavor,  its  productiveness,  uniformly  fair  fruit,  and  long 
keeping,  render  this  variety  one  of  the  most  profitable  for  orchard 
culture.  It  succeeds  well  throughout  the  Northern  States,  but  par- 
tially fails  in  a  few  localities  at  the  West.  Fig.  431.  Mass. 

Sandy  Glass.  Large,  regular,  oblate ;  green  ;  cavity  acute ;  basin 
very  wide ;  shallow,  regular ;  stem  short ;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  sub- 
acid;  quality  very  good,  and  best  for  culinary  use.  Season, 
winter.  Fig.  421.  Russian. 

Streintown.  Medium,  ovoid  conical ;  greenish,  blush  on  side;  flesh 
white.  A  good  cooking  apple.  Winter.  Pennsylvania. 

Swaar.*  Rather  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  at  the  ends, 
often  considerably  oblate,  sides  regularly  rounded,  crown  as  wide 
as  base ;  color  greenish  yellow,  becoming  a  rich  yellow,  sometimes 
faintly  russeted,  and  a  small  blush  near  the  base,  when  much  ex- 
posed to  the  sun ;  stalk  rather  slender,  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long;  cavity  round,  moderate,  or  often  small;  basin  small,  even; 
flesh  yellowish,  fine-grained,  compact,  tender,  with  a  very  rich, 
mild,  aromatic,  agreeable,  slightly  sub-acid  flavor.  Esteemed  by 
some  as  the  finest  winter  table  apple.  Ripens  through  winter  and 
keeps  into  spring.  Shoots  ascending,  buds  large,  leaves  coarsely 
rounded  serrate.  Fruit  apt  to  be  scabby  on  old  overloaded  trees. 
Not  successful  in  all  localities.  Fig.  480.  New  York. 

Tewksbury  Blush.  (Tewksbury  Winter  Blush.)  Small,  round 
oblate  ;  yellow  with  a  red  cheek ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  with  a  good 
flavor.  Keeps  till  midsummer.  Very  productive.  New  Jersey. 

Virginia  Greening.  Large,  oblate ;  skin  yellowish,  with  large  brown 
dots ;  stalk  and  cavity  large  ;  calyx  open,  basin  large,  abrupt ;  flesh 
yellow,  coarse,  with  a  rather  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor.  A  good 
keeper.  Southern, 


346  APPLES. 

Western  Spy.  Large,  round-ovate,  very  regular  and  even,  with  a 
beautiful  red  cheek  on  a. lemon  yellow  skin;  stem  short,  in  a 
small  cavity  ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  sub-acid,  of  a  fine  flavor — 
hardly  first-rate.  Proved  as  yet  only  at  the  West. 

White  Pippin.*  (Canada  Pippin.)  Large,  roundish,  oblong,  flat* 
tened  at  ends ;  light  greenish  yellow ;  cavity  large ;  basin  abrupt, 
furrowed ;  flesh  yellowish  white,  sub-acid.  Good,  but  not  very 
rich.  Winter.  Fair  and  productive,  valued  at  the  West  and  South- 
west. Fig.  473. 

White  Rambo.  Rather  large  or  medium,  roundish-oblate,  remotely 
conical ;  skin  greenish  yellow,  becoming  yellow ;  cavity  large  ; 
basin  wide;  flesh  j^ellowish,  with  a  mild  sub-acid,  "very  good" 
flavor.  Early  winter.  Ohio. 

White  Spanish  Reinette..  (Reinette  Blanche  d'Espagne.)  Very 
large,  roundish,  oblong,  slightly  conical,  somewhat  angular, 
ribbed ;  yellowish  green  in  the  shade,  rich  brownish  red  next  the 
sun  ;  stalk  short,  cavity  small  and  even  ;  calyx  large,  open  ;  basin 
deep,  angular;  flesh  yellowish  white,  crisp,  flavor  rich  sub-acid. 
Growth  of  tree  and  fruit  resemble  that  of  Fall  Pippin,  but  it  keeps 
longer. 

White  Winter  Pearmain.  *  Rather  large,  conical,  angular  or  ribbed  ; 
light  yellowish  green,  with  a  brownish  red  cheek  ;  stem  short ;  flesh 
whitish,  fine-grained,  with  a  mild  sub-acid,  rich,  fine  flavor.  This 
is  distinct  from  the  Michael  Henry  Pippin,  which  it  resembles,  and 
at  the  West  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  productive  winter  apples. 
Fig.  472. 

Winter  Cheese.  (Green  Cheese.)  Medium  in  size,  oblate ;  green 
in  the  shade,  red  in  the  sun  ;  flesh  very  crisp,  very  tender  and  deli- 
cate, sprightly,  and  of  a  fine,  pleasant  flavor.  One  of  the  most 
highly  esteemed  early  winter  apples  of  southern  Virginia,  closely 
resembling  the  Fall  Cheese,  but  a  longer  keeper.  Becomes  mealy 
and  insipid  after  maturity. 

Winter  Pippin  of  Geneva.  Large,  oblate,  slightly  angular ;  yellow, 
with  crimson  cheek  sparsely  covered  with  gray  dots ;  stalk  small, 
cavity  narrow ;  calyx  open,  segments  long ;  basin  open ;  flesh  yel- 
low, tender,  vinous,  excellent.  Ripens  through  winter.  Tree 
and  fruit  resemble  Fall  Pippin.  (C.  Downing.) 

Wood's  Greening.  Large,  roundish,  little  oblique,  slightly  flat- 
tened, obscurely  conical;  pale  green,  smooth;  stalk  very  short, 
cavity  acuminate;  calyx  rather  large,  basin  distinct,  slightly 
plaited-,  flesh  greenish  white  or  nearly  white,  fine-grained, 
slightly  crisp,  tender ;  flavor  very  agreeable,  mild  sub-acid,  first- 
rate,  but  not  very  rich. 

Yellow  Bellflower.*  (Bellflower,  Yellow  Belle  Fleur.)  Large, 
often  quite  large,  oblong-ovate,  apex  quite  narrow  and  conical, 
more  or  less  irregular ;  surface  pale  yellow,  often  with  a  blush ; 
stalk  slender ;  basin  ribbed  ;  seeds  long ;  flesh  very  tender  when 
ripe,  fine  grained,  crisp,  juicy,  acid,  becoming  sub-acid,  excellent, 
keeps  through  winter.  Shoots  yellowish,  rather  slender;  growth 


APPLES. 


347 


of  the  tree  rather  upright;  succeeds  best  on  rather  light  soils. 
Adapted  to  the  climate  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  as  far 
south  as  Kentucky,  but  fails  by  premature  dropping  in  many 
localities.  More  tart  and  less  rich  in  cold  summers,  and  far 
North.  Hardy  at  the  West.  Fig.  481.  New  Jersey. 

Vellow  Newtown  Pippin.*  Medium,  or  rather  large,  roundish, 
oblate  and  oblique,  more  or  less  flattened  ;  yellow,  with  a  brownish 
ted  cheek,  purplish  before  ripe;  stalk  very  short;  flesh  firm,  crisp, 
with  a  rich,  mild  flavor.  Closely  resembles  the  Green  Newtown 
Pippin,  and  believed  by  many  to  be  identical,  differing  only  by  a 
warmer  exposure.  It  is  fairer  in  some  localities  than  the  Green. 
but  is  usually  inferior  to  it  in  flavor.  C.  Downing  gives  the  fol- 
lowing distinguishing  points  between  these  two  sub-varieties: 
"The  Yellow  is  handsomer,  and  has  a  higher  perfume  than 
the  Green,  and  its  flesh  is  rather  firmer  and  equally  high  fla- 
vored; while  the  Green  is  more  juicy,  crisp,  and  tender.  The 
Yellow  is  rather  flatter,  measuring  only  about  two  inches  deep, 
and  it  is  always  quite  oblique—  projecting  more  on  one  side  of 
the  stalk  than  the  other.  When  fully  ripe,  it  is  yellow,  with  a 
rather  lively  red  cheek  and  a  smooth  skin,  few  or  none  of  the  spots 
on  the  Green  variety,  but  the  same  russet  marks  at  the  stalk.  It 
is  also  more  highly  fragrant  before  and  after  it  is  cut  than  the 
Green.  The  flesh  is  firm,  crisp,  juicy,  and  with  a  rich  and  high 
flavor."  Fig.  482. 


FIG.  478. 
Swaar. 


FIG.  479. 
Yellow  Bellflower. 


FIG.  480. 
Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 


ZukofPs  Winter.  Large,  irregular  conical,  greenish,  nearly  cov- 
ered with  dark  red  ;  cavity  medium,  basin  small;  flesh  white,  sub 
acid,  juicy,  quality  good.  Mid-winter.  Fig.  462.  Russian. 


48  APPLES. 


DIVISION  IV.     CRAB  APPLES. 

Crabs  belong  to  an  entirely  distinct  branch  of  the  Apple  family, 
the  type  of  the  former  being  the  well-known  Siberian  Crab,  Pyrus 
baccatat  while  all  our  common  apples  are  varieties  of  Pyrus  malus. 
Hybrids  of  the  two  are  freely  produced,  and  of  recent  years  many 
new  sorts  have  been  introduced,  some  of  divided  merit  and  beauty. 
The  common  idea  concerning  Crab  apples  is  that  they  are  pretty 
miniature  apples  of  more  or  less  astringency  and  fit  only  for  making 
jellies  and  preserves.  The  following  descriptions  show  that  they 
vary  from  less  than  one  to  over  two  inches  in  diameter — that  they 
are  sweet,  sub-acid,  acid,  and  bitter.  It  is  probable  their  great 
hardiness  will  make  the  choicer  varieties  valuable  for  cultivation  in 
the  extreme  North. 

Cherry.  Very  small,  round  oblate;  light  yellow,  red  blush,  dots 
small;  stem  very  long,  slender;  cavity  narrow,  shallow;  calyx 
small;  basin  narrow,  very  shallow.  Flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sub-acid 
astringent.  August.  Fig.  484. 

Dartmouth.  Large ;  crimson  and  orange,  with  a  light  brown, 
handsome  ;  sub-acid.  Tree  vigorous  and  productive.  Late. 

Excelsior.  Very  large,  roundish-oblate  ;  stem  long  and  slender ; 
skin  yellow,  shaded  and  splashed  with  red,  sprinkled  with  many 
russet  dots,  handsome  ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  good.  Early.  Min- 
nesota. 

Florence.  Large,  very  handsome,  hardy  dwarf.  Bears  early  and 
profusely.  Western. 

Gibb.  Large,  round  oblate ;  bright  orange  yellow,  flushed  in  sun ; 
stem  short,  thick  ;  cavity  wide,  deep  ;  calyx  medium,  open  ;  basin 
very  wide,  shallow,  ribbed  ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  firm,  crisp,  juicy, 
sub-acid.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  and  productive.  One  of  the 
best.  Autumn.  Fig.  482.  Wisconsin. 

Gideon.  Large,  oblate  conical ;  light  yellow ;  stem  long,  slender ; 
basin  narrow,  shallow  ;  calyx  medium  ;  cavity  narrow,  deep ;  flesh 
yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  good.  Autumn.  Fig. 
483.  Minnesota. 

Hyslop.*  Large,  round;  in  clusters;  bright,  deep  crimson,  blue 
bloom  ;  sub-acid,  only  fair  quality,  handsome.  Tree  very  hardy 
and  vigorous.  October.  The  most  popular  variety. 

Hewes  CUer  Crab.  Small,  round,  dull  red,  juicy,  acid.  Good 
for  cider  only. 

Lady.  (Lady  Elgin).  Rather  large,  whitish  and  red,  juicy,  sub- 
acid  Late.  Illinois, 


APPLES. 


349 


Lady  Finger.  Large,  oblong  ovate,  ribbed  ;  light  yellow,  covered 
with  bright  red  ;  stem  long,  slender ;  calyx  small ;  basin  narrow, 
shallow  ;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  brisk  acid,  good.  Late 
autumn.  Fig.  485.  Kansas. 

Looker  Winter.  Large,  oblate;  yellow  with  red  cheek;  juicy, 
sub-acid.  Late  keeper. 

Martha.*  Medium,  obiate ;  yellow  with  a  red  cheek ;  acid,  good. 
Season  early.  Minnesota. 

Marengo.  Medium,  round  ;  yellow,  bright  red  over ;  crisp,  sub- 
acid.  Keeps  all  winter.  Illinois. 


FIG.  483.— Gideon. 


FIG.  481.— Orange. 


FIG.  485. 
Lady  Finger. 


FIG.  482.— Gibb. 


FIG.  484. 
(Small, ) 
Cherry. 


FIG.  486.— Van  Wyck. 


Minnesota.  Very  large,  roundish,  irregular ;  skin  pale  yellow ; 
shaded  or  marbled  with  red  and  with  russet  dots,  covered  with  a 
thin,  white  bloom  ;  flesh  juicy,  crisp,  mild,  good.  Late.  Minn. 

Montreal  Beauty.  Large,  round-obovate ;  bright  yellow,  shaded 
red  ,  flesh  yellowish  white,  firm,  acid.  Fair.  Tree  a  free  grower 
and  very  ornamental.  Late. 

Orange.  Medium  large,  round ;  yellow' ;  flesh  crisp  and  juicy. 
Tree  a  slow  grower,  free  bearer.  Ripens  late.  Fig.  481. 

Paul's  Imperial.  Medium,  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  bright 
red,  acid.  Ripens  early.  Tree  vigorous. 

Quaker  Beauty.     Large,  in  clusters  ;  yellow,  with  crimson  cheek ; 


35°  APPLES. 

very  mild.     Tree  a  strong  grower,    hardy,  productive.      West 
Winter. 

Queen's  Choice.  Medium,  round ;  bright  crimson ;  flesh  white, 
brisk  flavor,  handsome.  Tree  vigorous  and  prolific.  Orna- 
mental. Late. 

Red  Siberian.*  Medium,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  round-oblate  ; 
yellow,  one  side  scarlet.  A  free-growing,  handsome  tree,  but  the 
fruit  not  so  good  for  culinary  purposes  as  larger  varieties. 
France. 

Richland  Sweet.  Large,  conical ;  bright  red ;  juicy,  sweet,  and 
rich.  Tree  a  handsome  grower  and  profuse  bearer ;  does  not 
blight.  Winter. 

Snyder.  Large,  oblate  conical ;  yellow,  splashed  and  striped  car- 
mine ;  dots  medium,  yellow ;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
September.  Wisconsin. 

Sweet  Russet.     Large,  round,  inclined  to  conical,  yellow  russetted. 

Sylvan  Sweet.  Very  large,  bright  red,  tender,  juicy,  and  sweet. 
Wisconsin. 

Transcendent.*  Medium  large,  round ;  yellow  striped  with  red  ; 
flesh  crisp,  juicy,  good.  Tree  vigorous  and  productive.  Said  to 
blight  badly.  Early.  4 

Van  Wyck.  Large,  round  conical ;  whitish,  shaded  light  red ; 
dots  small ;  stem  long ;  basin  medium,  shallow  ;  cavity  narrow, 
deep,  russeted ;  flesh  yellowish,  very  sweet,  moderately  juicy, 
good.  Early.  Fig.  486.  New  York. 

Whitney.*  Medium  large,  roundish,  very  good,  handsome,  rich. 
Very  hardy.  Illinois. 

Yellow  Siberian.*  Medium,  round,  golden  yellow.  Vigorous 
grower.  Early. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE   APRICOT. 

IT  is  remarkable  that  a  fruit  of  such  excellence  as  the  apri- 
cot, and  ripening  from  one  to  two  months  before  the  best  early 
peaches,  should  be  so  little  known.  In  its  natural  character, 
it  is  more  nearly  allied  to  the  plum  than  the  peach,  resembling 
the  former  in  its  broad  leaf,  and  in  the  smooth  stone  of  its 
fruit;  but  downy  like  the  peach,  and  partaking  largely  of  its 
flavor  and  excellence. 

The  apricot  is  budded  on  seedling  apricots,  and  on  peach 
and  plum  stocks.  Plum  stocks  are  preferred,  and  are  more 
especially  adapted  to  heavy  soils;  on  light  soils  the  hard- 
shelled  almondTand  the  wild  plum  have  proved  excellent. 

The  soil  should  be  deep  and  dry.  Young  trees  have  fre- 
quently perished  from  a  wet  sub-soil,  even  where  the  surface 
is  not  unusually  moist.  On  suitable  soils,  the  tree  is  as  hardy 
as  most  early  peaches,  but  its  greatest  drawback  is  that  it 
blossoms  so  early  as  to  be  caught  by  frost,  and  the  young  fruit 
is  very  attractive  to  the  curculio.  The  trees  have  been  com- 
monly planted  in  the  warmest  situations,  as  on  the  warm  side 
of  buildings,  or  other  sheltered  site,  facing  the  hot  sun,  where 
they  have  blossomed  early,  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  crop 
has  not  unfrequently  been  destroyed  by  vernal  frosts.  Hence, 
a  northern  or  more  exposed  aspect  would  be  far  preferable. 
If  trained  on  a  building,  the  eastern  side  should  be  especially 
avoided,  as  a  hot  morning  sun  upon  frosted  buds  would  be 
nearly  certain  destruction. 

The  liability  to  the  attacks  of  the  curculio,  and  the  very 
common  destruction  of  the  whole  crop  by  this  insect,  have  con- 
tributed to  the  general  conclusion  that  the  apricot  is  not  suited 
to  our  northern  climate.  Several  cultivators,  as  far  north  as 
forty-three  degrees  of  latitude,  by  a  systematic  destruction  of 


35 2  THE  APRICOT. 

this  insect,  and  by  selecting  a  dry  sub-soil,  are  able  to  obtain 
heavy  crops  of  this  delicious  midsummer  fruit. 

More  recently  varieties  from  southern  Russia  have  been  in- 
troduced, which,  so  far  as  hardiness  and  vigorous  thrifty 
growth  are  concerned,  appear  to  have  advantages  over  the 
elder  kinds  in  cultivation.  But  thus  far  in  producing  satisfac- 
tory crops  of  fruit  for  market  purposes,  apricots  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  neither  North  nor  South  have  been  very 
successful  except  with  a  few  skilful  growers. 

By  careful  management,  of  which  it  is  surely  worthy,  suffi- 
cient for  family  use  may  be  obtained  wherever  the  fruit  will 
grow,  but  that  apricots  may  be  expected  to  be  about  as  pro- 
ductive as  the  peach,  as  one  prominent  authority  has  recently 
stated,  unless  indeed  in  a  few  favored  localities,  is  hardly  prob- 
able. The  following  varieties  are  the  most  worthy  of  culti- 
vation : 

VARIETIES. 

Alexander.  Medium,  oblong,  orange  yellow,  spotted  red,  sweet, 
juicy,  early.  Good.  Prolific.  Freestone.  Russian. 

Alexis.  Large,  yellow,  red  blush,  sub-acid,  rich  and  good.  Does 
well  in  West.  Ripens  about  July  isth.  Russian. 

Black.  (Purple  Apricot,  Noir,  Violet.)  Small  or  medium,  round  ; 
pale  red  where  densely  shaded,  dull  deep  purple  or  nearly  black 
in  the  sun  ;  surface  with  a  thin  down  ;  flesh  red  near  the  skin, 
yellowish  at  the  stone,  somewhat  fib- 
rous, sweet,  slightly  astringent,  with 
a  pleasant,  good  flavor,  inferior  to  the 
common  apricots  in  quality.  Kernel 
sweet ;  adheres  to  the  stone.  Hardy 
as  an  apple-tree,  and  very  produc- 
tive. A  distinct  species  (A.  dasy- 
carpa)  from  the  other  apricots.  Ri- 
pens with  the  Breda.  Reproduces 
itself  from  the  stone.  There  is  an- 
other quite  different  apricot,  called 
Violet  or  Red  Angoumois  ;  small,  ob- 
long, lighter  red,  free  from  the  stone. 

Blenheim.       (Shipley.)        Large,    oval,  FIG.  487.— Breda, 

surface    orange ;    flesh    deep  yellow, 

juicy,  rather  rich.     Stone  roundish,  not  perforate.      Kernel  bit- 
ter.    A  popular  variety  for  canning  in  California. 

Breda.*  (Holland,  Amande  Aveline.)  Rather  small,  sometimes 
nearly  medium  (an  inch  and  a  half  diameter),  roundish,  ob- 
scurely foursided,  suture  distinct ;  surface  orange,  with  a  dark 
reddish  orange  cheek  ;  flesh  deep  orange,  free  from  the  stone, 


THE  APRICOT.  353 

rich,  and  high  flavored.  Sweet  kernel.  Quite  earl)',  or  a  week 
or  two  after  midsummer.  Hardy  for  an  apricot,  and  very  pro- 
ductive. Fig.  487.  Africa. 

Brussels.  Size  medium,  rather  oval,  compressed ;  pale  yellow, 
dotted  white  in  the  shade,  russety  brown  to  the  sun  ;  suture  deep 
at  base  ;  flesh  yellow,  rather  firm,  moderately  rich.  Rather  late. 

Budd.  Small,  oblong,  yellow  with  fine  red  cheek ;  sweet,  juicy, 
rather  fibrous.  Good.  Ripens  early  in  August.  Russian. 
Too  small  for  market. 

Burlington.  Rather  large,  oblong,  suture  distinct ;  skin  golden 
yellow,  dotted  red,  and  a  blush  to  the  sun ;  flesh  yellowish, 
sweet,  good.  Last  half  of  July.  New  Jersey. 

Dartmouth.  Medium,  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  round ; 
dark  crimson  and  orange,  with  light  bloom.  Quality  very  good. 
Tree  a  free  grower. 

Early  Golden.*  (Dubois'  Apricot.)  Small,  an  inch  and  a  fourth 
in  diameter,  round-oval,  nearly  smooth  ;  suture  narrow,  distinct ; 
surface  wholly  pale  orange ;  flesh  orange,  moderately  juicy, 
sweet,  good,  free  from  the  stone.  Kernel  sweet.  Early,  or  ten 
days  before  the  Moorpark.  Hardy,  very  productive,  profitable  for 
market.  Origin,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y. 

Early  Moorpark.  Medium  large,  round  orange,  compressed,  very 
good.  Ripens  about  three  weeks  earlier  than  Moorpark. 

Gibb.*  Medium,  roundish,  very  light  yellow,  sub-acid,  juicy, 
good.  Ripens  early.  Russian.  Freestone. 

Harris.  Medium,  roundish  oval,  flattened,  suture  distinct,  bright 
yellow,  red  cheek,  juicy,  good.  Hardy,  productive.  Ripens 
middle  of  July  to  first  of  August.  New  York. 

Hemskirke.*  Large,  roundish,  compressed  ;  surface  orange,  with 
a  red  cheek  ;  flesh  bright  orange,  rich,  juicy,  sprightly.  Kernel 
bitter.  Stone  rather  small.  Resembles  Moorpark,  but  smaller ; 
a  little  earlier,  and  stone  not  perforate.  English. 

Lafayette.  Very  large,  oval,  light  yellow,  marbled  red  in  the  sun  ; 
flesh  high  flavored  and  excellent.  Ripens  in  August. 

Large  Early.  Size  medium,  oblong,  compressed,  suture  deep, 
slightly  downy  ;  pale  orange,  with  a  spotted  bright  orange  cheek, 
very  handsome ;  flesh  free  from  the  stone,  pale  orange,  rich, 
juicy.  Ripens  at  or  a  little  before  midsummer.  Fig.  488.  South 
of  France. 

Montgamet.  (Alberge  de  Montagmet.)  Small,  roundish,  slightly 
compressed;  deep  yellow  ;  flesh  reddish,  firm,  with  a  rather  brisk 
flavor;  stone  compressed.  Early.  Leaves  with  stipules.  One 
of  the  best  for  preserving. 

Moorpark.*  (Anson's,  Dunmore's  Breda,  Temple's.)  Large,  two 
inches  in  diameter),  nearly  round,  slightly  compressed  ;  surface 
orange,  with  a  deep  orange-red  cheek,  and  with  numerous  darker 
dots  ;  flesh  free  from  the  stone,  bright  yellowish  orange,  rather 
firm,  quite  juicy,  with  a  rich,  high  flavor.  Kernel  bitter.  Stone 
23 


354  THE  APRICOT. 

perforate,  or  with  a  hole  lengthwise  under  one  edge,  so  that  a  pin 
may  be  thrust  through.  Season  medium,  or  two  weeks  after 
midsummer.  The  tree  is  somewhat  tender  and  the  fruit  ripens 
unevenly  in  most  places,  which  has  led  to  its  rejection  in  many 
parts  of  California.  English.  Old. 

Musch.  (Musch-Musch.)  Rather  small,  round,  deep  yellow,  with 
a  slight  orange-red  cheek  ;  flesh  yellow,  translucent,  tender,  sweet. 
Tree  rather  tender.  Little  known  in  this  country.  Origin,  Musch, 
in  Asia  Minor. 

Orange.  (Early  Orange,  Royal  Orange,  Royal  George,  Persian, 
Royal  Persian.)  Size  medium,  roundish,  suture  distinct,  deep  at 
base;  surface  orange,  often  a  ruddy  cheek  ;  flesh  dark  orange,  half 
dry,  partly  adhering  to  the  stone — dry  and  poor  unless  house 
ripened.  Stone  small,  roundish.  Kernel  sweet.  Culinary. 
Ripens  at  midsummer. 


FIG.  488.— Large  Early. 

Peach.*  (Anson's  Imperial,  Peche,  De  Nancy.)  Very  large, 
slightly  larger  than  Moorpark,  roundish  ;  yellowish  orange,  with  a 
.brownish  orange  cheek,  and  mottled  with  dark  brown  to  the  sun  ; 
flesh  rich  yellow,  juicy,  with  a  rich,  high  flavor.  Kernel  bitter. 

V\  Stone  perforate.  Ripens  about  the  time  of  the  Moorpark,  which 
it  closely  resembles,  but  is  of  larger  size.  Origin,  Italy. 

Red  Masculine.  (Early  Masculine,  Brown  Masculine,  Abricotin, 
Abricot,  Precoce,  Abricotier  Hatif.)  Small,  nearly  round,  suture 
distinct;  bright  yellow,  with  deep  orange  cheek  and  red  spots; 
flesh  yellow,  slightly  musky,  sub-acid.  Stone  thick,  obtuse  at  ends. 
Kernel  bitter.  Flowers  rather  small.  Very  early  or  about  mid- 
summer. Hardy  for  an  apricot.  Valuable  only  for  its  earliness. 

Ringgold.  Large,  roundish,  slightly  oblong ;  light  orange,  darker 
in  the  sun :  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  excellent.  Ripens  soon  after  th.e 
Orange.  Georgia. 


THE  APRICOT.  355 

Roman.*  (Abricot  Commun.)  Medium  in  size,  rather  oval,  com- 
pressed, suture  small  or  obscure  ;  surface  pale  yellow,  with  a  few 
red  dots  to  the  sun  ;  flesh  very  fine  grained,  half  juicy,  with  a  mild 
pleasant  flavor.  Kernel  bitter.  Worthless  in  England,  but  greatly 
improved  by  our  warm  summers.  Productive.  Season  rather 
early  or  medium,  or  two  weeks  after  midsummer.  It  is  dissemi- 
nated in  this  country  under  various  erroneous  names. 
The  Blotch-leaved  Roman  differs  only  in  the  yellow  spot  or  stain 
of  its  leaves. 

Royal.*  Rather  large,  round-oval,  slightly  compressed,  suture  shal- 
low ;  dull  yellow,  faintly  reddened  to  the  sun ;  flesh  pale  orange, 
firm,  juicy,  sweet,  high  flavored,  slightly  sub-acid,  free  from  the 
large,  oval,  nearly  impervious  stone.  Ripens  a  week  before 
Moorpark,  smaller  than  the  latter,  and  with  a  less  bitter  kernel. 
French.  A  profitable  market  variety,  particularly  in  California. 

Texas.  Small,  round,  dark  maroon ;  flesh  juicy  and  pleasant,  as- 
tringent at  stone  ;  clingstone.  Athens,  Ga. 

Turkey.  Size  medium,  round,  not  compressed;  surface  deep  yel- 
low, with  a  mottled,  brownish,  orange  cheek;  flesh  pale  yellow, 
firm,  juicy,  with  a  fine  mixture  of  sweet  and  acid;  very  free  from 
stone.  Rather  late,  or  middle  of  August.  Somewhat  resembles 
Moorpark,  but  differs  in  being  rounder,  paler,  with  an  impervious 
stone,  and  sweet  kernel. 

The  Blotch-leaved,  or  Golden  Blotched,  is  identical  with  the  pre- 
ceding, with  a  yellow  spot  on  the  centre  of  each  leaf. 

Turkish  of  Western  New  York.  Large,  oval,  compressed,  orange- 
yellow  shaded  red.  Productive.  This  is  undoubtedly  a  different 
variety  from  the  old  Turkey. 

White  Masculine.  (White  Apricot,  Early  White  Masculine,  Abricot 
Blanc.)  Small,  roundish;  nearly  white,  rarely  a  faint  reddish 
cheek,  rather  downy  ;  flesh  white,  delicate,  a  little  fibrous,  adhering 
to  the  stone.  Kernel  bitter.  Closely  resembles  the  Red  Mascu- 
line, except  in  color  and  being  rather  better,  and  four  or  five  days 
later. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  BLACKBERRY  AND   DEWBERRY. 

THE  Blackberry  requires  nearly  the  same  treatment  as  the 
Raspberry ;  but  being  more  a  rampant  grower  it  should  have 
more  room,  and  needs  more  pruning  or  pinching.  The  dis- 
tances of  the  rows  may  be  six  to  eight  feet  apart,  and  the 
plants,  if  kept  single,  two  feet  in  the  row.  Sometimes  they 
are  allowed  to  grow  thickly  or  in  a  continuous  line,  in  which 
case  they  should  be  kept  well  cultivated  and  properly  pruned. 

Constant  cultivation  is  always  better  than  much  manuring. 

Pruning  the  blackberry  is  commonly  but  little  understood. 
We  hear  complaints  of  the  rambling  and  straggling  growth  of 
this  bush,  extending  across  alleys,  tearing  dresses,  at  the 
same  time  proving  unproductive.  This  is  owing  to  a  neglect 
of  summer  pruning.  As  soon  as  the  new  shoots  have  reached 
two  and  a  half  or  three  feet  in  height,  the  ends  should  be 
pinched  off  with  the  thumb  and  finger,  which  will  cause  the 
protrusion  of  laterals.  These  in  turn  may  be  pinched  off 
when  they  have  grown  from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches.  As 
soon  as  the  fruit  is  off  (or  the  operation  may  be  delayed  until 
winter)  the  canes  which  have  fruited  should  be  cut  off  at  the 
ground.  In  the  mean  time,  three  to  five  new  canes  have  been 
allowed  to  grow  for  fruiting  the  following  season.  That  is, 
blackberry  canes  fruit  but  once  (the  second  year),  and  the  old 
canes  choke  the  plant,  take  its  strength,  and  afford  breeding 
places  for  insects  and  fungi.  The  old  canes  should  be  burned 
to  destroy  diseases  and  insects. 

The  Dewberry  is  much  like  the  blackberry  in  fruit,  but  the 
canes  are  trailing.  The  fruits  are  earlier  than  blackberries, 
and  therefore  prolong  the  blackberry  season.  Cut  out  the 
canes,  as  in  blackberries.  To  facilitate  cultivation,  tie  the 
growing  canes  to  stakes  (one  stake  for  each  hill).  Cut  the 

356 


THE   BLACKBERRY  AND  DEWBERRY. 


357 


cords  in  late  fall,  and  let  the  canes  lie  on  the  ground  for  win- 
ter protection.  Tie  up  again  in  the  spring. 

COVERING  BLACKBERRIES. — The  following  mode  of  cover- 
ing is  described  in  The  Country  Gen- 
tleman, by  Amos  Fish,  of  Bethlehem, 
N.  Y. ,  and  is  adapted  to  cold  regions : 
"  At  the  approach  of  winter  re- 
move the  stakes  and  lay  the  bushes 
at  right  angles  from  the  rows,  flat 
on  the  ground,  and  cover  them  two 
or  three  inches  deep  with  earth,  as 
follows:  Cut  off  the  limbs  within 
one  and  a  half  inches  of  the  canes, 
at  the  right  and  left  hand  sides  of  the 
row,  making  flat  bushes.  'Shorten 
in'  the  remaining  limbs  by  cutting 
off  the  slender  ends;  then,  with  a 
digging  or  dung  fork,  loosen  the 
earth  about  the  roots,  and  remove 
some,  laying  the  roots  loose  on  one 
side,  so  that  in  laying  down  the  roots 
shall  be  bent  instead  of  the  canes 

being  broken.  When  laid  down  use  bricks  to  hold  them 
down  while  covering,  and  remove  the  bricks  when  in  the 
way.  The  bushes  should  be  raised  up  and  the  stakes  re- 
placed as  early  in  the  spring  as  the  frost  is  out  of  the 
ground,  which  can  be  easily  done  with  a  fork  if  the  rows  are 
laid  down  singly  instead  of  lapping  over  one  another." 


FIG.    489.  —  Ancient     Briton 
Blackberry.    (See  Index.) 


BLACKBERRY  VARIETIES. 

Agawam.  Medium  to  large,  round-oblong,  bright  black,  juicy, 
sweet ;  flavor  excellent.  Canes  generally  stout,  sometimes 
drooping.  Productive,  hardy,  suckers  freely.  Season  early. 

Ancient  Briton.*  Large,  oblong  to  oval,  sweet,  very  good.  Mid- 
season,  ripening  with  Snyder.  Bush  a  sturdy  grower,  hardy  and 
one  of  the  most  productive.  A  standard  variety  in  many  places, 
particularly  in  the  middle  West.  Fig.  489.  Wisconsin. 

Dorchester.  Rather  large,  oblong  (sometimes  an  inch  and  a  fourth 
long),  nearly  sweet,  color  shining  black.  It  bears  carriage  well. 
Vigorous,  productive,  ripening  at  the  North  the  first  of  August. 
Fig.  490.  Massachusetts.  The  first  cultivated  variety. 


35* 


THE  BLACKBERRY  AND  DEWBERRY. 


Early  Cluster.*  Canes  erect,  healthy,  and  remarkably  productive  ; 
berries  medium,  short-oblong,  sweet,  without  a  hard  core,  very 
good.  Entire  crop  ripens  within  a  few  days  of  first  picking. 
One  of  the  best  very  early  varieties,  equal  if  not  superior  to  Early 
Harvest. 


FIG.  490. — Dorchester. 


FIG.  491.— Kittalinny. 


Early  Harvest.*  Medium,  round-oblong,  tender,  very  juicy,  sweet, 
very  good.  Canes  red,  moderately  vigorous  ;  thorns  few,  small. 
Season  very  early.  Good.  Illinois. 


FIG.  492.— Lucretia  Dewberry. 


FIG.  493.— Loganberry. 
(See  Index.) 


Erie.  Large,  nearly  globular,  not  very  sweet,  but  good.  Canes 
vigorous,  upright,  branched,  green,  tinged  with  red.  Very  pro- 
ductive and  largely  grown  for  market.  Winter  kills.  Pennsyl- 


Kittatinny.*     Large,   sometimes  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  wblong 
ovate,  glossy  black ;  flesh  moderately  firm,  nearly  swee\,    rich, 


THE  SLA  CKBERR  Y  AND  DE  WBER&  K 

excellent.  Canes  very  vigorous.  Quite  hardy,  very  productive, 
medium  late.  One  of  the  best  family  blackberries.  The  berries 
become  duller  in  color  after  picking  and  less  showy  in  market. 
Fig.  491.  New  Jersey. 

Loganberry.  Probably  a  cross  between  the  Western  dewberry  and 
an  unknown  variety  of  the  European  red  raspberry.  Originated 
by  Judge  J.  H.  Logan,  Santa  Cruz,  Cal.,  in  1882.  Has  the  dew- 
berry habit  of  growth  and  propagates  by  tips,  its  principle  resem- 
blance to  the  raspberry  being  in  color  and  flavor.  Berries  very 
large,  very  long  (often  2^  inches)  shining;  not  high  flavored 


FIG.  494.— Snyder. 

but  good.  Season  early,  with  the  raspberries.  Not  hardy  in  the 
North  unless  the  vines  are  covered.  Appears  promising  in  some 
sections. 

Lucretia  Dewberry.*  Large,  coreless,  glossy  black,  juicy,  sweet ; 
ripens  a  fortnight  earlier  than  Wilson's  Early.  Vine  vigorous, 
procumbent,  thorny,  hardy,  but  does  better  if  lightly  covered  in 
winter.  The  best  dewberry  yet  introduced.  Fig.  492.  Texas. 

Mayes  Dewberry  (Austin).  Plant  trailing  when  young,  more  up- 
right when  old  ;  productive ;  fruit  very  large,  oval-conic,  hand- 
some, of  good  quality.  Very  early.  Very  promising  in  the  mid- 
dle West.  Texas. 

Mersereau.*  A  selected  strain  of  Snyder,  to  which  it  is  superior  by 
being  larger,  of  better  quality,  and  less  liable  to  turn  red  after 
being  picked.  Very  promising.  New  York. 

Minnewaska.  Large,  nearly  round,  juicy,  sweet.  Canes  branched, 
shaded  red,  thorny.  Winter  kills.  Mid-season.  New  York. 


36° 


THE  BLACKBERRY  AND  £>EWBERRV. 


Missouri  Mammoth.     Large,  black,  firm,   sweet.     Hardy,   produc- 
tive.    Not  entirely  hardy  north  of  New  York.     Missouri. 


FIG.  495.— Wilson. 

Newman.  Rather  large,  oval,  quality  very  good.  Canes  of  mod- 
erate growth,  nearly  free  from  spines.  Early  August.  Some' 
times  productive,  usually  not.  Ulster  County,  N.  Y. 


FIG.  496. 


FIG.  497. 


THE  BLACKBERRY  AND  DEWBERRY.  361 

New  Rochelle.  (Lawton.)  Large,  oblong-oval,  black,  soft  and 
sweet  when  fully  ripe.  Middle  of  August.  Canes  tender  in 
severe  climates.  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.  The  second  variety  in- 
troduced into  cultivation. 

Snyder.*  Medium,  oblong-oval,  juicy,  sweet,  fine  flavor.  Canes 
strong,  upright,  thorny.  Very  productive  and  extremely  hardy. 
A  standard  market  variety.  Fig.  494.  Mid-season.  Indiana. 

Taylor.*  Canes  a  peculiar  greenish-yellow,  moderately  vigorous, 
productive ;  berries  medium  large,  oblong,  juicy,  sweet ;  very 
good.  One  of  the  very  best  late  dessert  or  market  varieties.  Very 
hardy.  Indiana. 

Wilson.*  Very  large,  oblong-oval,  black ;  quality  good.  Canes 
tender  at  the  North,  hardy  as  far  south  as  Philadelphia,  where  it 
is  very  productive.  Introduced  in  1854  and  still  largely  grown. 
Early.  Fig.  495.  New  Jersey. 

Wilson,  Jr.  Medium  to  large,  very  juicy  ;  good.  Canes  moderately 
vigorous,  thorny.  Good  in  New  Jersey  and  South.  Winter  kills 
north  of  New  York.  Origin  in  New  Jersey,  1875.  Can  hardly  be 
distinguished  from  Wilson. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

THE   CHERRY. 

PROPAGATION.— The  cultivated  varieties  of  the  Cherry  con- 
sist of  two  distinct  classes  of  sorts ;  the  first,  comprising  the 
Mazzards,  Hearts,  Bigarreaus,  and  Dukes,  is  characterized 
usually  by  the  tall,  upright  growth  and  pyramidal  form  of  the 
tree,  by  the  large,  vigorous,  and  straight  young  branches,  and 
by  a  sweet  or  bitter,  but  not  a  sour,  taste.  The  second  class, 
or  round-fruited,  including  the  Morelloes,  Kentish,  and  the 
common  pie  cherry,  has  small,  irregular,  and  thickly  growing 
branches,  and  a  decidedly  acid  fruit.  Observation  will  soon 
enable  any  one  to  distinguish  these  two  classes,  even  where 
the  trees  are  not  more  than  a  foot  in  height.  It  is  the  former 
only  that  are  commonly  used  as  stocks  for  grafting  and  bud- 
ding, on  account  of  their  straight  and  rapid  growth.  At- 
tempts are  not  unfrequently  made  to  propagate  the  common 
cherry  on  the  wild  Black  Cherry  (Prunus  Virginiana),  or  on 
the  Choke  Cherry  (P.  serotina).  Such  attempts  prove  to  be 
failures,  the  sorts  being  too  dissimilar  in  their  natures  to  favor 
union.  These  two  species,  it  will  be  observed,  have  racemose 
inflorescence,  while  in  the  cultivated  cherry  the  flowers  are 
simply  in  fascicles  or  umbels.  Some  of  the  wild  species  (as 
the  Sand  and  Pin  cherries,  P.  Besseyi  and  P.  Pennsylvania) 
having  the  latter  kind  of  inflorescence,  have  been  successfully 
used  as  stocks,  and  their  adoption  might  possibly  prove  useful 
at  the  South  and  West,  where  the  Heart  cherries  fail.  In  the 
East,  at  least,  the  Mahaleb  cherry  (P.  Mahaleb),  is  now  exten- 
sively used  as  stocks.  The  stocks  are  mostly  imported. 

The  stones,  as  soon  as  they  are  taken  from  the  fruit,  should 
be  dried  only  enough  to  prevent  mouldiness,  and  then  mixed 
with  an  equal  quantity  of  clean  moist  sand.  The  best  way  to 
keep  them  till  spring  is  to  bury  them  in  shallow  pits  on  a  dry 

362 


THE   CHERRY.  363 

spot  of  ground,  covering  them  with  flat  stones  and  a  few 
inches  of  earth. 

The  seed  may  be  planted  in  autumn  or  spring.  If  in  au- 
tumn, the  ground  should  be  dry,  and  entirely  free  from  all 
danger  of  becoming  flooded  or  water-soaked.  Unless  the  soil 
is  quite  light,  the  surface  should  be  covered  with  leaf  mould 
or  pulverized  manure,  to  avoid  the  formation  of  a  hard 
crust  upon  the  surface,  which  would  prevent  the  young 
plants  from  breaking  through.  But  usually  spring  is  the  best 
season,  if  the  planting  is  done  the  moment  the  frost  is  out  of 
the  ground;  for  the  seeds  sprout  and  grow  on  the  first  ap- 
proach of  warm  weather.  The  distance  should  be  the  same 
as  for  the  peach  and  apple ;  and  nearly  the  same  directions 
are  applicable  to  their  management  in  the  nursery  rows. 

Good  seedlings,  averaging  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  may  be 
transplanted  from  the  seed-beds  when  a  year  old,  and  if  well 
cultivated  in  good  soil,  may  be  budded  the  same  season. 
Where  the  buds  fail,  the  trees  may  be  grafted  in  the  follow- 
ing spring. 

Budding  can  only  succeed  with  thrifty,  freely  growing 
stocks  and  with  well-matured  buds.  About  the  time,  or  a  lit- 
tle after  the  most  vigorous  stage  of  growth,  or  just  as  the 
terminal  buds  on  the  shoots  commence  forming,  is  the  best  pe- 
riod. If  earlier,  the  buds  will  usually  be  too  soft ;  if  later,  the 
bark  will  not  peel  freely,  nor  the  buds  adhere  well.  This 
period  usually  commences  about  midsummer,  and  continues, 
under  the  various  influences  of  season  and  soil,  for  two  or 
three  weeks,  and  sometimes  more  than  a  month.  Success 
will  be  found  to  depend  also  upon  cutting  out  with  the  bud  a 
larger  portion  of  the  wood  than  is  common  with  other  bud- 
ding, or  equal  to  one-third  the  diameter  of  the  shoot.  This 
will  be  found  particularly  useful  where  the  buds  are  slightly 
immature,  retaining  in  them  a  larger  portion  of  moisture, 
and  preventing  their  curling  off  from  the  stock. 

Difficulty  is  often  experienced  in  successfully  grafting  the 
cherry.  It  succeeds  well,  if  performed  very  early  in  the 
spring,  before  the  slightest  swelling  of  the  buds,  and  before 
the  frost  has  disappeared  from  the  ground.  After  this  period 
it  is  very  liable  to  failure. 

In  propagating  the  slower-growing,  sour-fruited  varieties, 


3^4  THE   CHERRY. 

good  trees  are  often  soonest  obtained  by  grafting  or  budding 
them  at  standard  height  on  large  straight  stocks.  If  grafted, 
they  soon  form  a  handsome  head;  if  budded,  care  must  be 
taken  by  judicious  pruning  to  prevent  the  young  shoots  from 
growing  all  on  one  side. 

Pruning  the  cherry,  except  to  form  the  head,  is  rarely 
needed. 

SOIL. 

The  cherry  being  a  very  hardy  tree,  will  thrive  in  the 
Northern  States  in  nearly  all  good  soils.  But  a  dryer  soil 
than  for  most  other  species  is  found  preferable ;  a  sandy  or 
gravelly  loam  is  best.  In  wet  places,  or  on  water-soaked  sub- 
soils, it  does  not  flourish,  and  soon  perishes. 


DWARF  CHERRIES. 

These  are,  as  yet,  cultivated  to  a  limited  extent  in  this 
country.  They  are  chiefly  adapted  to  village  gardens,  or 
other  grounds  of  limited  extent,  as  they  may  be  set  as  near 
each  other  as  five  or  six  feet.  They  may  be  easily  covered 
with  netting,  and  thus  protected  from  the  birds ;  and  what  is 
most  rare  and  desirable,  the  fruit  permitted  to  remain  until 
fully  ripe,  so  important  to  the  flavor  of  all  cherries  of  an  acid 
character. 

The  stocks  used  for  this  purpose  are  the  Mahaleb  (Prunus 
Mahaleb},  which  also  possesses  the  advantage  of  flourishing 
on  heavy  clay  ground.  The  buds  usually  grow  quite  vigor- 
ously, their  branches  being  so  pruned  that  seven,  nine,  or 
more  may  come  out  from  the  centre  of  the  plant,  like  a  well- 
managed  gooseberry  bush.  These  branches  will  put  forth 
early  in  summer,  as  in  pyramidal  pears,  several  shoots  at 
their  extremities,  all  of  which  must  be  pinched  off  to  within 
two  or  three  buds  of  their  base,  leaving  the  leading  shoots 
untouched  till  near  the  close  of  summer,  when  they  must  be 
shortened  to  eight  or  ten  buds.  If  trees  on  Mahaleb  roots  are 
allowed  to  grow  at  will,  they  are  not  much  dwarfed  as  orchard 
trees.  Systematic  heading-in  each  year,  as  for  dwarf  pears, 
will  tend  to  keep  them  dwarf. 


THE   CHERRY.  36S 

The  cultivation  of  dwarf  cherries  would  greatly  facilitate 
the  use  of  net  screens  for  covering  entire  orchards,  as  some- 
times practised  in  Holland  and  England.  The  boundary  fence 
is  made  of  wire  (or  wood)  lattice,  so  as  to  exclude  small  birds. 
At  regular  distances,  through  the  inclosed  area,  are  inserted 
into  the  earth  wooden  or  tile  sockets  for  the  reception  of  poles 
or  props  to  support  the  net.  These  poles  have  each  a  small  cir- 
cular board  nailed  on  their  tops,  to  prevent  injury  to  the  net- 
ting. The  boundary  fence  is  supplied  with  hoops,  to  which 
the  net  is  readily  attached.  When  the  cherries  begin  to  ripen, 
it  is  elevated  on  several  of  the  poles,  each  carried  by  a  man, 
and  spread  over  the  garden,  the  rest  of  the  poles  being  easily 
inserted  in  their  sockets  afterward.  All  birds  are  thus  com- 
pletely excluded.  During  rain  or  dewy  evenings,  the  net  is 
stretched  to  its  utmost  extent.  In  dry  weather  it  is  slackened, 
and  forms  a  festooned  vault  over  the  whole  cherry  garden. 
Its  durability  is  increased  by  soaking  it  in  tan  once  a  year. 
Ten  square  rods  of  ground,  comprised  within  a  circle  of  fifty- 
nine  feet  in  diameter,  would  contain  forty  dwarf  cherry-trees 
at  eight  feet  distance,  or  ninety  trees  at  five  feet  distance. 

Sometimes  the  cherry  crop  is  much  lessened  by  premature 
rotting  of  the  fruit.  This  is  due  to  a  fungous  disease.  Pick 
the  cherries  before  they  are  fully  ripe,  and  when  the}'  are  dry. 
Spraying  with  Bordeaux  will  help. 

At  the  South  and  West  the  finer  varieties  of  the  Heart  and 
Bigarreau  cherries  do  not  flourish.  This  is  supposed  to  be 
caused  by  the  hot  sun  upon  the  bark  of  the  trunk,  and  by 
rapid  growth  preventing  a  sufficient  hardening  of  the  wood. 
The  Mayduke,  Early  Richmond,  and  the  Morelloes  generally 
succeed  well.  Grafting  the  Heart  varieties  upon  these  hardy 
sorts  has  been  found  useful,  and  training  the  trees  with  low 
heads,  or  with  but  little  bare  trunk,  is  an  additional  security. 
The  cracking  and  bursting  of  the  bark  at  the  West  are  partly 
prevented  by  these  precautions ;  but  the  safest  way  is  to  con- 
fine the  culture  of  this  fruit  to  the  sorts  above  named,  which 
are  least  affected.  Cherries  of  any  kind  are  unsatisfactory  in 
the  Southern  States,  those  only  which  are  grafted  upon  Maha- 
leb  stock  giving  any  satisfaction. 


366  THE   CHERRY. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  ARRANGEMENT. 

CLASS  I.     FRUIT  HEART-SHAPED. 

(Fruit  inclining  to  sweet,  tree  vigorous  and  regular  in  growth.) 
Heart  and  Bigarreau  Cherries. 

Section    I.     Fruit  black,  dark  red,  or  crimson. 
Section  II.     Fruit  bright  red,  or  lighter. 

CLASS  II.     FRUIT  ROUND. 
Duke  and  Morello  Cherries. 
Section   I.     Fruit  black,  dark  red,  or  crimson. 
Section  II.     Fruit  bright  red,  or  lighter. 

CLASS  III. 
Native  Dwarf  Cherries. 


CLASS  I.    FRUIT  HEART-SHAPED. 
Section  /.     Fruit  black,  dark  red,  or  crimson. 

Afghanistan.  Large,  black,  sweet ;  flesh  firm  ;  good  shipper.  Tree 
vigorous,  prolific. 

Black  Eagle.  Rather  large,  obtuse  heart-shaped,  roundish,  nearly 
black  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  rather  slender,  slightly  sunk  ; 
flesh  dark,  deep  purplish  crimson,  with  a  very  rich,  high,  excel- 
lent flavor.  Season  medium,  after  Tartarian.  Shoot  stout, 
diverging  or  spreading.  A  cross  of  the  Graffion  and  May  Duke. 
English.  Not  always  of  the  highest  character.  A  moderate 
bearer.  Fig.  502. 

Black  Hawk.  Large,  heart-shaped,  often  obtuse,  sides  compressed, 
surface  uneven  ;  color  purplish  black,  glossy;  flesh  dark  purple, 
rather  firm,  rich,  high  flavored.  Last  week  of  June.  Dr.  Kirt- 
land,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Black  Heart.*  Medium  or  rather  large,  heart-shaped,  slightly  irreg- 
ular; blackish  crimson,  becoming  black;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  moderately  sunk ;  tender  when  ripe,  with  a  high,  "very 
good"  flavor.  Season  medium,  or  rather  early.  Productive  and 
hardy ;  growth  rather  erect,  or  with  diverging  shoots. 


THE  CHERRY. 


367 


Davenport  (or  Davenport's  Early)  closely  resembles  Black  Heart, 
but  is  a  few  days  earlier,  and  the  leaves  are  larger  and  lighter 
green. 


FIG.  498. 
May  Bigarreau. 


FIG.  499- 
Knight's  Early  Black. 


FiO.  s°o. 
Early  Purple  Guigne. 


PIG.  501. 
Black  Tartarian. 


FIG.  502- 
Black  Eagle. 


Black  Tartarian.*  (Frazer's  Black  Tartarian,  Black  Circassian, 
Black  Russian,  Ronald's  Large  Black  Heart,  Ronald's  Heart.) 
Quite  large  (often  an  inch  in  diameter),  on  crowded  old  trees  only 
medium  ;  heart-shaped,  often  rather  obtuse,  surface  slightly  un- 
even ;  nearly  or  quite  black ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
slightly  sunk ;  flesh  dark,  half  tender,  with  a  peculiar  liver-like 
consistency,  rich,  nearly  destitute  of  acid,  with  a  very  fine,  mild 
flavor.  Ripens  early,  or  about  the  middle  of  June.  Shoots  very 
erect.  The  vigorous  growth  and  great  productiveness  of  the  tree, 
and  the  large  size  and  mild,  sweet  flavor  of  the  fruit,  render  this 
variety  a  general  favorite.  Fig.  501.  Russian. 

Brandy  wine.  Rather  large,  broad  heart-shaped  ;  crimson,  mottled; 
flesh  tender,  slightly  sub-acid,  very  good.  Last  of  June.  Origin, 
Wilmington,  Del. 

Brant.  Large,  heart-shaped ;  reddish  black ;  flesh  dark  purplish 
red,  sweet,  half  tender,  juicy,  rich.  Middle  of  June.  Cleveland, 
Ohio.  Dr.  Kirtland. 


368  THE   CHERRY. 

Conestoga.  Large,  obtuse  heart-shaped  ;  dark  purple  ;  stalk  long, 
slender;  flesh  firm,  with  a  rich,  pleasant  flavor.  Lancastel 
County,  Pa. 

Cumberland  Seedling.  (Triumph  of  Cumberland.)  Large,  obtuse 
heart-shaped ;  purplish  crimson ;  flesh  firm,  very  good.  Middle 
of  June.  Carlisle,  Pa. 

Early  Purple  Guigne.*  Size  medium,  round  heart-shaped,  distinctly 
dotted  when  ripening ;  dark  red,  becoming  nearly  black ;  flesh 
dark,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sweet.  Growth  less  vigorous  than  most 
heart  cherries  ;  shoots  dark  brown,  spreading ;  leaves  rather  small, 
drooping  on  long  petioles.  Very  early,  ripening  first  ten  days  in 
June.  One  of  the  best  early  cherries.  Fig.  500. 

Elkhorn.  (Tradescant's  Black  Heart,  Large  Black  Bigarreau.) 
Large,  heart-shaped,  surface  slightly  uneven  ;  black;  stalk  rather 
short,  or  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long  ;  cavity  rather  deep  ;  flesh 
solid,  firm,  not  juicy,  with  a  high,  fine  flavor,  bitter  before  fully 
ripe.  Rather  late.  Shoots  dark  gray. 

Hoskins.  Very  large,  round  heart-shaped,  dull  purple  ;  flesh  dark 
mottled,  firm,  sweet.  Seedling  of  Napoleon.  Oregon. 

Jocosot.  Large,  regular,  heart-shaped,  indented  at  apex ;  glossy, 
nearly  black ;  flesh  tender,  with  a  sweet,  rich  flavor.  Last  of 
June.  Ohio. 

Kennicot.  Large,  oval  heart-shaped;  amber-yellow,  mottled  and 
shaded  with  bright  red;  flesh  firm,  rich,  sweet.  Early  in  July. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Knight  Early  Black.*  Large,  obtuse  heart-shaped,  surface 
slightly  uneven  ;  black  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  *  fourth  or  an  inch  and 
a  half  long,  rather  stout ;  cavity  deep,  narrow ;  flesh  dark  purplish 
crimson,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  very  rich,  high,  excellent  flavor. 
Ripens  nearly  with  the  Black  Tartarian.  Shoots  diverging  or 
spreading.  Much  resembles  the  Black  Eagle,  but  larger,  earlier, 
more  heart-shaped,  and  with  a  much  deeper  cavity.  English.  In 
some  localities  it  appears  to  need  a  rich  soil  and  warm  situation  to 
develop  its  excellence.  A  moderate  and  sometimes  poor  bearer. 
Fig.  499. 

Leather  Stocking.  Medium,  heart-shaped;  reddish  black;  flesh 
firm,  sweet.  Last  half  of  July.  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Logan.  Rather  large,  obtuse  heart-shaped,  indented  at  apex ;  pur- 
plish black ;  flesh  rather  firm,  sweet,  rich.  Last  half  of  June. 
Cleveland,  O. 

Manning  Late  Black.  Large,  roundish;  deep  purple  or  black; 
flesh  purplish,  half  tender,  sweet,  excellent.  End  of  June.  Salem, 
Mass. 

May  Bigarreau.  (Baumann's  May  of  Downing,  Bigarreau  de  Mai.) 
Rather  small,  oval  heart-shaped,  becoming  as  it  ripens  nearly 
round;  color  deep  red,  becoming  black ;  stalk  an  inch  and  three" 


THE   CHERRY. 

fourths  long,  rather  stout  at  the  ends;  cavity  narrow;  flesh  dark 
crimson,  juicy,  rather  sweet,  not  high  flavored.  Very  early,  or 
first  ten  days  of  June.  Productive.  Shoots  diverging,  brown, 
resembling  in  color  those  of  the  Mayduke.  Fig.  489. 

Mezel.*  (Great  Bigarreau,  Great  Bigarreau  of  Mezel.)  Large,  ob- 
tuse heart-shaped;  surface  uneven,  dark  red,  becoming  black; 
stalk  long,  slender;  flesh  rather  firm,  rich,  very  good.  Late. 
Shoots  slightly  flexuous  ;  tree  great  bearer.  France. 

Osceola.  Rather  large,  heart-shaped  ;  dark  red,  nearly  black  ;  flesh 
tender,  sweet,  very  good.  End  of  June.  Cleveland,  O.  Dr. 
Kirtland. 

Pontiac.  Large,  roundish  heart-shaped  ;  dark  red,  becoming  nearly 
black;  flesh  half  tender,  sweet,  and  agreeable.  Cleveland,  O. 
Dr.  Kirtland. 

Powhatan.  Size  medium,  roundish  ;  dark  purple,  glossy ;  flesh  pur- 
plish red,  half  tender,  with  a  pleasant  flavor.  End  of  July. 
Cleveland,  O. 

Richardson.  Large,  heart-shaped ;  blackish  red ;  flesh  deep  red, 
half  tender,  sweet.  Last  of  June.  Massachusetts. 

Tecumseh.  Rather  large,  obtuse  heart-shaped;  reddish  purple; 
flesh  dark  red,  half  tender,  with  a  rich  sub-acid  flavor.  End  of 
July.  Cleveland,  O. 

Wendel  Mottled  Bigarreau.  Medium  or  rather  large,  obtuse 
heart-shaped ;  dark  red,  becoming  nearly  black,  mottled  with  dark 
streaks  or  points ;  suture  a  dark  line  on  one  side  ;  stalk  medium  ; 
cavity  round,  irregular;  flesh  firm,  crisp,  high  flavored;  stone 
small.  Rather  late.  Growth  upright.  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Werder  Early  Black  Heart.  Large,  roundish  heart-shaped  ;  skin 
black;  flesh  purplish,  tender,  very  good.  First  half  of  June. 

Section  11.     Bright  red  or  lighter. 

American  Heart.*  Medium  or  rather  large,  four-sided  heart- 
shaped  ;  color  light  red  or  pink,  mixed  with  amber ;  stalk  nearly 
two  inches  long,  slender;  cavity  small  and  shallow ;  flesh  half  ten- 
der, adhering  to  the  rather  tough  skin,  juicy,  sweet,  good.  Very 
productive.  Early. 

Belle  d'Orleans.*  Rather  large,  roundish  heart-shaped  ;  light  yel- 
low, with  pale  red ;  flesh  tender,  with  a  sweet,  excellent  flavor. 
Middle  of  June.  Tree  a  good  grower.  Productive.  A  valuable 
early  sort. 

Burr  Seedling.  Rather  large,  distinct  heart-shaped,  smooth ;  a 
fine  deep  clear  red,  often  spotted  or  marbled  ;  stem  an  inch  and  a 
half  long;  cavity  moderate;  flesh  half  tender  (about  as  firm  as 
American  Heart,  from  which  it  probably  originated) ,  sweet,  rich, 
with  a  fine  flavor.  Growth  vigorous,  very  product;ve.  Season 
medium.  Origin,  Perrinton,  N.  Y. 

24 


370  THE  CHERRY. 

Carmine  Stripe.  Rather  large,  heart-shaped  ;  a  carmine  line  on  the 
suture,  amber  yellow  with  bright  carmine;  flesh  tender,  agree- 
able. Last  of  June.  Ohio. 

Caroline.  Rather  large,  roundish  oblong ;  pale  amber  mottled  with 
red ;  tender,  sweet,  delicate.  Last  of  June.  Cleveland,  O. 

Centennial.  Large,  yellow,  marbled  crimson,  very  sweet,  good 
shipper.  A  seedling  of  Napoleon.  Fig. 
503.  California. 

Champagne.  Medium,  roundish  heart- 
shaped;  reddish  pink;  stalk  medium, 
cavity  shallow  ;  flesh  amber  colored,  sub- 
acid,  rich.  Last  of  June.  Raised  by  C. 
Downing,  Newburg,  N.  Y. 

China  Bigarreau.  Medium  in  size,  oval 
heart-shaped,  somewhat  roundish,  sut- 
ure distinct ;  color  amber  mottled  with 
red,  becoming  red;  stalk  long,  slender, 
cavity  shallow  ;  flesh  half  tender  when 
ripe,  with  a  rather  rich  and  peculiar  sec- 
ond-rate flavor.  Season  rather  late. 
Shoots  spreading.  Origin,  Flushing, 
L.  I. 

Cleveland.  (Cleveland Bigarreau.)  Large, 
round  heart-shaped ;  suture  broad  and 

deep  half  way  round;  color  bright,  clear, 

FIG.  spa-Centennial,  delicate  red  on  amber  yellow  ;  stalk  an 

inch  and  a  half  long,  curved  ;  flesh  firm, 
juicy,  sweet,  rich.  Season  early,  or  with  Black  Tartarian.  Ori- 
gin, Cleveland,  O. 

Coe's  Transparent.*  Size  medium,  nearly  globular,  very  regular; 
skin  thin,  pale  amber,  reddened  in  the  sun,  with  peculiar  pale 
spots  or  blotches  ;  stalk  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  moderately 
sunk ;  very  tender,  melting,  sweet,  excellent.  Early,  just  before 
Black  Tartarian.  Growth  thrifty.  Origin,  Middletown,  Conn. 
One  of  the  most  valuable  of  all  cherries  for  home  use.  Fig.  504. 

Delicate.  Rather  large,  roundish,  oblate;  stalk  medium  in  length, 
cavity  rather  large ;  color  yellow,  mottled  and  shaded  with  car- 
mine, translucent ;  flesh  light  yellow,  flavor  excellent,  ist  of  July. 
Tree  spreading,  forming  a  round  head.  Cleveland,  O. 

Doctor.  Size  medium,  round  heart-shaped;  color  light  yellow  and 
red,  blended  and  mottled;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long;  cavity 
round,  regular ;  flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  fine.  Very 
early.  Resembles  American  Heart,  but  two  weeks  earlier. 
Growth  moderate,  spreading  leaves,  narrow.  Origin,  Cleveland,  O- 

Downer.*  (Downer's  Late,  Downer's  Late  Red.)  Size  medium, 
round  heart-shaped,  smooth  ;  red,  light  amber  in  the  shade  ;  stalk 
an  inch  and  a  half  long,  slightly  sunk  ;  fruit  in  clusters ;  flesh 
tender,  melting,  rich,  very  high  flavored— not  good  till  fully  ripe. 
Rather  late.  Growth  erect.  Hangs  late,  and  does  not  rot  easily. 
Origin,  Dorchester,  Mass.  Fig.  506. 


THE  CHERRY. 


371 


Downing's  Red  Cheek.  Size  medium  or  rather  large,  obtuse  heart- 
shaped,  regular ;  suture  distinct ;  color  with  a  broad  crimson  cheek ; 
stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  cavity  of  medium  size ;  flesh  half 
tender,  delicate,  sweet,  rich,  very  good.  Rather  early.  Origin, 
SNewburg,  N.  Y. 

Downton.  Large,  round  heart-shaped,  apex  quite  obtuse,  or 
slightly  indented ;  light  cream  color,  stained  with  red ;  stalk  an 
inch  and  three-fourths  or  two  inches  long,  slender ;  cavity  wide ; 
flesh  yellowish,  tender,  adhering  slightly  to  the  stone,  rich,  deli- 
cious. Season  medium  or  rather  late.  Growth  rather  spreading:. 
Fig.  505. 

Early  Prolific.  Medium,  roundish  heart-shaped;  color  bright  red 
on  yellow  ground;  stalk  long;  flesh  half  tender,  very  good. 
Early.  Cleveland,  O. 

FIG.  504. 
Coe's  Transparent. 


FIG.  505. 
Downton. 


FIG.  506. 
Downer's  Late. 


FIG.  507- 
White  Heart. 


White  Heart.  Medium,  or  rather  small,  heart-shaped,  slightly  ob- 
long, often  a  little  one-sided,  suture  distinct ;  color  dull  whitish 
yellow,  tinged  and  spotted  with  pale  red  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  three- 
fourths  long,  cavity  wide,  shallow ;  flesh  rather  firm,  tender 
when  ripe,  sweet,  pleasant.  Quite  early.  Growth  erect.  AD 
old  sort,  now  becoming  superseded.  Fig.  507. 


372 


THE   CHERRY. 


Elliott's  Favorite.  Size  medium,  round,  regular,  slightly  com- 
pressed ;  color  pale  amber  yellow,  with  a  bright,  marbled,  carmine- 
red  cheek  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  cavity  even  and  regular ; 
flesh  pale  amber,  translucent,  tender,  delicate,  juicy,  with  a  sweet, 
fine  flavor.  Season  medium,  ripening  with  Belle  de  Choisy. 
Shoots  vigorous,  diverging.  Origin,  Cleveland,  O. 

FIG.  508. 
Florence. 


FIG.  510. 
Holland  Bigarreau. 


FIG.  511. 

Bigarreau  or 

Yellow  Spanish. 


Elton.*  (Flesh-Colored  Bigarreau.)  Large,  pointed  heart-shaped, 
somewhat  oblong;  pale  yellow,  blotched  and  shaded  with  red; 
stalk  two  inches  long,  slender;  flesh  firm,  becoming  rather  tender, 
rich,  high  flavored  ;  "very  good."  Season  medium.  Not  desira- 
ble for  market  because  of  its  light  color,  tender  flesh,  and  liability 
to  rot,  but  excellent  for  home  use.  English.  Rather  tender  in 
very  severe  climates.  Fig.  509. 

Florence.  (Knevett'sLate.)  Large,  heart-shaped,  regular,  smooth; 
amber  yellow  marbled  with  red,  and  with  a  red  cheek;  stalk  an 
inch  and  a  half  long  ;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  sweet;  season  rather  late. 
Resembles  Yellow  Spanish,  but  hardly  so  large,  and  ten  days 
later.  Fig.  508. 

Dr.  Wiseman.  Large,  yellowish,  shaded  red;  resembles  Gov. 
Wood.  Tree  tender,  does  well  in  North  Carolina. 


THE  CHERRY.  373 

Governor  Wood.*  Large,  roundish  heart-shaped  ;  light  yellow, 
shaded  and  marbled  with  light  red  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  cavity  wide  ;  rather  tender,  nearly  sweet,  rich,  excellent. 
Early  to  mid-season.  Tree  vigorous,  shoots  diverging,  forming  a 
round  head.  Cleveland,  O.  As  the  trees  grow  older,  they  often 
overbear  and  yield  a  smaller  and  less  excellent  fruit  —  hence  re- 
quiring thinning. 

Hoadley.  Rather  large,  roundish  heart-shaped  ;  light  clear  red  on 
pale  yellow  ;  flesh  tender,  rich,  sweet,  excellent.  Last  week  of 
June.  Origin,  Cleveland,  O. 

Hovey.     Large,  obtuse  heart-shaped  ;  amber,  with  a  fine  red  cheek  ; 
stalk  an  inch  long,  deeply  set;  flesh  rather 
good."     Last  half  of  July.     Boston,  Mass. 


Hyde's  Late  Black.     Medium,  obtuse  heart-shaped  ;  purplish  black  ; 
flesh  half  firm.     First  week  in  July.     Newton,  Mass. 


FIG.  512.  FIG.  513. 

Rockport.  Napoleon. 

Kirtland's  Mammoth.  Very  large,  obtuse  heart-shaped;  rich  red 
on  bright,  clear  yellow;  flesh  rather  tender,  with  a  fine,  high 
flavor.  A  moderate  bearer.  End  of  June.  Cleveland,  O. 

Kirtland's  Mary.*  Quite  large,  round  heart-shaped,  regular,  base 
somewhat  flattened ;  color  light  and  dark  red,  deeply  marbled  on 
a  yellow  ground ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  to  an  inch  and  a.half 
long;  flesh  light  yellow,  half  tender,  rich,  juicy,  sweet,  high 
flavored.  Season  medium,  or  with  the  Elton.  Origin,  Cleveland,  O. 

Manning  Mottled.  (Mottled  Bigarreau.)  Medium  or  rather  large, 
round  heart-shaped,  suture  distinct;  color  amber,  shaded  and 
mottled  with  red  ;  semi-transparent,  glossy ;  stalk  slender,  cavity 
shallow ;  flesh  yellow,  tender  when  ripe,  sweet,  good.  Stone 
rather  large.  Season,  end  of  June.  Shoots  dark.  Productive 
Origin,  Salem,  Mass. 


374 


THE   CHERRY. 


Napoleon.*  (Royal  Ann.)  Very  large,  regularly  he  Art-shaped, 
remotely  oblong  ;  skin  pale  yellow  and  amber,  spotted  And  shaded 
with  deep  red  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long ;  flesL  very  firm, 
juicy  and  sweet,  very  good.  Rather  late.  Shoots  with  a  light 
greenish  cast.  Growth  rather  erect,  vigorous.  Very  productive, 
good  for  market,  and  especially  valuable  for  canning  Fig.  513. 
Europe. 


FIG.  514.— Windsor  Cherry. 


The  Holland  Bigarreau  closely  resembles  the   above,  and  is 
thought  by  some  to  be  identical. 

Ohio  Beauty.  Very  large,  oblate  heart-shaped  ;  dark  red  on  a  pale 
red  ground,  somewhat  marbled,  very  handsome  ;  stalk  an  inch  and 
a  half  long,  rather  stout ;  cavity  wide  and  deep ;  flesh  white,  ten- 
der, juicy,  with  a  fine  flavor.  Early,  or  about  ten  days  before 
Napoleon  Bigarreau,  which  it  equals  in  size.  Origin,  Cleveland,  O. 

Red  Jacket.*  Large,  obtuse  heart,  shaped  ;  color  light  red  ;  flesh 
half  tender,  with  a  good  sub-acid  flavor.  Ripens  with  Downer. 
Keeps  well  without  rotting.  Cleveland,  O. 

Rockport  Bigarreau.*  Quite  large-round  heart-shaped;  color,  when 
fully  ripe,  a  beautiful  clear  red,  shaded  with  pale  amber,  with 
occasional  spots ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  cavity  wide ;  flesh 
firm,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  with  an  excellent  flavor.  Mid-season. 
Tree  upright,  vigorous.  Origin,  Cleveland,  O. ;  one  of  the  best 
of  Dr.  Kirtland's  seedlings.  Fig.  512. 


THE   CHERRY.  375 

Sweet  Montmorency.  Medium  in  size,  round,  slightly  flattened  at 
base,  with  a  depressed  point  at  apex  ;  color  pale  amber,  mottled 
with  light  red ;  stalk  an  inch  and  three-fourths  long,  slender ; 
cavity  small,  even ;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  sweet,  excellent. 
Season  very  late  or  past  mid-summer.  Approaches  somewhat  in 
character  the  Morello.  Origin,  Salem,  Mass. 

Townsend.  Large,  obtuse  heart-shaped,  high-shouldered,  suture 
distinct ;  light  amber  with  red  ;  flesh  rather  tender,  with  a  rich, 
pleasant  flavor.  End  of  June.  Lockport,  N.  Y. 

White  Bigarreau.  (Large  White  Bigarreau,  White  Ox-Heart.) 
Large,  heart-shaped,  tapering  to  obtuse  apex  ;  suture  distinct ; 
surface  slightly  wavy,  yellowish  white  marbled  with  red  ;  flesh 
moderately  firm,  or  half  tender,  very  rich  and  delicate.  Season 
medium.  A  moderate  bearer  when  young,  more  productive 
afterward;  liable  to  crack  after  rain.  Tree  rather  tender  ;  growth 
spreading. 

Windsor.*  Tree  upright,  vigorous,  a  heavy  bearer ;  fruit  large, 
roundish  oblong  ;  very  firm,  yellow,  nearly  overspread  with  red  ; 
juic}T,  very  good.  One  of  the  most  desirable  late  cherries,  espe- 
cially for  market  or  preserves.  Ontario.  Ripe  at  Fourth  of  July 
in  New  York.  Fig.  514. 

Yellow  Spanish.*  (Bigarreau,  Graffion.)  Very  large,  often  an 
inch  in  diameter,  obtuse  heart-shaped,  very  smooth,  regular, 
base  flattene4 ;  surface  clear,  pale  waxen  yellow,  with  a  hand- 
some light  red  cheek  to  the  sun  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  three-fourths 
long ;  cavity  very  wide,  shallow  ;  flesh  firm,  with  a  fine,  rich  fla- 
vor. Season  medium.  One  of  the  best  and  most  popular  of  light- 
colored  cherries.  Fig.  511.  Europe. 

The  Late  Bigarreau,  originated  with  Dr.  Kirtland,  of  Cleveland, 
resembles  this,  but  is  slightly  less  in  size,  deeper  red,  and  ripens 
about  ten  days  later. 


CLASS  II.    FRUIT  ROUND. 
Section  1.     Fruit  black,  dark  red,  or  crimson. 

Archduke.  (Portugal  Duke,  Late  Archduke.)  Very  large,  round 
heart-shaped,  slightly  flattened,  dark  shining  red,  becoming 
nearly  black  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  slender,  deep  sunk  ; 
flesh  light  red ;  when  matured  rich  sub-acid,  slightly  bitter  till 
fully  ripe  ;  of  fine  flavor,  hardly  equal  in  quality  to  May  Duke. 
Mid-season.  One-fourth  larger  than  May  Duke,  and  tree  more 
spreading,  and  with  thicker  and  darker  foliage.  Rare. 

Donna  Maria.  Size  medium,  dark  red ;  rich,  acid.  Late.  Suc- 
jceeds  well  at  the  West. 

Early  Morello.  Size  small,  round-oblate,  red,  small  pit.  flesh  firm, 
juice  uncolored.  A  little  earlier  than  Early  Richmond. 

Eugenie.*  Medium  large,  round-obtuse,  heart-shape;  skin  amber 
red  ;  of  the  very  best  quality.  Early.  An  excellent  dessert  vari- 
ety which  should  receive  more  attention.  France. 


376 


THE   CHERRY. 


Late  Duke.*  Large,  obtuse,  roundish  heart-shaped,  slightly  oblate  ; 
color  light,  mottled  with  bright  red  at  first,  becoming  rich  dark 
red  when  ripe;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  rather  slender; 
cavity  shallow  ;  flesh  pale  amber,  sub-acid,  not  rich,  much  less  so 
than  May  Duke  ;  season  very  late,  or  a  little  after  mid-summer. 
Tree  more  spreading  than  May  Duke,  and  foliage  rather  more 


FlG.  515. — Montmorency  Cherry. 


compact,    approaching  somewhat  the  character  of    a    Morello. 
English. 

Lewelling.  Very  large,  black,  round,  heart-shaped ;  flesh  firm, 
solid,  valuable. 

Louis  Philippe.  Size  medium,  roundish  ;  dark  red  ;  flesh  red,  acid, 
tender.  Middle  of  July.  French.  Succeeds  well  at  the  West. 

May  Duke.*  Large,  roundish,  obtuse  heart-shaped ;  color  red  at 
first,  becoming  when  mature  nearly  black;  flesh  reddish,  becom- 
ing dark  purple,  very  juicy  and  melting,  rich,  acid,  excellent. 
It  is  frequently  picked  when  red,  immature,  and  not  fully  grown, 
and  imperfect  in  flavor.  Quite  early,  but  often  varying  greatly 
and  permanently  in  its  season  of  ripening,  even  on  the  same 


THE   CHERRY.  377 

tree.  Hoi  man's  Duke  and  Late  May  Duke  are  only  late  variations 
perpetuated  by  grafting.  Growth  upright  for  a  Duke.  Very 
hardy,  and  adapted  to  all  localities.  France. 

Montmorency.*  Large,  round,  bright  red,  acid.  Tree  hardy, 
great  bearer;  fruits  early.  A  good  market  variety,  especially 
valuable  for  preserving.  There  are  several  sub-varieties  ;  that 
sold  as  Montmorency  Ordinaire  is  usually  considered  the  best. 
France. 

Montmorency  Ordinaire.  Fruit  medium  large,  round-oblate,  dark 
rich  red,  tender,  a  fine  acid ;  very  good.  Season  early  ;  a  week 
after  Early  Richmond.  A  profitable  market  sort.  France.  Fig. 


FIG.  516.— English  Morello  Cherry. 


Morello.*  (Wragg.)  (English  Morello,  Large  Morello,  Dutch 
Morello,  Ronald's  Large  Morello.)  Rather  large,  approaching 
medium;  round,  obscurely  heart-shaped;  dark  red,  becoming 
nearly  black ;  flesh  dark  purplish  crimson,  of  a  rich  acid,  mixed 
with  a  slight  astringency.  Season  very  late,  or  after  mid-summer. 
In  England  its  ripening  is  retarded  till  autumn  by  the  shading  of 
a  wall.  The  common  Morello  is  a  smaller  sub-variety,  a  little 
darker  and  with  smaller  branches.  English.  Fig.  516. 

Olivet.*  Large,  roundish,  deep  red ;  flesh  rich,  vinous,  good ; 
season  early.  A  favorite  market  variety  in  some  parts  of  the 
East,  but  its  greatest  value  is  for  canning.  French. 

Ostheim.  Large,  roundish,  dark  red ;  flesh  liver  color,  tender, 
juicy,  sub-acid,  when  fully  ripe  nearly  sweet ;  good.  Very  hardy, 
slender  growth.  Russian.  Mid-season. 


378 


THE   CHERRY. 


Royal  Duke.  (Royal  Tardive.)  Very  large,  roundish  distinctly 
oblate ;  surface  dark  red ;  flesh  reddish,  tender,  juicy,  rich ; 
season  rather  early.  Growth  like  the  May  Duke.  France. 

Shannon.  Medium,  round,  flattened  at  base;  dark  purplish  red; 
stalk  long,  slender,  open  ;  flesh  reddish  purple,  rather  acid.  Mid- 
dle of  July.  Cleveland,  O. 


Section  II.     Fruit  bright  red  or  lighter. 


FIG.  517.— Belle  de  Choisy. 


Belle  de  Choisy.*  Size  medium,  round,  very  even,  obscurely  ob- 
late;  skin  thin,  translucent,  showing 
the  netted  texture  of  the  flesh ;  stalk 
rather  short,  slender;  flesh  pale  am- 
ber, mottled  with  yellowish  red,  be- 
coming in  the  sun  a  fine  carnelian 
red;  skin  very  tender,  with  a  fine, 
mild,  sub-acid  flavor,  becoming  nearly 
sweet.  Season  rather  early.  Moder- 
ately productive ;  needs  good  cultiva.' 
tion.  French.  Fig.  517. 

Belle  Magnifique.*  Quite  large,  round- 
ish, inclining  to  heart-shaped;  color 
a  fine  rich  red,  portions  of  the  surface 
often  a  lighter  hue;  stalk  slender, 
nearly  two  inches  long,  cavity  large ; 
flavor  rather  mild  for  this  class,  fine, 
but  not  of  the  highest  quality.  One  of 
the  best  late  varieties,  ripening  about 
midsummer.  Productive.  Fig.  518. 
Growth  resembles  that  of  the  May 
duke  in  form.  French. 

Belle  de  Sceaux.  Size  nearly  medium, 
roundish  ;  red  ;  stalk  moderate ;  flesh 
rather  acid — the  tree  and  fruit  some- 
what resembling  Early  Richmond,  but 
later. 

Carnation.  Large,  round,  yellowish 
white,  mottled  and  marbled  with  fine 
orange  red  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth 

long,  stout ;  flesh   slightly  firmer  than  most  of  this  class,  a  little 

bitter  at  first,  becoming  mild  acid,  and  with  a  rich,  fine  flavor. 

Growth  spreading,   leaves  resembling  those  of  a   heart  cherry. 

Mid-season.     Europe. 

Prince' s  Duke  is  a  large  sub-variety,  but  a  very  poor  bearer  and  of 

little  value. 

Coe's  Late  Carnation.  Rather  large,  medium ;  color  amber  and 
bright  red ;  sub-acid,  sprightly.  Last  half  of  July. 

Duchesse  de  Palluau.  Size  medium,  roundish  heart-shaped ;  dark 
purple;  stalk  long,  slender;  cavity  large;  flesh  dark  red,  mild, 
acid.  Middle  of  June. 


FIG.  518.— Belle  Magnifique. 


THE   CHERRY.  379 

Early  May.  (Cerise  Indulle.)  Small,  round,  approaching  oblate, 
bright  high  red ;  stalk  an  inch  long  ;  flesh  juicy,  acid,  good.  Very 
early.  Tree  dwarfish.  Of  little  value. 

Early  Richmond.*  (Virginian  May,  Kentish,  Kentish  Red,  English 
Pie  Cherry.)  Rather  small,  becoming  medium  when  well  ripened, 
round,  slightly  oblate,  growing  in  pairs ;  color  a  full  red  ;  stalk  an 
inch  or  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long,  rather  stout ;  flesh  very  juicy, 
acid,  moderately  rich.  Stone  adhering  strongly  to  the  stalk,  often 
withdrawing  it  from  the  fruit  when  picked.  Very  productive ;  fine 
for  early  cooking ;  ripens  early  and  hangs  long  on  the  tree, 
Valued  everywhere.  Europe. 


FIG.  519.— Rocky  Mountain  Cherry. 

Jeffrey  Duke.  (Jeffrey's  Royal,  Royale.)  Size  medium,  round, 
obscurely  oblate ;  color  a  fine  lively  red  ;  stalk  medium  ;  flesh 
amber  with  a  tinge  of  red,  rich,  juicy,  of  fine  flavor.  Growth  slow, 
very  compact,  fruit  in  thick  clusters.  Season  medium.  Resem- 
bles Mayduke,  but  smaller,  rounder,  and  lighter  colored.  Rare  in 
this  country. 

Large  Morello.  (Kirtland's  Large  Morello.)  Rather  large,  round- 
ish ;  dark  red,  with  a  good,  rich,  sub-acid  flavor.  Early,  July. 
Cleveland,  O. 

Pie  Cherry.  (American.)  (Late  Kentish  of  Downing,  Common 
Red,  American  Kentish.)  Size  medium,  approaching  small, 
roundish,  slightly  oblate ;  stalk  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
stout ;  color  light  red ;  flesh  very  juicy,  quite  acid,  moderately 
rich.  Rather  late.  Stone  not  adhering  to  the  stalk,  as  with  the 
preceding.  Very  productive  ;  a  good  culinary  sort. 

Plumstone  Morello.  Large,  roundish  heart-shaped ;  color  deep 
red ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  slender,  straight ;  cavity  mod- 


38°  THE   CHERRY. 

erate ;  flesh  reddish,  of  a  rich  acid  flavor.     Very  late,  or  after  mid- 
summer.    Stone  rather  long  and  pointed. 

Reine  Hortense.*  Quite  large,  roundish  oblong;  bright  red, 
slightly  marbled  and  mottled  ;  suture  a  mere  line  ;  sub-acid,  rich, 
excellent.  Last  half  of  July.  Tree  a  handsome,  good  grower,  a 
moderate  bearer.  French. 

Vail's  August  Duke.  Large,  obtuse  heart-shaped  ;  bright  red  ;  stalk 
medium ;  sub-acid,  with  a  Mayduke  flavor.  First  of  August. 
Vigorous  and  productive.  Troy,  N.  Y. 

CLASS  III.     NATIVE  DWARF  CHERRIES. 

The  four  varieties  described  below  are  as  yet  the  only  ones  which 
have  been  at  all  cultivated  or  experimented  upon.  They  are  of 


FIG.  520.— Sand  Cherry. 

little  value  for  commercial  purposes,  or  for  home  use,  but  are 
worthy  of  planting  on  barren  soils  and  for  ornamental  purposes. 
It  is  quite  within  the  range  of  possibility  that  valuable  seedlings 
or  hybrids  may  spring  from  them  under  intelligent  cultivation. 

Compass.  Fruit  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  round,  bright  red,  of 
good  quality.  A  very  rapid  grower,  and  bears  heavily  every 
year.  Originated  with  H.  Kundson,  Springfield,  Minn.,  by 
pollinating  Sand  Cherry  with  Miner  Plum.  Thought  to  be  of 
value  on  the  plains. 

Rocky  Mountain.  (Improved  Dwarf.)  Small,  roundish,  jet  black, 
not  very  sweet.  Tree  small,  bushy,  not  over  foui*  feet  high, 
very  hardy  ;  bears  profusely.  Worthy  of  cultivation  as  an  orna- 
mental shrub.  Colorado.  Fig.  519.  The  species  is  Prunus 
Bessayi. 

Sand  Cherry.  Small,  roundish  oval,  black,  variable  in  quality, 
usually  very  acid ;  ripens  about  August  ist.  A  very  hardy 
shrub  ;  branches  irregular,  coarse,  and  scrawny  ;  bears  profusely, 


THE   CHERRY.  3Sl 

grows  on  the  poorest  soils.     Fig.  520.     The  species  is  Prunus 
pumila. 

Utah  Hybrid.  Small,  round,  dark-reddish  black,  with  a  plum-like 
bloom ;  flesh  soft,  juicy,  skin  bitter.  A  bush  three  or  four  feet 
high.  Hybrid  of  Prunus  Besseyi  and  P.  Watsoni. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


THE   CRANBERRY. 


THE  American  Cranberry  ( Vaccinium  macrocarpori)  is  much 
larger  than  the  European  (V.  oxy  coccus),  and  superior  in  flavor. 
While  growing  it  is  light  green,  changing  to  a  light  or  dark 
red,  crimson,  or  mottled  color,  as  it  ripens.  It  blossoms  in 

June,  and  the  fruit  ripens  in 
September  and  October.  The 
running  stems  are  often  sev- 
eral feet  in  length,  the  small 
oblong  leaves  remaining  dur- 
ing winter,  on  the  approach 
of  which  they  become  brown. 
There  are  three  types  recog- 
nized. The  Bell  type  (Fig. 

521)  is  so  called  from  its  pe- 
culiar form;  the  Bugle  (Fig. 

522)  somewhat    resembles   a 
bugle  head;   and  the  Cherry 
(Fig.  523)  is  nearly  round. 

While    the    differences    in 
the   external    appearance    of 

cranberries  offered  for  sale  are  manifest  to  the  most  casual 
inspection,  there  seem  to  be  few  generally  recognized  named 
varieties.  In  parts  of  the  country  where  its  cultivation  is  ex- 
tensively carried  on,  as  Cape  Cod,  local  names  have  been  given 
to  choice  kinds,  but  they  are  not  as  yet  catalogued  by  dealers 
in  nursery  stock. 

The  cranberry  is  successfully  cultivated  in  this  country 
between  38°  and  45°  north  latitude;  but  its  limit  may  extend 
farther  southward  in  the  mountain  ranges. 

382 


FIG.  521.— Bell  Cranberry. 


THE  CRANBERRY.  383 


SOIL. 

The  best  soil  and  situation  consist  of  peat  and  muck  bottoms, 
coated  with  pure  sand  obtained  from  adjacent  banks,  and  the 
ground  thus  prepared  must  be  capable  of  being  flooded  with 
clear  running  water  at  pleasure  during  winter,  and  thoroughly 
drained  at  other  times,  for  it  is  absolutely  essential  that  it 
should  be  dry  during  the  blooming  and  growing  season.  Drift 
soils  have  proved  unsuc- 
cessful. Muddy  water  run- 
ning over  the  plants  injures 
them. 

In  preparing  the  soil  all 
wood  and  rubbish  must  be 
cleared  off,  called  "  turfing," 
and  the  surface,  or  "  turf," 
removed  with  a  hoe  made 
for  the  purpose.  It  is  then 
provided  with  drains  by 

clearing  out  the  main  water- 

,  .  PlO.  522.— Bugle  Cranberry, 

course  and  making  parallel 

open  side  ditches  at  regular  distances  of  about  two  to  five 
rods.  The  whole  surface  is  then  covered  with  from  four  to 
six  inches  of  pure  sand.  The  chief  object  of  this  coating  of 
sand  is  to  retard  the  growth  of  the  vines  and  thus  increase 
their  productiveness.  An  embankment  or  small  dyke  should 
surround  the  whole  to  allow  the  plantation  to  be  flooded  or 
drained  at  pleasure. 

Setting  the  plants.  After  sanding,  the  plants  are  set  in  rows 
about  two  feet  apart.  Some  prefer  a  greater  distance,  to  ad- 
mit more  freely  the  passage  of  a  horse  cultivator.  They 
should  be  ten  or  twelve  inches  in  the  row. 

Flooding  should  be  continued  at  intervals  from  December  to 
May,  and  furnishes,  among  other  advantages,  protection  from 
insects  as  well  as  from  early  frosts. 

The  plantation  should  be  carefully  kept  clear  of  weeds  for 
the  first  two  or  three  years,  after  which,  if  well  managed,  the 
cranberry  plants  will  cover  the  surface  and  render  this  labor 
comparatively  light. 


384  THE   CRANBERRY. 

Gathering  the  fruit  is  begun  in  September,  and  lasts  several 
weeks.  It  is  an  arduous  labor ;  various  devices  have  been  in- 
vented to  facilitate  it,  such  as  the  Lambert  picker,  used  on  Cape 
Cod.  Raking  with  an  ordinary  steel  garden-rake  is  sometimes 


FlG.  523.— Cherry  Cranberry. 

practised,  but  tears  the  vines  badly.     Good  pickers  will  gather 
from  six  to  ten  bushels  a  day. 


VARIETIES. 

A.  D.  Makepeace,  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  experienced 
cranberry  growers  in  the  country,  and  the  owner  of  the  larg- 
est cultivated  bog  in  the  world,  states  that  there  are  now  many 
distinct  and  named  sorts,  all  originating  from  the  types  figured. 
Nurserymen,  however,  cannot  be  depended  upon  for  supply- 
ing varieties  true  to  name,  which  can  only  be  had  from  repu- 
table cultivators  of  cranberry  bogs. 

Dennis.     Large,  bright  scarlet,  prolific.     Belongs  to  the  Bugle  type. 

Early  Black.  Large,  rich  purple-black ;  good  bearer ;  leaves  turn 
purple  in  fall.  A  Bell  berry.  Ripens  three  weeks  earlier  than 
other  sorts. 

Early  Red.     Medium,  bright  red.     A  Bell  berry. 
Franklin.    A  new  Bell  sort. 

Gould.  Medium,  bright  purple,  bell-shaped  berry;  light-colored 
foliage.  Productive.  Mid-season. 

Lewis.  Medium,  bright  glossy  scarlet,  bell-shaped.  A  beautiful 
berry.  Mid-season. 

McFarlin.     Very  large,  dark  red,  oval  berry.     Late. 
Makepeace.    Very  large,  bright  rose-purple.     Belongs  to  the  Cherry 
type.     Early. 

Neville.     Medium,  oval,  deep  crimson ;  flesh  firm,  skin  decidedly 


THE   CRANBERRY.  385 

astringent,  which  becomes  prominent  after  cooking.     More  desir- 
able for  jelly  than  for  sauce. 

Shaw.  Medium,  broad  ovate,  purplish  red  ;  flesh  deeply  colored, 
moderately  acid  ;  good.  Very  hardy. 

Bell.  Medium,  pear-shape,  bright  red,  occasionally  mottled  with 
lighter  red ;  flesh  firm,  stained  with  red ;  rich  acid,  without 
astringency. 

Cherry.  Very  large,  roundish-oblate,  yellowish  white,  mostly  cov- 
ered with  patches  of  light  red.  Flesh  firm  ;  very  good.  A  late 
keeper. 

25 


CHAPTER  XXIII 

THE    CURRANT. 

THE  currant,  from  its  hardiness,  free  growth,  easy  culture, 
great  and  uniform  productiveness,  pleasant  flavor,  and  early 
ripening,  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  our  summer  fruits. 

It  is  propagated,  like  the  gooseberry,  from  cuttings,  for 
which  vigorous  shoots  of  the  last  year's  production  should  be 
chosen.  As  soon  as  the  leaves  ripen,  cut  off  the  new  growth 
and  make  cuttings  about  six  inches  long.  Set  them  in  rows 
fifteen  inches  apart  and  two  inches  in  the  rows.  Just  as  winter 
sets  in,  cover  them  over  with  coarse  litter — taking  it  off  in 
spring,  and  keeping  them  well  hoed,  and  by  fall  they  will 
have  large  fine  roots.  Half  the  buds  only  at  the  top  of  the 
shoot  should  be  left;  and  the  plants  may  be  kept  trained  up 
to  a  single  stem,  a  few  inches  high,  when  the  branches  should 
radiate  on  all  sides  in  an  upward  direction  so  as  to  form  a 
handsome  spreading  top.  Currant  bushes,  if  permitted  to 
sucker  moderately,  will,  however,  endure  for  a  longer  time, 
as  the  new  shoots,  sending  out  roots  of  their  own,  afford,  in 
fact,  a  spontaneous  renewal.  But  care  is  needed  that  they  do 
not  form  too  dense  a  growth. 

The  currant  being  one  of  the  hardiest  and  most  Certain  fruit- 
producing  bushes  is,  for  this  reason,  badly  neglected.  Good 
cultivation  and  pruning  will  more  than  triple  the  size  of  the 
fruit.  Old  bushes  should  have  the  old  and  stunted  wood  cut 
out,  and  thrifty  shoots  left  at  regular  distances.  Old  manure 
should  be  spaded  in  about  the  roots,  and  the  soil  kept  clean, 
cultivated,  and  mellow.  As  the  currant  starts  and  expands 
its  leaves  very  early,  this  work  should  be  performed  as  soon 
as  the  frost  leaves  the  soil.  A  resident  in  Canada  says  that 
the  best  currants  he  ever  had,  produced  in  great  abundance, 
were  obtained  in  a  dry  season,  by  covering  the  whole  surface  of 
the  ground  with  cow  manure  as  a  mulch,  three  inches  thick. 

386 


THE  CURRANT. 


3*7 


On  looking  under,  the  soil  was  always  moist.  Heavy  pruning 
must  follow  the  luxuriant  growth  thus  produced.  Currants 
thrive  also  when  they  are  somewhat  shaded,  and  consequently 
an  excellent  position  for  them  is  in  the  rows  of  young  orchard 
trees.  Clean  cultivation  cannot  be  too  strongly  insisted  upon. 
The  different  varieties  of  the  currant  succeed  nearly  alike 
in  the  Northern,  Middle,  and  some  Western,  but  fail  in  the 
Southern  States. 

PRUNING   THE    CURRANT. — In  the  culture   of   the    currant 

three  distinct  modes  are 
adopted.  The  first, 
which  is  quite  common 
in,  this  country,  is  to 
plant  the  bushes  along 
garden  fences,  where 
they  of  ten  grow  up  with 
grass,  and  being  neither 
cultivated  nor  cared  for, 
the  fruit  becomes  small 
and  of  little  value.  This 
is  the  worst  mode. 

The  next  is  to  culti- 
vate, but  not  to  prune. 
The  fruit  on  such  bushes 
is  fine  while  they  are 
young,  but  as  they  be- 
come filled  with  a  profu- 
sion of  old  bearing  wood 
it  diminishes  in  size. 

The  third  and  best  mode  is  to  give  them  good,  clean  culti- 
vation, and  to  keep  up  a  constant  supply  of  young  bearing 
wood,  yielding  large  and  excellent  crops. 

The  currant,  like  the  cherry,  bears  its  fruit  on  shoots  two  or 
more  years  old;  and  it  is  important  that  a  succession  of  strong 
young  shoots  be  maintained  for  this  purpose.  When  a  cane 
has  borne  two  or  three  crops,  the  fruit  usually  begins  to  de- 
teriorate in  size ;  therefore  cut  it  out.  In  the  mean  time,  a 
young  cane  should  be  coming  on  to  take  its  place.  After  a 
bush  has  been  in  bearing  three  or  four  years,  one  or  two  of 
the  eld  canes  should  be  cut  out  each  year.  A  good  bush  may 


FIG.  524.—  Raceme  of  Currants. 


THE  CURRANT. 


be  allowed  to  have  four  to  eight  bearing  canes  at  any  time. 
The  fewer  the  canes,  the  larger  the  fruit. 

When  a  young  currant  bush  is  set  out,  all  the  buds  or  suck- 
ers below  the  surface  of  the  ground  should  be  previously  cut 


FIG.  525.— Cherry  Currants. 


FIG.  S26.--North  Star. 


off  clean,  so  as  to  form  a  clear  stem.  It  is  often  recommended 
that  this  stem  be  a  foot  high  before  branching — which  does 
well  for  the  moist  climate  of  England;  but  under  our  hot  suns 
it  is  better  that  the  branches  begin  near  the  surface  of  the 
ground. 

CLASS  I.     Red  and  White  Currants. 

Attractor.     Large,  very  white,  handsome,  strong  grower  and  pro> 
ductive.     French. 


THE  CURRANT. 


Cherry.*  Very  large,  nearly  twice  the  size  of  the  common  Red 
Dutch,  often  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  round,  dark 
red ;  clusters  moderately  short,  quite  acid.  Growth  tall  and 
luxuriant.  The  shoots  sometimes  go  blind ;  that  is,  the  buds 
near  the  end  are  often  imperfect  or  wanting.  A  standard  variety. 
The  flavor  is  improved  by  hanging  long.  Fig.  525.  Italy. 


FIG.  527.— Palluau. 


FIG.  528.— Red  Cross. 


Fay.*  (Fay's  Prolific.)  Bush  vigorous,  spreading,  generally 
more  productive  than  Cherry  ;  bunch  long,  well  filled,  with  a 
long  stem  which  facilitates  gathering  ;  berries  variable  in  size, 
averaging  large  ;  dark  red,  mild,  good,  mid-season.  Generally 
considered  better  than  Cherry,  but  reports  on  it  are  very  conflict- 
ing. Largely  grown  for  market.  New  York. 

Gondoin  Red.  (Raby  Castle,  May's  Victoria,  Rouge  d'Holland.) 
Large,  bright  red,  bunch  long  ;  bush  shoots  strong,  vigorous. 
The  leaves  and  fruit  hang  long.  It  proves  of  good  quality  by 


39° 


THE   CURRANT. 


the  first  of  September.     Much  earlier,  it  is  «our  and  unpalatable. 
France. 

Gondoin  White.  Fruit  large,  whitish-yellow,  less  acid  than  most 
other  sorts,  of  excellent  quality.  A  strong  grower  and  productive 

Holland.  (Long  Bunch.)  Bunch  long,  well  filled  ;  berries  medium 
to  small,  bright  red;  quality  good.  Season  medium.  Bush 
unusually  vigorous  and  holds  foliage  well.  Popular  in  many 
parts  of  the  West.  Europe. 


FIG.  529.— Red  Dutch.       FIG.  530.— White  Dutch.    FIG.  531.— White  Grape. 


Knight  Large  Red.  Size  of  berries  moderate,  or  nearly  as  large  as 
Red  Dutch— bright  red.  This  is  not  a  sweet  currant,  and  is 
rather  more  acid  than  White  Dutch. 

Knight  Sweet  Red.  (Goliath,  Fielder's  Red,  Palmer's  Late  Red, 
Pitmaston  Red,  Pitmaston  Prolific,  Large  Sweet  Red,  Bertin 
No.  i,  Danen's  Selected.)  Berries  medium,  bright  red ;  bush 
strong  and  vigorous  ;  shoots  mostly  erect. 

London  Market.  Bunch  medium,  long ;  berries  large,  light  crim- 
son, resembling  Fay.  Sharp  acid,  good ;  seeds  large  and  numer- 
ous. Mid-season.  England. 

North  Star.  Medium  size  berry  on  long  stem,  bright  crimson, 
mild  and  rich.  Very  hardy.  Bears  early  and  profusely.  Season 
late.  Vigorous.  More  valuable  for  home  use  than  for  market. 
Minnesota.  Fig.  526. 


THE  CURRANT.  391 

Palluau.  (Fertile  Currant  of  Paluau.)  Large,  dark  red.  Pro- 
ductive, nearly  the  size  of  the  Cherry  Currant.  French.  Fig. 
527.  Resembles  Red  Dutch. 

Prince  Albert.*  Bunch  short,  berries  medium  to  large,  light  red, 
ripens  quite  late.  Growth  strong,  productive.  Popular  for  can- 
ning. 

Red  Cross.  Large,  red  berry,  long  cluster,  and  stem  long  between 
fruit  and  stem ;  flavor  mild,  sub-acid,  excellent.  Mid-season. 
Growth  vigorous,  productive.  A  valuable  variety.  Fig.  528. 
New  York. 

Red  Dutch.*  (Fertile,  Fertile  d'Angleterre,  Fertile  de  Bertin, 
La  Hative,  Hative  de  Bertin,  Bertin  No.  9,  Belle  de  St.  Gilles, 
Chenonceaux,  Grosse  Rouge  de  Boulogne,  Queen  Victoria, 
Red  Grape.)  Bush  generally  dwarf,  somewhat  slender  habit. 
Prolific  bearer,  ripens  at  mid-season.  A  little  larger  than  the 
common  old  red  currant,  and  clusters  much  longer  and  a  little 
less  acid.  One  of  the  oldest  varieties  in  cultivation  and  still  a 
prime  favorite.  Europe.  Fig.  529. 

Transparent.  Large,  yellowish  white,  very  productive.  Said  to 
be  a  seed]:ng  of  White  Grape,  and  resembles  that  variety. 

Versaillaise.*  (La  Versaillaise,  Red  Cherry.)  Large,  closely 
resembles  Cherry,  but  slightly  less  acid  ;  deep  red,  bunches  long 
but  regularly  filled,  bush  rank  grown  ;  the  young  shoots  break 
off  very  easily.  Productive,  valuable.  A  seedling  of  Cherry, 
and  often  confounded  with  that  variety.  One  of  the  best  market 
varieties.  French.  La  Fertile  and  La  Hative  scarcely  differ 
from  Versaillaise. 

Victoria.*  Bush  a  strong  grower,  upright,  productive ;  cluster 
medium  ;  berries  large,  bright  red,  mild  acid,  good.  Mid-season 
to  late.  Partially  exempt  from  the  attacks  of  the  twig  borer, 
hence  a  leading  variety  in  some  places.  Distinct  from  Red  Dutch. 
England. 

White  Dutch.*  Full  medium  in  size,  yellowish  white,  bunches 
rather  long;  less  acid  than  Red  Dutch  and  other  red  currants, 
quality  best.  Dana's  White  is  nearly  identical.  Fig.  530. 

White  Grape.*  Large  (rather  larger  than  White  Dutch)  ;  bunches 
rather  short,  quality  excellent.  Growth  spreading  and  moder- 
ately vigorous.  Fig.  498.  Europe. 

Wilder.*  Bush  a  vigorous,  upright  grower ;  berries  very  large, 
fine  color,  lighter  than  Fay,  remaining  fresh  on  the  bushes 
longer;  flavor  mild,  good.  A  seedling  of  Versaillaise  which 
promises  to  become  a  standard.  Indiana. 

CLASS  II.     Black  Currants. 

Black  Naples.  Large  (sometimes  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter) ,  black ;  bunches  small,  with  a  strong  musky  flavor.  A 
coarse  grower.  Fig.  532.  One  of  the  best-known  English  sorts. 


392 


THE   CURRANT. 


Champion.*  Large  berries,  black ;  flavor  mild  and  good,  prolific, 
superior  to  Black  Naples.  Mid-season.  Good  for  cooking ;  jams, 
etc.  Best.  Fig.  533. 

Common  Black  or  Black  English.  Large,  one-third  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  quite  black,  clusters  very  short,  with  a  strong  odor ; 
mid-season ;  flavor  poor. 


FlG.  532.— Black  Naples. 


FIG.  533.— Champion. 


Crandall.  Large,  blue-black,  mild,  sub-acid,  spicy.  Bush  vigor- 
ous and  prolific.  Season  late.  The  thick  tough  skin  makes  it 
objectionable  for  most  culinary  purposes.  A  variety  of  the 
native  Ribes  aureum.  Kansas. 

Lee's  Prolific.*  Bush  dwarf,  upright,  moderately  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive ;  berries  large,  of  good  quality.  Mid-season.  Considered 
to  be  an  improvement  on  Naples,  especially  in  size. 

Prince  of  Wales.*  Bush  vigorous  and  productive;  fruit  variable 
in  size,  averaging  large,  of  milder  flavor  than  most  other  black 
varieties.  Nearly  sweet  when  fully  ripe.  Mid-season.  Good. 
Ontario. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

THE    GOOSEBERRY. 

WITH  the  advent  of  the  practice  of  applying  fungicides  new 
possibilities  are  opened  up  for  success  in  propagating  and  ob- 
taining satisfactory  and  profitable  crops  of  the  superb  varieties 
of  these  fruits,  so  much  esteemed  abroad.  The  field  is  an  in- 
viting and  a  promising  one,  and  offers  opportunities  to  the 
painstaking  cultivator  which  will  no  doubt  prove  encouraging 
and  remunerative.  Few  even  of  our  native  varieties  of  goose- 
berries are  wholly  free  from  mildew,  and  no  one  who  plants 
them  should  neglect  spraying. 

The  propagation,  pruning,  and  cultivation  of  the  gooseberry 
are  similar  to  that  of  the  currant  (see  p.  386). 

Of  the  English  gooseberries  many  hundreds  have  been 
named  and  described,  and  large  numbers  have  been  imported 
and  tried  in  this  country,  but  they  have  so  generally  mildewed 
and  become  worthless  after  bearing  a  year 
or  two  that  they  have  been  mostly  dis- 
carded. A  few  of  the  best  are  included 
in  the  list  below  and  in  the  Index  of 
Fruits. 

I.  EUROPEAN  VARIETIES. 

Chautauqua.*  Bush  vigorous,  sometimes 
mildewing;  fruit  large,  roundish  oblong, 
smooth,  pale  green,  of  the  very  best  qual- 
ity. Unexcelled  for  home  use.  New  York. 

Columbus.*  Large,  oval,  greenish-yellow, 
smooth,  very  good.  Hardy,  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive, free  from  mildew.  Fig.  534.  A 
valuable  mid-season  sort.  American  seed- 
ling, FIG.  534.— Columbus. 

Crown  Bob.  (Melling's  Crown  Bob.)  Large,  often  an  inch  and 
a  fourth  long,  roundish  oval,  red,  hairy  ;  flavor  of  first  quality ; 
early  ;  branches  spreading  or  drooping.  England.  Fig.  535. 

Industry.*    Very  large,  oval,  dark  red,  hairy.     Vigorous  upright 

393 


394 


THE   GOOSEBERRY. 


growth,    prolific.     Season   early.     One   of  the  best  known   and 
most  successful  varieties.     Quality  good.     Fig.  536. 


FIG.  535  -Crown  Bob. 

Lancashire   Lad.     Large,  bright  red,   smooth,    excellent  quality. 
Vigorous  and  productive.     A  favorite  English  berry.     Fig.  537. 


PIG.  536.— Industry. 


FIG.  537. — Lancashire  Lad. 


Red  Warrington.  Rather  large,  roundish  oblong,  hairy ;  flavor 
of  first  quality.  Hangs  long  without  cracking  and  improves  in 
flavor.  Branches  drooping. 

Triumph.*  A  strong  grower,  comparatively  free  from  mildew. 
Fruit  large,  oblong  or  roundish,  pale  yellow,  smooth,  sweet,  very 


THE   GOOSEBERRY.  395 

good.     One  of  the  best  varieties  of  recent  introduction.     Ameri- 
can seedling.     Columbus  seems  to  be  the  same. 

Wellington's  Glory.*  Large,  oval,  very  downy;  skin  quite  thin; 
flavor  excellent ;  branches  erect.  Comparatively  free  from  mil- 
dew and  one  of  the  most  productive  of  English  varieties.  Engla»d. 


FIG.  538.— Whitesmith. 

Whitesmith.  (Woodward's  Whitesmith.)  Rather  large,  a  little 
over  an  inch  long,  roundish  oval,  slightly  approaching  oblong ; 
yellowish  white,  very  slightly  downy  ;  flavor  of  first  quality ; 
branches  rather  erect.  Fig.  538.  England. 


II.  AMERICAN  VARIETIES. 

Champion.*  Bush  vigorous,  very  free  from  mildew ;  berries  me- 
dium, round  ovate,  smooth,  greenish-white,  with  a  thin,  almost 
transparent  skin ;  quality  good.  Early.  Valuable.  Oregon. 

Downing.*  (Downing's  Seedling.)  Medium  or  rather  large,  oval, 
pale  green,  quality  good  ;  bush  upright,  productive.  Mid- season. 
Larger  than  Houghton.  Bush  of  strong,  heavy  growth,  very 
spiny.  New  York.  Fig.  539.  More  widely  grown  than  any  other 
variety. 

Houghton's  Seedling.*  Fruit  small,  oval,  commonly  about  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long;  skin  smooth,  thin,  glossy,  a  pale  dull 
reddish  brown,  marked  with  faint  greenish  lines ;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  sweet,  pleasant.  Ripens  soon  after  mid-summer.  Not  high 
flavored  as  compared  with  the  best  European  sorts,  but  a  profuse 
bearer,  free  of  mildew,  and  of  very  easy  cultivation.  A  seedling 
from  a  wild  American  species.  Fig.  541.  Origin,  Lynn,  Mass, 


396 


THE    GOOSEBERRY. 


Mountain.  This  sort  resembles  the  Houghton  in  color,  but  is 
mostly  larger  in  size,  has  a  thicker  skin,  and  is  slightly  inferior 
in  quality.  Bush  strong  and  upright.  Probably  a  hybrid  between 
R.  cynosbati  and  a  variety  of  R.  grossularia. 


FIG.  539.— Downing. 


FIG.  540.— Golden  Prolific. 


Pale  Red.*  Rather  small,  or  size  of  Houghton,  but  darker  in  color 
when  fully  ripe.  Sweet,  quality  very  good.  Mid-season.  Bush 
a  strong  grower,  very  productive.  One  of  the  oldest  cultivated 
varieties  of  the  native  species. 


FIG.  541.— Houghton. 


Pearl.*    A  cross  between   Downing  and  Ash  ton's  Seedling,   an 
English  variety.     Resembles  Downing  so  closely  that  the  two 


THE   GOOSEBERRY.  397 

can  hardly  be  distinguished.     In  some  places  it  is  superior  to  its 
parent.     Ontario. 

Red  Jacket.*    Medium,   oval,   red,  smooth,  flavor  good.     Season 
early.      Prolific,  vigorous  grower,  free  from  mildew.     Ontario. 


FIG.  542.— Smith. 

Smith.*  Larger  than  Houghton,  light  or  yellowish  green,  excellent 
in  quality.  Early.  Bush  of  moderate  growth.  Vermont.  Fig. 
542. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

THE    GRAPE. 

THE  production  of  new  varieties  of  grapes  by  means  of 
cross-fertilized  and  selected  seeds  is  so  easy  that  the  number 
thus  annually  introduced  is  hardly,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  the 
new  varieties  of  strawberries.  While  occasionally  the  merits 
of  a  new  grape,  either  in  the  high  quality  of  the  berry,  its 
ability  to  bear  transportation,  and  its  handsome  appearance, 
or  the  hardiness  of  the  vine  and  its  freedom  from  disease, 
command  for  it  a  permanent  place  in  our  list  of  standards,  still 
the  great  majority  have  but  a  fleeting  existence,  and  seem  to 
serve  only  to  keep  the  Experiment  Stations  busy  and  to  con- 
fuse and  annoy  the  nurserymen.  It  is  manifestly  impossible, 
even  if  it  were  advisable,  to  include  in  the  following  list  of 
varieties  anything  like  a  complete  catalogue  of  all  the  experi- 
mental fruits  which  have  been  produced  and  more  or  less 
fully  described  and  praised.  It  is  believed,  nevertheless, 
that  all  which  have  established  a  place  in  this  country  will  be 
found  enumerated. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  with  grapes,  even  more  than 
some  other  fruits,  the  location  in  which  they  are  grown  has 
a  great  influence,  favorably  or  otherwise,  upon  all  the  char- 
acteristics both  of  vine  and  berry.  Varieties  which  are  of 
superlative  merit  in  some  places  are  almost  valueless  in 
others,  and  vice  versa.  The  safe  rule  in  selecting  and  plant- 
ing is  to  consult  the  State  Experiment  Station  and  growers. 

In  the  recent  past  one  aim  of  propagators  was  to  grow  vari- 
eties which  by  consecutive  ripening  would  prolong  the  season. 
Since  the  general  adoption  of  the  cold-storage  systems,  how- 
ever, the  question  is  now,  which  grapes  of  high  quality  are  the 
best  keepers.  Good,  plump,  handsome-looking  fruit  thus 
kept  over  is  to  be  purchased  up  to  the  first  of  April,  and  the 

398 


THE  GRAPE.  399 

possibilities  are  in  favor  of  a  still  longer  extension  of  their 
season. 

That  period  is  now  exceeded,  among  all  our  kinds  of  fruit, 
only  by  the  apple  and  pear.  The  apple  now  fills  the  whole 
yearly  circle — "  it  belts  the  year."  The  pear  continues  to 
ripen  from  midsummer  until  the  following  spring,  although 
there  are  few  sorts  that  keep  well  after  January ;  grapes  may 
be  kept  in  cold  storage  almost  as  easily  as  winter  apples. 
The  peach  in  the  North  continues  to  ripen  scarcely  two 
months  at  furthest — the  plum  about  the  same — while  neither 
will  keep  long  in  a  fresh  state.  The  hardy  grape  will  yet 
give  us  a  delicious  fruit  remarkable  for  its  wholesomeness,  in 
unlimited  quantity  if  we  desire  it,  scarcely  if  ever  failing 
with  seasons — not  less  than  eight  out  of  the  twelve  months  of 
the  year. 

PROPAGATION  OF  THE  GRAPE. 

The  vine  is  propagated  by  seeds,  layers,  cuttings,  and  by 
grafting. 

Seeds  are  planted  only  for  obtaining  new  varieties,  as  de- 
scribed in  an  early  chapter  of  this  work. 

The  facility  with  which  the  grape  emits  roots  on  its  young 
stems,  and  the  rapidity  of  its  growth,  render  it  one  of  the 
most  easily  propagated  of  all  bearers  of  fruit.  The  new 
shoots,  buried  before  mid-summer,  with  a  few  inches  of  per- 
manently moist  earth,  do  not  fail  to  throw  out  plenty  of  young 
fibres  from  every  buried  joint  the  first  season.  Cuttings  and 
single  buds  under  favorable  circumstances  will  root  with  equal 
certainty. 

LAYERS — Summer  Layering. — Layering  is  the  easiest  and 
most  certain,  but  not  the  most  rapid  mode  of  propagating  the 
grape.  It  may  be  done  on  a  small  scale,  for  amateur  pur- 
poses, without  any  special  preparation,  by  using  accidental 
or  straggling  shoots,  or  those  purposely  left  near  the  foot  of 
the  vine.  Usually  a  little  before  mid-summer  these  shoots 
will  have  hardened  sufficiently  to  prevent  the  rotting  which 
might  occur  if  buried  too  soft  or  green.  Extend  the  shoot  on 
the  ground  in  order  to  determine  the  most  convenient  spot 
for  excavating  under  the  centre.  Then  make  a  small  hole  or 


400  THE   GRAPE. 

depression  with  the  spade,  bend  a  shoot  into  this  hole  and 
cover  it  with  a  few  inches  of  earth,  as  shown  in  the  following 
figure  (Fig.  543).  The  surface  of  the  ground  must  then  be 
kept  clean  and  mellow  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  moisture 
in  the  soil ;  and  should  the  season  be  a  very  dry  one,  the  sur- 
face should  be  mulched — that  is,  covered  with  a  few  inches  of 
fine  grass  or  short  straw.  If  the  shoot  is  a  strong  and  thrifty 
one,  and  grows  well  at  its  extremity  out  of  ground,  every 
joint  will  emit  a  profusion  of  roots,  before  the  end  of  autumn 
presenting  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  543.  The  layer  may 
then  be  taken  up  by  cutting  it  close  from  the  vine  and  short- 
ening-back its  extremity,  and  then,  by  setting  a  spade  far 


FIG.  543,— Grape  Layer,  the  roots          FIG.  544.— Grape  Layer,  separated 
formed.  into  two  plants. 

under  it,  lifting  the  whole  out  of  the  ground.  It  is  then  cut 
in  two  and  forms  two  strong  plants  as  shown  in  Fig.  544. 
These  layers  may  be  then  heeled-in  or  covered  with  earth  for 
the  winter,  giving  some  protection  from  freezing  by  covering 
the  surface  with  manure  or  leaves,  or  they  may  be  packed  for 
the  winter  in  boxes  of  damp  moss  in  the  cellar. 

Spring  Layering. — As  layers,  like  unmolested  runners  on 
the  strawberry,  exhaust  the  main  plant,  they  should  be  taken 
very  sparingly  from  bearing  vines.  When  they  are  required 
in  large  numbers,  vines  should  be  planted  specially  for  this 
purpose — the  soil  to  be  made  very  rich  and  well  cultivated, 
so  as  to  produce  a  strong  growth  of  shoots — unlike  the  moder- 
ate fertility  required  for  bearing  crops.  The  spaces  between 
these  vines  should  be  six  or  seven  feet;  and  generally  two  or 
three  years  are  required,  in  connection  with  cutting-back  to 
two  or  three  buds,  and  training  one  or  two  shoots  to  upright 
stakes,  before  the  canes  become  strong  enough  to  layer  profit- 
ably. When  this  is  the  case,  begin  the  work  late  in  spring, 
about  the  time  the  buds  open,  by  laying  down  the  strongest 


THE   GRAPE. 


401 


cane  of  the  two  into  a  smooth,  straight  trench  made  for  the 
purpose,  about  five  inches  deep.  The  cane  selected  should 
not  be  less  than  eight  or  ten  feet  long,  but  so  much  of  the 
end  should  be  cut  off  as  to  leave  only  strong  buds,  the  re- 
maining part  not  being  more  than  six  or  seven  feet  long. 
With  short-jointed  varieties  it  should  be  less  in  length.  It  is 
held  in  this  position  by  pegs  or  stones.  The  object  being  to 
obtain  a  strong  shoot  at  each  eye,  the  end  should  not  be  bent 
up,  which  would  draw  the  growth  off  in  that  direction.  As 
soon  as  the  new  shoots  have  grown  a  few  inches,  the  prostrate 
vines  should  be  slightly  covered  with  earth,  which  is  to  be 
increased  as  the  growth  advances.  A  more  perfect  way  is  to 


PIG.  545.— Shoots  springing  from  a  layered  stem. 

sprinkle  a  little  compost  along  the  cane  and  then  fill  the 
trench  a  few  inches  with  loose  damp  moss.  This  will  pre- 
serve a  proper  humidity  and  afford  sufficient  light  to  the  start- 
ing shoots.  After  they  have  become  well  hardened  the  moss 
is  removed  and  mellow  soil  substituted.  The  earth,  if  applied 
too  early,  might  induce  rotting  in  the  young  stems.  Fig.  545 
represents  the  appearance  of  this  process  after  the  shoots  have 
attained  full  growth  and  rooted  well  at  the  bottom.  Usually 
about  half  a  dozen  plants  are  a  sufficient  number  to  raise  from 
one  cane ;  more  will  start,  but  they  should  be  rubbed  off  to 
give  strength  to  the  remainder.  When  a  part  outgrow  the 
others,  they  should  be  pinched  back  to  equalize  the  growth. 
This  process  is  repeated  for  successive  years ;  but  as  it  tends 
to  exhaust  the  main  plant  it  is  advisable  to  suspend  it  occa- 
sionally for  a  year  if  the  vigor  becomes  diminished. 

These  new  plants  are  well  rooted  before  winter;  and  should 
be  taken  up,  separated,  and  packed  away  as  already  described. 

ig-  54-6  represents  one  of  these  new  plants. 
26 


402 


THE  GRAPE. 


FIG.  546.— Newly  formed  layer 
plant. 

new  roots  are  emitted. 


It  will  be  observed  that  while  these  plants  were  forming 
from  the  layered  cane,  one,  two,  or  three  shopts,  according  to 
the  strength  of  the  plant,  should  be  trained  to  a  stake  for  next 
season's  work,  the  cane  having  been 
properly  cut  back  for  this  purpose. 
CUTTINGS  IN  OPEN  GROUND.— 
This  is  the  common  method  of 
raising  commercial  grape-vines  at 
the  present  time.  Much  depends 
on  the  character  of  the  soil  for 
retaining  moisture,  and  still  more 
on  the  humidity  of  the  air,  which 
varies  in  different  localities  and 
with  seasons.  A  rich,  moderate- 
ly compact,  deep,  and  mellow  soil 
is  required.  It  is  especially  im- 
portant that  it  possess  fertility 
in  order  to  give  the  young  plants 
a  strong  impetus  the  moment 
Shoots  of  one  season's  growth  are 
selected,  of  full  medium  size,  omitting  small  or  unripe  por- 
tions. Where  the  winters  are  severe,  this  wood  should  be 
cut  off  late  in  autumn,  shortened  to  convenient 
lengths,  and  packed  in  slightly  moist  earth,  or,  what 
is  better,  in  damp  moss,  in  boxes  placed  in  a  cellar. 
Sometimes  the  cuttings  are  placed  in  a  bed  in 
autumn,  which  answers  well  in  mild  climates,  or 
where  they  are  well  protected  during  winter,  with 
a  thick  layer  of  straw,  manure,  or  leaves. 

The  cuttings  are 
usually  made  about 
seven  or  eight  in- 
ches long,  and  each 
one  should  have 
two  or  more  buds. 
It  should  be  sev- 
ered by  a  sharp 
knife  immediately 
below  the  lower  bud  and  about  an  inch  above  the  upper  one, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  547.  A  trench  (Fig.  548)  is  made  with  a 


FIG.  547. 
Grape 
Cutting. 


FIG.  548.—  Mode  of  Planting  Cuttings. 


THE  GRAPE.  403 

spade  next  to  a  line,  nearly  perpendicular  on  one  side  and 
sloping  on  the  other.  The  cuttings  are  placed  upright 
against  the  steep  side,  about  three  inches  apart,  so  that 
the  upper  bud  shall  be  about  an  inch  below  the  level  sur- 
face. Fill  the  trench  to  the  upper  bud  by  adding  suc- 
cessive portions,  dressing  each  firmly  with  the  foot,  but 
leaving  the  soil  more  loose  and  mellow  above.  After 
the  shoots  have  grown  a  few  inches  the  surface  may  be 
levelled  by  burying  the  upper  bud  an  inch  beneath  it.  Some 
cultivators  are  more  successful  by  covering  the  surface  with 
an  inch  or  two  of  fine  manure  for  the  retention  of  moisture  in 
the  soil.  Roots  will  be  emitted  from  both  buds,  and  hand- 
somer plants  will  be  formed  by  cutting  off  the  lower  part, 
leaving  the  roots  of  the  upper  bud  only  to  remain. 

PROPAGATION  FROM  SINGLE  BUDS. — The  various  modes  of 
propagating  the  vine  from  single  buds  admit  the  rapid  multi- 
plying of  numbers  required  for  work  on  a  large  scale ;  but  arti- 
ficial heat  is  always  necessary,  either  on  a  small  scale  in  hot- 
beds, or  more  extensively  in  propagating-houses. 

Good,  strong,  well-ripened  wood  of  one  year's  growth  must 
be  cut  in  autumn,  and  secured  for  winter  as  already  described. 
The  work  of  forming  or  planting  the  buds  or  eyes  is  usually 
done  in  March;  and  being  inserted  through  the  month  by 
successive  portions,  the  work  of  repotting  and  afterward  set- 
ting out  into  open  ground,  may  be  also  performed  successively 
without  crowding  all  the  work  into  one  period.  It  should  not 
be  done  much  later  than  early  in  April,  when  warm  weather 
without  may  prevent  the  operator  from  giving  the  low  tem- 
perature to  the  house  required  for  the  leaves  and  shoots  dur- 
ing the  early  stages  of  growth. 

The  operation  should  be  commenced  by  trimming  the  wood 
which  holds  the  eyes  into  proper  form — throwing  them  into 
water  to  prevent  drying,  until  enough  are  prepared  for  setting 
in  the  beds  or  pots.  Different  modes  or  forms  are  adopted  for 
these  cuttings.  One  of  the  best  for  general  practice  is  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  549,  the  cut  being  about  two  and  a  half  inches 
long,  with  the  bud  at  the  upper  end  about  a  fourth  of  an  inch 
from  the  top. 

When  hot-beds  are  employed  in  giving  bottom  heat,  the  cut- 
tings are  usually  placed  in  pots;  but  in  the  more  common 


GRAPE. 

practice  of  employing  propagating-houses,  they  may  be  placed 
either  in  pots,  shallow  boxes,  which  have  been  well  soaked  in 
lime-wash  some  months  before  to  prevent  the  formation  of 
mould  or  fungus,  or  directly  in  beds  about  three  inches  deep 
over  the  hot-water  tanks  in  the  house.  The  best  material  for 
receiving  the  buds  is  clean,  pure  building  or  lake  sand,  which 
is  to  be  kept  at  all  times  at  a  uniform  degree  of  moisture,  but 
never  wet.  It  is  the  practice  with  some  to  place  a  stratum  of 


FIG.  549- 

prepared  soil  (hereafter  described)  an  inch  beneath  the  wood 
for  the  reception  of  the  new  roots,  and  sustaining  the  young 
plants  for  a  longer  time  than  sand  alone — thus  obviating  so 
early  a  removal  into  pots  as  would  otherwise  be  required. 
Each  bud  or  eye  need  not  occupy  more  than  two  square  inches 
of  surface.  When  properly  imbedded  in  the  sand,  a  moderate 
heat  should  be  at  first  applied,  not  higher  than  fifty  degrees — 
the  object  being  to  commence  roots  before  sufficient  warmth 
is  given  to  expand  the  leaves.  For  this  purpose  also,  the 
temperature  of  the  air  in  the  house  should  be  kept  at  all 
times  at  least  ten  degrees  lower  than  that  of  the  sand.  In  a 
few  days  from  the  commencement,  the  heat  may  be  gradually 
raised,  and  as  the  leaves  expand,  it  may  be  cautiously  in- 
creased to  eighty  and  ninety  degrees.  It  is  of  great  impor- 
tance to  avoid  the  checks  given  by  sudden  changes,  from  cold 
currents  of  air,  cold  water,  or  remitting  fire. 

When  the  roots  have  reached  three  or  four  inches  in  length 


THE   GRAPE. 

the  plants  should  be  potted  off  into  a  soil  prepared  for  this 
purpose,  by  mixing  about  equal  parts  of  clean  sand  and  rich, 
rotten  turf,  or  leaf  mo.uld  in  the  place  of  turf.  This  mixture 
should  be  prepared  several  months  beforehand,  and  be 
thoroughly  pulverized  and  the  parts  mixed  together ;  and  un- 
less the  turf  is  quite  rich,  the  addition  of  about  one-fourth  of 
rotten  manure  would  be  advisable.  About  a  thirtieth  part  of 
wood  ashes  improves  the  mixture.  Plenty  of  water  should  be 
given  until  the  plants  become  established  in  their  new  home. 
When  the  roots  reach  the  exterior  of  these  pots  they  may  be 
either  transferred  to  larger  ones  or  to  the  open  ground — which 
completes  the  process  for  the  first  season. 

GREEN  CUTTINGS. — Propagating  by  cuttings  of  unripe  wood 
is  practised,  when  it  is  desired  to  increase  new  sorts  rapidly, 
in  connection  with  common  propagation  by  single  eyes.  As 
they  do  not  always  mature  well,  or  make  strong  vines  the  same 
season,  they  are  objected  to  by  many  propagators.  Occasion- 
ally, however,  good  strong  vines  may  be  obtained.  They  are 
made  by  taking  strong  shoots  in  summer,  and  making  them 
into  cuttings  with  one  eye  at  the  top,  leaving  on  the  leaf. 
These  are  inserted  into  sand  (or  the  same  kind  of  soil  used  for 
single  eyes) ,  as  far  down  as  the  bud,  the  leaf  resting  on  the 
surface.  When  small  numbers  are  propagated,  pots  are  used 
and  moisture  retained  in  the  leaves  by  placing  them  under  a 
glass  frame  in  the  propagating-house,  where  the  proper  de- 
gree of  moisture  is  maintained  without  the  excess  which  would 
cause  rotting.  On  a  larger  scale  the  cuttings  are  placed  in  the 
borders  of  the  propagating-house,  the  leaves  forming  one  con- 
tinuous green  surface.  These  are  kept  constantly  moist  by 
watering  them  from  the  watering-pot,  three  or  four  times  a 
day.  In  about  three  weeks  they  will  be  fit  to  remove  to  pots, 
and  are  then  to  be  treated  like  other  plants.  They  generally 
succeed  best  by  being  kept  in  the  house  during  the  remainder 
of  the  season,  the  wood  ripening  better  and  the  vines  becom- 
ing hardier,  than  if  planted  out  in  open  ground,  where  there  is 
not  sufficient  warmth  to  mature  and  harden  the  green  wood. 

ROOT  GRAFTING.— This  mode  has  also  been  somewhat 
adopted  for  propagating  new  varieties.  It  is  done  by  taking 
a  portion  of  the  shoot  with  one  bud,  as  shown  in  the  annexed 
figure  (Fig.  550),  and  inserting  a  piece  of  root  cut  wedge-form 


406  THE   GRAPE. 

into  a  cleft  in  the  lower  end  of  the  cutting.  Waxed  strings 
bind  the  parts  together,  but  they  are  left  open  below  for  the 
emission  of  roots.  Varieties  which  furnish  long,  smooth  roots 
are  most  convenient,  of  which  the  Concord  is  one  of  the  best. 
The  grafts  are  placed  in  shallow  boxes  of  a  conven- 
ient size,  or  about  one  by  two  feet,  and  three  inches 
deep,  and  bottom  heat  given  as  before  described, 
but  less  care  is  required  in  controlling  the  tempera- 
ture. 

GRAFTING  IN  OPEN  GROUND. — Large  vines  and 
vineyards  of  undesirable  sorts  are  sometimes 
changed  to  better  by  grafting.  It  is  uncertain 
if  carelessly  done,  although  the  grafts,  when  they 
do  not  fail  to  grow,  push  with  great  vigor,  and  fre- 
quently extend  twenty  feet  or  more  in  a  single 
season.  There  are  three  different  modes:  one  is 
to  graft  early  in  spring  down  into  the  root;  the 
second  is  to  defer  the  work  until  the  buds  swell 
and  bleeding  ceases,  preserving  the  grafts  in  a  do 
mant  state  in  a  cool  place.  The  third,  and  gens.. 
RooUJraft  a^  *ke  mos^  successful,  is  grafting  in  autUi.r 

according  to  the  mode  described  in  Fuller's  "  Grape 
Culturist."  A  cleft  graft  is  made  at  or  near  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  and  the  parts  firmly  bound  together.  An  inverted 
pot  is  then  placed  over  it  and  banked  with  earth,  except  the 
top,  which  is  covered  with  six  inches  of  straw,  and  the 
whole  then  buried  in  earth.  This  is  removed  in  spring. 
Grafting  in  the  open  air  appears  to  be  so  easily  influenced 
by  so  many  external  causes,  as  frequently  to  result  in  entire 
failure,  even  in  the  most  skilful  hands. 

TRAINING. 

Young  plants  should  be  trained  to  a  single  strong  shoot,  like 
that  represented  in  Fig.  551,  for  which  purpose  a  stake  should 
be  used  and  the  vine  tied  up  as  it  advances.  Spring  plants 
set  out  early  will  often  reach  a  height  of  six  or  eight  feet  by 
the  end  of  the  season. 

Cuttings  of  the  first  year's  growth,  as  well  as  layers,  are 
sometimes  fitted  for  finally  transplanting  to  the  vineyard, 


THE   GRAPE. 


407 


by  one  season's  cultivation  in  nursery  rows.  During  this  time 
they  should  all  be  trained  to  a  single  shoot,  kept  upright  by 
staking;  the  young  plants  being  cut  down  to  two  or  three  eyes 
when  set  out,  and  the  strongest  only  being  allowed  to  grow, 
rubbing  off  the  others  as  soon  as  the  young  shoots  are  fairly 
developed.  Pinching  off  the  tips 
occasionally,  after  they  have 
reached  four  or  five  feet  in 
height,  will  render  the  shoot  and 
buds  stronger,  and  the  wood  will 
ripen  better. 

TRANSPLANTING.  —  This  is  ef- 
fected most  perfectly  by  making 
a  broad  hole,  and  rounding  up 
the  central  portion  of  the  bottom. 
The  stem  being  cut  down  to  two 
or  three  strong  buds,  and  very 
long  roots  clipped  off,  the  plant 
is  placed  with  the  centre  on  the 
rounded  surface  of  earth,  and  the 
roots  then  spread  out  in  every  di- 
rection, as  shown  in  the  following 
figure  (Fig.  552).  The  hole  is 
filled  with  finely  pulverized  earth, 
which  completes  the  transplant- 
ing. 

The  following  is  the  usual 
course  for  forming  the  plants  into 
bearing  vines — three  years  being 
required  for  this  purpose,  if 
strong  plants  are  used  and  good  cultivation  given.  One  or 
two  more  years  are,  however,  frequently  required,  if  the 
growth  is  not  sufficiently  vigorous : 

First  Year. — The  plant  having  been  cut  down  to  two 
or  three  eyes  when  set  out,  the  strongest  is  trained  to 
a  single  shoot,  the  others  being  rubbed  off.  The  tip  should 
be  pinched  off  after  growing  several  feet,  to  strengthen  the 
cane. 

Second  Year. — Last  year's  shoot  being  cut  down  to  two  or 
three  buds,  or  to  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  the  same  course  is 


FIG.  551.— One-year  Vine. 


408 


THE   GRAPB. 


to  be  pursued ;  but  two  shoots,  instead  of  one,  are  to  be  grown 
from  the  two  upper  buds. 

Third  Year. — If  the  vine  is  not  very  strong,  cut  down  these 
shoots  again,  and  train  two  new  and  stronger  ones  from  them, 
or  cut  them  back  part  way  and  raise  shoots  from  the  cut  ends. 
If  any  fruit  bunches  are  produced,  remove  them  early  in  the 


FIG.  552. 

season.  The  best  rule  to  determine  whether  to  cut  back  again 
the  third  year  is  obtained  from  the  size  of  the  canes,  which 
should  not  be  less  than  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  If  fully  of 
this  size  the  trellis  may  be  erected,  and  the  training  of  the 
vines  upon  it  commenced. 

TRELLIS. — Different  modes  of  constructing  trellis  have  been 


FIG.  553.— Trellis  with  Upright  Wires. 

adopted.  It  is  not  essential  which  is  used,  but  the  cheapest 
and  most  durable  is  to  be  preferred.  Fig.  553  represents  the 
mode  recommended  and  adopted  by  Fuller.  It  is  about  four 
feet  high,  and  is  intended  for  a  single  series  of  horizontal 
arms  with  vertical  bearing  canes,  now  rarely  adopted.  If  two 
series  of  arms  are  desired,  the  height  may  be  increased  to 
seven  feet.  It  consists  of  durable  posts  placed  ten  or  twelve 
feet  apart,  to  which  horizontal  rails  are  nailed,  the  upper  one 


THE  CRAPE. 


409 


at  the  top  and  the  lower  one  about  a  foot  from  the  ground. 
Between  these,  vertical  wires,  about  a  foot  apart,  are  stretched 
as  shown  in  the  figure.  These  wires  being  shorter  than  when 
stretched  horizontally,  need  not  be  so  large,  and  a  saving  is 
thus  effected  in  the  expense.  Each  bearing  cane  is  trained  to 
one  of  these  wires. 

Another  mode  is  to  use  wires  stretched  horizontally,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  554.  The  lowest  should  be  eighteen  inches  or 
two  feet  from  the  ground ;  the  next  may  be  an  equal  height 
above,  and  to  these  the  horizontal  arms  are  tied,  each  twelve 
to  sixteen  inches  higher.  This  is  the  prevailing  method. 

Cultivators  differ  as  to  the  size  of  the  wire  suitable  to  be 


FIG.  554.— Trellis  with  Horizontal  Wires. 

employed.  Some  use  even  as  large  as  No.  8,  which  is  one- 
sixth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  thirteen  feet  to  the  pound. 
Others  severally  employ  No.  10,  which  is  twenty  feet  to  the 
pound;  No.  12,  which  is  thirty-three  feet,  and  No.  14,  which 
is  fifty-four  feet  to  the  pound.  For  the  vertical  wire  trellis, 
already  figured,  No.  16  is  large  enough,  which  is  nearly  one 
hundred  feet  to  the  pound.  When  the  smaller  wire  is  used, 
it  should  pass  through  holes  in  the  end  post,  and  be  brought 
around  at  the  side,  and  the  end  twisted  around  the  main  part. 
This  may  be  easily  done  by  using  a  strong,  round  piece  of 
wood  about  a  yard  long,  around  which  the  end  is  brought,  and 
which  by  using  as  a  roller  and  lever  combined,  easily  accom- 
plishes or  renews  the  desired  tension.  No.  10  is  most  used. 

The  wire  used  for  this  purpose  should  be  annealed,  and  is 
best  when  galvanized.  The  wires  are  fastened  to  the  other 
posts  by  staples ;  or  easier  by  two  common  nails,  with  heads 
touching,  the  lower  one  a  ten-penny,  and  the  upper  a  six- 
penny. Fig.  555. 

Trellis  made  wholly  of  wood  also  answers  a  good  purpose, 


4io 


THE   GRAPE. 


whether  of  horizontal  bars  nailed  to  posts,  or  vertical  rods 
nailed  to  an  upper  and  lower  horizontal  bar. 

TRAINING  ON  THE  TRELLIS. — Whatever  mode  of  training  is 
adopted,  the  following  general  rules  should  be  observed : 

1.  Allow  no  shoots  to  grow  nearer  than  about  one  foot  of 
each  other. 

2.  Cut  back  each  bearing  shoot  at  the  close  of  the  season  to 
as  many  eyes  or  buds  as  will  give  the  desired  quantity  of  fruit 
the  following  year. 


No.  of  Feet  to 
One  Pound. 


98 


Nos. 
16 


72 


59 
44 
34 
26 

20 

17 
13 


14 
13 

12 

II 

10 

9 

8 


FIG.  555.— Sizes  of  Wire  for  Trellises. 


3.  Rub  off,  as  soon  as  they  appear,  all  shoots  not  wanted. 

In  the  following  pages  are  described  some  of  the  methods  of 
training  which  are  interesting  and  successful  in  the  home 
garden. 

After  the  two  canes  have  been  formed  the  third  year  on  the 
young  vine,  as  already  described,  they  are  to  be  cut  off  to 
within  about  four  feet  of  the  base,  and  spread  out  in  opposite 


THE  GRAPE. 


411 


directions  horizontally,  to  form  the  arms.  As  buds  always 
tend  to  break  into  shoots  soonest  where  bent  back  from  an 
upright  position,  and  also  from  the  extremities  or  tips  of  the 
canes,  these  arms,  if  brought  out  straight,  as  in  Fig.  556,  will 


FIG.  556. 


produce  shoots  irregularly,  the  buds  on  the  middle  portions 
of  the  arms  not  breaking  at  all,  while  the  others  may  have 
grown  several  inches.  To  prevent  this  difficulty,  bend  them 
in  curves,  as  shown  in  Fig.  557— the  middle  portions  being 


FIG.  557. 

highest  will  strike  shoots  equally  with  the  other  parts.  As 
soon  as  these  shoots  are  well  under  way,  the  arms  may  be 
brought  into  a  straight  horizontal  position.  If  trained  to  the 
vertical  wire  trellis,  each  shoot  should  have  its  appropriate 


FIG.  558.— Bearing  Vine. 

wire,  and  all  others  be  rubbed  off.  If  the  horizontal  wire  trel- 
lis is  used,  each  shoot  should  be  tied  to  the  second  wire,  as 
soon  as  it  has  grown  sufficiently  to  reach  it.  When  the  young 
shoots  have  reached  a  few  inches  above  the  top  of  the  trellis, 
they  should  be  kept  pinched  back  to  this  height,  for  the  rest 
of  the  season.  Each  one  will  probably  set  two  or  three 


412 


THE  GRAPE. 


bunches  of  fruit,  and  if  the  canes  are  strong  enough,  these 
may  be  allowed  to  remain  and  ripen,  and  will  present  in 
autumn  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  558,  or  as  in  Fig.  559 
after  the  leaves  have  fallen. 

If  the  vine  is  intended  to  be  laid  down  and  slightly  covered 
for  winter,  the  pruning  may  be  done  at  any  time  after  the  fall 

of  the  leaf.  Or  if  it  is  desired  to 
use  the  wood  that  is  cut  away  for 
propagating  new  vines,  the  prun- 
ing should  be  done  before  the 
shoots  are  severely  frozen.  As  all 
pruning  in  autumn  increases  the 
liability  to  injury  by  the  cold  of 
winter,  one  or  two  extra  buds 

should  be  left  on  the  stump,  to  be  cut  down  the  following 
spring.  If  the  pruning  is  not  done  in  autumn,  it  may  be 
performed  at  any  subsequent  period  before  spring.* 

MODE  OF  PRUNING. — When  the  young  arms  are  first  attached 
to  the  trellis,  each  bud,  which  is  intended  to  form  its  upright 


FIG.  559. 


FIG.  56o. 


FIG.  561. 


bearing  shoots,  will  present  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  560. 
After  growing  one  season,  as  in  Fig.  559,  each  shoot  is  to  be 
cut  down  to  a  good  bud,  as  in  Fig.  563.  This  bud  is  to  grow 
and  form  the  bearing  shoot  for  next  year.  The  pruning  should 
be  done  as  closely  as  practicable  to  the  horizontal  arms,  pro- 
vided one  good  strong  bud  is  left  on  the  stump  or  spur.  After 
the  pruning  is  completed,  the  vines  (already  represented  by 
Fig.  558)  will  exhibit  the  appearance  in  Fig.  562.  The  vine 
is  now  ready  to  throw  up  another  set  of  bearing  shoots  for  the 
coming  year.  It  is  the  practice  of  some  cultivators  to  leave 

*  Bleeding^  or  the  rapid  escape  of  the  sap  by  spring  pruning,  causes  much 
less  injury  than  is  generally  supposed,  and  many  cultivators  who  have  made 
the  experiment  thoroughly  have  scarcely  perceived  any  unfavorable  result  on 
hardy  grapes. 


THE   GRAPE. 


413 


two  or  even  three  buds  on  each  spur,  so  as  to  form  two  or 
three  bearing  shoots  from  each,  in  order  to  obtain  a  fuller 
crop.  This  is,  however,  drawing  too  severely  on  the  vine  for 
continued  practice.  To  maintain  the  vigor  of  the  vineyard, 
as  well  as  to  obtain  large,  well-developed,  well-ripened 
bunches  and  berries,  the  vines  should  never  be  over-cropped ; 


FIG.  562.— Pruned  Vine. 

and  one  shoot  from  each  spur  is,  therefore,  sufficient.  The 
reports  which  are  often  made  of  six,  seven,  and  eight  tons  of 
grapes  from  an  acre,  may  be  set  down  as  evidences  of  bad 
management  and  over-exhaustion  of  the  vines.  Three  to  four 
tons  per  acre  is  the  largest  amount  which  good  and  continued 
success  will  warrant. 

By  raising  bearing  shoots  from  the  same  spur  for  successive 


FIG.  563. 


FIG.  564.— Laterals. 


years,  this  spur  will  become  lengthened  several  inches,  or  at 
the  rate  of  about  one  inch  annually.  Although  little  incon- 
veniences result,  it  is  desirable  to  keep  them  short ;  and  for 
this  purpose  the  spur  may  be  cut  back  to  one  of  the  smaller 
buds  at  its  base,  and  a,  new  shoot  thus  brought  out  to  form  the 
beginning  of  a  renewed  spur.  As  this  new  shoot  springs  from 
a  small  bud,  it  should  not  bear  any  fruit  the  same  season,  but 
its  whole  strength  be  given  to  the  formation  of  wood  to  furnish 
next  year's  bearing  shoot.  By  selecting  each  year  a  small 


414  THE  GRAPE. 

number  for  this  renewal,  the  process  may  be  going  on  annually 
with  but  little  interference  with  the  general  crop.  Fig.  563 
shows  the  manner  in  which  this  result  is  effected,  the  dotted 
line  marking  the  place  where  the  old  spur  is  cut  out  on  the 
left,  for  the  benefit  of  the  new  shoot  on  the  right. 

SUMMER  PINCHING. — At  every  joint  of  each  new  shoot  is  a 
strong  leaf.  In  the  axil  (or  arm-pit)  of  each  leaf-stalk,  buds 
are  formed,  which  if  allowed  to  remain  will  grow  into  fruiting 
branches  another  year.  Opposite  to  each  strong  leaf  is  a  ten- 
dril ;  or  in  its  place  a  bunch  of  fruit,  if  near  the  base  of  strong 
shoots — tendrils  being  regarded  as  abortive  fruit-bunches, 
serving  also  the  purpose  of  clinging  to  supports  and  sustaining 
the  vine.  These,  it  will  be  observed,  are  opposite  the  leaf- 
stalk and  bud.  From  the  axil  of  the  leaf-stalk  a  new  and 
feebler  shoot  often  springs,  which  is  called  a  lateral — two  of 
which  are  shown  in  Fig.  564.  Vigorous  laterals  will  some- 
times throw  out  others  which  are  termed  sub-laterals.  Laterals 
should  be  allowed  to  remain,  as  displacing  them  tends  to  in- 
jure or  destroy  the  buds. 

To  prevent  shoots  or  canes  from  growing  too  long,  and  also 
for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  strength  of  the  cane  and  its 
buds,  the  practice  of  pinching  off  is  adopted,  and  is  generally 
performed  after  midsummer.  This  pinching,  giving  a  check 
to  the  cane,  tends  to  the  emission  of  laterals,  which  should 
also  in  turn  be  pinched  at  their  tips. 

It  is  a  common  practice  with  most  cultivators  of  hardy  grapes 
to  pinch  off  the  shoots  as  soon  as  three  leaves  are  formed 
above  the  upper  bunch  of  fruit.  A  less  number  will  be  in- 
sufficient to  furnish  food  for  the  forming  berries;  a  greater 
number  of  leaves  would  doubtless  be  better,  provided  there  is 
room  on  the  trellis.  A  good  rule  in  practice  is  to  allow  the 
bearing  shoots,  shown  in  Fig.  558,  to  pass  a  few  inches  above 
the  top  wire,  before  the  tips  are  pinched  off.  After  pinching, 
the  upper  bud  will  frequently  "break,"  or  start  into  a  new 
shoot — in  which  case  a  second  pinching  should  be  given,  and 
so  on  as  long  as  the  growing  season  continues. 

Summer  pruning  consists,  in  addition  to  this  pinching,  in 
rubbing  off  all  useless  shoots  when  they  first  appear.  Bear- 
ing canes  should  be  at  least  ten  inches  or  a  foot  apart,  and  all 
shoots  between  them  are  useless  and  detrimental,  by  crowding 


THE   GRAPE. 


415 


the  foliage,  lessening  its  health  and  vigor,  and  drawing 
strength  from  the  vine.  The  process  of  rubbing  off  is  gener- 
ally begun  quite  early  in  summer,  or  by  the  time  the  first 
shoots  are  but  a  few  inches  in  length;  and  it  should  be  con- 
tinued or  repeated  as  long  as  any  intruding  shoots  spring  from 
the  vine.  In  commercial  work,  summer  pinching  is  not  em- 
ployed. It  entails  too  much  subsequent  thinning. 


MODIFICATIONS   OF  TRAINING. 

But  one  mode  has  been  described,  namely,  that  represented 
in  Fig.   558.     Some  cultivators  adopt  a  modification  of  this 


FIG.  565. 

plan,  by  employing  a  single  horizontal  arm,  extended  in  one 
direction  only  (Fig.  565),  instead  of  the  two  arms  on  opposite 
sides.  This  mode  appears  to  succeed  well,  and  is  regarded 


FIG.  566.— Thomery  System. 

as  simpler  than  the  other.  Another  mode  is  what  is  termed 
the  Thomery  system,  and  is  represented  in  the  foregoing  fig- 
ure (Fig.  566);  Its  object  is  to  cover  a  higher  trellis  where 
the  ground  is  limited,  or  to  extend  the  vine  over  the  walls  of 
buildings.  It  obviates  the  difficulty  of  two  or  more  horizon- 
tal arms,  one  above  the  other,  on  the  same  vine,  by  allowing 
but  a  single  arm  from  each,  as  will  be  seen  by  inspecting  the 


41 6  THE   GRAPE. 

figure  (Fig.  566),  Double  the  number  of  vines  are  planted 
along  the  trellis,  and  every  alternate  one  carried  up  to  the 
second  tier.  A  greater  number  of  vines  may  be  planted,  and 
the  trellis  raised  to  a  corresponding  degree. 

SPRAYING  GRAPES. 

No  grower  will  undertake  now  to  raise  grapes  without 
thorough  spraying.     Anthracnose  and  mildew  and  black  rot 


FIG.  567.— Bagged  Grapes. 

may  not  appear,  but  the  chances  are  too  great  to  risk  when 
the  prevention  is  so  easy.     For  full  directions  see  p.  242. 


BAGGING  GRAPES. 

for  a  time  was  practised  only  by  the  amateur  with  a  few  vines, 
but  the  results  attained  are  so  manifest  and  so  improve  the 


THE   GRAPE.  4*7 

market  value  of  the  fruit  that  not  a  few  commercial  growers 
regularly  bag  their  fruit  bunches.  While  the  cheapest  and 
thinnest  paper  bags  oftentimes  are  equally  effectual,  good 
stout  ones  of  manilla  may  be  purchased  at  a  low  figure. 
Those  commonly  used  by  growers,  holding  about  two  pounds, 
are  right.  Enclose  the  bunch  as  soon  as  the  berries  are  well 
formed ;  do  not  wait  for  them  to  grow.  Draw  the  top  of  the 
bag  together,  fold  it  over  the  stem  of  the  vine,  turn  it  over, 
and  pin.  It  may  be  left  thus  until  the  grapes  are  fully  ripe, 
when  they  will  be  found  as  large,  as  nicely  colored,  and 
much  more  perfect  and  handsome  than  those  not  so  protected 
(Fig.  567).  The  illustration  is  from  "  Gardening." 

SOIL  FOR  VINEYARDS. 

The  long-established  practice  of  highly  enriching  the  deep 
vine  borders  of  exotic  grape-houses  formerly  misled  some  cul- 
tivators into  the  practice  of  heavily  manuring  the  ground  in- 
tended for  vineyards  of  hardy  American  varieties.  It  is  now 
fully  proved  that  land  of  moderate  fertility  is  much  better. 
Rich  soils  produce  a  strong  growth  of  canes  and  leaves,  at  the 
expense  of  the  fruit,  and  render  the  wood  more  liable  to  win- 
ter-killing. A  considerable  proportion  of  clay  in  the  soil,  pro- 
vided there  is  a  perfect  underdrainage,  is  better  than  light 
sand  or  gravel.  The  most  successful  vineyards  are  planted 
along  the  borders  of  large  open  waters,  where  the  soil  is  com- 
posed of  what  is  termed  drift — giving  a  perfect  natural  drain- 
age. The  south  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  from  Dunkirk  to  San- 
dusky,  extending  a  few  miles  inland,  and  the  borders  of 
Keuka  Lake,  in  Western  New  York,  have  proved  to  be  ad- 
mirably adapted  to  vineyard  culture;  and  other  places  in 
proximity  to  open  water,  away  from  frequent  fogs,  and  with 
a  loose  or  shelly  soil,  will  doubtless  be  found  equally  good. 

While  such  localities  as  these  should  be  sought  for  extended 
or  market  cultivation,  in  nearly  every  portion  of  the  country 
vines  for  a  family  supply  may  be  raised  by  proper  under- 
drainage, and  the  selection  of  hardy  or  productive  sorts. 

At  the  same  time  that  moderate  fertility  is  to  be  sought, 
constant  cultivation  must  be  given  through  the  growing  sea- 
son.    The  best  managers  pass  the  cultivator  once  a  week, 
27 


41 8  THE   GRAPE. 

The  slow-growing  varieties,  such  as  the  Delaware,  should 
have  a  richer  soil  than  more  rapid  growers.  Grapes  on  highly 
manured  land  will  grow  larger,  and  present  a  more  showy  ap- 
pearance— but  the  fruit  at  the  same  time  will  be  more  watery, 
and  of  inferior  flavor. 


DISTANCES  FOR  PLANTING. 

The  European  practice  of  placing  the  vines  about  four  feet 
apart,  each  way,  and  training  to  a  single  stake,  has  been 
adopted  to  a  considerable  extent.  It  succeeds  best  on  poor 
and  light  soils,  and  with  the  slower  growing  sorts.  Al- 
though it  does  well  for  a  few  years,  it  is  not  to  be  generally 
recommended.  Young  cultivators  also  fall  into  the  error  of 
placing  their  vines  too  near  together,  when  trained  with  hori- 
zontal arms  on  a  common  trellis.  They  bear  and  succeed 
well  while  young,  but  as  they  become  older  require  more 
j-oom.  It  is  a  common  practice  to  place  the  lines  of  trellis 
eight  feet  apart,  and  the  vines  nine  feet  from  each  other, 
along  each  line  of  trellis.  This  distance  appears  to  answer 
well ;  but  some  of  the  best  managers  give  at  least  twelve  feet 
each  way,  and  others  as  much  as  sixteen  feet.  The  space 
thus  given  not  only  tends  to  a  more  healthy  growth  and  free- 
dom from  mildew,  but  develops  larger,  finer,  and  more  per- 
fect grapes. 

RAISING  GRAPES  FROM  SEED. 

NEW  VARIETIES. — Procure  well-ripened  grapes,  wash  the 
seed  from  the  pulp,  and  mix  them  at  once  with  moist  sand  or 
leaf-mould.  Bury  them  in  open  ground  till  early  spring. 
They  should  not  be  allowed  at  any  time  to  become  dry,  and 
care  should  likewise  be  taken  to  prevent  their  becoming 
water-soaked.  They  should,  in  fact,  be  treated  as  cherry- 
stones and  pear-seeds  are  managed  by  nurserymen.  Be  care- 
ful to  secure  them  from  mice.  Plant  in  spring,  in  beds  of 
deep,  rich  soil,  in  drills  a  foot  or  two  apart,  and  an  inch  or  two 
apart  in  the  drills,  and  about  an  inch  deep.  Shade  the  young 
plants  for  a  few  weeks.  Provide  small  stakes  for  their  sup- 
port, and  mulch  the  surface  with  an  inch  or  so  of  good  fine 


THE   GRAPE.  419 

manure.  If  dry  weather  occurs,  give  the  ground  a  thorough 
soaking  as  often  as  once  a  week.  Lay  down  and  cover  in 
winter.  The  great  point  is  a  deep  and  rich  soil,  so  as  to  give 
the  young  plants  a  vigorous  start. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  VARIETIES. 

CLASS  I.  Dark  red,  purple,  or  black. 
CLASS  II.  Light  red  or  brown. 
CLASS  III.    White,  yellow,  or  green. 


CLASS  I.  Dark  red,  purple,  or  black. 

Adirondack  Bunches  rather  large,  compact,  shouldered ;  berries 
medium,  round;  skin  thin,  dark,  nearly  black,  covered  with  a 
delicate  bloom;  flesh  tender,  with  little  or  no  pulp,  with  a  mild, 
sweet,  agreeable  flavor.  Vines  and  leaves  resemble  those  of  the 
Isabella,  and  are  about  as  hardy.  They  are  somewhat  liable  to 
mildew.  Ripening  very  early,  or  with  the  Hartford  Prolific,  and 
successful  and  valuable  in  warm  localities. 

Alexander.  (Cape  Grape.  Schuylkill  Muscadel,  Spring-Hill  Con- 
stantia.)  Bunches  not  shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium, 
nearly  round,  slightly  oval ;  skin  thick,  black  ;  pulp  firm,  coarse, 
acid  until  fully  ripe.  Season  late.  Worthless  in  New  England 
and  New  York  ;  good  farther  South.  A  native  of  Pennsylvania. 

Alvey.  Bunches  medium,  loose,  shouldered;  berries  small,  round; 
skin  thin,  black  ;  bloom  thin,  blue  ;  flesh  without  pulp,  vinous.  A 
strong  grower.  Good  in  quality  ;  not  profitable.  Pennsylvania. 

Barry.  (Rogers'  No.  43.)  Bunch  rather  large,  short,  and  broad, 
rather  compact,  sometimes  shouldered ;  berry  large,  roundish, 
black  ;  flesh  nearly  free  from  pulp,  sweet  and  agreeable.  Rather 
early,  ripening  with  Concord.  Vine  a  strong  grower  and  good 
bearer.  Massachusetts. 

Breckman's.  Bunch  medium,  compact,  very  round,  dark  wine 
color;  flesh  juicy,  vinous,  rich;  pulp  tender.  A  cross  between 
Clinton  and  Delaware.  Very  good.  Ripens  September.  South 
Carolina. 

Black  Eagle.  Bunch  large,  long,  shouldered,  not  very  compact ; 
berry  above  medium,  roundish  oval,  black  ;  slight  bloom  ;  flesh 
vinous,  high  flavor,  small,  tender  pulp.  Slow  grower.  Quality 
varies  in  different  localities  and  subject  to  rot.  September. 


420  THE   GRAPE. 

Brighton.*  Bunch  medium  or  rather  large,  shouldered,  moderately 
compact,  berries  full  medium  in  size,  round,  dark  red  or  maroon 
when  fully  ripe,  with  a  purple  bloom  ;  flesh  tender,  pulp  slight, 
quality  very  good.  Vine  a  vigorous  grower,  very  productive, 
rather  early  ;  valuable.  A  cross  of  the  Concord  and  Diana  Ham- 
burgh, and  one-fourth  exotic.  New  York. 

Brilliant.*  Bunch  large,  conical,  shouldered,  compact ;  berry  large, 
round,  nearly  black ;  flesh  sweet,  juicy,  rich,  vinous  ;  pulp  ten- 
der. A  cross  of  Delaware  upon  Findly.  Ripens  a  little  earlier 
than  Concord.  Valued  in  the  South.  Texas. 

Campbell's  Early.  A  strong,  healthy  grower ;  bunch  large,  hand- 
some, well  shouldered  ;  berries  large,  black,  flesh  tender,  rich, 
sweet.  Ripens  before  Concord.  Promises  to  be  of  great  value 
for  the  early  market.  Ohio. 

Carman.*  Cluster  medium,  cylindrical,  rather  loose ;  berries  me- 
dium, round,  purplish-black :  skin  thin  and  tough  ;  pulp  tender, 
nearly  sweet,  good.  Very  late,  ripening  with  Catawba.  A  seed- 
ling of  the  Post  Oak  crossed  with  Triumph.  Valued  in  the  South. 
Texas. 

Catawba.*  Bunches  medium  in  size,  shouldered  ;  berries  large, 
deep  coppery  red,  becoming  purple  when  fully  ripe  ;  flesh  slightly 
pulpy,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic,  rich,  slightly  musky.  Very  late. 
Does  not  ripen  well  as  far  north  as  43°  latitude,  except  in  warm 
exposures.  Very  productive.  North  Carolina. 

Cayuga.  Bunch  small,  long  ;  berry  medium  size,  round,  inclining 
to  oval,  black  ;  light  thin  bloom  ;  pulp  white,  juicy,  tender.  Sep- 
tember. 

Clinton.  Bunches  medium  or  small,  not  shouldered,  compact ;  ber- 
ries nearly  round,  small,  black;  bloom  thin,  blue;  pulpy,  juicy, 
with  a  slightly  harsh  flavor.  Very  hardy  and  late.  Western  New 
York.  Requires  thorough  maturity  to  develop  its  flavor.  A  good 
keeper.  Chiefly  valuable  for  wine. 

Concord.  Bunches  compact,  large,  shouldered ;  berries  large, 
round,  almost  black,  covered  with  bloom  ;  skin  very  tender  ;  flesh 
juicy,  buttery,  sweet.  Ripens  ten  days  before  the  Isabella ;  is 
healthy,  vigorous,  and  very  productive.  The  extreme  hardiness, 
vigor,  and  productiveness  of  the  vine,  and  the  large  size  and  fine 
appearance  of  the  bunches  and  berries,  have  rendered  the  Con- 
cord one  of  the  most  popular  market  sorts,  although  inferior  to 
several  others  in  flavor.  It  succeeds  well  throughout  the  entire 
West.  The  fruit  is  too  tender  for  shipping  long  distances. 
Massachusetts. 

Cornucopia.  (Arnold's  No.  2.)  Bunch  large,  compact,  shouldered  ; 
berry  above  medium,  black ;  flavor  pleasant,  very  good  ;  ripens 
with  Concord.  A  cross  of  Clinton  and  Black  St.  Peter's.  Hardy, 
productive.  Said  to  split  badly. 


THE  GRAPE.  42! 

Cottage.  Bunch  small,  sometimes  shouldered  ;  berry  large,  round, 
black;  pulp  tough,  sweet,  somewhat  £0x3*.  Mid-season.  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Creveling.  Bunches  medium,  rather  loose,  shouldered ;  berries 
rather  large,  nearly  round,  black,  with  little  bloom  ;  flesh  with 
a  rather  sweet  and  an  excellent  flavor.  Vine  hardy  and  vigor- 
ous. Early,  ripens  nearly  with  the  Delaware.  Pennsylvania. 
The  bunches  on  the  young  vines  are  often  quite  loose,  but  after- 
ward become  more  compact. 

Cynthiana.  Bunch  moderately  compact,  shouldered  ;  berries  small, 
round,  black.  Resembles  Norton's  Virginia,  but  better.  Season 
early.  Popular  in  some  parts  of  the  South.  Arkansas. 

Early  Victor.  Bunch  medium,  rather  compact,  often  shouldered  ; 
berry  medium  in  size,  round,  black,  with  a  blue  bloom  ;  quality 
very  good.  Quite  early.  Vine  hardy,  vigorous,  and  productive  ; 
a  valuable  early  sort.  Origin,  Kansas. 

Eaton.  Bunch  large,  shouldered  ;  berry  very  large,  round,  black  ; 
blue  bloom  :  juicy,  tender.  Uncertain  ripener  in  some  localities. 
Seedling  of  Concord. 

Elsinborough.  (Elsinburgh.)  Bunches  rather  large,  loose,  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  quite  small ;  skin  thin,  black ;  blue  bloom  ;  pulp 
none  ;  melting,  sweet,  excellent.  Leaves  deeply  five-lobed,  dark 
green  ;  wood  slender  ;  joints  long.  Hardy.  New  Jersey. 

Essex.  (Rogers'  No.  41.)  Berry  large,  tender,  sweet;  bunch 
short,  shouldered.  Ripens  with  Concord. 

Eumelan.*  Bunch  medium  in  size;  berry  rather  small,  black, 
tender,  sweet,  excellent.  Vine  moderately  vigorous.  A  good 
bearer  if  planted  in  a  mixed  vineyard.  Mid-season.  New  York. 
One  of  the  best  table  grapes. 

Hartford.*  Bunches  large,  shouldered,  rather  compact;  berries 
rather  large,  round  ;  skin  thick,  black,  with  a  bloom  ;  flesh  sweet, 
rather  juicy,  with  some  toughness  and  acidity  in  its  pulp  ;  ripens 
one  week  before  the  Concord.  Hardy,  vigorous,  productive. 
Valued  for  its  earliness  and  easy  cultivation.  Recommended 
only  for  market.  Connecticut. 

Herbemont.  (Warren,  Neal.)  Bunches  large,  compact,  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  small,  round,  dark  blue  or  violet,  with  a  thick, 
light  bloorp  ;  skin  thin  ;  pulp  none,  with  a  sweet,  rich,  vinous, 
aromatic  juice.  Late.  Vigorous  grower.  Tender  at  the  North. 
Succeeds  well  as  far  south  as  Cincinnati. 

Herbert.*  (Rogers'  No.  44.)  Berry  medium,  sweet,  a  little  pulpy  ; 
good  ;  bunch  rather  loose  ;  moderately  productive.  Blooms  early. 
Ripens  with  Concord.  Massachusetts. 

Highland.  Bunch  large,  long,  shouldered ;  berry  large,  round, 
black  ;  blue  bloom  ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  sweet.  Ripens  late. 


THE   GRAPE. 

Hosford.  Bunches  large,  shouldered ;  berry  very  large,  round, 
black  ;  flesh  tender,  juicy  ;  flavor  sweet.  Good.  Michigan. 

Isabella.  Bunches  rather  large,  shouldered  ;  berries  round  oval, 
rather  large ;  skin  thick,  dark  purple,  becoming  nearly  black  ; 
bloom  blue  ;  tender,  with  some  pulp,  which  lessens  as  it  ripens ; 
when  fully  ripe,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  slightly  musky.  Ripens  in 
favorable  aspects  as  far  north  as  43°  lat. ,  except  in  cold  seasons. 
Very  vigorous  ;  profusely  productive.  Origin,  South  Carolina. 
The  Garrigues,  Pawn's  Early,  and  Louisa  claim  to  be  earlier 
than  the  Isabella,  but  differ  from  it  little  if  any. 

Israella.  Bunches  medium,  shouldered,  very  compact ;  berries 
medium,  slightly  oval,  black  ;  flesh  tender  to  the  centre,  with  a 
peculiar,  rich,  and  pleasant  flavor.  Early,  ripening  with  Con- 
cord. Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  and  hardy.  Peekskill,  N.  Y. 
Keeps  well. 

Ives.*  Bunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  rather  small, 
roundish  oval,  black,  with  some  pulp;  of  moderate  quality;  its 
chief  value  for  wine.  Origin,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Season  medium, 
or  rather  early. 

Lawrence.  Bunch  large,  conical ;  berry  medium,  round,  purple  to 
black;  pulp  firm,  breaking;  flavor  sub-acid,  free  from  mildew. 
Pennsylvania. 

Lenoir.  Bunches  large,  handsome,  compact,  little  shouldered ; 
berries  small,  round;  skin  thin,  dark  purple ;  bloom  slight;  ten- 
der, with  no  pulp  ;  melting,  sweet,  excellent.  Wood  long-jointed  ; 
leaf  three-lobed.  Origin,  Carolina.  Closely  resembles  Herbe- 
mont. 


Logan.  Bunches  medium,  shouldered,  compact ;  berries  rather 
large,  oval,  black  ;  flesh  juicy  with  little  pulp,  and  a  moderate 
flavor^  Vine  a  slender  grower  ;  leaves  small,  three-lobed.  Early. 


berry   large,  round,  black ;  flesh   tender,  sweet,  of  good  quality. 
Mid-season.     Massachusetts. 

Miles.  Bunch  and  berry  small ;  juicy,  vinous,  good.  Hardy , 
moderate  grower ;  productive. 

Mills.  Bunch  large,  long,  shouldered  ;  berry  large,  round,  black  ; 
thick  skin  ;  flesh  juicy,  rich,  vinous.  Ripens  with  Concord. 

Missouri.  Bunches  loose  ;  berries  small,  round  ;  skin  thin,  nearly 
black;  tender,  sweet,  pleasant,  with  little  pulp;  moderately  pro- 
ductive ;  growth  slow  ;  wood  short-jointed  ;  leaves  deeply  three- 
lobed. 

Moore's  Early.*  Bunch  medium,  berries  large,  black,  with  a 
heavy  bloom  ;  quality  only  fair.  Ripens  about  two  weeks  before 
Concord.  One  of  the  most  largely  grown  and  profitable  early 
market  grapes.  Massachusetts. 


THE   GRAPE.  423 

Mottled.  Bunches  medium,  compact ;  berries  medium,  round, 
mottled,  changing  to  purple  ;  sweet  and  sprightly,  very  good. 
Ripens  soon  after  Delaware;  hangs  long.  Kelly's  Island,  Lake 
Erie. 

Norton.*  Bunches  long,  moderately  compact ;  berries  small,  round  ; 
skin  thin,  dark  purple  ;  pulpy,  vinous,  somewhat  harsh,  rather 
pleasant  and  rich.  Season  early.  Shoots  strong,  hardy.  Mostly 
grown  at  the  South  and  West  for  making  wine.  Virginia. 

Ohio.  (Long worth's  Ohio,  Segar-Box.)  Bunches  large,  long, 
loose,  tapering,  shouldered  ;  berries  small,  round  ;  skin  thin,  pur- 
ple ;  bloom  blue  ;  tender,  melting,  sweet,  excellent,  with  no  pulp  ; 
a  good  bearer.  Shoots  long- jointed,  strong;  leaves  large,  three- 
lobed.  Origin  unknown.  As  far  south  as  Cincinnati  it  succeeds 
well,  but  tender  farther  north. 

Raabe.  Bunches  small,  compact,  rarely  shouldered  ;  berries  small, 
round,  dark  red  ;  thick  bloom ;  flesh  very  juicy,  scarcely  any 
pulp.  Good.  Philadelphia. 

Senasqua.  Bunch  medium,  sometimes  large,  compact;  berry  me- 
dium, purplish  black,  tender,  juicy,  free  from  pulp,  becoming 
sweet  when  fully  ripe.  Very  good.  Origin,  Croton  Point,  N.  Y. 
A  cross  of  Concord  and  Black  Prince. 

Telegraph.  Bunch  above  medium,  compact ;  beny  rather  large, 
round,  black,  juicy,  with  some  pulp,  of-  moderate  quality,  valua- 
ble for  its  earliness  (ripening  about  the  same  time  as  Hartford)  ; 
vine  hardy,  vigorous.  Origin,  near  Philadelphia.  Pa. 

To-Kalon.  Bunches  large,  shouldered  ;  berries  varying  from  oval 
to  oblate,  dark,  with  a  bloom  ;  sweet,  excellent,  without  foxiness, 
toughness,  or  acidity.  Perfectly  hardy,  and  with  good  treatment 
an  early  and  abundant  bearer.  A  little  earlier  than  the  Isabella. 
Lansingburg,  N.  Y.  Liable  to  rot,  and  variable  in  ripening  and 
quality. 

Union  Village.  (Ontario.)  Bunches  very  large,  compact,  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  very  large,  round  ;  skin  tliin,  black,  with  a  bloom  ; 
sweet,  with  a  pleasant,  moderate  flavor.  A  good  and  very 
showy  sort ;  rather  tender  at  the  North. 

Vergennes.*  Bunch  large,  compact;  berries  large,  dark  purple, 
with  green  markings  ;  quality  very  good.  In  season  after  Con- 
cord, and  very  long  keeper.  Susceptible  to  disease.  Valued  for 
market  in  some  sections.  Vermont. 

Wilder.*  (Rogers'  No.  4.)  Bunch  large,  compact,  shouldered; 
berry  large,  round,  black  with  a  thin  bloom  ;  flesh  tender,  with  a 
little  pulp,  sweet,  slightly  aromatic,  of  very  good  quality.  Ripens 
with  Concord.  Succeeds  in  many  localities.  Massachusetts. 

Worden.*  Resembles  Concord,  but  rather  larger,  much  superior 
in  quality,  and  a  few  days  earlier.  Said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Con- 
cord. Very  popular  for  home  use  and  for  market.  Valuable. 
New  York. 


424  THE  GRAPE. 


CLASS  II.     Light  red  or  brown. 

Agawam.*  (Rogers'  No.  15.)  Bunch  large,  moderately  compact, 
and  shouldered  ;  berry  large,  nearly  round,  dark  dull  reddish- 
brown  ;  flesh  tender,  little  pulp,  very  slightly  partaking  of  the 
foxy  aroma ;  of  good  vinous  flavor.  Season  medium,  or  soon 
after  Concord.  Vine  a  strong  grower  and  great  bearer,  but  easily 
susceptible  to  disease.  Massachusetts. 

Amber.  Bunch  medium,  loose,  tapering ;  berry  large,  round,  light 
red ;  thin  bloom  ;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  rich.  A  weak 
grower. 

Bland.  (Eland's  Virginia,  Powell.)  Bunches  loose;  berries 
round,  pedicles  long  ;  skin  thin,  pale  red  ;  flesh  slightly  pulpy, 
pleasant,  delicate,  sprightly.  Late.  Rarely  ripens  well  as  far 
north  as  43°  lat.  A  moderate  bearer.  Origin,  Virginia. 

Delaware.*  Bunches  small,  compact,  generally  shouldered  ;  ber- 
ries smallish,  round  '  skin  thin,  light  red,  translucent;  exceed- 
ingly sweet,  aromatic.  Early.  A  vigorous  grower  under  high 
culture  ;  requires  a  strong,  rich  soil.  An  early  and  profuse  bearer. 
Hardy.  One  of  the  most  excellent  and  popular  of  all  American 
grapes,  especially  at  the  North  and  East.  Often  injured  by  over- 
bearing, and  badly  attacked  by  disease  unless  sprayed.  Origin 
unknown. 

Diana.  A  seedling  from  the  Catawba,  which  it  resembles,  but 
paler,  or  a  pale  grayish  red.  Bunches  compact ;  berries  round, 
almost  without  pulp,  juicy,  sweet,  rich.  It  ripens  best  on  poor 
soils.  Mid-season.  Origin,  Milton,  Mass. 

Catawba,  see  last  class. 

Diana  Hamburg.  Bunches  large,  compact,  shouldered ;  berries 
large,  round,  dark  red  when  fully  ripe  ;  tender,  free  from  pulp, 
sweet,  aromatic.  Season  between  Concord  and  Diana.  Raised 
from  seed  of  the  Diana  impregnated  with  Black  Hamburg,  by 
J.  Moore,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  A  slow  grower. 

Golden  Campbell.  Bunch  rather  small,  cylindrical ;  berry  below 
medium,  oval,  yellow ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  vinous.  A  seedling 
of  Moore's  Early. 

Goethe.*  (Rogers'  No.  i.)  Bunch  rather  large,  moderately  com- 
pact, shouldered ;  berry  quite  large,  oval,  yellowish-green,  often 
more  or  less  blotched  or  shaded  dull  red  ;  flesh  tender,  with  no 
pulp  ;  sweet,  slightly  aromatic,  and  when  well  ripened  of  excellent 
quality.  Rather  late,  occasionally  ripening  well  at  the  North, 
better  at  the  South.  Vine  vigorous  and  productive.  This  has 
more  of  the  exotic  character  than  any  other  of  Rogers'  hybrids, 
and  therefore  less  reliable  and  more  subject  to  mildew.  Massa- 
chusetts. 


fHE  GRAPE.  42$ 

lona.*  Bunches  large,  shouldered,  not  compact ;  berries  medium, 
round,  pale  red,  becoming  dark  red  at  maturity  ;  flesh  tender, 
with  little  pulp,  and  with  a  rich,  slightly  vinous,  excellent  flavor. 
Peekskill,  N.  Y.  Fails  in  many  localities,  and  often  much  in- 
jured by  disease  and  overbearing.  Mid-season.  Must  be 
sprayed. 

Jefferson.  Bunch  rather  large,  shouldered,  compact ;  berry  full 
medium  in  size,  roundish  oval,  light  red,  quality  excellent.  Vine 
healthy  and  vigorous,  and  very  productive.  Season  medium. 
Raised  by  J.  H.  Ricketts,  Newburg,  N.  Y. 

Lindley.  (Rogers'  No.  9.)  Bunch  medium  in  size,  rather  long 
and  compact ;  berry  medium,  nearly  round,  reddish,  sweet, 
slightly  aromatic,  very  good  when  well  grown.  Rather  early. 
Vine  vigorous  and  productive.  Massachusetts. 

Massasoit.  (Rogers'  No.  3.)  Bunch  medium,  rather  loose  ;  berry 
rather  large,  roundish,  light  red,  sweet,  good.  Mid-season.  Vine 
moderately  vigorous.  Massachusetts. 

Michigan.  Bunches  large,  often  two-shouldered ;  color  resembling 
Catawba,  but  redder,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  with  a  fine  perfume. 
Ripens  two  weeks  before  Catawba. 

Northern  Muscadine.  Bunches  small,  short,  compact;  berries 
medium,  round,  brownish  red  ;  skin  thick,  with  the  character  and 
odor  of  the  brown  Fox  grape.  The  berries  fall  from  the  bunch  as 
soon  as  ripe,  which  is  about  one  week  before  Concord.  New  Leb- 
anon, Columbia  County,  N.  Y.  Valuable  only  for  its  earliness 
and  extreme  hardiness. 

Salem.  (Rogers'  No.  22.)  Bunch  large,  short,  rather  compact; 
berry  large,  round,  dark  dull  red;  tender,  nearly  free  from  pulp, 
of  a  moderate  but  very  agreeable  flavor.  Season  medium.  Vine 
vigorous  and  productive.  Succeeds  in  many  localities,  mildews  in 
others.  Massachusetts. 

Scuppernong,  see  next  class. 

Venango.  Bunches  compact ;  berries  fine  lilac ;  pulp  tough,  but 
with  a  peculiar,  aromatic  flavor,  which  makes  it  valuable  for 
kitchen  use.  Two  weeks  before  Catawba.  Vigorous.  Hardy. 

Walter.  Bunch  moderate  in  size,  shouldered,  compact ;  berry  me- 
dium, round,  light  red ;  skin  thick ;  flesh  sweet,  aromatic,  of  ex- 
cellent flavor.  Season  medium.  Origin,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 
A  cross  of  Delaware  and  Diana. 


CLASS  III.      White,  yellow,  or  green. 

Allen.  (Allen's  Hybrid.)  Bunches  rather  large,  shouldered,  com- 
pact ;  berries  medium,  round  ;  skin  thin,  pale,  amber  when  fully 
ripe ;  flesh  tender  without  pulp,  with  a  sweet,  rich,  delicious 
flavor.  A  hybrid  between  native  and  exotic  species.  Moder- 
ately hardy.  Much  liable  to  mildew.  Season  medium. 


THE   GRAPE. 

Anna.  Bunches  large,  loose,  shouldered;  berries  large,  white,  with 
a  thin  white  bloom  ;  flesh  tough  at  the  centre  ;  juice  between  pulp 
and  skin  sweet  and  excellent.  October — too  late  for  ripening  at 
the  North.  A  seedling  of  the  Catawba. 

Cassady.  Bunches  medium,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered ;  ber- 
ries small,  round,  greenish  white,  sometimes  with  a  pale  amber 
blush  ;  flesh  juicy,  little  pulp,  flavor  pleasant,  good.  Philadelphia. 
Strong  grower.  "Leaves  woolly  beneath.  Fails  in  some  localities. 

Clara.  Bunches  medium,  loose;  berries  medium,  round,  green; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  and  delicious.  Philadelphia.  Of 
foreign  parentage. 

Croton.  Bunch  medium  in  size,  not  very  compact,  shouldered ;  ber- 
ries varying  from  small  to  medium,  light  greenish  yellow;  skin 
thin  ;  flesh  juicy,  sweet,  with  an  excellent  pleasant  flavor.  Ripens 
early.  A  cross  of  the  Delaware  with  the  Chasselas.  Liable  to 
mildew  in  some  localities. 

Cuyahoga.  Bunches  medium,  shouldered,  compact ;  berries  rather 
large,  round,  pale  greenish  white ;  bloom  thin ;  flavor  moderate. 
Too  late  for  the  North  and  liable  to  mildew. 

Diamond.*  Moderately  vigorous,  productive,  hardy ;  bunch  large, 
compact,  shouldered  ;  berries  large,  yellowish-green,  juicy,  melt- 
ing, good.  Season  a  week  before  Concord.  Valuable  for  early 
market  and  home  use.  New  York. 

Duchess.*  Bunch  medium,  sometimes  large,  shouldered  ;  berries 
moderate  in  size,  light  green,  tinged  with  pale  yellow  and  amber ; 
tender,  free  from  pulp,  sweet,  rich,  and  excellent  in  quality. 
One-fourth  exotic.  Season  medium.  Ulster  County,  N.  Y. 

Empire  State.  Bunch  rather  large,  shouldered ;  berry  medium, 
yellowish  white,  rich,  sweet,  sprightly,  very  good.  Early.  A 
cross  of  Hartford  and  Clinton.  Newburg,  N.  Y. 

Green  Mountain.*  Bunch  small,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered  ; 
berry  medium,  oval,  greenish-white  ;  thin  bloom  ;  pulp  tender, 
juicy,  very  sweet  and  rich.  Early.  Free  from  rot  and  mildew. 
The  berries  hang  well  to  the  stems.  An  excellent  grape  for  the 
table  or  early  market. 

Green  Golden,  Bunch  medium,  long  stem,  compact,  regular ; 
berry  large,  round,  greenish-white,  very  juicy,  acid.  A  hand- 
some grape.  Poor  shipper. 

Hayes.  Bunch  medium,  cylindrical,  shouldered ;  berry  below  me- 
dium size,  round,  yellowish-white ;  pulp  rich,  juicy,  vinous. 
Early.  Massachusetts. 

Lady  Washington.  Bunch  quite  large,  shouldered  ;  berry  medium, 
round,  pale  greenish-yellow,  often  tinged  with  pink,  quality 
medium.  Season  rather  late.  A  cross  of  Concord  and  Allen's 
Hybrid,  and  one-fourth  exotic.  Variable.  Newburg,  N.  Y. 


THE   GRAPE. 

Lydia.  Bunches  above  medium  ;  berries  large,  oval,  greenish  white, 
with  a  tinge  of  rose  in  the  sun  ;  sweet,  excellent.  Ripens  with  the 
Delaware.  C.  Carpenter,  Kelly's  Island,  O. 

Martha.  Bunches  medium,  rather  loose,  shouldered;  berries  large, 
round,  pale  yellow;  slightly  pulpy,  sweet,  juicy,  a  little  foxy. 
Vine  a  hardy,  healthy,  and  strong  grower.  A  seedling  of  Con- 
cord. 

Mary.  Bunches  quite  large,  loose;  berries  medium,  round,  nearly 
white,  translucent ;  flesh  tender,  little  pulp,  sweet  and  sprightly, 
very  good.  Rather  late.  Kelly's  Island. 

Maxatawney.  Bunches  medium,  moderately  compact,  not  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  light  greenish  yellow,  tinged  with  amber;  flesh 
tender  without  pulp  when  ripe,  quality  excellent.  Vine  hardy. 
Ripens  rather  late.  The  Maxatawney  much  resembles  the  Re- 
becca in  flavor  and  general  appearance ;  but  while  it  is  hardly 
equal  to  the  latter  in  quality,  it  is  a  better  grower.  Berks  County, 
Pa. 

Niagara.*  Bunch  rather  large,  slightly  shouldered;  berry  nearly 
round,  pale  green  becoming  partly  yellow,  medium  in  quality. 
Medium  late.  Vine  possessing  great  vigor  and  productiveness* 
A  cross  of  Concord  and  Cassady.  The  standard  white  grape  for 
market  in  the  East.  Lockport,  N.  Y, 

Pocklington.*  Bunch  medium,  shouldered,  compact ;  berry  large, 
pale  greenish  yellow,  pulpy,  with  good  flavor  when  fully  ripe. 
Season  rather  late.  Vine  hardy,  healthy,  productive.  A  showy 
and  attractive  grape.  A  seedling  of  the  Concord.  Origin,  Sandy 
Hill,  N.  Y.' 

Prentiss.  Bunch  medium,  sometimes  shouldered,  compact ;  berry 
medium,  roundish  oval,  greenish  white  becoming  tinged  with 
pale  yellow ;  sweet,  and  very  good  in  quality.  Slow  grower. 
Season  medium.  A  seedling  of  the  Isabella.  Steuben  County, 
N.  Y. 

Rebecca.*  Bunches  nearly  cylindric,  compact,  heavy,  often  shoul- 
dered ;  berries,  medium,  oval ;  color  light  green  in  the  shade, 
golden  in  the  sun,  with  a  light  bloom,  somewhat  translucent ; 
flesh  juicy,  sweet,  delicious.  Ripens  nearly  with  Concord,  and 
keeps  a  long  time.  When  fully  ripe,  one  of  the  finest  flavored  of 
all  grapes.  Moderate  grower,  but  does  well  when  grafted  on 
strong  growing  sorts.  For  home  use  only.  Foliage  tender. 
Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Scuppernong.  (Fox  Grape  or  Bullet  Grape  of  the  South,  American 
Muscadine.)  This  is  a  distinct  Southern  species,  the  Vitis 
vulpina.  Bunches  very  small,  loose  ;  berries  round,  large  ;  skin 
thick;  pulpy,  juicy,  sweet,  strongly  musky.  The  "White"  is 
light  green,  the  "Black  "  dark  red  ;  the  color  of  the  tendrils  corre- 
sponding in  each  variety.  Leaves  quite  small,  glossy,  on  both 
sides.  Tender  at  the  North.  Valuable  for  the  South.  North 
Carolina. 

Taylor's  Bullet.  Bunches  medium,  loose,  with  many  imperfect 
berries  ;  berries  rather  small,  greenish-white,  of  moderate  qual- 
ity. A  strong  grower.  Kentucky. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

THE  MULBERRY 

Has  generally  been  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree,  but  with 
exception  of  Teas'  drooping  mulberry  the  varieties  are  gener- 
ally too  irregular  and  spreading  in  growth  to  compete  with 
other  trees  not  possessing  their  fruit-bearing  advantages. 

To  many  the  flavor  of  the  mulberry  is  not  attractive,  but  to 
others  its  rich  sub-acid  sweetness  and  the  long  continuance 
of  its  season  commend  it  to  favor. 

Probably  no  fruit  has  been  so  neglected  as  the  mulberry. 
The  Chinese  have  cultivated  the  tree  from  time  immemorial 
as  food  for  the  silkworm,  and  the  craze  which  spread  over 
this  country  seventy  years  ago  in  the  same  direction  is  a  mat- 
ter of  history. 

The  berries  are  of  varying  size  and  color,  largest  on  old 
trees. 

The  varieties  worthy  of  cultivation  are  not  numerous,  and 
are  mostly  not  hardy  in  the  North.  The  practice  of  substitu- 
tion is  so  common  among  nurserymen  that  it  is  not  easy  to 
obtain  trees  true  to  name.  It  will  grow  in  any  well-drained 
soil,  but  appears  to  prefer  one  which  is  rather  light  and 
gravelly.  At  full  size  the  trees  are  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high, 
with  round  open  heads ;  the  berries  as  they  mature  drop  off 
and  may  be  gathered  from  the  ground.  A  slight  jarring  will 
shake  the  ripe  ones  off,  and  this  is  the  best  mode  of  gathering 
them. 

The  most  complete  monograph  on  the  fruit-bearing  mul- 
berry is  that  of  L.  H.  Bailey,  Cornell  Experiment  Station  of  New 
York.  He  classifies  those  grown  in  America  thus : 

i.  The  White  Mulberry  group. — Morus  alba. 

i.   (a)  Russian  mulberry. — Var.   Tatarica. 
i.   (b)  Nervosa  mulberry. — Var.  venosa, 

428 


THE  MULBERRY. 

2.  The  Multicaulis  group. — Morus  latifolia. 

3.  The  Japanese  group. — Morus  Japomca. 

4.  The  Black  Mulberry  group.— Morus  nigra. 

5.  The  Red  or  Native  Mulberry  group. — Morus  rubra. 

5.  (a)  Lampasas  mulberry. — Var.  tomentosa. 
He  says :  "  Mulberries  can  be  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the 
ripe  wood  or  of  roots.  Cuttings  start  best  under  glass.  Some 
nurserymen  propagate  by  short  cuttings  indoors,  starting 
them  in  February  or  March.  The  cheap  Russian  mulberry 
stocks,  from  the  West,  have  supplanted  cutting-propagation 
very  largely.  The  named  sorts  are  grafted  upon  these  Russian 
roots  in  winter,  with  fair  success,  in  the  same  manner  in  which 
apple-trees  are  root-grafted,  or  they  are  sometimes  crown- 
grafted,  the  stocks  for  this  purpose  being  grown  in  pots  or 
boxes.  Ordinary  fall  budding  in  the  field  is  not  successful 
with  mulberries,  but  spring  budding  gives  good  results. 
Spring  budding  has  been  employed  and  recommended  cer- 
tainly for  thirty  years,  but  it  does  not  yet  appear  to  be  a  com- 
mon practice.  S.  D.  Willard,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  who  grows 
quantities  of  mulberries,  has  several  times  shown  me  his  stock, 
which  is  propagated  by  spring  scion-budding.  This  is  per- 
formed just  -before  the  foliage  is  out,  or  as  soon  as  the  bark 
slips  freely.  Fig.  74  explains  the  operation.  The  incision  in 
the  stock  is  the  same  as  for  the  ordinary  fall  budding.  The 
scion  carries  one  or  two  buds,  and  is  cut  upon  one  side  only. 
This  prepared  side  is  inserted  next  the  wood  in  the  stock, 
and  is  held  in  place  by  string,  as  for  fall  budding." 

VARIETIES. 

Downing.*  (Downing's  Everbearing.)  Large,  black,  sub-acid, 
very  good.  Prolific,  but  not  entirely  hardy  in  Northern  States. 
A  valuable  sort,  not  readily  obtained,  as  New  American  is  com- 
monly substituted  for  it.  The  leaf  of  the  latter  is  smaller  and 
not  so  pointed.  Fig.  568.  New  York.  • 

Hicks.  (Hicks'  Everbearing.)  Medium,  very  sweet ;  good.  Tree 
vigorous  and  a  profuse  bearer.  Season  extends  over  three  or  four 
months.  Kentucky.  Fig.  569. 

Johnson.  Very  large,  black,  two  inches  by  three-fourths  of  an 
inch,  sub-acid.  Tree  strong,  irregular,  poor  bearer.  Ohio. 
Being  superseded  by  other  varieties. 


430 


THE  MULBERRY. 


New  American.*    Large,    from  one  to  two  inches  louj 
Tree  strong,  vigorous,  very  productive,  hardy.     Fruit  begins  to 
ripen  in  June  and  continues  into  September.     The  best  variety 
for  Northern  States.     Fig.  570.     New  York. 


FiG.  568.— Downing  Mulb»:ry ,    FMJ.  569.— Hicks.         FIG.  570.— New  American. 

Russian.  Tree  spreading,  drooping,  hardy ;  fruit  produced  in 
great  abundance  over  a  long  season,  purplish-black  to  cream 
white.  Worthless  for  table  use,  but  good  to  attract  birds  away 
from  more  desirable  fruit.  It  is  a  form  of  Morus  alba.  The 
nursery  trees  are  grown  from  seeds,  and  therefore  the}T  are  very 
variable.  There  are  some  good  strains  for  eating,  and  three  or 
four  of  these  have  been  given  distinct  names. 

Stubbs.  Large,  two  inches  by  three-quarters,  deep  black,  rich, 
sub-acid.  Extremely  prolific.  Very  valuable  for  the  South. 
Georgia. 

**eas  Weeping.  Fruit  small,  reddish,  of  little  value,  but  the  tree 
is  so  very  pronounced  in  its  weeping  habit  that  it  is  desirable  as 
*ti  ornament  for  lawns.  Tree  dwarf,  slow  grower.  Seedling  of 
*i*isp;ap.  Missouri. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

NECTARINES. 

THE  Nectarine  being  nothing  more  than  the  peach  with  a 
glossy  skin,  the  same  rules  for  cultivation  will  apply  equally 
to  both  (see  Chapter  XXIX.),  with  the  exception  that,  as  its 
smooth  surface  renders  it  eminently  liable  to  the  attack  of  the 
curculio,  special  attention  must  be  given  to  the  destruction  of 
this  insect.  Not  much  grown  in  the  East. 

The  nectarine  is  usually  inferior,  and  has  more  of  the  noyau 
flavor  than  the  peach,  and  the  shoots  are  of  smoother  and  more 
compact  growth. 

DIVISION  I.-FREESTONES. 

CLASS  I.     FLESH  PALE. 
Section  L     Leaves  with  reniform  glands. 

Downton.*  Medium  in  size,  roundish  oval,  pale  green,  with  a 
deep  violet-red  cheek  ;  flesh  pale  green,  slightly  red  at  the  stone, 
melting,  rich,  excellent.  Ripens  early.  Flowers  small.  English. 

Early  Violet.*  (Violet  Hative,  Aromatic,  New  Scarlet,  Large 
Scarlet,  Early  Brugnon,  Violet  Musk,  Violette  Musquee.)  Size 
medium,  roundish ;  apex  slightly  narrowed ;  suture  shallow ; 
skin  with  a  dark  purple-red  cheek  and  brown  dots,  on  pale  yellow- 
ish-green ;  flesh  whitish,  much  reddened  at  the  stone ;  stone 
roundish,  moderately  rough,  reddish  or  reddish-brown ;  flesh 
melting,  rich,  high-flavored,  and  aromatic ;  of  the  finest  quality. 
Season  very  early.  Flowers  small.  Distinguished  from  Elruge 
by  its  redder  flesh  and  stone,  and  darker  skin.  France. 
The  Large  Early  Violet,  or  Violette  Grosse,  differs  in  its  larger 
size  and  rather  inferior  flavor. 

Elruge.*  Medium  in  size,  roundish  oval,  suture  slight,  distinct  at 
apex  ;  skin  a  dark  red  or  deep  violet  on  a  greenish-yellow  ground, 
with  minute  brownish  dots;  flesh  greenish -white,  slightly,  some- 
times scarcely,  stained  with  pale  red  at  the  stone;  juicy,  rich, 
high-flavored  ;  stone  rough,  pale.  Flowers  small.  Season  about 
medium,  or  first  of  autumn.  This  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  cele- 
brated of  nectarines.  England. 

431 


432  NECTARINES. 

Hardwicke.  Large,  roundish,  approaching  oval,  resembling  El- 
ruge  ;  skin  with  a  violet-red  cheek  on  pale  green  ;  flesh  greenish 
white,  slightly  reddened  at  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  high-flavored. 
Flowers  small.  Season  medium  or  end  of  summer.  English. 
A  favorite  in  Southern  California. 

New  White.*  Rather  large,  nearly  round ;  skin  white,  often  a 
slight  tinge  of  red ;  flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  vinous ; 
stone  small.  Flowers  large.  Season  medium,  or  first  of  autumn. 
English. 

The  Old   White  resembles  the  preceding,  but  is  less  hardy  and 
productive. 

Telliers.  Rather  large,  roundish  oblong  ;  apex  slightly  narrowed  ; 
base  broad,  pale  green,  with  a  marbled  purple-red  cheek  ;  flesh 
pale  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  good.  Flowers  small.  Rather 
early,  or  end  of  summer.  • 


CLASS  II.     FLESH  DEEP  YELLOW. 
Section  1.     Leaves  serrate,  without  glands. 

Hunt  Tawny.  Nearly  medium  size,  roundish  ovate,  narrowed  and 
pointed  at  apex,  one  side  slightly  enlarged  ;  skin  a  dark  red  cheek 
on  pale  orange,  with  numerous  russet  specks  ;  flesh  deep  orange, 
rich,  juicy,  good.  English.  Flowers  small.  Valuable  for  its 
early  maturity,  ripening  quite  early,  or  three  weeks  before  the 
close  of  summer.  Often  mildews  badly. 

Section  1L     Leaves  with  reniform  glands. 

Boston.*  (Perkins,  Lewis.)  Large,  handsome,  roundish-oval; 
bright  yellow,  with  a  deep  red  cheek  ;  flesh  yellow  to  the  stone, 
with  a  good,  pleasant  flavor.  Flowers  small.  Season  medium, 
or  about  the  first  of  autumn.  A  native  of  Boston. 

Pitmaston.  Large,  roundish  ovate,  base  broad,  apex  narrow  and 
pointed  ;  surface  with  a  dark  reddish  cheek,  slightly  streaked  at 
the  margin,  on  rich  orange  ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  red  at  the  stone  ; 
juicy,  rich,  fine.  Flowers  small.  Stone  rather  small.  Rather 
early. 

DIVISION  II.— CLINGSTONES. 

CLASS  I.     FLESH  PALE. 
Section  1.     Leaves  serrate,  without  glands. 

Early  Newington.*  (Black,  Early  Black,  Lucombe's  Seedling.) 
Large,  roundish  ovate,  one  side  slightly  enlarged,  apex  pointed  ; 
skin  pale  green,  nearly  covered  with  bright  red  and  with  darker 
marblings  and  dots  ;  flesh  greenish-white,  deep  red  at  the  stone, 
juicy,  with  a  fine,  rich  flavor,  Flowers  large,  Early,  England. 


NECTARINES.  433 

Newington.  (Scarlet  Newington,  Scarlet,  Old  Newington,  Smith's 
Newington,  Anderson's.)  Rather  large,  roundish;  nearly  cov- 
ered with  red  and  darker  marblings,  on  pale  greenish  yellow ; 
flesh  deep  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  vinous.  Rather  late. 
Flowers  large.  Best  when  ripened  to  shrivelling. 


CLASS  II.     FLESH  YELLOW. 
Section  I.    Leaves  'with  reniform  glands. 

Red  Roman.  (Roman,  Old  Roman,  Brugnon  Musquee.)  Large, 
roundish,  a  little  flattened  at  apex ;  skin  greenish-yellow,  with  a 
somewhat  rough,  dull  reddish-brown  cheek,  with  brown  russet 
specks;  flesh  firm,  greenish  yellow,  deep  red  at  the  stone,  rich, 
vinous,  high  flavored.  Flowers  large.  Season  medium  or  rather 
late. 

28 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

NUTS. 

THE  introduction  of  mainly  Japanese  varieties  of  chestnuts 
and  walnuts  has  created  an  interest  in  the  growth  of  our  native 
nuts,  too  long  delayed,  which  will  unquestionably  contribute 
much  to  pleasurable  and  profitable  cultivation  of  land. 

In  this  country  a  crop  of  nuts  of  any  value  has  heretofore 
been  generally  considered  an  adventitious,  an  accidental  wind- 
fall, to  be  prized  by  the  lucky  owner  of  a  tree  which  produces 
fruit  of  unusual  size  and  in  large  quantity.  Few  attempts 
have  been  made  to  propagate  from  such  trees,  and  when  it  has 
been,  it  has  usually  resulted  in  complete  failure. 

Nut  trees  have  been  treated  as  one  would  an  apple,  or 
peach;  transplanted  trees  invariably  died  and  grafted  ones 
fared  no  better.  Within  the  past  few  years  more  careful 
study  has  been  made  of  the  difficulties  which  have  heretofore 
discouraged  experiments  in  this  direction. 

It  is  not  at  all  so  easy  a  matter  to  raise  any  of  our  native 
nuts  as  it  is  the  soft  fruits.  Unless  nursery  grown,  and  that 
properly  too,  they  are  all  intolerant  of  removal,  and  grafting 
is  too  commonly  a  failure ;  besides  this,  they  do  not  come  into 
bearing,  excepting  in  the  Southern  States,  until  of  considerable 
age. 

Notwithstanding  the  inherent  and  persistent  character  of 
some  of  these  drawbacks,  the  results  to  be  obtained  fully 
justify  the  necessary  care  and  skill  which  will  in  a  measure 
overcome  them. 

A  new  and  most  interesting,  valuable,  and  pecuniarily 
profitable  industry  is  within  reach  of  all  who  will  avail  them- 
selves of  it. 

So  new  is  it  that  practically  it  has  no  nomenclature.  Here 
and  there  have  appeared  in  the  market,  from  year  to  year, 

434 


NUTS.  435 

some  enormous  hickory  nut,  an  immense  chestnut,  a  nearly 
finger-long  pecan,  the  product  of  some  unknown  tree,  "  back 
in  the  country,"  but  save  for  its  annual  appearance  and  im- 
mediate sale  at  a  big  price,  the  unknown  has  remained  unlo- 
cated  and  unnamed.  Consequently  the  list  of  identified 
varieties  is  very  small.  It  will  doubtless  increase  with 
rapidity. 

While  the  extraordinary  size  and  appearance  of  nuts,  as  in 
soft  fruit,  will  always  have  a  favorable  influence  in  their  sale, 
it  should  not  be  overlooked  that  it  is  often  the  case  that  small 
nuts  may  have  proportionately  larger  meats  and  be  of  sweeter 
and  higher  flavor  than  larger  ones.  Each  variety  should  be 
judged  upon  its  individual  merit. 

Wherever  there  is  a  tree  which  produces  nuts  which  pos- 
sess apparent  superiority  over  others,  the  owner  should  send 
specimens,  with  the  fullest  description  of  the  tree,  its  probable 
age,  location,  and  peculiarities  to  the  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  of  his  State  (see  p.  272),  and  thus  aid  in  the  develop- 
ment of  this  new  industry. 

PROPAGATION. 

It  is  generally  conceded  that  the  surest  way  to  grow  nut 
trees  is  to  plant  the  nuts.  As  with  all  other  trees,  this  is  not, 
after  all,  the  slowest  way  to  obtain  good,  healthy,  long-lived 
trees.  The  height  that  even  the  slow-growing  hickory  will 
reach  at  two  years,  if  properly  managed,  will  astonish 
most  persons, 

The  vitality  and  germinating  power  of  nuts  is  greatly  im- 
paired by  loss  of  moisture,  so  that  but  a  small  proportion  will 
sprout  if  kept  out  of  ground  and  not  planted  until  the  follow- 
ing spring.  Gather  them  as  soon  as  they  fall  in  the  autumn, 
spread  them  upon  the  ground,  cover  with  three  or  four  inches 
of  sand,  and  upon  that  as  much  nice  loam.  Under  this  cover- 
ing, exposed  to  the  weather,  a  large  percentage  will  keep  in 
good  condition  through  the  winter.  As  soon  as  the  ground 
can  be  worked  take  them  out  and  plant  in  rows,  about  six 
inches  apart.  The  following  spring  dig  them  up,  cut  off 
about  one-half-of  the  tap-root  and  plant  again.  The  next 
year  follow  the  same  course,  and  the  third  year  plant  out  where 


436  NUTS. 

they  are  to  remain.  The  length  of  the  tap-root  of  a  one-  or 
two-year-old  hickory  or  pecan  is  something  wonderful,  and 
readily  accounts  for  the  difficulty  of  successfully  transplanting 
them,  either  from  the  fields  or  nursery.  It  is  commonly  two 
or  three  times  as  long  as  the  shoot  above  ground,  and  as  re- 
ceived from  nurserymen  it  is  more  often  as  bare  of  fine  roots 
as  a  parsnip.  It  is  little  wonder  then  that  sometimes  it  stands 
dormant  and  seemingly  dead  through  the  whole  of  the  first 
season,  to  start  slowly  into  growth  the  second  summer  after 
transplanting.  Rich  soil,  good  cultivation,  with  shortening  of 
the  tap-root  as  above  directed,  should  give  a  good  growth  of 
fibrous  roots  while  in  the  nursery  rows,  and  conduce  to  success- 
ful subsequent  transplanting. 

This  method  will  usually  produce  strong,  vigorous  young 
trees.  The  drawback  to  this  method  is  that  nut  trees  do  not 
come  absolutely  true  from  seed;  at  the  same  time  a  good 
stock  is  likely  to  reproduce  most  of  its  good  qualities. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Van  Deman,  late  U.  S.  Pomologist,  says :  "  The 
variation  of  seedlings  is  so  great  that,  with  nuts  as  well  as 
other  fruits,  the  only  sure  method  of  reproducing  a  variety  is 
by  budding  or  grafting."  This  is  a  more  difficult  operation 
with  nut-bearing  trees  than  with  most  others.  However,  it 
can  be  done,  and  with  each  year  we  are  learning  better  how 
to  do  it. 

At  present  the  best-known  method  is  to  work  upon  one-  or 
two-year-old  seedlings,  either  in  nursery  rows  or  where  seeds 
have  been  planted  in  the  orchard.  They  should  be  cut  some 
two  or  more  inches  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  just 
above  where  the  roots  begin  to  swell,  and  a  scion  inserted 
not  less  than  five  or  six  inches  long  and  having  a  terminal  bud 
if  possible.  The  "  tongue"  graft  is  the  best  for  small  stocks. 
No  wax  is  needed  for  this  underground  grafting,  but  some 
bandage  should  be  used  to  hold  the  parts  firmly  in  place. 
Cotton  strips  dipped  in  hot  grafting-wax  and  then  dried  are 
very  good.  A  ball  of  wet  clay  may  be  pressed  about  the 
wound  and  the  earth  packed  to  near  the  top  of  the  scion  to  stop 
evaporation.  A  very  important  point,  and  one  that  must  not 
be  overlooked,  is  that  the  scions  should  be  cut  early,  before 
any  signs  of  starting,  and  put  in  some  cool,  damp  place  until 
after  the  stocks  have  begun  to  grow.  In  the  sawdust  of  an 


NUTS.  437 

ice-house  is  a  safe  place,  or  buried  in  earth  where  the  sun  will 
not  warm  it  early ;  otherwise  they  are  apt  to  start  too  early. 

Prong  Grafting  is  recommended  by  B.  M.  De  Long,  in  the 
excellent  monograph  on  nut  culture,  recently  issued  by  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,*  as  follows: 

"  In  this  method  the  prongs  or  extremities  of  the  branches 
are  used.  Fig.  a  represents  the  scion  or  prong  used,  and  the 


FIG.  571.— Prong  Grafting. 

method  of  cutting  it  from  the  branch.  The  prong  is  cut  as 
illustrated,  and  the  wood  on  the  prong  (graft)  is  partly  re- 
moved, being  gouged  out  with  the  point  of  the  budding-knife. 
This  is  done  to  allow  the  inner  bark  of  the  bud  to  unite  with 
the  inner  bark  of  the  stock,  which  union  would  be  prevented 
if  the  wood  should  be  allowed  to  remain  in  the  bud.  After 
the  wood  on  the  bud  has  been  partly  removed,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  £2,  the  stock  is  cut  off  with  a  sharp  saw,  smoothed  over 
with  a  knife,  and  the  graft  inserted  as  shown  in  Fig.  c,  and 
tied  tight;  no  less  than  eighteen-ply  twine  should  be  used. 
The  cuts  are  waxed  over  with  grafting-wax.  After  the  grafts 
have  started  they  should  be  examined  and  if  the  twine  is 
found  to  begin  to  cut  into  the  stocks  it  is  untied  and  tied  on 
again ;  this  will  prevent  further  injury.  The  object  of  allow- 
ing the  twine  to  remain  a  longer  time  is  to  prevent  the  cut 

*  "  Nut  Culture  in  the  United  States,  Embracing  Native  and  Introduced 
Species."  Report  by  S.  B.  Heiges,  Pomologist.  Large  octavo,  pp.  141,  16 
plates.  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Division  of  Pomology,  Washington, 
Government  Printing  Office. 


438 


NUTS. 


bark  from  warping  open  by  the  action  of  the  atmosphere,  thus 
causing  the  graft  to  die." 

Cleft  Sap  Grafting. — As  this  differs  somewhat  from  cleft 
grafting  as  described  on  page  33,  and  is  claimed  by  Felix  Gil- 
let,  of  California,  to  succeed  with  walnuts,  his  method  is  thus 
described :  "  If  done  early  in  the  spring  when  the  sap  is  cpm- 
mencing  to  flow,  it  can  be  used  on  limbs  as  large  as  three  and 


f 

FIG.  572.— Cleft  Sap  Grafting. 


a  half  inches  in  diameter.  The  stock  is  sawed  off  and  smoothed 
as  for  ordinary  cleft  grafting.  Instead  of  making  a  single 
cleft  through  the  centre,  two  are  made,  one  across  the  stub  at 
each  side  of  the  centre  (Fig.  de,  de}  the  cleft  thus  being  in 
sapwood,  instead  of  through  the  heartwood  and  pith.  The 
scion  is  prepared  as  for  ordinary  cleft  grafting,  except  that 
the  sloping  cuts  are  so  made  that  but  one  scarf  exposes  the 
pith  (Figs.  y1,/2,/3).  After  the  insertion  of  the  scions  the 
cut  surfaces  left  exposed  are  thoroughly  waxed,  and  the  stock 
is  well  bound  with  cotton  cloth  to  prevent  it  from  opening 
and  drying  out." 

Hickories  and  walnuts  can  be  budded  by  the  annular  pro- 
cess (page  45),  working  upon  one-  or  two-year-old  seedlings, 
and  probably  with  much  less  percentage  of  loss  than  by  any 


NUTS.  439 

kind  of  grafting.  Chestnuts  may  be  grafted,  however,  in 
favorable  seasons  with  a  loss  of  not  over  twenty-five  to  fifty 
per  cent,  by  the  "cleft"  process  (pages  33  and  438).  Two  or 
three  year  old  seedlings,  or  young  sprouts,  are  most  favora- 
ble subjects;  put  the  graft  in  high  up,  so  that  the  native  stock 
shall  form  the  trunk  of  the  tree. 

As  soon  as  specific  varieties  are  demanded  nurserymen  will 
have  recourse  to  all  these  methods. 

Native  walnuts,  pecans,  and  hickories  do  not  bear  much  be- 
fore they  are  fifteen  or  twenty  years  old.  Chestnuts  usually 
bear  at  about  ten  or  twelve  years;  foreign  varieties  bear 
earlier,  as  do  all  budded  and  grafted  trees,  but  then  they  are 
always  shorter-lived.  In  the  Southern  States  most  nut  trees 
will  produce  crops  in  five  or  six  years. 


CHESTNUTS. 
NATIVE  VARIETIES. 

THE  American  Sweet  Chestnut  is  the  only  one  really  entitled 
to  be  called  sweet ;  it  is  much  superior  in  flavor  to  both  the 
European  and  Japanese  kinds,  though  as  yet  it  cannot  approach 


FIG.  573.— Murrell.  FIG.  574.— Native  Chestnut. 

either  in  size.  Nevertheless,  in  only  the  few  years  it  has  be- 
gun to  attract  attention  some  wonderfully  large  nuts  have 
been  discovered.  Chestnuts  are  so  much  easier  to  propagate 
than  other  nut  trees,  come  into  bearing  so  much  earlier,  and 
command  such  highly  remunerative  prices  that  their  cultiva- 
tion is  not  likely  to  be  neglected  much  longer.  The  tree  is 
indigenous  all  over  the  eastern  United  States,  growing  lux- 
uriantly on  rocky,  gravelly  hillsides.  It  does  not  do  well  on 


44°  NUTS. 

limestone,  or  clayey  soil,  nor  will  it  flourish  in  wet,  boggy 
land.  The  young  seedlings  are  characterized  by  their  long 
tap-root,  and  therefore  unless  the  nuts  are  planted  where  the 
trees  are  to  grow  they  must  be  treated  as  described  on 
page  435. 

When  chestnut  groves  are  cut  for  the  timber,  sprouts  OT 
scions  spring  up  with'  rank  growth  from  the  stumps.     A  fruit- 


FlG.  575.— Wild  (abundant  yield).  FIG.  576.— Wild  Chestnut. 

ing  orchard  may  be  had  earlier  than  from  seedlings  by  cutting 
away  the  sprouts  sufficiently  to  give  ample  room  to  those 
which  are  left  to  form  good  bushy  heads,  and  budding  or 
grafting  those  left.  However,  owing  to  the  difficulties  attend- 
ing either  of  these  operations,  according  to  the  Pennsylvania 
State  College  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  but  seventy- 
five  per  cent  can  be  expected  to  be  successful.  It  is  better  to 
graft  all  the  strongest  shoots  and  thin  out,  after  it  is  found 
which  have  succeeded  in  making  perfect  unions  and  are  grow- 
ing vigorously. 

STORING  chestnuts  either  for  market  purposes  or  for  home 
use  requires  attention  as  soon  as  the  crop  is  gathered.  Put 
them  in  any  suitable  tub  and  pour  boiling  water  over  them 
until  the  nuts  are  covered.  Stir  them  with  a  stick  to  insure 
thorough  scalding.  The  wormy  ones  will  float  and  may  be 
gathered  off  the  surface.  Allow  the  others  to  remain  fifteen 
or  twenty  minutes,  after  which  spread  them  out  until  perfectly 
dry.  They  may  then  be  stored  in  bags  or  barrels  until 
wanted,  and  will  be  found  to  keep  much  better  than  if  not 
subjected  to  the  scalding  process.  The  meat  will  be  less 
horny  and  hard. 


NUTS. 


441 


In  the  chapter  on  chestnuts  in  the  monograph  on  nut  culture 
of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  some  seventeen  va- 
rieties are  named,  but  as  it  is  improbable  that  many  of  these 
are  in  the  hands  of  dealers — being  as  yet  only  local — it  is 
hardly  worth  reproducing  them  here. 

Those  who  desire  to  obtain  trees  of  native  chestnuts  must 
usually  themselves  search  out  those  of  exceptional  merit. 

FOREIGN  VARIETIES. 

French,  Italian  and  Spanish  chestnuts  have  long  been  im- 
ported in  moderate  quantities  and  sold  at  high  prices  in  the 


FIG.  577. — Tamba-guri  (reduced  one-half). 

fruit  stores.  Abroad  they  are  highly  prized  as  an  article  of 
food  and  are  largely  consumed  by  all  classes.  They  lack  the 
sweetness  of  the  American  chestnut  and  the  meat  is  enveloped 
in  a  tough  and  sometimes  bitter  skin.  In  some  varieties  this 
skin  is  readily  removed,  while  in  others  it  follows  the  convo* 


442  NUTS. 

lutions  of  the  nut  deep  into  its  centre.  The  French,  Spanish, 
and  Italian  chestnuts  are  of  the  same  stock.  The  trees  are 
strong  growers,  introduced  originally  into  Europe  from  Asia 
Minor.  The  nuts  vary  considerably  in  size  and  in  quality. 
They  are  usually  large,  oblate  conical  in  shape,  the  scar  small 
compared  with  that  of  the  Japanese  varieties,  in  which  latter 
it  sometimes  covers  nearly  half  the  shell.  These  nuts  are 
often  not  worth  growing  in  the  United  States,  the  greater 
promise  of  the  newly  introduced  Japanese  varieties  of  chest- 
nut (Guri)  being  much  more  attractive,  although  they  have 
not  as  yet  proved  so  hardy  as  their  European  congeners. 
The  wild  chestnuts  of  Japan  annually  produce  large  crops  of 
nuts  about  an  inch  in  diameter — the  variety  known  as  Tama- 
guri  (Mountain  Chestnut)  being  highly  esteemed  by  the 
Japanese.  The  tree  is  some  thirty  feet  high.  The  culti- 
vated sorts  are  of  many  varieties,  the  largest  of  all  being  the 
Tamba-guri  (Fig.  577).  These  trees  grow  thirty  to  sixty  feet 
high. 

All  of  these  foreign  chestnuts  compensate  in  a  measure  for 
their  inferior  flavor  to  our  native  sorts,  by  their  greater  size 
and  the  earlier  bearing  of  the  trees.  They  are  furthermore 
very  prolific. 

Grafting  these  great  nuts  upon  American  stocks  will  prob- 
ably add  to  their  hardiness  and  vigor. 

VARIETIES. 

Advance.     Large,  smooth,  dark.     Tree  vigorous,  productive,  bears 
early.     Ripens  last  of  September.     Japan. 

Alpha.*    Large.     Tree  vigorous,  regular,  and  prolific  bearer.     Ear- 
liest to  ripen.     Japanese.     Originated  in  New  Jersey. 

Bartram  Late.     Medium,  bright  color,  three  to  a  burr.     Ripens 
middle  of  October.     European.     Originated  in  Pennsylvania. 

Black.     Large,  dark  color,  productive.     Ripens  last  of  September. 
Japan.     Originated  in  New  Jersey. 

Dager.     Large.     A    seedling    of    Ridgeley.      European.      Origin 
Delaware. 

Early  Reliance.     Medium,  smooth,  bright.     Tree  dwarf,     spread- 
ing, bears  early.     Ripens  last  of  September.     Japan. 


NUTS. 


443 


Eureka.     Large,    quality    above    average.      Tree    rapid    grower, 
spreading  habit.     Not  hardy  North.     European. 


FIG.  578.— Japan  Giant. 


FIG.  579.— Numbo. 


Felton.     Large,   sweet,   good  flavor.     Japanese.      Above  average 
in  quality.     Origin,  Delaware. 

Hannum.     Large,  bright,  regular  and  productive.     Ripens  early. 
European. 

Kerr.*     Dark,    three    to    a    burr.     Tree    enormously    productive. 
Japanese.     New  Jersey. 


FIG.  580.— Paragon. 


FIG.  581.— Rid^eley. 


Killen.*  Very  large,  handsome,  superior  quality.  Japanese.  Dela- 
ware. 

Mammoth      Very  large.     A  seedling  of  Giant.     Japan. 

Numbo.  Medium,  smooth,  bright.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  regu- 
larly productive  ;  good.  Does  not  bear  early.  Fig.  579.  Euro  ' 
pean.  Origin,  Pennsylvania. 


444  NUTS. 

Paragon.*  Large,  sweet,  good  flavor.  Tree  bears  young  and 
abundantly.  Fig.  580.  European.  Origin,  Pennsylvania. 

Parry.  (Parry's  Japan  Giant.)  Very  large,  smooth,  dark-colored  ; 
one  or  two  nuts  only  in  a  burr.  Tree  vigorous,  upright  grower. 
Fig.  578.  Japan. 

Parry  Superb.     Large,  bright,  smooth.     Tree  strong  grower  and 

enormously  productive.     Japan. 
Ridgely.*      (Dupont.)      Medium,    sweet  flavor,    excellent.      Tree 

hardy.     Fig.  581.     European.     Origin,  Delaware. 
Success.     Large,  handsome  nut  of  good  quality.     Tree  vigorous 

and  productive.     Japanese.     Origin,  New  Jersey. 

THE  CHINQUAPIN 

Is   really  a   dwarf    chestnut,   which   grows   wild  in   various 

localities  on  the  eastern  seaboard  from  Pennsylvania  to  the 

yv  Gulf.     Usually    a    small   spreading    bush 

j^^ik  four  to  ten  feet  high,  varieties  are  some- 

§1     B|  times    found    which     form     trees     from 

thirty  to  sixty  feet  in  height.     The  nuts 

**.          of  the   Eastern  States  are  ovoid  conical, 
/\^^     dark    mahogany    color,    very    handsome, 
flMM    and   the  meat  is   sweet  and  good.     The 
^H^    chinquapin  of    the    Pacific   coast    nearly 
FIG.  582.— Eastern       resembles  in  appearance    a  small  chest- 
Chinquapin.  nutt     The  busnes  wni  thrive  and  appear 
entirely  hardy  as  far  north  as  New  York. 

HAZELNUTS. 

The  cultivation  of  this  nut  is  almost  wholly  neglected  in  this 
country,  and  while  the  native  bushes  abound,  the  crop  and  the 


FIGS.  583  and  584.— Native  Forms  of  FlG.  585.— "Istrian  "  (an 

Hazelnuts.  imported  nut). 

nuts  are  usually  so  small  that  they  rarely  appear  in  market. 
The  imported  filbert  has  complete  possession,  and  until  some 


NUTS.  445 

method  of  overcoming  the  difficulty  of  its  culture  in  the  United 
States  is  discovered,  we  are  likely  to  be  dependent  upon 
foreign  growths  for  supplies  of  this  nut. 

The  bushes  are  easy  of  cultivation  and  will  often  apparently 
flourish,  but  they  fail  to  bear  fruit  and  the  bushes  are  liable  to 
a  disease  which  eventually  kills  them.  The  late  Mr.  N.  S. 
Fuller  had  probably  more  experience  in  growing  filberts  than 
any  other  man  in  America,  and  his  recent  book  on  Nut  Cul- 
ture gives  in  detail  his  experiments  and  failures. 

In  the  States  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  hazel  be- 
comes a  tree  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  and  is  said  to  bear  large 
crops. 

The  following  description  of  the  propagation,  etc.,  of  the 
filbert  is  taken  from  "  Nut  Culture  in  the  United  States :" 

"Propagation. — Propagation  is  effected  by  seed,  by  layers, 
by  suckers,  by  cuttings,  and  by  grafting  or  budding.  Grown 
from  suckers,  trees  come  earliest  into  bearing,  and  by 
some  are  claimed  to  make  the  strongest  trees;  but  the 
major  portion  of  hazel  trees  produced  in  nurseries  are 
from  cuttings,  made  eight  or  ten  inches  in  length,  from 
last  year's  wood.  They  root  as  readily  as  gooseberries. 
A  moist,  not  wet,  sand  supplies  the  best  ground  in  which 
to  root  cuttings;  a  deeper  setting  is  necessary  in  the 
drier  climate  of  the  United  States  than  in  England.  In 
a  year  the  cuttings  become  well  rooted,  and  are  then  trans- 
planted, after  pruning,  from  the  propagating-bed  to  the  nur- 
sery row.  The  nursery  culture  consists  of  thorough  and  fre- 
quent stirring  of  the  surface  soil,  and  the  training  of  each 
plant  to  tree  form.  The  sprouts  and  branches  are  kept  re- 
moved from  about  the  base  to  a  height  of  twelve  inches  (the 
Germans  claim  that  a  height  of  from  three  to  four  feet  for  the 
trunk  is  better) ;  within  the  next  six  or  eight  inches  the  head 
is  formed  of  not  less  than  six  branches.  In  the  midst  of  these 
branches  a  barrel  hoop  is  often  placed,  to  which  the  limbs  are 
tied  for  forming  a  shapely  and  open  crown.  The  aim  of  the 
two  or  three  years  of  nursery  work  is  to  grow  the  trees  to  six 
or  eight  feet  in  height  and  in  form  like  a  goblet,  after  which 
they  are  ready  for  planting. 

"  Tn  the  Orchard.— -The  hazel  will  not  thrive  in  stiff  clay, 
while  in  dry,  sandy  soil  it  becomes  stunted  and  pro- 
duces fruit  of  small  size.  Otherwise,  the  bush  is  not 


44^  NUTS. 

particular  as  regards  soil  and  locality;  it  is  always  more 
vigorous  on  rich  land  than  on  poor  land.  A  light  loam 
with  dry  subsoil  will  give  the  least  wood  and  most  nuts. 
A  strong  soil  produces  an  excessive  growth  of  wood  at 
the  expense  of  the  crops.  Wet  soil  produces  too  much 
wood  and  too  little  fruit.  In  Kent,  England,  the  hazel 
thrives  best  in  limestone  land,  and  reaches  a  height  of  twelve 
feet,  and  occasionally  of  thirty  feet.  The  trees  are  set  in 
well-drained  ground,  about  ten  feet  apart  each  way,  though 
sometimes  they  are  set  in  hedges,  when  a  less  distance  in  the 
row  is  adopted.  Root  pruning  is  frequently  practised  to 
prevent  the  too  rapid  growth  of  food.  The  disposition  of 
the  hazel  to  make  thrifty  inside  cane  growth  is  kept  constantly 
in  check  by  summer  pruning,  and  the  outer  limbs,  together 
with  the  general  growth  of  the  trees,  are  checked  by  pruning 
back  in  the  latter  part  of  the  winter.  The  thin,  unfruitful 
twigs  are  removed  and  the  fruitful  limbs  are  shortened  back 
nearly  to  the  female  buds.  Care  is  taken  to  leave  sufficient 
male  catkins  for  an  ample  supply  of  pollen.  The  fruit  spurs 
are  near  the  extremities  of  the  last  year's  growth,  and  nuts 
are  more  abundant  where  air  and  light  have  ready  access.  In 
the  fifth  or  sixth  year  after  planting,  trees  should  bear  consid- 
erable fruit.  Trees  of  this  age  in  England  are  reported  to 
produce  from  three  to  four  pounds  of  nuts  each.  It  is  a  very 
important  orchard  tree  with  many  cultivators  in  Europe,  and 
has  been  greatly  improved  by  years  of  careful  cultivation  and 
selection.  A  very  fruitful  hazel  orchard  is  reported  in  Wern- 
feld,  Germany,  occupying  about  two  and  a  half  acres  of  land 
and  having  a  northwesterly  slope.  In  that  latitude  the  trees 
are  said  to  thrive  with  any  exposure  except  directly  southern. 
They  are  recommended  by  Goeschke  for  clothing  the  steep 
sides  of  hills  and  mountains;  also  for  railroad  banks.  He 
states  that  in  Germany  they  are  advantageously  used  in  those 
portions  of  fruit  orchards  where  other  trees  fail. 

"Harvesting  and  Marketing. — It  is  a  popular  method  in 
England  to  harvest  and  market  finer  nuts  in  their  husks. 
In  all  cases  the  fruit  is  left  on  the  bush  or  tree  until  fully 
ripe,  the  proper  condition  being  readily  determined  by  the 
brown  color  of  the  nut,  the  tint  of  the  husk,  and  the 
readiness  with  which  the  nuts  would  rattle  out  by  a  slight 
jarring  of  the  trees.  In  curing  the  nuts  thus  harvested, 


NUTS. 


447 


they  are  placed  for  a  few  days  in  lofts  to  sufficiently  dry, 
after  which  they  are  packed  in  sound  casks  with  a  slight 
sprinkling  of  salt  throughout  the  filling.  Salt  is  also  used  in 
small  quantities  in  storing  the  nuts  that  have  been  freed  from 
the  husks,  and  it  is  claimed  for  this  practice  that  freedom 
from  ravages  of  insects  is  secured  and  that  the  nuts  come  out 
fresher  and  brighter  than  by  other  methods. 

"  Generally,  the  hazel  is  marketed  for  dessert  purposes  alone, 
though  a  pleasant  oil,  resembling  olive  oil,  is  sometimes  ex- 


PIG.  586.— Lambert  Filbert, 


pressed  from  it ;  and  in  portions  of  Europe  this  nut,  like  the 
chestnut,  has  been  used  in  limited  quantities  for  making 
bread." 

VARIETIES. 

The  named  varieties  are  numerous,  but  the  grower  having 
a  half-dozen  of  the  best  can  well  afford  to  forego  the  planting 
of  others.  Of  the  ten  varieties  named  by  Robert  Hogg,*  the 
Cob  and  Lambert  are  the  best  known  in  reputation  to  Ameri- 
cans. We  follow  his  description  of  the  best  varieties  known 
to  him : 

Bond  Nut.  Husk  hairy,  shorter  than  the  nut ;  nut  of  medium  size, 
ovate  and  oblong  ;  shell  thin  ;  kernel  large.  This  is  an  excellent 
nut  and  the  tree  is  a  good  bearer. 

*  ••  Fruit  Manual,"  London,  1875. 


448  NUTS. 

Cob.  (Round  Cob.)  Husk  hairy,  shorter  than  the  nut  and  much 
frizzled  ;  nut  large,  obtusely  ovate  ;  shell  of  a  light  brown  color, 
rather  thick  ;  kernel  large.  A  good  nut  for  early  use,  but  does  not 
keep  well.  Fig.  587. 

Cosford.  (Miss  Young's.)  Thin  shelled;  husk  hairy,  long  as  the 
nut  and  deeply  cut;  nut  large,  oblong;  shell  of  a  light-brown 


FIG.  587 — Downton  Cob-nut. 

?.olor,  very  thin,  so  much  so  as  to  be  easily  broken  between  the 
finger  and  thumb ;  kernel  large  and  well  flavored.  An  excellent 
early  nut,  and  the  tree  an  abundant  bearer.  • 

Downton  Square.  li^sk  smooth,  shorter  than  the  nut;  nut  large, 
short,  four-sided  •  shell  thick,  kernel  full  and  well  flavored. 

Frizzled  Filbert,  (Frizzled  nut.  Cape  nut.)  Husk  hairy,  twice  as 
long  as  the  nut ;  deeply  frizzled  and  spreading  open  at  the  mouth  ; 
nut  small,  oblong,  and  flattened  ;  shell  thick,  kernel  full.  This  is 
a  rather  late  variety.  The  tree  is  an  excellent  bearer.  The  nuts 
are  produced  in  clusters. 

Lambert.  (Kentish  Cob,  Filbert  Cob.)  Husk  nearly  smooth, 
longer  than  the  nut,  and  very  slightly  cut  around  the  margin  ; 
nut  large,  oblong,  and  somewhat  compressed  ;  shell  rather  thick, 
of  a  brown  color;  kernel  full  and  very  rich  flavor.  This  is,  per- 


NUTS.  449 

haps,  the  best  of  all  filberts.  The  tree  is  a  most  abundant  bearer. 
Some  of  the  nuts  are  upward  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  they  have, 
with  care,  been  kept  for  four  years.  It  is  only  after  being  kept 
for  some  time  that  their  full  richness  of  flavor  is  obtained.  Mr. 
Hogg  says  this  nut  was  first  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Horticul- 
tural Society  by  A.  B.  Lambert  about  the  year  1812.  It  is 
improperly  called  Kentish  Cob.  The  true  Cobs  are  roundish, 
thick-shelled  nuts.  Fig.  586. 

Pearson.  (Dwarf  Prolific,  Nottingham  Prolific.)  Husk  hairy, 
shorter  than  the  nut ;  nut  medium  in  size,  smaller  than  the  Cob, 
obtusely  ovate  ;  shell  rather  thick  ;  kernel  full.  A  very  excellent 
variety.  Trees  are  most  abundant  bearers,  sometimes  laden 
with  fruit  when  not  more  than  2^  feet  high. 

Purple  Filbert.  (Purple  leaved.)  This  differs  from  the  red  filbert 
in  having  the  leaves  of  a  dark,  blood-red  color  like  those  of  the 
purple  beech.  The  fruit  is  similar  to,  and  quite  as  good  as  that 
of  the  Red  Filbert,  and  is  of  a  deep  purple  color. 

Red  Filbert.  (Red  Hazel.)  Husk,  hairy,  longer  than  the  nut; 
nut  of  medium  size,  ovate ;  shell  thick,  kernel  full,  covered  with 
a  red  skin. 

White  Filbert.  (Wrotham  Park.)  Husk  hairy,  longer  than  the 
nut,  around  the  apex  of  which  it  is  contracted  ;  nut  medium  size, 
ovate ;  shell  thick  ;  kernel  full,  covered  with  a  white  skin. 


HICKORIES. 
Pecans  (JHicorta  Pecan). 

It  is  commonly  supposed  that  the  pecan  is  hardy  only  in 
the  Southern  States,  and  few  attempts  have  been  made  to 
grow  it  in  the  North.  It  flourishes  best  in  Texas,  the  Gulf 
States,  and  Mexico.  Probably  the  greatest  quantity  sent  to 
market  comes  from  Texas  or  Louisiana,  where  the  tree  grows 
to  sixty  or  seventy  feet  high  in  the  rich  alluvial  bottom-lands 
and  annually  produces  large  crops  of  nuts,  which  find  a  ready 
market  at  very  remunerative  prices.  The  thinness  of  the  shell, 
its  bright  glossy  surface,  often  artificially  polished  for  market, 
but  above  all  the  full,  tender,  rich  kernel,  combine  to  make 
this  member  of  the  hickory  family  the  popular  nut-tree  after 
the  chestnut  grown  in  America.  West  of  the  Alleghanies  the 
pecan  has  been  found  growing  wild  and  yielding  good  nuts 
as  far  north  as  Southern  Iowa.  Forty  miles  north  of  New  York 
there  are  some  very  large  old  trees,  which  are  evidently 
hardy  enough,  but  they  have  never  been  known  to  produce 
nuts. 

29 


45°  NUTS. 

The  tree  as  grown  in  the  South  much  resembles  the  com- 
mon  hickory,  grows  to  about  thirty  feet  high  in.  fifteen  years, 
and  bears  at  ten  or  twelve  years  of  age. 

Pecans  are  usually  propagated  from  seed,  but  the  results 
are  so  unreliable  that  grafting  or  budding  must  take  place  as 
the  only  certain  way  of  obtaining  valuable  sorts. 

The  remarks  made  in  the  introduction  to  this  chapter  con- 
cerning  the  difficulties  of  transplanting  nut-trees  apply  with 


FIGS.  588  and  589.— Common  Forms  of  Pecan. 

intensified  force  to  the  pecan,  whose  tap-root  is,  in  one  and 
two  year  seedlings,  three  times  as  long  as  the  shoot  above 
ground.  They  must  be  treated  as  suggested  for  other  nut- 
seedlings — the  ground  must  be  rich  and  deeply  cultivated. 

If  raised  from  seed,  plant  the  nuts  in  drills  three  or  four 
feet  apart,  and  twelve  or  fifteen  inches  apart  in  the  drills. 


FiG.  590.— Centennial. 

In  the  early  spring  following,  the  young  trees  should  be  about 
two  feet  high;  take  them  up  carefully,  to  preserve  all  the 
fibrous  roots  possible,  cut  off  about  one-half  the  tap-root,  and 
reset  immediately.  Two  years  after,  again  take  up  and  plant 
permanently,  or,  preferably,  make  the  permanent  planting  at 
the  end  of  the  second  year.  Six  or  seven  years  subsequently, 
the  trees  should  begin  to  bear,  and  as  it  is  a  rapid  grower  it  is 
said  that  at  fifteen  years  of  age  it  will  produce  from  two  and 
a  half  to  three  bushels  of  nuts.  Grafted  or  budded  trees  al- 


NUTS.  45* 

ways  produce  fruit  earlier.     For  directions  concerning  graft- 
ing, see  general  directions  elsewhere  in  this  book. 

There  has  been  too  little  attention  given  to  the  commercial 
growing  of  pecan  trees  to  enable  one  to  procure  any  definite 
sorts  from  nurserymen.  The  varieties  here  enumerated  have 
generally  been  named  by  their  discoverers  or  propagators, 


FIG.  591.— Frotscher.  FIG.  592-— Idlewild. 

and  are  mostly  taken  from  their  reports  to  the  United  States 
Pomologist.  Correspondence  with  these  parties  is  suggested 
to  those  who  wish  to  obtain  the  choicest  kinds  thus  far  known. 


VARIETIES  OF  PECANS. 

Biloxi.  (Mrs.  W.  R.  Stuart,  Ocean  Springs,  Miss.)  Medium  size, 
cylindrical,  pointed  at  each  end  ;  surface  quite  regular,  light  brown  ; 
shell  thin  ;  cracking  qualities  medium  ;  kernel  plump,  with  yellow- 


FIG.  593-— Jewett. 

ish-brown  surface ;  free  from  astringency,  of  good  quality,  and 
keeps  well  without  becoming  rancid.  Introduced  several  years 
ago  by  the  late  W.  R.  Stuart  as  Mexican  Paper-Shell,  but  the 
name  has  since  been  changed  to  Biloxi. 


45 2  NVTS. 

Centennial.  A  very  large  oblong  nut ;  thickness  of  shell  medium  ; 
partition  walls  rather  thick  ;  kernel  plump,  oily,  .good.  Richard 
Frotscher,  New  Orleans,  La.  Fig.  590. 

Columbian.*  (Mrs.  W.  R.  Stuart,  Ocean  Springs,  Miss.)  Large,  cy- 
lindrical, somewhat  compressed  at  the  middle,  rounding  at  the 
base  ;  pointed  and  somewhat  four-sided  at  the  crown  ;  shell  rather 


FIG.  594.— Jumbo. 

heavy ;  cracking  qualities  medium ;  quality  good.  In  size  and 
form  this  nut  closely  resembles  Mammoth,  which  was  introduced  in 
1890  by  Richard  Frotscher,  of  New  Orleans,  La. 

Faust.     A  long  slender  nut,  good.     D.  D.  Faust,  Hamburg,  S.  C. 
Frotscher.*  Large;   very  thin  shell;   kernel  oily,   good.     Richard 
Frotscher,  New  Orleans,  La.     Fig.  591. 


FIG.  59s.~-McCa1lister. 

Gonzales.  (I.  V.  Munson,  Denison,  Tex.)  Above  medium  size, 
with  firm,  clean  shell ;  quality  excellent.  Originated  in  Gonzales 
County,  Tex. 

Idlewild.  Medium  size,  thick  shell,  kernel  good.  Louis  Biediger, 
Idlewild.  Tex.  Fig.  592. 

Jewett.  Very  large,  irregular  oblong,  compressed  near  centre ; 
shell  rather  thick  ;  corky  inner  growth  large  ;  kernel  oily,  good. 
The  late  W.  R.  Stuart,  Ocean  Springs,  Miss.  Fig.  593. 

Jumbo.  Large,  ovoid  ;  thin  shell,  much  corky  partition  ;  quality 
very  good.  F.  M.  Ramsay,  Bluff  ton,  Tex.  Fig.  594. 


NUTS.  453 

McCallister.  (Floyd.)  The  largest  pecan  known,  supposed  to  be 
a  hybrid  of  shellbark  ;  base  broad,  rounded  ;  apex  broad,  blunt, 
angular  ;  flavor  very  like  a  shellbark  ;  not  very  valuable  except  for 
possibilities  of  improvement.  O.  L.  McCallister,  Mt.  Vernon,  Ind. 
Fig.  595. 


FIG.  596.— Risien.  FIG.  597.— Stuart. 

Pearl.  Medium  size,  thin  shell,  sweet  kernel ;  no  corky  growth  in- 
side. A  choice  nut  for  family  use,  but  said  to  be  too  small  for 
market.  E.  E.  Risien,  San  Saba,  Tex. 

Ribera.  Size  above  medium ;  oblong  ovate ;  cracking  qualities 
good  ;  shell  thin  ;  kernel  plump,  light  brown,  free  from  the  bitter, 
red,  corky  growth  which  adheres  to  the  shell ;  meat  yellow,  tender, 
with  rich,  delicate,  pleasant  flavor. 


FIG.  S98.-Van  Deman. 

Risien.  Large  ovate;  quality  excellent.  E.  E.  Risien,  San  Saba, 
Tex.  Fig.  596. 

San  Saba.  Medium,  cylindrical ;  kernel  plump,  light  yellow,  sweet 
and  rich.  E.  E.  Risien,  San  Saba,  Tex. 

Stuart.*  Large,  roundish,  ovoid;  thin  shell;  considerable  corky 
growth  in  partitions  ;  kernel  plump  ;  quality  good.  Late  W.  R. 
Stuart,  Ocean  Springs,  Miss.  Fig.  597. 

Van  Deman.*  Large,  oblong;  thin  shell;  considerable  corky 
growth  ;  kernel  not  so  plump  as  Stuart ;  flavor  excellent.  Mrs. 
W.  R.  Stuart,  Mississippi.  Fig.  598. 


454  NUTS. 


Shellbark  Hickories. 

Of  the  several  varieties  of  ordinarily  so-called  hickories 
found  growing  wild  in  the  United  States — as  the  shellbark 
(Hicoria  laciniosa),  shagbark  (Hicoria  ovata),  mocker-nut  (Hico- 
ria  alba),  pignut  {Hicoria  glabra)  bitter-nut  (Hicoria  minima} 
water  hickory  (Hicoria  aquatica),  and  nutmeg-hickory  (Hico- 
ria myristicczformis} — the  first  only  has  qualities  which  com- 
mend themselves  for  cultivation.  As  this  work  is  intended 


PiG.  599.— Typical  Thin-shell  Shellbark.  FIG.  600.— Oval. 

to  be  strictly  practical,  only  the  shellbark  hickory  will  there- 
fore be  treated  of. 

Perhaps  but  one  variety  of  this  nut  has  been  subjected  to 
cultivation  and  offered  for  sale  (Kale's  Paper-Shell).  All 
others  are  the  product  of  wild  trees.  And  yet  the  differences 
in  the  sizes  of  the  nuts,  the  thickness  of  the  shell,  the  quali- 
ties of  the  kernels,  the  cracking  peculiarities,  and  the  freeness 
with  which  the  meats  may  be  extracted  are  very  marked. 

While  size  undoubtedly  has  a  large  influence  in  the  selling 
of  nuts,  it  is  well  known  to  all  who  have  had  any  intelligent 
experience  that  comparatively  small  nuts  have  frequently 
disproportionately  large  and  extremely  high-flavored  kernels. 

The  slow  growth  of  the  shellbark  has  and  will  have  a  de- 
terrent effect  upon  its  cultivation,  and  while  a  wild  two-year- 
old  will  often  be  found  four  to  five  feet  high,  a  trans- 


ft  UTS.  455 

planted  tree  three  or  four  years  old  seems  to  make  almost 
no  growth  for  a  year  or  two. 

The  late  A.  S.  Fuller  says  he  never  knew  an  instance  of 
successful  budding  of  the  hickory,  while  others  claim  that 
ring  budding  (see  page  45)  is  moderately  so. 

Of  the  methods  of  grafting,  the  cleft  (see  pages  33  and  435) 
is  said  to  give  the  best  results,  cutting  the  young  trees  close 
to  the  ground,  inserting  the  scion,  waxing  thoroughly,  and 
covering  to  its  top  with  earth. 

The  nuts  germinate  easily,  but,  however  valuable  those 
planted,  seedlings  are  nearly  always  inferior  in  every  way  to 


FIG.  601.—  Quadrangular.  FIG.  602.— Long  Ovate,  Compressed. 

the  originals.  For  stocks,  nevertheless,  upon  which  to  graft 
scions  from  wild  trees  which  are  found  to  produce  nuts  of 
exceptional  merit,  they  are  well  worth  planting.  If  taken  up 
from  the  nursery  rows  annually  and  the  tap-root  shortened  in 
for  two  or  three  years,  then  planted  out  where  the  tree  is  to 
remain  permanently,  growing  for  one  year  and  then  cleft- 
grafted,  every  requisite  for  success  at  present  known  will 
have  been  complied  with.  If  wild  trees  are  dug  for  the  pur- 
pose of  grafting,  those  not  over  two  or  three  years  old  should 
be  taken,  the  chances  of  living  of  older  and  larger  ones  being 
too  uncertain  to  make  such  experiments  worth  the  trouble 
and  cost. 

The  reports  of  the  United  States  Pomologist  give  a  list  of  a 
dozen  or  so  of  varieties  which  have  been  named  by  those  who 
have  found  or  own  the  wild  trees  upon  which  they  grew. 
But  it  is  so  uncertain  that  any  of  these  can  be  had  by  the 


456 


NUTS. 


intending  purchaser,  that  no  list  of  varieties  would  be  of  much 
value  at  this  time. 

Illustrations  are  given  of  various  shellbarks  collected  by  the 
editor,  or  sent  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  from  different 
parts  of  the  country,  to  show  the  variety  in  shape  and  appear- 


Pro.  603.— Roundish,  Compressed. 


FIG.  604.— Roundish,  Oblique. 


ance  of  wild  nuts.  Probably  the  number  might  be  largely 
increased.  Fig.  599  represents  the  typical  form  of  the  thin- 
shelled  shellbark ;  any  very  wide  departure  from  this  shape, 
as  Figs.  600  to  604  inclusive,  usually  indicates  thicker  shells 
and  correspondingly  smaller  kernels. 


WALNUTS. 

The  name  walnut  is  rather  indiscriminately  used  in  this 
country,  being  perhaps  most  frequently  applied  to  hickory- 
nuts  (white  walnuts,  so  called),  and  after  them  to  the  Persian 
or  Madeira  nut.  Two  valuable  members  of  this  family  are 
indigenous  to  America,  whose  nuts  are  high'iy  appreciated  and 
much  used,  the  butternut  (Juglans  cineria)  and  the  black  wal- 
nut (Juglans  nigra).  The  value  of  the  timber  of  both  these 
trees  is  well  known,  and  alone  should  offer  sufficient  induce- 
ment for  their  cultivation.  So  great,  indeed,  has  been  the  de- 
mand for  the  latter  that  there  has  seemed  danger  it  would  be- 
come exterminated  wherever  within  profitable  reach  of  a 
shipping-point,  and  the  use  of  the  former  is  rapidly  increas- 


NUTS.  457 

ing,  with  a  probability  of  the  same  reckless  cutting  that  has 
befallen  the  black  walnut.  While  possibly  it  may  not  pay  in 
a  pecuniary  way  to  propagate  either  of  these  trees  for  their 
nuts  alone,  together  with  the  value  of  the  timber,  constantly 
increasing  in  price,  it  offers  an  opportunity  to  those  having 
land  adapted  to  their  growth. 

The  Butternut 

is  considered  by  many  the  best  of  all  native  nuts.  The 
meat  is  tender,  crisp,  oily,  and  highly  flavored.  The  thick- 


FlG.  605.— Typical  Butternut.  FlG.  606.— Typical  Black  Walnut. 

ness  and  sharply  ridged  and  furrowed  character  of  the  hard 
shell  is  a  drawback  to  its  use ;  nevertheless,  the  richness  of  the 
kernel  makes  them  well  worth  adding  to  the  varieties  of  nuts 
for  home  use. 

There  are  no  named  varieties  in  the  hands  of  nurserymen, 
who  supply  orders  with  seedlings  usually  from  trees  in  their 
neighborhood  or  from  nuts  purchased  by  them.  As  usually 
the  case,  however,  there  are  considerable  differences  in  size 
and  shape  of  nuts  found  growing  wild  in  different  sections  of 
the  country.  Fig.  605  is  a  typical  illustration. 

Those  who  wish  to  grow  either  the  butternut  or  the  walnut 
will  do  best  to  select  the  nuts  which  please  them  and  raise 
their  own  seedlings. 


45* 


XUTS. 


The  Black  Walnut 

is  a  large,  round,  hard-shell,  deeply  furrowed  nut,  with  a 
rich,  oily  kernel.  While  much  appreciated  by  most,  its  flavor 
is  so  pronounced  as  to  make  it  unpleasant  to  others.  Large 
quantities  are  used  by  confectioners  and  others,  and  its  sale 
is  of  considerable  value  to  those  who  are  fortunate  enough  to 
own  a  number  of  trees. 

It  is  found  growing  all  over  the  United  States,  making  a 


FIG.  607.— Black  Walnut  (Taylor). 


FIG.  608.— Peanut-shaped 
Black  Walnut. 


tree  from  forty  to  sixty  feet  high.  It  has  a  more  open  spread- 
ing head  than  the  hickory,  and  is  more  rapid  in  its  growth. 
The  nuts  from  different  trees  and  sections  vary  considerably 
in  size  and  depth  of  the  furrows.  The  photo-engraving  is  an 
average  specimen,  while  the  other  illustrations  of  this  nut 
show  variations. 

PERSIAN  WALNUT. 
{English  Walnut,  Madeira  Nut.} 

The  varieties  of  this  nut,  together  with  the  hickories,  belong 
to  the  order  Juglandece,  and,  while  the  genus  was  first  known 
in  the  Old  World,  the  greater  number  of  species  are  indig- 
enous to  North  America.  In  England  this  nut  is  known 


tfUTS.  459 

simply  as  the  walnut,  while  in  the  United  States  it  is  com- 
monly called  English  walnut  or  Madeira-nut.  The  varieties 
which  have  been  introduced,  chiefly  from  France,  are  quite 
numerous.  They  have  all  been  the  product  of  selected  seed* 
lings  or  careful  hybridizing.  Recently  Eastern  Asia  and 
Japan  have  added  to  the  number,  and  the  illustrations  here 
given  show  that  the  grower  has  quite  a  scope  for  his  taste  and 
fancy. 

The  trees  will  endure  a  considerable  degree  of  cold,  but 
from  experience  over  the  greater  part  of  the  United  States  it 
has  been  noted  that  it  does  not  succeed  in  the  Middle  States, 
nor  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  They  are  hardy  near 
the  coast  line  as  far  north  as  latitude  40°,  and  do  well  southward 
as  far  as  Northern  Georgia.  It  is  sometimes  the  case  that  the 
trees  flourish  but  produce  no  fruit,  or  the  nuts  contain  no  ker- 
nels. The  consensus  of  opinion  among  those  who  have  prop- 
agated this  nut  appears  to  be  that  it  really  succeeds  as  a  crop- 
producer  in  comparatively  few  places  in  the  United  States 
east  cf  California. 

In  England  and  on  the  Continent  the  trees  are  said  to  be 
practically  free  from  diseases.  In  the  United  States  a  mi- 
nute worm  (Anguillul(z}t  which  infests  the  soil,  particularly  of 
the  Gulf  States,  gets  into  the  young  roots  and  causes  the  root- 
knit  which  is  such  a  destructive  pest  in  these  States. 

Propagation. — All  of  the  walnuts  may  be  readily  raised 
from  seed.  The  nuts  should  be  kept  through  the  winter,  and 
planted  in  the  early  spring  as  directed  on  page  437-  In  good 
soil  and  under  favorable  conditions  they  will  sprout  and  grow 
two  to  three  feet  high  the  first  season.  The  care  of  the  seed- 
lings is  the  same  as  stated  in  the  general  directions  at  the 
beginning  of  this  chapter.  As  a  rule,  no  pruning  is  required 
by  these  trees;  they  usually  begin  to  bear  at  ten  to  fifteen 
years.  The  Japanese  varieties  are  said  to  produce  nuts  at  a 
much  earlier  age,  say  five  to  six  years,  and  grafted  trees  at 
three  to  five  years. 

VARIETIES. 

So  few  of  the  different  named  varieties  of  walnuts  can  be 
had  from  nurserymen  that  the  following  brief  descriptions  and 
illustrations  are  given,  chiefly  as  matters  of  interest  in  this  con- 


460 


NUTS. 


nection.     Where  it  is  believed  that  any  variety  can  oe  pur- 
chased, an  asterisk  follows  the  name. 

The  smallest  cultivated  nut  is  Juglans  regia  microcarpa 
(Fig.  609).  The  shell  is  thick,  the  kernel  cor- 
respondingly small.  The  largest  walnut  is  Ju- 
glans regia  gibbosa  (Fig.  610).  The  shell  is  thick, 
hard,  and  roughly  corrugated,  and  the  kernel 
quite  small  for  so  large  a  nut ;  the  flavor  is  said  pIG.  6og._ ju. 
to  be  good.  Juglans  intermedia  pyriformis  is 
claimed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  the  Persian  walnut 
and  the  black  walnut.  The  fruit,  as  the  name  indicates,  is 
pear-shaped.  The  nut  has  the  hard,  thick  shell  of  the  black 


glans   Regia 
Microcarpa. 


FlG.  610. — Juglans  Regia  Gibbosa. 


FIG.  6n.— Juglans  Regia 
Barthieveana. 


walnut  and  its  consequent  limitation  of  space  for  the  kernel, 
but  it  is  said  to  split  readily  and  the  meat  to  leave  the  shell 
freely.  A  peculiar  form  of  the  walnut  is  shown  in  Fig.  61 1, 
Juglans  regia  Barthieveana,  which  its  originator,  M.  Bar- 
thieve,  of  Toulon,  France,  says  is  of  exceptional  merit — thin 
shell,  splitting  easily;  kernels  full,  rich;  very  prolific  and 
bearing  early  from  seed.  The  following  are  varieties  of  the 
Persian  walnut : 


NUTS.  461 

Chalbert.     Medium,    oval,    oily,    good,    productive ;    blooms    late. 

Fig.  615. 
Franquette.*  Large,  oval,  rich,  excellent  table  sort.  France. 

Fig.  619. 
Kaghagi.  Large,  handsome  nut ;  meat  fills  the  shell ;  high  flavor  ; 


•as 


aimed  to  be  the  hardiest  of  the  Persian  walnuts. 


FIG.  612.— Juglans  Cordiformis. 

Mayette.*  Large,  oblong,  oily,  good  ;  nuts  grow  in  pairs ;  shell 
hard  ;  blooms  late.  Suited  for  frosty  places.  France.  Fig.  620. 

Parisienne.     Large,  oblong,  excellent ;  good  table  nut.     Fig.  616. 

Praeparturiens.*  A  famous  French  variety,  introduced  into  Cali- 
fornia in  1871,  now  widely  distributed.  Its  chief  merits  are  early 
bearing  and  high  quality.  Fig.  617. 

St.  Jean.  Medium,  roundish  ;  hard  shell ;  meat  oily.  Cultivated 
chiefly  for  its  oil.  Fig.  618. 

Asian  and  Japanese. 

Cordiformis.*  Small,  heart-shaped ;  thick,  hard  shell.  Hardy 
and  productive  as  far  north  as  Ne\v  York.  It  will  be  of  commer- 
cial value,  especially  for  confectioners'  use,  as  soon  as  it  becomes 


Flo.  613.— Juglans  Sieboldiana.  FIG.  614.— Juglans  Manchuria. 

known,    on  account  of  the  ease  with  which  the  meat  shells  out 
entire,  when  cracked.     Fig.  612. 


NUTS, 


FIG.  615.— Chabert. 


FIG.  616.— Parisienne. 


FIG.  617.—  Praeparturiens. 


FIG.  6i8.-St.  Jean. 


FIG.  619.— Franquette. 


FIG.  620.— Mayette. 


NUTS.  463 

Japan.  (Juglans  Sieboldiana.}  Small,  hard  shell ;  sweet,  rich 
kernel ;  grow  in  bunches  of  fifteen  or  twenty  in  an  odd-looking 
husk.  Tree  hardy  and  vigorous  grower ;  round  head  ;  ornamental. 
Fig.  580.  Not  grown  commercially  to  any  extent. 

Juglans  Manchuria.  A  large,  thick,  rough-shelled  nut  from  Eastern 
Asia.  The  tree  is  vigorous,  entirely  hardy,  and  fairly  productive. 
Much  resembles  the  butternut  in  appearance.  Fig.  614. 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

THE  PEACH. 

THE  PEACH,  when  in  perfection  the  most  delicious  fruit  of 
our  climate,  succeeds  in  favorable  localities,  from  Maine  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  the  more  northern  regions,  the  ripen- 
ing of  the  earlier  varieties  commences  only  a  few  weeks  before 
the  close  of  the  summer  months ;  in  the  extreme  South,  well- 
matured  peaches  are  obtained  nearly  as  early  as  cherries  and 
strawberries  at  the  North. 

The  trees  are  more  tender  and  of  shorter  duration  than  most 
fruit  trees  of  temperate  climates.  In  some  localities  they 
bear  only  two  or  three  good  crops,  and  then  decline  or  perish. 
On  favorable  soils  they  continue  for  twenty  or  thirty  years. 
In  Western  New  York  trees  have  in  rare  instances  borne  fruit 
for  forty  or  fifty  years.  In  France,  according  to  authentic 
testimony,  peach-trees  which  have  been  annually  and  freely 
pruned  have  lived  to  an  age  of  one  hundred  years ;  and  there 
is  no  doubt  that  on  favorable  soils,  and  by  a  regular  shorten- 
ing-in  pruning,  most  of  our  orchards  would  endure  much 
longer  than  the  ordinary  period. 

The  most  extensive  peach-growing  regions  are  in  New  Jer- 
sey, Delaware,  Maryland,  Georgia,  Southern  Illinois,  Michigan, 
California,  thousands  of  acres  being  occupied  with  the  planta- 
tions of  single  proprietors.  The  northern  portions  of  Ohio  and 
Western  New  York,  protected  on  the  north  by  Lakes  Erie  and 
Ontario,  and  Western  Michigan,  afford  a  very  favorable  climate 
for  this  fruit.  But  throughout  the  country  at  large,  the  selec- 
tion of  proper  localities  would  doubtless  afford  good  and  regu- 
lar crops,  even  in  districts  where  its  culture  is  rarely  attempted. 
The  remarks  on  this  subject  in  a  previous  chapter  of  this  work 
are  particularly  commended  to  the  attention  of  those  who  may 
attempt  the  peach  culture  in  severe  climates. 

464 


THE  PEACH. 


465 


The  destruction  of  the  peach-crop  is  caused  in  very  many 
cases  by  the  intense  cold  of  winter.  Vernal  frosts  often  cause 
serious  damage,  but  perhaps  less  than  commonly  supposed. 
If  the  fruit-buds  remain  unswollen,  they  will  endure 
very  severe  cold.  But  it  often  happens  that  we  have  a  few 
days  of  mild  or  warm  weather  during  winter.  This  is  suffi- 
cient to  swell  them  slightly,  or  to  throw  moisture  enough  into 
them  to  render  them  tender ;  and  if  the  thermometer  should 


FIG.  621.         FIG.  622.         FIG.  623. 
Peach  Buds  (Magnified  Twice). 

then  sink  several  degrees  below  zero,  there  is  scarcely  a 
chance  for  their  escape.  Their  condition  may  be  soon  ascer- 
tained by  making  a  cross-cut  with  a  knife  through  the  fruit- 
buds.  If  destroyed,  the  centre  will  be  dark  brown ;  if  unin- 
jured, they  will  present  the  fresh  greenish  centre  of  sound  buds. 
The  accompanying  figures  represent  the  branches  and  buds  ot 
the  peach  magnified  twice  in  diameter.  Fig.  622  shows  the 
two  flower-buds,  with  the  usual  leaf-bud  between,  before  they 
have  become  swollen  by  warm  weather.  Fig.  621  represents 
the  appearance  of  the  same  after  the  occurrence  of  several 
warm  days  after  midwinter.  Fig.  623  exhibits  the  dark  and 
dead  interior  of  a  flower-bud  cut  through  its  centre,  after  it 
has  been  killed  by  the  frost.  Under  ordinary  circumstances, 
the  peach  crop  is  destroyed  when  the  thermometer  sinks 
about  12°  below  zero  (Fahr.);  but  when  the  buds  have  been 
much  swollen,  the  crop  has  sometimes  been  cut  off  when  only 
5°  or  6°  below ;  while  in  rare  instances  unswollen  buds  under 
30 


466  THE  PEACH. 

favorable   circumstances  have   passed   uninjured    through  a 
temperature  20°  below  zero. 


PROPAGATION    OF   THE  TREES. 

The  peach-tree  is  of  remarkably  easy  and  rapid  propaga- 
tion. In  rare  instances,  seedling  trees  have  borne  the  second 
year,  or  sixteen  months  from  the  planting  of  the  stone. 
Stocks  may  be  budded  the  first  summer,  affording  trees  five 
or  six  feet  high  the  second  autumn.  Transplanted  the  second 
year  from  the  bud,  the  trees,  with  good  cultivation,  usually 
come  into  bearing  about  the  third  year  afterward. 

Some  varieties  reproduce  the  same  from  the  stone  with 
slight  variation,  but  the  only  certain  way  to  perpetuate  deli- 
cious sorts  is  by  budding.  Grafting  at  the  North  rarely  suc- 
ceeds ;  at  the  South  it  is  often  successful.  It  often  happens 
at  the  North  that  the  severe  frost  of  winter  destroys  the 
inserted  buds,  which  die  and  drop  off,  leaving  the  attached 
portion  of  bark  adhering  fresh  and  green  to  the  stock.  This 
disaster,  which  so  often  disappoints  the  hopes  of  the  young 
cultivator,  is  to  be  prevented  by  selecting  buds  from  the 
largest  and  thriftiest  shoots.  These  usually  possess  sufficient 
vigor  to  withstand  severe  frosts.  The  triple  buds  on  the 
older  and  more  matured  portions  of  the  shoots  of  bearing 
trees  generally  survive  when  the  single  buds  above  them 
perish,  as  may  be  at  once  perceived  by  examining  the  shoots 
of  bearing  trees  late  in  spring. 

When  stocks  are  not  budded  till  the  second  summer,  it  is 
very  important  to  cut  them  down  the  previous  spring,  and 
suffer  but  one  ascending  sprout  to  grow,  which  will  form  a 
fine  thrifty  shoot  for  the  reception  of  the  bud. 

In  raising  stocks,  select  the  seed  of  hardy  and  late  varieties. 
The  stones  are  not  injured  if  kept  dry  in  a  cellar  till  winter. 
If  they  become  water-soaked  for  a  length  of  time,  they  are 
spoiled.  But  soaking  in  water  for  a  day  or  two  and  subse- 
quent exposure  to  freezing  facilitate  the  cracking  of  the  stone. 
They  may  be  kept  through  winter  mixed  with  moist  sand,  and 
exposed  to  freezing  and  thawing,  or  placed  in  a  moist  cellar 
till  near  spring,  then  soaked  in  tubs  or  barrels,  till  the  shells 
are  well  swollen  with  moisture.  They  are  then  placed  in  thin 


THE  PEACH.  467 

layers  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  exposed  for  two  or 
three  weeks  to  the  action  of  the  frost,  being  protected  from 
drying  by  a  covering  of  soil,  leaf-mould,  or  muck.  About  the 
time  the  frost  disappears  from  the  ground,  they  are  taken  up 
and  cracked  by  hand,  placing  the  stone  on  the  end  of  a  wooden 
block,  and  striking  a  gentle  blow  on  the  side  edge  with  a 
hammer.  If  well  frozen,  cracking  may  be  unnecessary.  They 
are  then  planted  one  or  two  inches  deep  (a  light  thin  soil  need- 
ing more  depth  than  a  heavy  and  moist  one),  and  if  they  have 
been  previously  uninjured  nearly  every  one  will  grow.  Care 
is  needed  that  the  seeds  do  not  become  dried  nor  mouldy  be- 
fore planting. 

When  it  is  intended  for  them  to  come  up  evenly,  as  they 
are  to  remain  in  the  nursery  row,  the  most  certain  way  to 
avoid  vacancies  or  failures  is  to  sprout  them  before  planting. 
This  is  effected  by  mixing  the  kernels  with  sand  and  leaf- 
mould,  and  spreading  them  in  a  thin  bed  in  the  sun.  When 
sprouted,  a  line  or  cord,  permanently  marked  at  equal  dis- 
tances of  eight  inches  with  a  touch  of  paint,  is  stretched  on 
the  ground,  and  a  sprouted  kernel  carefully  inserted  at  every 
mark  of  the  line,  by  means  of  a  transplanting  trowel.  This 
insures  great  regularity  in  the  rows.  Accidental  vacancies 
may  be  rilled  from  a  seed-bed  when  the  plants  are  not  more 
than  two  inches  high.  To  prevent  drying,  the  sprouted  seeds 
should  be  kept  covered  with  a  flake  of  wet  moss  or  a  wet 
cloth,  until  deposited  in  the  ground;  and  if  the  weather  be 
dry,  watering  the  ground  may  be  requisite. 

By  planting  the  stones  without  cracking,  a  very  small  por- 
tion will  grow  and  no  regularity  can  be  attained  in  the  rows, 
unless  the  following  mode  is  adopted,  which,  if  the  stones  can 
be  had  fresh  from  the  fruit  before  drying  many  days,  and  in 
large  quantities,  is  perhaps  the  cheapest  or  attended  with 
least  labor.  Mix  the  fresh  stones  with  moist  sand,  spread 
them  in  a  stratum  about  six  inches  thick  over  the  ground,  and 
cover  them  with  a  few  inches  of  old  straw  or  coarse  manure 
to  prevent  drying.  Remove  this  covering  in  winter,  to  ex- 
pose them  freely  to  freezing  and  thawing.  In  spring,  a  large 
portion  will  be  found  sprouting;  carefully  select  these  and 
plant  them  immediately  in  drills  made  with  the  hoe,  covering 
them  by  drawing  on  earth  with  the  hand.  One  man  will  thus 


468  THE  PEACH. 

plant  four  or  five  thousand  in  a  day.  In  a  few  days  a  second 
portion  will  be  found  sprouted,  which  plant  as  before ;  and  so 
on,  so  long  as  the  process  continues.  Those  which  do  not 
open  (often  not  more  than  one-third  of  the  whole),  will  grow 
another  year  if  kept  moist  and  exposed. 

If  the  soil  is  good,  and  the  cultivator  is  passed  between  the 
rows  as  often  as  once  a  fortnight — oftener  is  better — the  trees 
will  be  large  enough  to  bud  by  the  close  of  summer. 

In  cases  where  the  ground  cannot  be  prepared  early  for 
their  reception,  germination  may  be  retarded  by  burying  the 
uncracked  stones  a  foot  or  two  beneath  the  surface,  till 
wanted. 

The  distances  of  the  rows  asunder  should  be  about  the  same 
as  for  apples  and  other  trees  in  the  nursery,  or  about  three 
and  a  half  feet. 

Plum-stocks  for  the  peach  slightly  lessen  their  luxuriance  of 
growth,  render  the  trees  smaller,  thus  slightly  increasing  their 
hardiness  for  the  extreme  North  by  favoring  an  early  maturity 
of  the  young  wood.  It  is,  however,  important  to  observe 
that  this  does  not  add  to  the  hardiness  of  the  fruit-buds. 
Small  dwarfs  are  produced  by  budding  on  the  Mirabelle,  a 
diminutive  variety  of  the  plum.  The  plum-stock  is  also 
sometimes  employed  to  guard  against  the  peach-borer,  a  rem- 
edy often  unsuccessful,  as  that  insect  frequently  attacks  the 
peach  above  the  place  of  union.  On  the  whole,  the  practice 
of  working  the  peach  on  the  plum  is  not  regarded  by  fruit- 
culturists  with  much  favor. 

Unlike  most  other  fruit  trees,  the  peach  may  be  transplanted 
in  the  spring  next  after  the  insertion  of  the  bud,  with  scarcely 
a  check  in  its  growth. 

Soils. — It  may  be  observed,  as  a  general  rule,  that  soils 
affording  good  farm  crops,  and  with  a  well-drained  subsoil, 
are  well  adapted  to  peach-orchards.  On  a  strong  loam,  the 
trees  grow  with  more  uniform  luxuriance  and  live  longer  than 
on  light,  sandy,  or  gravelly  soils.  Even  a  compact  clay  may 
be  made  suitable  for  the  peach  by  regular  and  thorough 
underdraining  and  mellow  cultivation.  On  the  light  sands 
of  New  Jersey  and  Delaware  orchards  succeed  and  bear  well 
for  a  time,  but  they  do  not  endure  so  long  as  where  the  soil 
has  a  considerable  admixture  of  heavier  ingredients. 


THE  PEACH.  4&9 

In  transplanting  for  an  orchard,  the  practice  of  shortening- 
in  the  shoots,  described  in  the  chapter  on  transplanting, 
should  be  invariably  attended  to,  as  it  is  of  the  greatest 
importance  for  the  safe  removal  of  peach-trees.  Trees  two 
years  from  the  bud  were  formerly  recommended,  but  only 
yearlings  are  now  bought  by  good  growers.  Twenty 
feet  apart  is  the  common  distance  for  orchards ;  but  as  bet- 
ter crops  and  better  fruit  is  obtained  where  the  heads  are 
kept  well  shortened-in,  and  consequently  within  less  com- 
pass, a  distance  of  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  only  will  be  found 
sufficient. 

While  the  trees  are  small,  the  intermediate  spaces  between 
the  rows  may  be  cultivated  with  low-hoed  crops;  but  after- 
ward it  will  be  found  best  to  keep  the  ground  perfectly  clean 
and  mellow  by  ploughing  and  harrowing.  Where  soils  are 
very  shallow,  top-dressing  with  manure  in  autumn  and  fre- 
quent harrowing  have  been  found  best ;  the  roots  being  thus 
brought  near  the  surface,  deep  ploughing  proves  injurious. 
But  where  soils  are  deep  and  fertile,  ploughing  may  be  occa- 
sionally resorted  to  without  injury. 

The  principle  on  which  rotation  in  crops  is  founded  dictates 
that  two  crops  of  peach  trees,  whether  in  the  nursery  or 
orchard,  should  not  be  grown  successively  on  the  same  piece 
of  ground ;  diminished  growth  in  nearly  all  instances  being 
the  result. 

One  of  the  best  manures  for  the  peach-tree  is  wood  ashes, 
whether  fresh  or  leached ;  hence  all  composts  with  this  mate- 
rial are  eminently  beneficial  to  peach  orchards.  When  applied 
alone,  half  a  peck  of  fresh  and  half  a  bushel  of  leached  ashes 
to  each  tree  are  suitable  quantities,  spread  broadcast  over 
the  surface. 

The  mode  of  pruning  and  shortening-in  the  peach  has  been 
already  described  in  a  previous  chapter. 

Training  the  peach  against  walls  and  buildings,  so  essential  to 
the  successful  culture  of  the  peach  in  England,  is  rarely  prac- 
tised in  this  country.  It  would  doubtless  hasten  the  maturity 
of  the  crop;  but  the  warm  exposure  would  at  the  same  time, 
unless  the  branches  were  purposely  protected,  render  the 
crop  more  liable  to  destruction  by  frost.  Espalier  training 
has  been  found  to  give  excellent  fruit,  in  consequence  of  the 


47°  THE  PEACH. 

thorough  pruning  and  full  exposure  adopted  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  trees.  Figs.  624,  625,  and  626  exhibit  the  fan 
training  usually  adopted  in  espalier  and  wall  training,  in  its 
successive  stages.  The  limits  of  this  work  do  not  admit  full 
directions,  but  the  following  general  rules  may  be  observed 
as  a  guide  and  will  apply  to  all  other  annual  pruning  of  the 
peach:  i.  The  fruit  being  borne  on  the  shoots  of  the  preced- 
ing year,  a  good  supply  of  annual  bearing-shoots  must  be 
kept  on  all  parts  of  the  tree.  2.  As  the  shoots,  left  unpruned, 
extend  yearly  in  length,  and  become  bare  on  the  sides,  it  is 
necessary  to  cut  them  back,  in  order  to  keep  up  a  supply  of 
new  shoots  from  their  base.  3.  Rub  off  or  cut  out  all  the 


FIG.  624.  FIG.  625.  FIG.  626. 

Fan  Training  of  Peach-Trees. 

shoots  which  spring  up  from  the  bases  of  shoots  thus  cut  back, 
leaving  only  a  few  strong  ones  at  regular  distances,  so  as 
to  admit  sun  and  air  to  the  leaves,  which  distance  may  be 
usually  about  six  inches. 

RAISING   PEACHES    IN    POTS. 

Peaches  are  raised  in  pots  to  secure  uniform  crops  every 
year  in  an  uncertain  climate,  to  test  new  sorts,  to  produce 
early  bearing,  and  to  obtain  a  supply  of  peaches  where  the 
grounds  are  too  small  for  planting  an  orchard.  Two  modes 
are  adopted — one  without  fire  heat,  the  crop  maturing  a  little 
earlier  than  in  common  orchards;  the  other,  where,  by  the 
use  of  fire  heat,  the  fruit  is  obtained  two  or  three  months 
earlier  than  in  open  ground. 

Among  those  who  have  most  successfully  adopted  the  first- 
named  mode  are  Ellwanger  &  Barry,  of  Rochester.  P. 
Barry  has  furnished  the  following  statement  of  their  manage- 
ment, written  when  the  trees  were  three  years  of  age  and  in 
successful  bearing: 


THE  PEACH.  471 

"  We  have  now  fruiting,  in  wooden  boxes  ten  by  ten  inches, 
fifty-three  varieties  of  peaches,  eleven  varieties  of  nectarines, 
and  seven  of  apricots. 

"Age,  Potting,  and  Soil. — The  trees  are  now  three  years 
from  the  bud.  They  were  taken  up  in  the  fall  of  1861; 
heeled-in  and  covered  during  winter;  potted  early  in  spring — 
March,  I  think ;  soil  a  mixture  of  about  three  parts  yellow 
sandy  loam  and  one  part  of  old  hotbed  manure. 

"  Summer  Care. — After  potting  they  were  kept  in  a  cool 
house,  partly  covered  with  glass,  until  they  had  made  shoots 
four  or  five  inches  long  and  the  danger  of  cold  weather  was 
over.  They  were  then  plunged  to  the  rim  of  the  boxes  in  an 
open  border  until  the  fall.  They  were  carefully  watered 
when  necessary  during  summer,  and  the  shoots  kept  as  much 
as  possible  in  uniform  vigor  by  pinching. 

"Pruning. — When  potted,  the  yearling  trees  were  cut  back 
to  six  or  eight  inches,  and  in  some  cases  to  four  inches,  or 
only  two  or  three  buds  above  the  union  of  bud  and  stock,  the 
object  being  to  grow  them  in  the  form  of  bushes.  We  now 
find  that  those  cut  back  farthest  are  the  best  trees.  [Fig.  627 
represents  the  yearling  tree;  Fig.  628,  the  same  cut  back; 
Fig.  629,  the  tree  set  in  a  pot ;  and  Fig.  630,  the  same  after  a 
year's  growth.] 

"  Wintering. — On  the  approach  of  very  cold  weather,  or  just 
before  the  freezing  of  the  ground  so  as  to  prevent  out- 
door work,  they  were  removed  to  a  shed,  where  they  were 
plunged  as  they  had  been  during  summer,  up  to  the  edges  of 
the  tubs. 

"  Spring  Treatment. — On  the  return  of  mild  spring  weather 
abundance  of  air  was  admitted,  and  they  remained  there  till 
ist  of  May,  when  they  were  placed  under  glass,  the  buds  at 
this  time  being  about  to  expand.  Here  they  were  kept  till 
the  1 5th  of  June,  at  which  time  the  fruits  were  set,  and  all 
danger  of  cold  to  affect  the  foliage  past. 

"  Ventilation  and  Watering. — During  the  period  they  were 
under  glass,  May  ist  to  June  isth,  the  principal  points  of 
management  were  ventilation,  which  was  ample,  and  water- 
ing— the  latter  being  one  of  the  most  important  points  in  the 
treatment  of  all  trees  and  plants  in  pots.  Careless  watering 
will  ruin  any  plants,  no  matter  how  skilfully  or  carefully 


472 


THE  PEACH. 


other  points  may  be  managed.  Daily  watering  is  necessary, 
and  as  soon  as  out  of  bloom  a  free  use  of  the  syringe  night 
and  morning. 

"  Summer  Treatment. — On  the  i5th  of  June,  when  all  danger 
of  cold  was  over  and  the  fruits  set,  they  were  removed  from 
the  glass  covering  and  plunged  in  an  open  but  sheltered 
border,  and  mulched  with  old  hotbed  manure.  Since  that 


FIG.  627.  FIG.  628.  FIG.  629. 

Raising  Peaches  in  Pots. 


FIG.  630. 


time  they  have  received  no  care  but  watering,  except  an 
occasional  pinch,  to  regulate  the  growth  of  shoots. 

"  There  has  not  been  a  single  leaf  curled  on  any  one  of  all 
these  trees,  showing  conclusively  that  the  curl  is  due  to  un- 
favorable changes  of  weather.  Each  tree  now  is  a  bush  about 
two  and  a  half  feet  high,  and  occupies  about  three  feet  square 
of  space. 

"  The  first  winter  we  had  potted  trees  we  kept  them  in 
a  cellar,  but  most  of  the  buds  dropped,  and  we  changed  to 
the  cool  dry  shed,  the  boxes  plunged,  and  this  has  been  suc- 
cessful. 

"  The  uncertainty  of  our  climate  now,  as  to  the  peach  crop, 
compelled  us  to  adopt  this  mode  of  testing  varieties,  and  we 
are  much  pleased  with  the  results  thus  far.  As  to  the  amount 


THE  PEACH.  473 

of  labor  required,  it  would  not  be  possible  to  state  it  with  any 
degree  of  precision,  as  it  is  made  up  of  odds  and  ends." 


WINTER   PROTECTION   FOR  THE  TREES. 

In  the  chapter  on  the  Situation  of  Orchards,  directions 
were  given  for  the  selection  of  sites  for  peach-orchards,  to 
secure  them  against  the  destruction  of  the  crop  by  the  cold  of 
winter.  There  are  large  districts  throughout  the  more  north- 
ern States  where  a  selection  of  this  kind  cannot  be  made,  and 
where  the  frequent  and  general  failure  of  the  crop  indicates 
the  necessity  of  some  artificial  protection.  Various  experi- 
ments for  this  purpose  have  been  made,  among  which  the 
following  have  so  far  proved  most  successful. 

1.  Training  the  young  trees  very  low  or  near  the  ground, 
so  that  the  branches  may  be  bent  down  in  winter,  and  covered 
with  straw,  corn-stalks,  or,  still  better,  with  forest  leaves  or 
evergreen  boughs.     It  is  important  that  the  branches  should 
be  laid  upon  the  earth,  that  they  may  receive  warmth  from 
below,  and  the  covering  should  be  thick  enough  to  exclude 
the  cold  air.     Attempts  to  protect  the  fruit-buds  by  encasing 
them  in  non-conducting  substances,  without  bending  down, 
have  generally  proved  failures.     Covering  with   earth  has 
been  tried,  but  the  moisture  often  rots  the  buds. 

2.  As  the  limbs  of  the  peach  soon  become  quite  rigid,  while 
the  roots  are  more  flexible,  a  more  successful  mode  has  been 
adopted:    When  the  young  trees  are  set  out,  the  principal 
roots  are  extended  in  opposite  directions  and  the  others  are 
kept  cut  off.     This  enables  the  tree,  when  the  earth  is  par- 
tially dug  away,  to  turn  as  on  an  axle  by  a  slight  twisting  of 
the  roots,  so  that  it  may  be  easily  laid  upon  the  ground.     If 
trained  flat  or  fan-shaped,  it  is  easily  covered. 

3.  A  third  mode  has  been  successfully  adopted  in  some  of 
the  western  States.     The  trees  are  planted  in  a  row  and  the 
branches  trained  horizontally  in  opposite  directions.     Posts 
are  set  between  the  trees  four  or  five  feet  high,  and  the  tops 
connected  by  strong  horizontal  poles.     On  the  approach  of 
winter,  rafters  are  placed  on  each  side  against  these  poles, 
so  as  to  form  a  rather  steep  roof.     The  outer  limbs  may  be 
bent  under  the  rafters  if  necessary.     The  whole  is  then  cov- 


474  THE  PEACH. 

ered  with  rough  or  cheap  boards,  and  with  two  or  three  inches 
of  earth.  At  the  approach  of  warm  weather  in  spring,  the 
covering  is  partly  removed  to  admit  air  and  prevent  the  rot- 
ting of  the  buds,  and  the  whole  is  taken  off  as  soon  as  there 
is  no  danger  from  frost.  The  use  of  corn  fodder  laid  on  the 
rafters  about  two  feet  thick  would  be  easier,  and  would  prob- 
ably answer  an  excellent  purpose. 

The  earliest  and  hardiest  sorts  should  be  selected  for  these 
experiments,  among  which  may  be  named  Cooledge's  Favo- 
rite, Hale,  Early  York,  Cole  Red,  and  Barnard. 

VARIETIES. 

While  the  pear  and  apple  are  chiefly  affected  by  the  influ- 
ence of  soil,  the  variations  in  the  quality  of  the  peach  result 
mostly  from  the  effects  of  climate.  Fine  American  varieties 
are  pronounced  worthless  in  England.  In  this  country,  some, 
often  delicious,  are  of  little  value  in  unfavorable  seasons. 
Some  which  succeed  finely  as  far  south  as  Philadelphia  lose 
much  by  removal  to  Western  New  York,  from  the  slightly 
diminished  warmth  of  the  summers. 

A  large  number  of  seedlings  of  high  quality  have  been  pro- 
duced in  this  country,  but  as  they  vary  but  slightly  and  do 
not  excel  other  named  and  known  sorts,  it  becomes  desirable 
not  to  extend  the  present  list,  unless  by  those  decidedly  supe- 
rior to  existing  first-rate  varieties.  The  similarity  in  quality 
and  the  comparative  shortness  of  the  fruit  season  render  a 
small  selection  sufficient  for  ordinary  collections.  Hence  the 
main  object  of  the  following  descriptive  list  is  to  define  the 
characters  of  described  or  well-known  sorts,  and  point  out 
those  most  worthy  of  cultivation  in  our  climate. 

While  the  foregoing  holds  true  with  respect  to  the  varieties 
more  particularly  described  in  the  pages  immediately  follow- 
ing, a  very  large  number  selected  from  the  more  recent 
introductions  has  been  added  in  the  present  edition  to  the 
list  given  in  the  descriptive  index.  It  is  not  pretended,  how- 
ever, that  even  together  the  large  number  of  varieties  named 
embrace  all  that  may  be  described  or  offered  for  sale  by 
nurserymen,  nor  are  included  those  which  are  more  pecul- 
iarly adopted  for  cultivation  in  the  Pacific  States. 


THE  PEACH. 


475 


SYNOPSIS  OF  ARRANGEMENT. 

The  fruit  of  different  varieties  of  the  peach  is  marked  with 
but  few  distinctive  characters.  A  similarity  in  outline,  tex- 
ture, color,  and  flavor,  more  nearly  than  exists  in  the  apple, 
pear,  and  some  other  kinds,  renders  it  necessary  to  resort  to 
other  points  of  distinction.  The  peach  presents  characters  for 
this  purpose  not  found  in  other  fruits. 

1.  The  Divisions  are  founded  on  the  adherence  or  separation 
of  the   flesh  from  the  stone,  distinguishing  clingstones  and 
freestones;  or,  more  prop- 
erly, on  the  firm  or   melt- 
ing   texture    of  the  flesh, 

indicated  by  the  terms  pa- 
vies  and  metiers. 

2.  The  Divisions  are  sub- 
divided   into    Classes,    em- 
bracing/#/<?  or  light-colored 
flesh  and  deep  yellow  flesh. 

3.  The  Sections  are  found- 
ed   on   the   glands  of  the 
leaves.     Section  I.  compre- 
hends those  whose  leaves 

are  deeply  and  sharply  serrate  (or  cut  like  saw-teeth),  and 
having  no  glands  (or  gum-like  minute  knobs)  at  the  base 
(Fig.  631).  Section  II.  contains  those  whose  leaves  are 
crenate  or  serrulate  (with  shallower  and  more  rounded 
teeth),  and  having  globose  glands  (Fig.  632).  Section  III. 
includes  all  those  whose  leaves  are  crenate  or  serrulate, 
having  reniform  or  kidney-shaped  glands  (Fig.  633).  "  The 
form  of  the  glands,"  observes  Lindley,  "  as  well  as  their 
position,  is  perfectly  distinct;  they  are  fully  developed 
in  the  month  of  May,  and  they  continue  to  the  last  per- 
manent in  their  character,  and  are  not  affected  by  cultiva- 
tion. The  globose  glands  are  situated,  one,  two,  or  more  on 
the  foot-stalks,  and  one,  two,  or  more  on  the  tips  or  points  of 
the  serratures  of  the  leaves.  The  reniform  glands  grow  also 
on  the  foot-stalks  of  the  leaves,  but  those  on  the  leaves  are 
placed  within  the  serraturt,  connecting,  as  if  \vcrt,  tho  upper 


FIG.  631.          FIG.  632.      FIG.  633. 
Glands  of  Peach  Leaves. 


THE  PEACH. 

and  lower  teeth  of  the  serratures  together ;  their  leaves,  when 
taken  from  a  branch  of  a  vigorous  growth,  have  more  glands 
than  the  leaves  of  the  globose  varieties.  It  will,  however, 
sometimes  happen  that  glands  are  not  discernible  on  some  of 

the     leaves,    especially    on 
those     produced    on    weak 
branches ;  in  this  case,  other 
branches    must    be    sought 
for  which  do  produce  them." 
4.  The  sections  thus  form- 
ed are  each  divided  into  two 
FIG.  634.  FIG.  635.  ,  .*_     «  i 

Large  and  Small  Flowers  of    the  Peach.    «***&**/  the  first  embrac- 
ing those  which  have  large 

flowers,  as  in  Fig.  634 ;  and  the  second  including  such  as  bear 
small  flowers,  Fig.  635.  The  sub-sections  are  in  most  cases 
distinctly  marked;  but  a  few  doubtful  intermediate  flowers 
may  be  immediately  referred  to  one  or  the  other  by  the 
color  of  the  petals,  the  smaller  being  reddish  or  pink,  and  the 
larger  nearly  white,  or  with  light  margins.  In  the  following 
revision,  the  leaf  characters  of  some  varieties  have  not  been 
studied. 


DIVISION  L— FREESTONES  OR  MELTERS. 

CLASS  I.     FLESH  PALE  OR  LIGHT-COLORED. 
Section  L     Leaves  serrated,  without  glands. 

Belle  de  Vitry.  (Admirable  Tardive.)  Size  medium,  approaching 
oblate ;  apex  depressed,  suture  deep ;  skin  nearly  white,  tinged 
and  marbled  with  bright  and  dull  red ;  flesh  rather  firm,  red  at 
the  stone,  juicy,  and  rich.  Flowers  small.  Quite  late,  or  last  of 
September.  This  is  quite  distinct  from  the  Late  Admirable,  which 
ripens  two  weeks  earlier;  and  from  the  Early  Admirable,  often 
known  by  the  name  of  Belle  de  Vitry,  and  which  ripens  six  weeks 
earlier.  Both  of  the  latter  have  crenate  leaves  with  globose 
glands. 

Double  Mountain.  (Double  Montagne.)  Medium  in  size,  roundish, 
narrow  at  apex ;  surface  pale  greenish-white,  with  a  slight  soft 
red  cheek,  marbled  darker ;  flesh  white  to  the  stone,  delicate ; 
stone  ovate  and  rugged.  Flowers  small.  Ripens  at  the  end  of 
summer.  French. 

Early  Anne.  (Green  Nutmeg.)  Rather  small,  round;  surface 
greenish-white,  becoming  nearly  white,  sometimes  faintly  tinged 
with  red  to  the  sun  ;  flesh  white  to  the  stone,  sweet,  pleasant,  with 


THE  PEACH.  477 

a  faint  mingling  of  a  vinous  flavor.  Stone  light-colored,  small,  un- 
commonly smooth.  Shoots  with. a  light  green  cast.  Very  early. 
The  tree  at  the  North  is  very  tender,  and  the  young  shoots  are 
often  winter-killed,  which,  with  its  slow  growth  and  deficient 
productiveness,  render  it  unprofitable  for  general  cultivation. 
Flowers  large,  white.  English,  old. 

Early  Chelmsford.  (Mammoth.)  Large,  roundish,  suture  clear 
round,  deep  on  one  side  ;  white,  with  a  bright  red  cheek ;  flesh 
white,  juicy,  melting,  slightly  vinous,  excellent.  End  of  August. 
Succeeds  well  North  and  South. 

Early  Tillotson.*  Size  medium  ;  round,  or  nearly  globular  ;  thickly 
dotted  with  red  on  a  nearly  white  ground  in  the  shade,  dark  deep 
red  in  the  sun ;  flesh  whitish,  red  at  the  stone,  to  which  the  flesh 
partially  adheres ;  juicy,  rich,  high  flavored,  more  of  a  nutmeg 
and  less  of  a  vinous  flavor  than  the  Early  York,  and  ripening 
about  the  same  time  or  a  few  days  earlier,  or  the  early  part  and 
middle  of  August.  Flowers  small.  Its  time  of  maturity  is  often 
somewhat  variable,  even  on  the  same  tree.  The  young  trees  are 
of  slow  growth,  and  the  leaves  liable  to  mildew,  from  both  of 
which  it  gradually  recovers  as  the  tree  advances  in  size.  Origin, 
Cayuga  County,  N.  Y,  Succeeds  well  and  is  very  valuable  at  the 
South,  where  it  lipens  in  June. 

Early  York.*  (True  Early  York,  Early  York  of  Downing,  Early 
Purple  erroneously.}  Size  medium,  roundish  oval,  suture  slight ; 
dotted  with  red  on  greenish-white  in  the  shade,  dark  red  to  the 
sun ;  flesh  very  tender  and  full  of  juice,  rich,  with  a  faint  min- 
gling of  acid.  Quite  early,  or  middle  of  August.  Growth  rather 
free  for  a  serrate-leaved  peach.  Very  productive  and,  from  its 
earliness,  of  great  value.  Differs  from  the  large  Early  York  by 
its  large  flowers,  cut  leaves,  oval  fruit,  and  earlier  maturity. 
Flowers  large.  English. 

Emperor  of  Russia.  (Cut-leaved,  Serrated,  Unique.)  Fruit  large, 
approaching  oblate,  one-half  more  swollen  ;  surface  rather  downy, 
dull  yellowish-white,  with  a  dark  red  cheek  ;  flesh  yellowish-white, 
rather  firm,  rich,  high  flavored.  Flowers  small.  End  of  summer. 
Although  the  flavor  is  first-rate,  it  is  a  poor  grower  and  a  poor 
bearer.  Origin,  New  York. 

Fulkerson.  Medium,  obtuse,  roundish  ;  suture  extending  half  round, 
sides  unequal;  skin  whitish,  with  a  rich  red  cheek  ;  flesh  whitish, 
red  at  stone,  juicy,  rich,  sweet.  Last  half  of  August.  Ohio. 

Gorgas.  Rather  large,  roundish,  apex  pointed,  skin  yellowish- 
white,  clouded  with  red  to  the  sun,  suture  indistinct,  cavity  large ; 
flesh  whitish,  stained  at  stone,  juicy,  rich,  of  excellent  quality. 
Late  in  September.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Malta.  (Italian.)  Rather  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened,  su- 
ture broad,  shallow ;  surface  pale,  dull  green,  blotched  and 
spotted  with  dull  purple  next  the  sun  ;  flesh  greenish,  slightly 
red  at  the  stone,  very  juicy,  melting,  rich,  with  an  excellent  sub- 
acid,  vinous  flavor.  Ripens  end  of  summer.  A  moderate  bearer. 
Shoots  slightly  liable  to  mildew.  A  spurious  sort,  with  globose 
glands  and  of  inferior  quality,  has  been  generally  disseminated 
in  this  country.  Flowers  large. 


478  THE  PEACH. 

Mountain  Rose.*  Medium  large,  round;  skin  white  with  a  dark 
red  cheek;  flesh  entirely  free,  white,  very  juicy,  sweet,  best. 
Early  to  mid-season.  One  of  the  best  early  market  or  dessert 
varieties.  Widely  grown.  New  Jersey. 

Noblesse.  (Vanguard,  Hellish 's  Favorite.)  Large,  round-oblong 
or  oval,  slightly  narrower  at  apex,  and  terminated  by  a  short 
acute  point ;  skin  pale  green,  clouded  and  shaded  with  light  dull 
red  to  the  sun  ;  flesh  pale  greenish-white  to  stone,  very  juicy,  with 
a  very  rich  high  flavor.  Tree  of  rather  slow  growth  and  liable  to 
mildew,  the  only  drawback  on  the  value  of  this  excellent  peach. 
Ripens  end  of  summer  and  the  beginning  of  autumn.  English. 
Flowers  large. 

Red  Rareripe.  (Early  Red  Rareripe,  Large  Red.)  Rather  large, 
globular,  broad,  and  depressed,  suture  broad  and  deep,  passing 
nearly  round  the  fruit;  skin  nearly  white,  with  red  dots  in  the 
shade,  and  a  rich  dark -red  cheek  in  the  sun ;  flesh  whitish  red  at 
the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  and  high  flavored.  Ripens  during  the  last 
two  weeks  of  summer.  Flowers  small.  Resembles  the  Royal 
George,  but  superior  in  quality.  Both  are  subject  to  mildew  of 
the  leaves. 

Royal  Charlotte.  Rather  large,  approaching  ovate,  base  slightly 
wider  than  apex,  suture  moderate  ;  skin  pale  greenish-white,  with 
a  deep-red  marbled  cheek;  flesh  white,  pale  red  at  the  stone, 
juicy,  rich,  fine.  Flowers  small.  First  of  autumn. 

Royal  George.  (Early  Royal  George.)  Rather  large,  globular, 
broad  and  depressed,  or  inclining  to  oblate  ;  suture  deep  at  apex, 
passing  two-thirds  round  the  fruit;  skin  nearly  white,  thickly 
dotted  with  red,  with  a  broad,  deep,  rich  red,  slightly  marbled 
cheek,  flesh  whitish,  very  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  and  rich. 
Ripens  a  week  or  two  before  the  end  of  summer.  Flowers  small. 
A  moderate  bearer.  Shoots  liable  to  mildew. 

Stevens  Rareripe.*  Large,  round-ovate;  skin  yellowish  white 
with  a  crimson  cheek  ;  flesh  white,  free,  juicy,  very  good.  Me- 
dium late.  Considered  a  profitable  market  variety  in  the  East. 
New  Jersey. 

Sweetwater.  (Serrate-leaved.)  Is  a  seedling  of  the  Early  Anne  but 
twice  its  size,  resembling  it  in  general  character  ;  ripening  a  week 
later,  and,  being  too  tender  at  the  North  and  a  miserable  bearer, 
it  is  of  little  value. 

The  Siveetivater  of  Downing  has  globose  glands,  and  is  a  dis- 
tinct fruit — which  see. 

Walburton  Admirable.  Large,  roundish,  greenish-white,  dark-red 
in  sun  ;  flesh  white,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet.  Middle  and  last 
of  September.  English. 

Section  11.     Leaves  crenate,  with  globose  glands. 

Alexander.*  Medium,  white,  covered  deep  red  ;  flesh  white,  firm, 
juicy,  sweet ;  pit  nearly  free ;  flowers  large.  An  extra  early 
variety.  Good  market  peach.  Very  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
Amsden  ;  has  many  synonyms.  Illinois. 


THE  PEACH.  479 

Amsden.*  Size  medium,  roundish;  shaded  and  mottled  red  ;  flesh 
melting,  juicy,  very  good  in  quality,  adhering  to  the  stone.  Tree 
vigorous,  glands  globose,  flowers  large.  One  of  the  earliest 
peaches,  ripe  at  the  North  the  latter  part  of  July,  and  the  last  of 
May  in  the  Gulf  States.  The  Alexander  closely  resembles  the 
Amsden  in  every  particular.  There  are  several  other  new  sorts 
ripening  about  the  same  time,  and  similar  in  character  and  quality. 

Astor.  Large,  slightly  oblate,  apex  slightly  depressed,  suture  dis- 
tinct ;  surface  nearly  white,  with  a  deep  red  cheek,  stone  small ; 
flesh  very  juicy,  sweet,  good.  Flowers  large.  Ripens  end  of 
summer.  Origin,  New  York. 

Barrington.  Large,  roundish  ovate,  apex  rather  pointed,  suture  on 
one  side,  moderate;  skin  nearly  white,  with  a  deep  red,  marbled 
cheek;  flesh  slightly  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  and  of  high 
quality.  Flowers  large.  Ripens  early  in  autumn.  Does  not  at- 
tain its  full  flavor  north  of  New  York  City.  English. 

Bellegarde.  (Galande,  Smooth-leaved  Royal  George,  Violette 
Hative  of  some,  Red  Magdalen  erroneously. )  Size  medium  or 
large,  round,  regular ;  suture  shallow,  deepest  at  apex,  with  a 
slight  projecting  point ;  skin  nearly  white,  with  a  faint  tinge  of 
green,  and  a  rich  red  cheek,  often  streaked  darker;  flesh  slightly 
red  at  the  stone,  a  little  firm,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  and  of  fine 
flavor.  Stone  rather  large.  End  of  summer.  French.  Flowers 
small. 

Carpenter's  White.  Very  large,  round ;  white,  slightly  greenish  ; 
flesh  white  to  the  stone,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  excellent.  Middle 
of  October,  promises  well  for  market.  Vigorous  and  productive. 
New  York  City. 

Champion.*  Medium  large,  roundish;  skin  creamy  white  with  a 
beautiful  red  cheek  ;  very  handsome ;  flesh  firm,  white,  juicy ; 
very  good.  Early  to  mid-season.  Quite  hardy.  Excellent  for 
market  or  dessert.  Illinois. 

Cole's  Early  Red.  Size  medium,  roundish  ;  suture  small ;  skin 
mostly  mottled  with  red,  with  dark  red  on  the  sunny  side  ;  flesh 
juicy,  rich,  with  a  pleasant  and  fine  flavor,  hardly  first-rate  in 
quality.  Flowers  small.  Valuable  for  its  great  productiveness 
and  early  maturity,  ripening  nearly  as  early  as  the  Early  York. 
American. 

Cooledge's  Favorite.*  Rather  large  or  medium,  roundish,  largest 
on  one  side  ;  suture  distinct  at  apex  ;  skin  nearly  clear  white, 
mottled  with  red  dots  in  the  shade,  and  with  a  brilliant  deep  scar- 
let cheek  in  the  sun  ;  flesh  very  melting  and  juicy,  with  a  rich, 
faintly  acid  flavor.  Ripens  about  the  middle  of  August.  Home 
use  only.  Flowers  small.  Origin,  Watertown,  Mass. 

Druid  Hill.  Very  large,  roundish,  cavity  rather  narrow,  suture 
slight,  with  a  distinct  but  scarcely  prominent  point  at  apex  ;  sur- 
face pale  greenish-white,  clouded  with  red  toward  the  sun  ;  flesh 
greenish-white,  purple  at  the  stone,  juicy,  with  a  rich,  very  good 
flavor  ;  stone  long  and  rather  compressed,  much  furrowed.  Flow- 
ers small.  Ripens  quite  late,  or  latter  part  of  September.  Ori- 
gin, Baltimore. 

Early  Admirable.     (Admirable,  Belle  de  Vitry  erroneously.)    Size 


480  THE  PEACH. 

medium,  nearly  round,  skin  nearly  white,  with  a  red  cheek  ;  flesh 
red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  fine.  Quite  early,  ripening 
immediately  after  Serrate  Early  York.  Flowers  large.  French. 

Favorite.  Large,  oblong,  or  oval ;  skin  rather  downy,  much  cov- 
ered with  red,  very  dark  toward  the  sun  ;  flesh  red  at  the  stone, 
a  little  firm,  juicy,  with  a  good,  vinous,  but  not  rich  flavor.  Flow- 
ers small.  Hardy  and  very  productive.  Ripens  medium  or  rather 
late,  or  about  the  second  week  of  September.  Glands  of  the 
leaves  very  small,  obscure,  or  none.  American. 

Fay's  Early  Ann.  A  seedling  from  the  old  Early  Ann,  glandular, 
thrifty,  hardy,  very  productive;  fruit  greenish-white,  rather  small, 
of  good  and  agreeable  flavor.  Ripens  with  the  Tillotson,  and 
valuable  for  its  earliness. 

Fox's  Seedling.*  Medium,  round,  slightly  compressed,  cavity 
narrow ;  white,  with  a  red  cheek ;  juicy,  sweet,  good.  Flowers 
small.  Season  late.  New  Jersey. 

George  the  Fourth.  Large,  round,  suture  deep  and  broad,  one- 
half  slightly  larger;  skin  nearly  white  in  the  shade,  dotted  red 
with  a  deep  red  cheek ;  flesh  slightly  red  at  the  stone,  melting, 
juicy,  rich,  excellent.  Flowers  small.  Ripens  at  the  end  of  sum- 
mer. Branches  rather  more  diverging  than  usual,  leaves  pale 
green,  often  glandless.  Crops  moderate,  one  cause  of  its  excel- 
lence. Origin,  New  York. 

Green  Catherine.  Large,  round,  pale  green,  with  a  red  cheek; 
flesh  bright  red  at  the  stone,  tender,  juicy,  rather  acid.  Season 
rather  late  ;  does  not  ripen  rich  as  far  North  as  the  forty-third  de- 
gree of  latitude.  Flowers  small. 

Grosse  Mignonne.*  Large,  roundish,  slightly  oblate,  apex  de- 
pressed, with  a  deep  suture  ;  skin  tinged  with  greenish-yellow, 
mottled  with  red,  and  with  a  purplish  red  cheek ;  flesh  reddened 
at  the  stone,  juicy,  with  a  very  rich,  high,  and  somewhat  vinous 
flavor;  stone  small,  very  rough.  Early,  the  last  two  weeks  of 
August.  Of  French  origin.  Flowers  large.  The  peach  usually 
cultivated  in  this  country  under  this  name,  although  an  excellent 
variety,  is  not  the  genuine  Grosse  Mignonne,  but  differs  in  its 
small  flowers. 

Haines'  Early  Red.  Medium,  round;  flattened  at  apex,  suture  dis- 
tinct; skin  whitish,  with  a  deep  red  cheek;  flesh  whitish,  juicy, 
melting,  sweet,  excellent.  Middle  to  end  of  August.  Flowers 
small. 

Hales'  Early.*  Medium,  nearly  round;  skin  mottled  red,  dark  red 
cheek ;  flesh  white,  melting,  juicy,  and  high  flavored,  semi-cling. 
Flowers  large.  Last  of  July  and  first  of  August.  Tree  vigorous, 
healthy,  an  abundant  bearer,  ripening  ten  days  or  two  weeks 
before  any  other  good  variety. 

Hastings  Rareripe.  Rather  large,  roundish,  sometimes  slightly 
flattened,  skin  yellowish-white,  shaded  purplish-red  ;  juicy,  ex- 
cellent. Middle  of  September.  Flowers  small. 

Jones  Early.     Medium,  roundish,  suture  shallow,  distinct ;  yellow 


THE  PEACH.  481 

ish-white,  with  pale  red ;   flesh  slightly  reddened  at  stone,  juicy, 
rich,  excellent.     Twentieth  of  August.     Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

Large  Early  York.*  (Early  York,  Honest  John.)  Large,  roundish, 
inclining  to  oblate  in  fully  grown  specimens,  nearly  white  in  the 
shade,  with  red  dots,  and  with  a  deep  red  cheek  to  the  sun ;  flesh 
nearly  white,  fine-grained,  very  juicy,  with  mild,  rich,  excellent 
flavor.  Flowers  small.  English. 

The  New  York  Rareripe  *  (a  name  which  has  been  more  or  less 
applied  to  nearly  all  the  early  red  peaches  sent  to  New  York  mar- 
ket),  or  Livingston's  New  York  Rareripe,  is  usually  regarded  as 
identical  with  the  large  Early  York,  but  the  late  T.  Hancock,  of 
Burlington,  considered  them  distinct,  the  New  York  Rareripe 
being  rather  superior,  and  ripening  three  days  later. 

Late  Admirable.  (La  Royale,  Bourdine,  Teton  de  Venus,  Judd's 
Melting,  Motteux's,  Late  Purple  incorrectly.)  Quite  large, 
roundish,  inclining  to  oval,  with  a  deep  suture  extending  nearly 
round,  and  an  acute  swollen  point  at  the  apex  ;  surface  pale  yel- 
lowish-green, with  a  pal-e  red  cheek,  marbled  with  darker  red; 
flesh  greenish-white,  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  delicate,  flavor  excel- 
lent. Flowers  small.  Season  rather  late.  Of  French  origin. 

Late  Rareripe.  Large,  roundish  oval,  apex  marked  with  a  de- 
pressed suture  and  sunken  point ;  skin  rather  downy,  pale  grayish- 
yellow,  spotted  and  thickly  marbled,  deep  dull  red  to  the  sun, 
and  with  fawn-colored  specks  ;  flesh  white,  deep  red  at  the  stone  ; 
juicy,  with  a  very  rich  and  high  flavor.  The  fruit  is  distin- 
guished by  its  peculiar  grayish  cast.  Flowers  small.  Season, 
the  first  two  weeks  of  autumn.  American. 

Moore  Favorite.  Large,  roundish ;  white,  with  a  blush ;  flesh 
white,  rich,  vinous.  Stone  small,  free.  Early  in  September. 
Massachusetts. 

Morris  Red.  Large,  roundish,  apex  slightly  depressed,  suture 
moderate,  distinct ;  surface  greenish-white,  with  a  bright  rich 
red  cheek  ;  flesh  greenish-white,  quite  red  at  the  stone,  juicy, 
sweet,  rich.  Flowers  small.  Season,  end  of  summer.  Origin, 
Philadelphia.  Differs  from  George  IV.  in  its  darker  leaves, 
heavier  crops,  more  even  fruit,  inferior  flavor,  and  in  ripening 
a  few  days  later. 

Morrisania  Pound.  (Hoffman's  Pound.)  Very  large,  nearly 
round,  surface  dull  greenish-white,  with  a  brownish-red  cheek ; 
flesh  pale  yellowish,  juicy,  tolerably  rich.  Late.  Flowers  small. 
Origin,  New  York. 

Nivette.*  Large,  roundish,  sometimes  slightly  oval,  suture  slight, 
apex  but  little  depressed  ;  surface  light  yellowish-green,  with  a 
faint  red  cheek  ;  flesh  pale  green,  varying  from  pink  to  deep  red 
at  the  stone,  juicy  and  melting,  and  with  a  very  rich  flavor. 
Season  medium,  immediately  preceding  or  ripening  nearly  with 
Morris  White,  and  one  of  the  best  of  its  season  for  the  North. 
Flowers  small.  Of  French  origin. 

Oldmixon  Free.*  Large,  roundish,  slightly  oval,  one  side  swollen  ; 
suture  visible  only  at  apex ;  cavity  shallow ;  surface  a  pale  yel- 


482  THE  PEACH. 

lowish-white,  marbled  with  red,  with  a  deep  red  cheek  when 
fully  exposed  ;  flesh  deep  red  at  the  stone,  tender*  rich,  excellent. 
Season  medium,  or  the  first  of  autumn.  Flower  small.  Succeeds 
well  in  all  localities,  and  has  few  equals  as  a  variety  for  the 
North,  to  succeed  the  early  peaches. 

President.  Large,  roundish  oval,  with  little  suture;  skin  very 
downy,  yellowish-white,  with  a  tinge  of  green,  and  a  dull-red 
cheek  ;  flesh  nearly  white,  deep  red  at  the  stone,  very  juicy,  and 
with  a  high  flavor;  stone  rough,  to  which  the  flesh  partially 
adheres.  Flowers  small.  Ripens  a  little  later  than  Morris  White, 
or  middle  of  September. 

Scott's  Early  Red.  Medium  size,  roundish,  suture  distinct,  moder- 
ate; skin  nearly  white,  mottled  and  covered  with  red;  flesh  very 
juicy,  with  a  rich,  fine  flavor.  Flowers  small.  Rather  early,  or 
end  of  summer.  New  Jersey. 

Scott's  Nectar.  Large,  roundish  oblate  ;  bright  red  on  pale  yellow; 
flesh  white,  sweet,  excellent.  Early  in  September. 

Stetson's  Seedling.  Large,  roundish,  suture  indistinct ;  crimson  on 
greenish-white;  flesh  white,  pink  at  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  excel- 
lent. Last  half  of  September.  Massachusetts. 

Stump.*  Large,  slightly  oblong,  red  cheek ;  flesh  white,  with  an 
excellent  flavor;  free  from  the  stone.  Flowers  small.  Ripens 
middle  of  September,  just  after  Oldmixon  Free,  which  it  re- 
sembles in  size,  appearance,  and  flavor.  Popular  in  the  East. 
New  York. 

Sweetwater  Early.  (Downing.)  Medium,  roundish,  suture  slight ; 
skin  whitish,  rarely  with  a  faint  blush ;  flesh  white,  slightly 
stained  at  stone  ;  juicy,  sweet,  melting,  agreeable.  Ripens  with 
Tillotson  and  Serrate  Early  York.  Flowers  large. 

Troth's  Early.*  (Troth's  Early  Red.)  Small,  round,  red;  flesh 
white,  red  at  stone,  not  of  first  quality,  but  esteemed  as  a  valuable 
early  market  variety ;  freestone.  Flowers  small.  Early  in 
August.  New  Jersey. 

Van  Zandt.  Size  medium,  roundish,  one-half  larger,  suture  slight ; 
skin  nearly  white,  with  a  beautifully  dotted  red  cheek ;  flesh 
whitish,  tinted  with  red  at  the  stone ;  juicy,  sweet,  of  fine  pleas- 
ant flavor.  First  of  autumn.  Origin,  Flushing,  Long  Island. 
Flowers  small. 

Walter's  Early.  Rather  large,  roundish ;  surface  nearly  white, 
with  a  rich  red  cheek  ;  flesh  whitish,  touched  with  red  at  the  stone  ; 
juicy,  sweet,  of  fine  flavor.  Ripens  the  last  week  of  summer. 
Flowers  small.  A  native  of  New  Jersey,  and  is  a  valuable  peach 
at  the  North. 

Ward's  Late.*  Large,  not  quite  of  the  largest  size,  roundish  ; 
surface  dull  yellowish-white,  with  a  red  cheek,  nearly  the  color 
of  the  Oldmixon  Free,  but  not  so  clear  nor  bright ;  flesh  nearly 
white,  of  excellent  flavor.  One  of  the  finest  late  peaches  of  the 
Middle  States.  Flowers  small. 

Washington.  (Washington  Red  Freestone.)  Large,  somewhat 
oblate,  with  a  broad,  deep  suture  passing  nearly  round  ;  skin  thin, 


THE  PEACH.  483 

yellowish-white,  with  a  deep  crimson  cheek;  flesh  nearly  white, 
tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich.  Stone  small,  to  which  the  flesh  slightly 
adheres.  Rather  late.  Flowers  small.  Origin.  New  York. 

White  Imperial.  Rather  large,  roundish,  often  slightly  oblate,  de- 
pressed at  apex,  suture  moderate ;  surface  pale  yellowish-white, 
often  with  a  faint  tinge  of  green ;  slightly  tinged  and  sometimes 
striped  with  light  purple  to  the  sun  ;  flesh  very  juicy,  delicate, 
sweet,  excellent.  Flowers  small.  A  uniform  moderate  bearer, 
and  a  valuable  peach  at  the  North,  but  worthless  in  Virginia. 
Ripens  rather  early,  or  latter  part  of  August.  Origin,  Cayuga 
County,  N.  Y. 

Section  III.     Leaves  with  reniform  glands. 

Baldwin's  Late.  Large,  oblong,  pointed  at  apex ;  greenish  white, 
with  a  slight  red  cheek  ;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  good.  End  of  October, 
keeping  well.  Flowers  small.  Southern  Alabama. 

Baugh.  Medium,  roundish,  slightly  pointed,  suture  obscure;  flesh 
yellowish-white,  quite  white  at  the  stone ;  melting,  juicy,  with  a 
sweet,  pleasant  flavor— free  from  the  stone.  First  of  October. 
Georgia. 

Brevoort.*  (Brevoort's  Morris,  Brevoort's  Seedling  Melter.)  Me- 
dium or  large,  round,  and  slightly  oblate,  suture  distinct,  deep  at 
apex ;  skin  nearly  white  or  with  a  faint  dingy  hue,  with  a  bright- 
red  cheek  ;  flesh  rather  firm,  slightly  red  at  stone,  rich,  sweet  and 
high  flavored.  Flowers  small.  First  of  autumn.  Moderately 
and  uniformly  productive.  Origin,  New  York. 

Chancellor.  (Late  Chancellor,  Noisette.)  Large  oval,  suture  dis- 
tinct ;  skin  nearly  white,  with  a  dark  crimson  cheek ;  flesh  deep 
red  at  the  stone,  with  a  rich,  vinous  flavor,  stone  oblong.  Flow- 
ers small.  Late.  Of  French  origin. 

Columbus  June.  Medium  to  large,  flattened  at  apex  ;  skin  pale  yel- 
lowish-white, with  a  rich,  red  cheek ;  flesh  slightly  reddened  at 
stone,  melting,  of  excellent  flavor.  Flowers  small.  Georgia, 
where  it  ripens  the  twentieth  of  June. 

Early  Newington    Free.  Size  medium,   roundish,    one-half 

always  larger,  suture  distinct ;  surface  nearly  white,  dotted  and 
streaked  with  red,  the  cheek  a  rich  red;  flesh  white,  red  at  the 
stone,  at  first  wholly  adhering,  but  as  it  ripens  partially  separat- 
ing from  it,  juicy,  rich,  fine.  Flowers  small.  A  valuable  early 
variety,  ripening  immediately  after  the  Early  York. 

Early  Purple.  (Pourpr£e  Hative,  Pourpree  Hative  a  Grandes 
Fleurs. )  Size  medium,  globular,  depressed,  a  deep  suture  across 
the  apex ;  skin  light  yellow,  w  th  a  mottled,  purplish-red  cheek  ; 
flesh  red  at  the  stone,  melting,  juicy,  with  a  high  flavor ;  stone 
broad  and  rough  ;  season  early,  or  middle  or  latter  part  of  August. 
Flowers  large.  Rare  in  this  country.  The  Early  York  has  been 
propagated  under  this  name  in  portions  of  this  country,  and  the 
Grosse  Mignonne  in  Europe  ;  from  both  of  which  it  differs  id  the 
glands  of  its  leaves. 


484  THE  PEACff. 

Henry  Clay.  Very  large,  deep  purple  in  sun  ;  flesh  grayish-white, 
delicate,  tender,  peculiar  flavor.  First  of  August  at  the  South, 
September  at  the  North.  Mississippi. 

Jones  Large  Early.  Large,  roundish,  flattened  at  ends,  suture 
deep  ;  skin  white,  shaded  deep  crimson  ;  flesh  white,  pink  at  stone, 
juicy,  rich,  excellent.  Middle  of  August.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

Kenrick.  (Kenrick's  Heath.)  Very  large,  oblong,  suture  slight, 
apex  pointed  ;  surface  pale  greenish-white,  with  a  purplish  red 
cheek  ;  flesh  deep  red  at  the  stone,  rather  coarse,  very  juicy,  sub- 
acid,  often  poor ;  when  well  grown  in  some  localities,  it  prqves  a 
good  sub-acid  peach.  Flowers  small.  Season  medium,  or  rather 
late.  New  England.  Valued  for  drying. 

Lady  Parham.  Large,  roundish,  suture  distinct,  yellowish-white, 
downy;  flesh  pale,  red  at  the  stone,  firm,  with  a  rich,  vinous 
flavor.  October.  Georgia. 

La  Grange.  Large,  oblong,  surface  pale  greenish-white,  rarely 
tinged  with  red  by  the  sun;  flesh  juicy,  with  rich,  fine  flavor. 
Flowers  small.  Quite  late.  Origin,  Burlington,  N.  J.,  and  does 
not  attain  a  fine  flavor  much  farther  North. 

Montgomery's  Late.  Large,  round,  skin  downy,  yellowish-white, 
with  a  dull  red  cheek  ;  flesh  whitish,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  melting, 
very  good.  September.  Georgia. 

Morris  White.*  (Morris*  White  Rareripe,  White  Rareripe,  Lady 
Ann  Steward.)  Rather  large,  roundish,  or  roundish-oval,  often 
obscurely  obovate  or  a  little  larger  toward  the  apex,  suture  small ; 
surface  rather  downy,  of  a  pale  creamy  white  at  maturity,  rarely 
tinged  with  purple  to  the  sun  ;  flesh  slightly  firm,  wholly  white, 
very  free  from  the  drab  stone,  melting,  juicy,  with  a  good,  rich 
flavor;  hardly  of  the  highest  quality  at  the  North,  better  in  the 
Middle  States;  very  popular  everywhere.  Season  medium,  or 
early  in  autumn.  Good  for  home  use. 

Cole's  White  Melocoton,  as  usually  cultivated,  is  a  synonym  ;  but 
when  genuine,  is  quite  distinct,  according  to  the  late  T.  Hancock, 
being  larger,  heavier,  and  rounder,  and  ripening  two  weeks  later. 
Flowers  small. 

President  Church.  Large,  roundish-oval,  suture  slight ;  pale  red  in 
shade,  dark  red  in  sun,  handsome;  flesh  white,  pale  red  at  stone, 
very  juicy,  melting,  and  of  delicious  flavor.  Middle  of  September. 
Georgia. 

Scott's  Magnate.  Large,  roundish -oblate ;  pale  yellow,  with  a  dark 
red  cheek  ;  flesh  white,  very  good.  Early  in  September. 

Snow.*  Large,  globular,  suture  distinct  only  at  apex;  skin  thin, 
wholly  white  ;  flesh  white  to  the  stone,  tree,  juicy,  sweet,  rich. 
First  of  autumn.  Flowers  small.  Very  variable,  sometimes 
worthless  for  the  table.  A  beautiful  peach  for  preserving. 

Strawberry.  (Rose.)  Size  medium,  oval,  cavity  deep,  suture 
passing  half  round ;  surface  mostly  marbled  with  deep  red ; 
flesh  whitish,  free,  melting,  rich,  of  fine  flavor.  Flowers  small. 
Early.  New  Jersey. 


THE  PEACH.  485 

CLASS  II.     FLESH  DEEP  YELLOW. 
Section  L     Leaves  crenated,  with  globose  glands. 

Baltimore.  (Baltimore  Beauty.)  Rather  small,  round-oval ;  skin 
deep  orange,  with  a  bright-red  cheek  ;  flesh  yellow,  red  at  the 
stone,  sweet,  good  ;  mealy  when  over-ripe.  Quite  early.  Flowers 
large.  Origin,  Baltimore,  where  it  is  good,  but  it  proves  of 
third-rate  quality  at  the  North. 

Barnard.*  (Early  Barnard,  Yellow  Barnard.)  Rather  large, 
roundish,  suture  distinct,  mostly  covered  with  dark  brownish- 
red  ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  rich,  very  good.  Tree 
hardy  and  a  great  bearer.  Flowers  small.  This  is  a  seedling  of 
the  Yellow  Alberge,  which  it  much  exceeds  in  quality. 

Brigdon.*  (Garfield.)  Medium,  round-ovate;  skin  yellow,  hand- 
somely cheeked  ;  flesh  juicy,  rich,  very  good.  Mid-season.  A 
popular  market  variety  in  Central  New  York.  Of  the  Crawford 
type.  New  York. 

Crawford's  Early.*  (Early  Crawford,  Crawford's  Early  Meloco- 
ton.)  Very  large,  oblong-oval,  sometimes  round-oval;  apex 
with  a  prominent  point,  suture  shallow,  surface  yellow,  with  a 
red  cheek ;  flesh  very  juicy,  rich,  slightly  sub-acid,  of  good  but 
not  the  highest  flavor.  End  of  summer  and  beginning  of  autumn. 
Productive.  Flowers  small.  Ranks  very  high  in  the  Northern, 
Middle,  and  Western  States,  as  a  market  variety.  Origin,  New 
Jersey. 

Crawford's  Late.*  (Crawford's  Late  Melocoton.)  Very  large 
roundish,  suture  shallow,  distinct ;  surface  yellow,  with  a  broad, 
dark-red  cheek  ;  flesh  red  at  the  stone,  rich,  juicy,  vinous,  good. 
Quite  late,  or  latter  part  of  September.  Flowers  small.  Origin, 
New  Jersey.  The  common  Red  Cheek  Melocoton  is  cultivated 
in  some  localities  under  this  name.  Often  a  poor  bearer. 

Crosby.*  Tree  prolific,  exceptionally  hardy  ;  fruit  medium,  round, 
orange-yellow,  splashed  with  red  ;  flesh  yellow,  red  at  the  pit 
juicy,  rich.  Mid-season.  A  popular  market  sort.  Fruit  apt  to 
be  small  and  inferior  unless  heavily  thinned.  Massachusetts. 

Elberta.*  Medium  to  above  average  size,  round-oval,  strongly 
sutured  ;  lemon  yellow,  blush  on  sunny  side  ;  flesh  pale  yellow, 
tender,  juicy.  Tree  vigorous,  large  leaves,  hardy.  A  cross  of 
Chinese  Cling  and  Crawford  Early.  A  good  shipper.  Can  be 
gathered  before  it  is  ripe  and  will  ripen  up  without  rotting.  Me- 
dium late.  One  of  the  best  of  the  new  varieties.  Origin, 
Georgia. 

Foster.*  Very  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  ;  skin  yellow ; 
flesh  rich,  juicy,  quality  very  good  to  best.  One  of  the  finest 
varieties  for  general  culture.  Widely  grown  for  market.  Mid- 
season.  Massachusetts. 


486  THE  PEACH. 

Jaques.  (Jaques*  Rareripe.)  Very  large,  roundish.,  slightly  ob- 
late, suture  distinct,  one  side  slightly  larger,  surface  a  little 
uneven;  surface  deep  yellow,  variously  shaded  with  red;  flesh 
deep  yellow,  red  at  the  stone,  of  good  but  not  of  the  highest 
flavor.  Shoots  diverging.  Flowers  small.  Ripens  at  the  end  of 
summer.  Origin,  Massachusetts. 

Lincoln.  Large,  roundish,  suture  large  ;  skin  downy,  mostly  dark 
purplish-red;  flesh  tinged  with  red  at  stone,  juicy,  excellent. 
Through  September.  Massachusetts. 

Merriam.  Very  large,  roundish-oval,  with  a  bright  red  cheek ; 
melting,  juicy,  sweet,  rich.  First  of  October. 

Mrs.  Poinsette.  Large,  globular ;  skin  yellow,  brown  to  the  sun  ; 
flesh  juicy,  melting,  rich,  excellent.  South  Carolina,  where  it 
ripens  early  in  August. 

Muir.*  A  very  large,  yellow  fleshed  freestone  of  finest  quality. 
Mid-season.  It  is  highly  valued  on  the  Pacific  coast  for  drying 
and  for  market.  California. 

Poole's  Large  Yellow.  Large,  roundish,  suture  half  round  ;  dark 
red  on  deep  yellow  ;  flesh  yellow,  red  at  stone,  rich,  juicy,  very 
good.  Last  of  September.  Near  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Red  Cheek  Melocoton.  Large,  roundish  oval,  with  a  point  at 
apex ;  surface  yellow,  with  a  deep  red  cheek  ;  flesh  red  at  the 
stone,  juicy,  with  a  good,  rich,  vinous  flavor,  not  of  first-rate 
quality.  Ripens  rather  late,  or  during  the  last  half  of  Septem- 
ber; in  the  Middle  States  about  the  first  of  autumn.  Flowers 
small.  Formerly  extensively  cultivated  as  a  market  peach  ;  now 
superseded  by  varieties  of  the  Crawford  type. 

Reeves  Favorite.*  Large,  roundish  oval,  pointed,  with  a  fine  red 
cheek ;  yellow  flesh,  melting,  vinous,  good.  Middle  of  Septem- 
ber. New  Jersey.  Excellent  for  home  use. 

Salway.*  Large,  roundish  ovate.  Yellow,   with  a  crimson  cheek  ; 

flesh   deep   yellow,    red   at   the  pit;  sweet,   juicy,    good.     Late. 

Valued  as  one  of  the  best  late  peaches  for  market  where  it  will 
ripen.     England. 

Scott  Nonpariel.  Large,  roundish,  slightly  oblong ;  surface  deep 
yellow  with  a  red  cheek,  resembling  Crawford's  Late,  but  sweeter. 
Flowers  small.  Origin,  Burlington,  N.  J.,  where  it  ripens  about 
the  1 2th  of  September. 

Tuft's  Rareripe.  Medium,  roundish,  with  a  bright-red  cheek,  melt- 
ing, sweet,  rich.  Last  half  of  September. 

Yellow  Alberge.  (Purple  Alberge,  Yellow  Rareripe  erroneously.'} 
Size  medium,  roundish,  suture  distinct,  passing  half  round  ;  skin 
yellow,  with  a  deep  purplish  red  cheek  ;  flesh  deep  red  at  the 
stone,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant,  of  moderate  flavor. 


THE  PEACH.  4&7 

Yellow  Admirable.  (Abricotee,  Admirable  Jaune,  Orange  Peach, 
Apricot  Peach.)  Large,  roundish  oval,  suture  small,  and  on  one 
side  only  ,  surface  wholly  yellow,  or  faintly  reddened  next  the 
sun  ;  flesh  slightly  red  at  the  stone,  firm,  and  rather  dry  ;  flavor 
sweet  and  agreeable,  stone  small ;  season  very  late.  Flowers 
large.  Of  French  origin.  Adapted  to  the  Middle  States. 

Yellow  Rareripe.  (Large  Yellow  Rareripe.)  Large,  roundish, 
suture  a  little  sunken,  extending  more  than  half  around,  with  a 
small  point  at  apex  ;  skin  deep  orange  yellow,  with  a  rich  red 
cheek  with  faint  streaks ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  red  at  the  stone, 
juicy,  melting,  with  a  very  good  vinous  flavor.  Stone  small. 
End  of  August.  Flowers  small. 

Yellow  St.  John.*    Medium  large,  round  ;  orange  yellow  with  a  red 
blush  on  sunny  side  ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  very  good.     Popular  in 
'many  sections  as  an  excellent  yellow-fleshed  freestone  for  the 
early  market. 

Section  11.     Leaves  with  renijorm  glands. 

Bergen's  Yellow.*  Very  large,  round,  slightly  oblate;  suture 
distinct,  passing  more  than  half  round  ;  surface  deep  orange, 
with  a  broad  deep  red  cheek  ;  flesh  juicy,  rich,  excellent.  Ripens 
the  first  of  autumn.  Flowers  small.  This  is  perhaps  the  finest 
of  all  yellow-fleshed  peaches.  Origin,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 
It  differs  from  the  Yellow  Rareripe  in  its  more  oblate  form,  darker 
color,  superior  flavor,  and  later  maturity,  and  in  its  reniform 
glands.  Tree  of  feeble  growth. 

Columbia.  Large,  roundish-oblate  ;  suture  distinct,  passing  half 
way  round;  skin  rough,  rather  thick,  dull  dingy  red,  with  spots 
of  darker  red ;  flesh  yellow,  rich,  juicy,  of  excellent  flavor. 
Origin,  Georgia.  Ripens  early  in  autumn.  Shoots  dark  reddish 
purple.  Flowers  small. 

Hill's  Chili.*  Tree  unusually  productive ;  fruit  medium  large, 
oval,  yellow  and  red  ;  flesh  rather  dry,  good.  Season  medium  to 
late.  Esteemed  for  market  and  for  drying,  especially  in  New 
York.  It  comes  nearly  true  from  seed  and  there  are  several  sub- 
varieties.  New  York. 

Smith  Favorite.  Large,  roundish  ;  suture  deep,  deep  rich  red  on 
yellow;  juicy,  rich,  very  good.  Last  half  of  September.  Valuable. 

Smock  Free.*  (Beer's  Smock.)  Large,  oval,  base  rather  narrow  ; 
orange-red  on  yellow :  flesh  bright  yellow,  red  at  stone ;  moder- 
ately juicy  and  rich.  Good  drying  variety.  First  of  October. 
A  standard  late  variety.  New  Jersey. 

Susquehanna.*  Very  large,  nearly  round  ;  skin  rich  yellow,  with  a 
red  cheek  ;  flesh  sweet,  juicy,  rich,  vinous,  best.  First  to  middle 
of  September.  Pennsylvania.  Widely  distributed  and  popular. 

Triumph.*  Medium  to  large,  round,  yellow  and  red  ;  flesh  deep 
yellow,  semi-cling,  juicy,  very  good.  Ripens  near  Alexander. 
One  of  the  best  very  early  yellow-fleshed  varieties,  Popular  in 
the  South.  Georgia. 


THE  PEACH. 

DIVISION  II. -CLINGSTONES  OR  PAVIES. 

CLASS  I.     FLESH  PALE  OR  LIGHT-COLORED. 
Section  1.     Leaves  serrated,  without  glands. 

Old  Newington.  (Newington,  Large  Ne'.vington.)  Large,  round- 
ish, suture  slight ;  surface  nearly  white,  with  a  fine  red  cheek, 
somewhat  streaked  with  darker  red  ;  flesh  nearly  white,  deep 
red  at  the  stone  ;  partly  melting,  juicy,  rich.  Season  rather  late, 
or  middle  of  September.  Flowers  large. 

A  sub-variety,  cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent  in  this  country, 
has  globose  glands. 

Smith  Newington.  (Early  Newington.)  Size  medium,  roundish 
oval,  narrower  at  apex,  one  side  slightly  enlarged  ;  surface  pale 
yellow,  with  a  lively  red  cheek,  streaked  with  purple ;  flesh 
bright  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  good.  Ripens  end  of  summer. 
Flowers  large. 

This  is  of  English  origin,  and  is  quite  distinct  from  the  Early 
Newington  Freestone,  a  melting  (not  firm-fleshed)  peach,  often 
adhering  to  the  stone. 

Section  21.     Leaves  crenate,  with  globose  glands. 

Large  White  Cling.*  Large,  round,  sutures  light,  point  at  apex 
small ;  skin  white,  dotted  with  red,  or  with  a  light-red  cheek  next 
the  sun  ;  flesh  very  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  and  high-flavored.  Season, 
early  in  autumn.  Flowers  small.  Origin,  New  York. 

Oldmixon  Cling.*  Large,  roundish  oval,  suture  distinct  only  at 
apex,  fruit  slightly  larger  on  one  side  ;  surface  yellowish-white, 
dotted  with  red,  or  with  a  red  cheek  ;  flesh  juicy,  rich,  with  a 
high  flavor.  Flowers  small.  Ripens  first  of  autumn.  This  is 
one  of  the  finest  of  clingstone  peaches. 

Section  HI.     Leaves  with  reniform  glands. 

Catherine.  (Catherine  Cling.)  Large,  roundish  oval,  swollen  most 
on  one  side,  with  a  small  point  at  apex  ;  surface  pale  yellow- 
ish-green, thickly  dotted  and  with  a  cheek  of  red,  with  darker 
streaks  ;  flesh  firm,  dark  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  fine.  Season 
late.  Flowers  small.  Of  English  origin.  The  fruit  of  this 
variety  and  of  the  Old  Newington  and  Oldmixon  Cling  considera- 
bly resemble  each  other,  but  all  differ  in  the  glands  of  the  leaves. 

Chinese  Cling.  Large,  round-conic,  suture  shallow  ;  fine  red  on 
yellowish  white;  flesh  white,  red  at  the  stone,  rich,  vinous,  good. 
Middle  of  September — middle  of  summer  at  the  South.  China. 

Donahoo  Cling.  Very  large,  roundish,  suture  deep  on  one  side ; 
creamy  white,  tinged  red  in  the  sun  ;  flesh  white  to  the  stone,  juicy, 
rich,  excellent.  Georgia,  where  it  ripens  middle  of  September. 


THE  PEACH. 

Hyslop.  Large,  roundish  oval ;  crimson  on  white ;  juicy,  rich, 
vinous.  First  of  October. 

Heath.*  (Heath  Cling,  White  Heath,  White  English,  Eliza  Thomas, 
Potters'  September,  Rany,  White  Globe.)  Very  large,  oblong- 
oval,  the  largest  specimens  nearly  round,  witn  a  large,  conspicu- 
ous point  at  the  apex  ;  suture  distinct  on  one  side ;  surface  quite 
downy,  pale  yellowish-white,  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  red 
next  the  sun  ;  flesh  exceedingly  juicy,  becoming  melting,  with  a 
sweet,  very  high,  rich,  and  excellent  flavor;  leaves  large,  wavy, 
deep  green,  slightly  crenate.  Flowers  small.  Season  very  late, 
about  mid-autumn,  and  the  fruit  may  be  kept  nearly  till  winter. 
At  the  North  it  matures  fully  in  the  warmest  seasons  only ;  and 
never  attains  its  full  size,- which  is  about  three  inches  in  diameter, 
unless  much  thinned  on  the  branches,  to  effect  which  a  thorough 
shortening-in  is  the  best  mode.  Origin,  Maryland.  Tree  quite 
hardy  and  vigorous.  In  Southern  Virginia,  the  Heath  is  rather 
an  uncertain  peach,  but  when  perfect  it  ripens  there  the  first  fort- 
night in  autumn.  It  is  known  also  as  Henrietta,  but  should  not 
be  confounded  with  a  yellow  peach  of  this  name. 

Pavie  de  Pompone.  Very  large,  roundish-oval,  suture  distinct  on 
one  side  ;  a  deep  red  cheek  on  yellowish-white  ground  ;  flesh  deep 
red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  good.  Flowers  large.  First  of  Octo- 
ber. French. 

Rodman's  Cling.  (Red  Cling.)  Large,  oblong  ;  red  next  the  sun  ; 
flesh  whitish,  firm,  juicy.  Last  of  September.  Flowers  small. 
American. 

Shanghae.  Large,  oval,  flattened,  suture  distinct,  deepened  at 
apex  ;  skin  greenish-yellow,  shaded  pale  red ;  flesh  greenish-yel- 
low, melting,  juicy,  with  a  high,  vinous  flavor.  First  half  of 
September. 

CLASS  II.     FLESH  DEEP  YELLOW. 
Section  I.     Leaves  serrate,  without  glands. 

Orange  Cling.*  Large,  round,  suture  distinct,  passing  nearly 
round  with  a  point  at  the  apex  ;  surface  deep  orange,  with  a  dark- 
red  cheek  ;  flesh  rather  firm,  rich,  juicy,  vinous.  Season,  early 
in  autumn.  Flowers  small.  Largely  grown  in  California. 

Section  11.     Leaves  with  reniform  glands. 

Blanton  Cling.  Large,  oval,  pointed;  skin  rich  orange,  with  a 
slightly  reddened  cheek ;  flesh  orange-yellow,  firm,  vinous,  good. 

Lemon  Cling.*  (Kennedy's  Cling-,  Pine-Apple  Cling,  Yellow  Pine- 
Apple.)  Large,  oblong-oval,  slightly  narrowed  at  apex,  termi- 
nated by  a  large  prominent  point ;  surface  deep  yellow,  with  a 
dark  brownish-red  cheek  ;  flesh  firm,  slightly  red  at  the  stone, 
with  a  rich,  vinous,  sub-acid  flavor.  Flowers  small.  Rather 
late.  Tree  productive,  hardy.  Origin,  South  Carolina. 


49°  THE  PEACH. 

Tippecanoe.  Large,  nearly  round,  slightly  compressed;  surface 
yellow,  with  a  red  cheek  ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  vinous,  good.  Quite 
late.  Flowers  small.  A  native  of  Philadelphia ;  of  little  value 
much  farther  North.  New. 

Washington  Cling.  Size  medium,  roundish ;  surface  yellowish- 
green,  with  gray  specks,  and  with  a  slight  tinge  of  red  to  the 
sun ;  not  handsome ;  flesh  very  tender,  sweet,  high-flavored. 
Flowers  small.  Quite  late. 

CLASS  III.     FLESH  PURPLISH  CRIMSON. 
Section  1.     Glands  reniform. 

Blood  Cling.*  (Claret  Clingstone,  Blood  Cling.)  Large,  often  very 
large,  roundish-oval,  suture  distinct ;  skin  quite  downy,  dark, 
dull,  clouded,  purplish-red ;  flesh  deep  red  throughout,  firm, 
juicy,  valuable  for  culinary  purposes.  Very  late.  Flowers  small. 
The  French  Blood  Clingstone,  the  parent  of  the  preceding,  only 
differs  from  it  in  its  smaller  size  and  large  flowers. 
The  Blood  Freestone  is  somewhat  smaller  and  of  less  value. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

THE   PEAR. 

THE  Pear,  when  grown  to  full  perfection,  is  distinguished 
for  its  great  delicacy,  its  melting  and  juicy  texture,  and  its 
mild,  rich,  and  delicious  flavor.  Excelling  the  apple  in  these 
particulars,  it  falls  below  it  in  importance  in  consequence  of 
the  less  uniformly  healthy  habit  of  the  tree. 

PROPAGATION. 

The  best  trees  are  raised  from  seedling  stocks;  suckers, 
unless  unusually  furnished  with  fibrous  roots,  are  of  crooked, 
one-sided,  and  stunted  growth. 

Raising  the  Seedlings. — The  seeds,  after  separation  from  the 
fruit,  should  be  kept  as  already  described  for  apple-seeds,  by 
mixing  with  sand  or  leaf-mould.  The  soil  for  the  seed-bed 
should  be  unusually  deep  and  fertile,  rather  damp  than  other- 
wise, and  should  have  a  good  manuring  with  lime  and  ashes 
and  an  abundant  supply  of  peat  or  muck,  if  the  soil  is  not 
already  largely  furnished  by  nature  with  this  ingredient. 

The  mode  of  sowing  the  seeds  may  be  the  same  as  that  de- 
scribed for  the  apple,  in  drills  from  one  to  two  feet  apart. 
The  more  thinly  they  are  sown,  the  less  will  be  the  danger  of 
disaster  from  the  leaf-blight;  and  for  this  reason,  drills  near 
together,  with  the  seeds  somewhat  sparingly  scattered  in 
them,  will  be  found  best. 

The  leaf -blight  is  the  most  serious  evil  met  with  in  the  cul- 
ture of  pear-seedlings.  It  is  more  formidable  in  some  seasons 
than  in  others.  Commencing  about  midsummer,  sometimes 
earlier,  but  more  frequently  later,  it  is  first  indicated  by  the 
leaves  in  certain  parts  of  the  seed-beds  turning  brown ;  in  a 
few  days  they  fall  off ;  other  portions  of  the  beds  are  succes- 

491 


492  THE  PEAR. 

sively  attacked,  till  all  the  seedlings  become  more  or  less  de- 
nuded, those  last  affected  occupying  the  most  favorable  por- 
tions of  the  soil.  As  a  necessary  consequence,  growth 
immediately  ceases ;  and  if  they  are  attacked  early,  and  have 
made  but  little  previous  growth,  they  are  nearly  ruined,  and 
few  will  survive  the  succeeding  winter,  for  they  never  make 
a  second  growth  the  same  year  of  any  value.  But  if  their 
previous  growth  has  been  vigorous,  and  the  blight  appears 
late  in  summer,  much  less  injury  is  sustained.  The  best 
remedy  is  high  cultivation,  on  good  new  soil,  and  taking  out 
daily  every  diseased  tree. 

Wintering  the  Young  Seedlings. — The  frequent  destruction  of 
the  trees  the  first  winter  is  another  serious  evil.  The  danger 
is  least  with  those  that  have  made  the  best  well-ripened 
growth ;  hence  it  becomes  very  important  to  secure  healthful 
vigor  by  the  adoption  of  the  cultivation  previously  mentioned. 
But  in  many  localities,  pear  seedlings,  which  are  always  re- 
markably free  from  fibrous  or  lateral  roots  the  first  year,  are 
drawn  out  by  the  freezing  of  the  soil,  and  either  destroyed  or 
greatly  injured.  Several  modes  have  been  proposed  to  pre- 
vent this  result,  and  have  been  tried  to  a  greater  or  less  ex- 
tent. One  is  to  induce  the  emission  of  lateral  roots,  by  taking 
up  the  young  seedlings  from  the  thickly  sown  beds  early  in 
the  season,  and,  as  soon  as  four  leaves  have  appeared,  cut  off 
their  tap-roots  and  reset  them  in  the  nursery-rows.  Robert 
Nelson,  of  Newburyport,  Mass.,  pursued  this  course  with  great 
success ;  but  its  general  utility  may  be  questioned,  except  dur- 
ing a  rainy  period  or  on  favorable  soils,  unless  abundant  water- 
ing is  given.  A  more  easy  as  well  as  safe  mode  would  perhaps 
be  to  cut  off  the  tap-roots,  at  the  same  age,  by  means  of  a 
sharp  spade  thrust  beneath  the  soil,  and  without  transplant- 
ing. Neither  of  these  modes  could  be  successfully  applied 
except  to  large,  vigorous  seedlings  growing  in  deep,  rich  soil. 

But  where  tne  growth  of  lateral  roots  has  not  been  effected, 
and  the  consequent  danger  is  greater  of  their  being  drawn 
upward  by  frost,  much  protection  may  be  given  them  by 
covering  the  whole  ground  with  forest  leaves  to  a  depth  of 
several  inches ;  and,  if  the  rows  are  near  each  other  and  the 
trees  several  inches  or  a  foot  high,  they  will  prevent  the  leaves 
from  being  swept  off  by  the  winds.  The  incursion  of  mice 


THE  PEAR.  493 

may  be  avoided  by  placing  the  seed-beds  as  near  as  practi- 
cable to  the  middle  of  a  clean  ploughed  field,  and  by  encircling 
the  ground  with  a  bank  or  ridge  of  fresh  earth  thrown  up  for 
this  purpose,  about  a  foot  high.  Mice  will  not  pass  such  a 
boundary  under  the  snow. 

Taking  up  the  seedlings  late  in  autumn,  and  burying  them 
in  a  cellar,  or  laying  them  in  by  the  roots  and  nearly  covering 
the  whole  stems,  will  preserve  them  safely. 

Budding  may  be  performed  the  first  summer  after  transplant- 
ing if  the  stocks  have  made  a  good  growth.  The  manage- 
ment of  the  young  trees  is  the  same  as  for  apples,  by  grafting 
or  budding  near  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  heading  down, 
trimming,  and  cultivation.  But  as  pear-stocks  are  valuable, 
budding  is  to  be  preferred  to  grafting,  because  it  may  be  re- 
peated in  case  of  failure.  Pear  stocks  are  usually  imported, 
since  it  is  cheaper  to  import  than  to  raise  them.  They  come 
chiefly  from  France.  Root-grafting  is  not  employed. 

DWARF  PEARS. 

For  orchard  culture,  and  in  most  parts  of  the  country  where 
the  pear  flourishes  with  great  vigor  and  proves  highly  produc- 
tive, pear-stocks  will  doubtless  always  be  found  preferable  to 
all  others.  The  advantages  of  a  dwarf  growth  on  dissimilar 
stocks  have  been  already  pointed  out  under  the  head  of  stocks. 
Such  trees  are  not  so  long-lived  as  on  pear-roots,  and  they 
require  more  thorough  and  fertile  culture,  and  care  in  prun- 
ing. But  they  have  some  important  advantages,  such  as  com- 
ing soon  into  bearing,  occupying  a  fifth  part  of  the  ground, 
thriving  in  many  soils  where  pear-stocks  will  not,  and  in  a 
few  instances  improving  the  quality  of  the  fruit. 

The  only  reliable  stock  is  the  French  quince.  Nearly  all 
the  experiments  with  the  mountain  ash  have  sooner  or  later 
proved  failures.  Budded  or  grafted  upon  apple  seedlings, 
pears  sometimes  make  a  feeble  growth  for  a  few  years;  but 
unless  the  grafts  themselves  throw  out  roots,  by  planting 
beneath  the  surface,  they  sooner  or  later  perish.  It  some- 
times happens  that  grafts  of  a  few  varieties  inserted  at  stand- 
ard height  grow  and  bear  for  a  few  years.  The  thorn  has 
been  used  in  England,  and  to  some  extent  in  this  country,  with 


494  THE  PEAR. 

partial  success.  But  all  other  kinds  of  dissimilar  stocks  have 
given  way  to  the  quince,  which  is  much  superior  for  general 
use  to  any  other. 

The  varieties  of  the  pear  do  not  grow  with  equal  facility 
upon  the  quince.  A  few,  as  the  Angouleme,  Louise  Bonne, 
and  Diel,  are  so  much  improved  in  quality  that  their  cultiva- 
tion on  pear-stocks  is  discontinued  by  most  fruit-growers.  A 
large  number  flourish  well,  but  are  little  changed  in  quality, 
as  White  Doyenne  and  Dearborn's  Seedling.  A  few,  on  the 
other  hand,  succeed  badly  or  wholly  refuse  to  grow  upon 
quince  stocks,  without  double  working,  which  consists  in  first 
budding  some  freely  growing  pear  upon  the  quince  bottom, 
and  then  budding  or  grafting  the  "  refractory"  sort  into  the 
pear-shoot. 

As  a  general  rule,  double-worked  trees  do  not  flourish  for 
a  great  length  of  time.  Single-worked  have  done  well  for 
fifty  or  sixty  years  under  favorable  influences. 

The  following  list,  made  out  chiefly  from  the  combined  ex- 
perience of  European  and  American  cultivators,  may  prove 
valuable  to  those  commencing  with  dwarf  pears: 

I.  Pears  succeeding  better  on  quince  than  on  pear  stocks,  and 
which  should  be  mostly  worked  as  dwarfs. 

Amalis.  Easter. 

Angouleme.  Glout  Morceau. 

Autumn  Long  Green.  Louise  Bonne. 

Diel.  Vicar. 

II.  Pears  usually  succeeding  well,  both  on  pear  and  quince. 

Alengon.  Colmar. 

Anjou.  Dearborn's  Seedling. 

Bloodgood.  Delices  Hardenpont. 

Boussock.  Dumas. 

Buffum.  Early  Rousselet. 

Cadette.  Figue. 

Capiaumont.  Figue  Alengon. 

Catillac.  Forelle. 

Chaumontelle.  Germain. 


THE  PEAR.  495 

Gratioli.  Oswego. 

Jaminette.  •      Poiteau. 

Jargonelle.  Pound. 

Jodoigne.  Real. 

Kingsessing.  Rostiezer. 

Laboureur.  Sterkmans. 

Lamy.  Stevens. 

Langelier.  St.  Michel  Archange. 

Madeleine.  Superfine. 

Malines.  Tyson. 

Napoleon.  Urbaniste. 

Orleans.  Van  Mons  Leon  Le  Clerc. 

Osband  White  Doyenne. 

III.  Pears  growing  on  quince  but  better  on  pear  stocks. 

Aremberg.  Lucrative. 

Bartlett.  Onondaga. 

Ete.  Seckel. 
Gray  Doyenne. 

IV.  Pears  usually  failing  on  quince,  unless  double-worked. 

Bosc.  Paradise 

Dix.  Sheldon. 

Dunmore.  Washington. 

Gansel's  Bergamot.  Winter  Nelis. 
Marie  Louise. 

The  result  is  not  always  the  same  in  different  soils  and  in 
different  seasons.  The  Seckel,  for  instance,  has  wholly  failed 
in  one  year,  and  in  another,  on  the  same  spot  of  ground,  has 
grown  well.  The  White  Doyenne  grew  finely  one  summer, 
and  almost  totally  failed  the  next.  Some  sorts  which  in  nearly 
all  cases  do  well  occasionally  prove  unsuccessful.  A  few 
uniformly,  in  all  seasons  and  in  all  soils,  make  a  rapid  and 
vigorous  growth,  of  which  the  Louise  Bonne  is  perhaps  the 
most  striking  example;  some  others,  again,  invariably  fail 
(unless  double-worked),  the  most  prominent  among  which 
stands  the  Bosc.  Indeed,  so  averse  is  this  variety  to  a  union 


49 6  THE  PEAR. 

with  the  quince,  that  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  it  may  not 
soon  fail  if  worked  in  whatever  manner.  In  some  places,  how- 
ever, double-working  has  given  it  smooth  and  fair  fruit  where 
it  has  been  cracked  and  blighted  on  the  pear.  Both  this  and 
the  Flemish  Beauty,  as  well  as  the  Marie  Louise  and  some 
others,  succeed  well  when  grafted  on  the  hawthorn. 

The  changes  wrought  by  the  quince  stock  are  often  impor- 
tant and  interesting.     T.  Rivers   states  that  the   Aremberg 


FIG.  636.  FIG.  637. 

a,  Trunk  of  Dwarf  Pear-Tree  ;  d,  l>,  Pear-Stocks  Inserted  Into  it  for  New  Bot- 
tom ;  £,  Cut  for  Receiving  the  Pear  Stock ;  </,  Pear  Stock,  Cut  Sloping 
before  Insertion. 

ripens  several  weeks  earlier  in  winter ;  that  the  Easter  is  ren- 
dered more  productive  and  matures  its  fruit,  while  on  the  pear 
it  is  a  bad  bearer,  and  does  not  ripen ;  that  the  Fortunee  is  a 
"  perfect  crab"  upon  the  pear,  but  on  the  quince  is  melting  and 
juicy ;  that  the  Glout  Morceau  is  imperfect  and  ripens  badly 
on  the  pear,  but  is  always  fair  and  attains  a  high  and  mature 
flavor  on  the  quince.  As  a  general  effect,  the  size  of  the  fruit 
is  increased,  but  in  a  few  cases  it  is  rendered  more  gritty  in 
texture. 

Pruning  Dwarf  Pears. — Dwarf  pear-trees  are  usually  pruned 
into  the  pyramidal  and  contcaltorm,  the  latter  differing  only  in 
its  broader  shape.  The  principle  to  be  adopted  in  pruning 
has  been  already  explained  on  a  former  page ;  the  extent  to 
which  it  must  be  carried  should  be  such  as  to  keep  the  trees 


THE  PEAR.  497 

* 

within  ten  or  twelve  feet  in  height,  and  six  or  seven  feet  in 
diameter  at  the  base.  A  greater  height  increases  the  difficulty 
of  pruning.  The  same  reason  forbids  the  adoption  of  a  head 
with  a  clean  stem  below,  as  in  common  standards. 

The  pyramidal  mode  of  pruning  may  be  applied  to  pear- 
trees  upon  pear  stocks.  Dwarf  trees  may  be  planted  from  ten 
to  twelve  feet  apart.  They  will  always  need  careful  attention 
to  pruning,  and  to  thorough  and  enriched  cultivation  of  the 
ground. 

In  planting  out  the  dwarf  pear,  the  quince  stock  should  be 
planted  a  little  below  the  surface  to  elude  the  borer,  which 
often  attacks  the  quince,  but  rarely  the  pear.  It  is  sometimes 
planted  deeper  for  the  purpose  of  causing  the  pear  to  throw 
out  roots  of  itself,  thus  changing  the  dwarf  to  a  standard. 
This  practice  is  objectionable,  as  such  roots  are  apt  to  be  few 
or  one-sided,  inclining  or  prostrating  the  tree.  It  is  also  de- 
sirable to  retain  the  bearing  character  of  the  dwarf. 

When  dwarfs  become  old,  or  begin  to  decline,  pear-roots 
may  be  given  to  them,  and  renewed  vigor  imparted,  by  plant- 
ing a  small  pear  tree  closely  on  each  side,  and,  when  these 
become  established,  by  inarching  them  into  the  tree,  as  shown 
in  the  annexed  cuts.  It  is  performed  as  follows : 

Make  a  slit  in  the  bark  of  the  dwarf  pear-tree,  a  few  inches 
above  ground,  and  across  the  lower  end  of  the  slit  make  a 
cross-cut,  so  as  to  form  an  inverted  j..  If  the  tree  is  large, 
make  a  notch  instead  of  the  cut,  sloping  downward,  the  better 
to  admit  the  stock.  Then  bend  the  stock  against  this  notch 
or  cross-cut,  and  mark  it  at  that  point.  Then,  with  a  knife  set 
with  the  edge  upward  at  this  mark,  cut  the  stock  off  with  a 
slope  two  or  three  inches  long.  It  is  then  easily  bent  and  in- 
serted into  the  slit  (see  Figs.  636  and  637).  It  may  be  covered 
with  grafting-wax,  but  grafting-clay  is  much  better.  This  is 
made  of  clay  or  clay-loam  one  part,  and  horse-manure  two  parts, 
well  mixed  together — the  addition  of  a  little  hair  is  an  improve- 
ment. This  is  an  Old  World  method  which  may  be  adaptable 
to  a  few  trees  in  a  garden,  but  is  not  applicable  to  commercial 
orchards. 

Horizontal  training,  for  walls  or  espaliers,  is  very  rarely 
practised  or  needed  in  this  country.  It  is  occasionally  em- 
ployed in  limited  gardens,  to  form  boundaries  of  walks,  with- 
out occupying  much  lateral  space,  and  where  it  is  desired  to 
32 


493 


THE  PEAR. 


grow  large  and  fine  specimens  of  fruit  by  strong  exposure  to 
the  sun.  The  mode  may  be  briefly  understood  by  the  accom- 
panying figure  representing  a  partly  grown  tree  (Fig.  638). 
As  the  tree  advances,  shoots  will  be  produced  from  the  sides 
of  the  horizontal  arms;  these  must  be  stopped  or  pinched  off 
early  in  summer,  to  prevent  their  drawing  too  hard  oa  the  rest 
of  the  tree,  and  a  similar  course  pursued  with  them  to  that 


FIG.  638.— Horizontal  Training  of  Pear-Trees. 

already  described  in  a  former  chapter.  The  fruit-buds, 
all  the  shoots  or  spurs  supporting  fruit-buds,  are  to  be  cut 
closely  off  wherever  too  thick  for  an  even  crop.  Early  in 
autumn  the  shortened  shoots  are  to  be  cut  down,  leaving  the 
fruit-buds  only,  to  bear  the  next  season.  By  this  regularity 
of  pruning,  the  tree  will  preserve  a  neat  appearance,  and  bear 
regular  crops. 

The  horizontal  branches  may  be  about  one  foot  apart  for 
large  pears,  and  eight  inches  for  small ;  and  the  trees,  if  on 
quince-roots,  may  be  about  ten  feet  apait. 

Regrafting  Large  Pear-Trees. — Some  of  the  varieties  de- 
scribed in  the  following  pages  have  already  shown  indications 
of  becoming  generally  affected  by  cracking.  In  such  cases  it 
becomes  desirable  to  regraft  them  with  valuable  sorts,  or  else 
thoroughly  to  spray  each  year  with  Bordeaux  mixture. 

The  old  and  common  way  is  to  cut  off  the  trunk  or  a  few  of 
the  larger  limbs,  and  insert  a  few  grafts,  say  four  or  five  in 
all,  and  compel  them  to  form  the  whole  new  head,  requiring 
the  lapse  of  many  years.  A  much  better  and  more  expedi- 
tious mode  is  to  scatter  the  grafts  through  the  top — inserting 


THE  PEAR. 


499 


so  many  that,  each  one  forming  a  small  branch  of  itself,  the 
whole  taken  together  will  make  a  full  top  in  a  few  years. 

In  order  to  render  the  operation  plain,  Fig.  639  is  made  to 
represent  the  unchanged  tree  at  an  age  of  from  ten  to  twenty 
years.  Many  smaller  branches  are  cut  away,  and  those  of 
medium  size  left  distributed  at  as  regular  distances  as  may 
be.  As  the  tendency  of  the  growth  is  upward,  the  top  should 
be  rather  worked  downward  in  this  operation,  and  the  side 


FIG.  639. 


FIG.  640. 


FIG.  641. 


limbs  near  the  bottom  allowed  a  full  chance.  In  the  ends  of 
these  shoots  some  thirty  or  forty  grafts  are  set,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  640.  Trees  of  the  Virgalieu  or  Doyenne,  which  had  be- 
come worthless  by  cracking,  and  which  were  large  enough  to 
bear  a  bushel  or  two  annually,  have  been  entirely  changed  in 
this  way  to  better  sorts,  and  yielding  three  years  afterward 
larger  crops  than  ever. 

If  the  labor  of  inserting  so  many  grafts  is  too  great  for  ordi- 
nary practice,  one-third  or  less  may  be  set,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
641. 

Dwarf  pear-trees  of  undesirable  varieties  may  be  readily 
changed  in  this  way  to  other  sorts — the  more  easily  because 
they  are  lower,  and  accessible  from  the  ground.  Old  dwarf 


500 


THE  PEAR. 


trees,  which  have  become   enfeebled  by  long  bearing   and 
sparse  pruning,  may  be  thus  rendered  thrifty  and  vigorous. 

With  trees  of  large  size,  it  may  be  safest  to  change  the 
upper  half  in   one  year,  and  the  re- 
mainder  the    next,   for    the   purpose 
of    avoiding    too    great    a    check   in 
growth. 

Younger  trees,  or  those  but  a  few 
years  old,  of  undesirable  sorts,  but  of 
straight  growth,  may  be  used  for 
stocks  on  which  to  work  new  heads 
of  crooked  or  slow  growers  at  stan- 
dard height.  Fig.  642  represents  a 
tree  of  the  Virgalieu  worked  over  to 
the  Winter  Nelis,  the  former  being 
a  straight  and  handsome  tree,  and 
the  latter  the  most  crooked  grower 
known.  A  few  buds  of  the  Winter 
Nelis  are  inserted  into  the  side  limbs 
of  the  Virgalieu  so  as  to  form  an 
even,  well-balanced  head.  The  same 
result  may  be  obtained  by  grafting  these  limbs  in  spring. 


FIG.  643. 


SYNOPSIS  OP  ARRANGEMENT. 

DIVISION  I.  SUMMER  PEARS. 

CLASS  I.  Distinct pyrtform. 

CLASS  II.  Obscure  pyrzform,  obovate,  or  turbinate. 

CLASS  III.  Roundish  or  oblate. 

DIVISION  II.  AUTUMN  PEARS. 

.    CLASS  I.  Distinct  pynform. 

CLASS  II.   Obscure  pyrtform,  obovate,  or  turbinate. 
CLASS  III.  Roundish  or  oblate. 

DIVISION  III.  WINTER  PEARS. 

CLASS  I.  Distinct  pyrzform. 

CLASS  II.  Obscure  pyrtform,  obovate,  or  turbinate. 

CLASS  III.  Roundish  or  oblate. 


THE  PEAR.  501 


FURTHER  CLASSIFICATION  OF  FORMS. 

In  addition  to  the  several  general  forms  mentioned  in  the 
preceding  synopsis,  the  shape  is  more  particularly  designated 
by  comparison  with  well-known  sorts.  No  fruit  has  so  many 
forms  as  the  pear  in  its  different  varieties;  and  to  assist  the 
fruit-grower  in  preserving  a  recollection  of  the  distinctive 
characters  of  each,  these  forms  are  classified  in  the  following 
pages.  The  distinction  between  pyriform,  obovate,  and  oblate, 
which  constitute  the  three  principal  divisions,  has  been  already 
pointed  out  in  the  chapter  on  describing  fruits ;  but  there  are 
many  subdivisions,  or  less  distinct  modifications,  which,  if  ac- 
curately observed,  would  additionally  distinguish  the  differ- 
ent varieties.  For  example,  PYRIFORM  pears  may  be  divided 
into  Bartlett-shaped,  where  the  general  form  is  oblong,  but 
both  body  and  neck  rounded  and  obtuse ;  Winkfield-form,  longer 
and  less  obtuse ;  Bosc-shaped,  when  the  body  is  broad  and  the 
neck  long  and  narrow ;  Tyson-form,  similar  to  Bosc,  but  with 
a  shorter  and  acute  neck ;  Urbaniste-form,  shorter  and  less  dis- 
tinctly pyriform;  Diel-shaped,  where  the  body  is  large  and 
rounded,  and  the  neck  short  and  obtuse;  Madeleine-shaped, 
similar  to  the  last,  but  of  smaller  body  and  lighter  form. 

Obovate  pears  may  be  either  Doyenne-form,  when  they  slight- 
ly approach  pyriform;  Buffum-shaped,  or  distinct  obovate, 
when  gradually  rounded  toward  the  stem  with  no  approach 
to  a  neck ;  or  Bloodgood-shaped,  similar  to  the  last,  but  often 
shorter  and  tapering,  or  rounded  into  the  stalk. 

These  forms  are,  of  course,  more  or  less  variable  in  the 
same  varieties,  but  those  more  generally  prevailing  are 
adopted. 

The  illustrations  of  fruits  in  this  chapter  are  all  reduced  one- 
half  in  diameter. 


$02 


THE  PEAR. 
PYRIFORM. — Bartlett-shaped. 


FIG.  643.— Bartlett.  PIG.  644.—  Duval. 

Winkfield-shaped. 


FIG.  645.— Heyst.  FIG.  646.— Winkfield.        FlG.  647.— Verte  Longue. 


THE  PEAR. 
PYRIFORM. — Bosc-form. 


503 


FIG.  648.— Bosc. 


FIG.  649. — Dupuy. 


FIG.  650. — Conseiller  de  la  Cour.  FIG.  651. — Pound. 


504 


THE  PEAR. 


PYRIFORM. — Diel-shaped. 


FIG.  652.— Cornice.  FIG.  653.-Diel. 


FIG.  654.— Onondaga. 


FIG.  655.— Worcester. 


THE  PEAR. 


5°5 


PYRIFORM. — Tyson-shaped. 


FIG.  656.— Brandywine  (two  outlines).  FIG.  657. — Canas. 


FIG.  658.— Wilmington.        FIG.  659.— Rosabirne.  FlG.  660.— Ghislain. 


506 


THE  PEAR. 


OBOVATE-PYRIFORM. — Urbaniste-form. 


FIG.  661.— Urbaniste. 


PIG.  66a.— Pratt. 


FIG.  663.— Kingsessing.  FIG.  664.— Kennes.       FIG.  665.— Langelier. 


THE  PEAR. 


507 


OBOVATE-PYRIFORM. — Madeleine-form. 


PIG.  666.— Madeleine.  PIG.  667.— Alpha.    FIG.  668.— Inconnue  Van  Mons. 


OBOVATE. — Doyenne-form. 


FIG.  669.— Boussock.       FIG.  670.— Gushing.          FIG.  671.— Defais. 


508 


THE  PEAR. 


OBOVATE. — Buff  urn-shaped. 


FIG.  67a.-Heatiicot.  FlG.  673.-Lewis.  FIG.  674.-  Dearborn. 


SHORT  OBOVATE. 


FIG<  675.-Cadette.  FlG.  676.-Sieulle.  FIG.  677.-Hiver. 


THE  PEAR. 


5°9 


OBOVATE-TURBINATE. — Bloodgood-shaped. 


FIG.  678. 
Bloodgood. 


FIG.  679. 
Henry  IV. 


FIG.  680. 
Dundas. 


FIG.  681. 
Payency. 


OBLATE. — Bergamot-shaped. 


FIG.  682.— Beurre  Goubalt.       FIG.  683.— Gansel  Bergamot.        FIG.  684.— Fulton. 


510  THE  PEAR. 

The  quality  of  pears  is  remarkably  liable  to  change  from 
external  causes.  A  difference  in  soil  and  cultivation  exerts 
so  great  an  influence  with  many  fine  sorts,  that  while  they 
possess  the  highest  flavor  when  growing  on  favorable  ground 
kept  rich  and  mellow,  they  become  greatly  inferior  or  even 
worthless  in  poor  soil  with  neglected  culture.  Besides  these, 
there  are  other  influences  dependent  on  a  change  of  locality, 
all  of  which  taken  together,  have  contributed  to  the  great 
diversity  of  opinion  which  exists  in  relation  to  many  cele- 
brated varieties.  The  pomologist  will  hence  perceive  the 
difficulty  of  weighing  evidence  for  and  against  the  different 
sorts,  and  of  expressing  a  degree  of  quality  that  shall  coincide 
with  the  opinions  of  all. 

It  will  be  understood,  that  the  quality  given  on  the  follow- 
ing pages  refers  only  to  pears  tested  in  this  country.  Some 
European  varieties,  which  maintain  a  high  character  at  home, 
prove  of  no  value  here. 

In  describing  pears,  it  may  be  well  to  repeat  that  the  term 
base  applies  in  all  cases  to  the  part  nearest  the  tree ;  and  apex, 
to  the  part  most  remote.  This  is  in  accordance  with  universal 
practice  among  eminent  botanists.  The  apex  is  usually  termed 
the  crown;  and  it  is  sufficiently  evident  that  the  crown  (upper 
portion  or  surmounting  part)  cannot  at  the  same  time  be  the 
base. 


DIVISION   I.— SUMMER  PEARS. 
CLASS  I.     DISTINCT  PYRIFORM. 

Bartlett.*  (Williams' Bonchretien.)  Quite  large,  obtuse -pyriform, 
somewhat  pyramidal ;  surface  wavy,  clear  yellow,  sometimes  a 
faint  blush  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long,  stout,  slightly  sunk  ; 
basin  little  or  none ;  apex  slightly  plaited,  sometimes  smooth ; 
flesh  nearly  white,  fine-grained,  exceedingly  tender  and  buttery, 
with  a  nearly  sweet,  sometimes  faintly  sub-acid,  fine,  moderately 
rich  flavor.  Ripens  end  of  summer  and  beginning  of  autumn, 
and  far  North,  is  strictly  an  autumn  pear.  The  fruit,  when  not 
fully  grown,  ripens  and  becomes  of  good  quality  if  kept  in  the 
house  a  week  or  two.  Growth  erect,  vigorous,  leaves  folded, 
slightly  recurved,  shoots  yellowish.  Tree  very  productive,  and 
bears  very  young.  Although  not  of  the  first  class  as  to  flavor,  the 
many  fine  qualities  of  this  pear  render  it  a  general  favorite.  Fig. 
643.  England. 


THE  PEAR.  511 

Brandywine.*  Size  medium  ;  conic-pyriform  (Tyson -shaped),  neck 
acute ;  smooth,  dull  yellowish-green,  partly  russeted,  crown 
thickly  russeted ;  stalk  three-fourths  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
fleshy  at  insertion ;  flesh  white,  very  juicy  and  melting,  of  fine 
flavor.  Leaves  rather  small,  shoots  pale  olive,  vigorous,  up- 
right ;  tree  not  very  productive.  Ripens  in  August.  A  native  of 
Delaware  County,  Pa.  Grows  well  on  the  quince.  Fig.  656. 

Clapp's  Favorite.*  Large,  pyriform,  body  large  tapering  to  the 
crown,  neck  rather  small ;  skin  smooth,  yellowish-green  becoming 
yellow,  dotted  and  shaded  with  red  to  the  sun  ;  stalk  rather  short, 

FIG.  685.— Madeleine.  FIG.  686.— Tyson. 


FIG.  689.        FIG.  690. 
Skinless.      Rostiezer. 

stout ;  calyx  partly  closed,  basin  small-wrinkled  ;  flesh  greenish  or 
yellowish  white,  juicy,  melting,  perfumed,  of  very  good  quality. 
Ripens  just  before  the  Bartlett.  Young  shoots  dark  purple,  growth 
strong  and  vigorous,  resembling  that  of  the  Flemish  Beauty, 
with  which  and  the  Bartlett  it  is  supposed  to  be  a  cross.  The  fruit 
should  be  picked  before  it  is  fully  ripe,  or  it  will  decay  at  the 
centre.  Popular  everywhere.  Massachusetts. 

Giffard.*  Medium,  pyriform,  slightly  Bosc-shaped,  but  shorter ;  skin 
greenish-yellow,  marbled  red  on  the  sunny  side;  stalk  rather 
long,  calyx  closed,  basin  small ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  slightly 
vinous,  exceedingly  agreeable.  Middle  of  August.  Shoots  slen- 
der, reddish  purple,  growth  straggling.  Fig.  687.  France. 

Julienne.  Size  medium;  slightly  pyriform,  approaching  obovate, 
regular ;  whole  surface  clear  yellow ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  rather 
stout;  cavity  small;  calyx  small,  erect,  or  closed;  basin  rather 
shallow ;  flesh  half  buttery,  sweet,  of  good  flavor,  but  often  poor 
on  heavy  soils.  Late  summer.  Shoots  yellowish.  Productive, 
and  bears  when  very  young.  Proves  fine  at  the  South. 


512  THE  PEAR. 

Madeleine.*  (Citron  des  Carmes,  Magdelen,  Green  Chisel,  incor- 
rectly.) Medium  in  size,  slightly  pyriform,  conic-obovate ;  skin 
smooth,  pale  yellowish-green,  rarely  a  faint  brownish  blush  ;  stalk 
slender,  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  cavity  very  narrow  and  small ; 
basin  shallow;  flesh  juicy  and  melting,  usually  faintly  acid,  with 
an  agreeable,  delicate,  fine,  refreshing  flavor.  Matures  about 
midsummer,  or  at  the  time  of  wheat  harvest.  Needs  house-ripen- 
ing. Shoots  stright,  erect,  greenish,  growth  vigorous ;  tree  rather 
liable  to  blight.  Leaves  quite  flat.  Fig.  685.  France. 

Pulsifer.  Medium  or  rather  small,  pyriform,  Madeleine  or  Rostiezer- 
shaped ;  skin  dull  yellow,  sometimes  slightly  russeted ;  stalk  short, 
curved,  slightly  sunk ;  basin  shallow ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  and 
when  well  ripened  of  a  very  good  flavor.  Middle  of  August. 
Shoots  greenish,  rather  erect.  Illinois.  Fig.  688. 

Rostiezer.*  Rather  small,  sometimes  medium  in  size ;  conic-pyri- 
forrn,  approaching  obovate,  nearly  Madeleine-shaped,  regular; 
skin  dull  brownish  green,  with  a  dark,  dull,  reddish  brown  cheek 
to  the  sun,  with  whitish  specks,  and  traces  of  thin  russet;  stalk  an 
inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  slender,  scarcely  sunk  ;  basin 
little  or  none ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  with  a  very  high,  per- 
fumed flavor,  of  high  excellence.  Ripens  late  in  summer.  For 
rich  flavor,  it  has  scarcely  an  equal  among  summer  pears.  Shoots 
dark,  large,  leaves  broad.  Fig.  690.  Europe. 

Skinless.  (Sanspeau.)  Rather  small,  long  pyriform,  body  conic- 
ovate,  regular;  skin  smooth,  very  thin,  yellowish  green,  often 
dotted  with  reddish  brown  in  the  sun ;  stalk  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  long,  slender,  curved,  cavity  very  small ;  calyx  closed  or  erect, 
basin  minute,  slightly  ridged ,  flesh  half  melting,  juicy,  with  a 
sweet,  slightly  perfumed,  good  flavor.  Ripens  immediately  after 
the  Madeleine,  or  two  weeks  after  harvest.  Growth  very  vigor- 
ous, erect,  leaves  flat,  wavy.  A  profuse  bearer ;  fruit  always  fair. 
Fig.  689. 

Supreme  de  Quimper.  Medium  or  small,  conic-obovate;  yellow, 
shaded  with  red  ;  stalk  short,  obliquely  set,  not  sunk  ;  calyx  partly 
open;  basin  shallow;  juicy,  melting,  perfumed.  First  of  August. 
Becomes  dry  if  not  picked  early.  Shoots  dark  purple,  rather  erect. 

Tyson.*  Size  medium,  conic-pyriform,  sometimes  approaching 
obovate  ;  bright  yellow,  with  a  reddish-brown  softly  shaded  cheek, 
often  some  russet;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long,  inserted  into 
a  fleshy  prominence  abruptly  contracted  from  the  rounded  neck  ; 
basin  very  shallow,  even ;  flesh  of  fine  texture,  buttery,  very 
melting,  juicy;  flavor  nearly  sweet,  aromatic,  slightly  perfumed, 
excellent.  Ripens  the  last  two  weeks  of  summer.  Shoots  quite 
dark  brown,  erect,  vigorous.  The  tree  does  not  come  soon  into 
bearing.  Pennsylvania.  Fig.  686. 

Wilder.  Large,  pyriform ;  pale  yellow,  shaded  dark  russet  red ; 
dots  small,  numerous;  flesh  pale  yellow,  fine-grained,  tender, 
sub-acid,  juicy.  A  Fox  seedling.  Verv  good. 


THE  PEAR,  5*3 


CLASS  II.     OBSCURE  PYRIFORM,  OBOVATE  OR  TURBINATE. 

Bloodgood.*  Size  medium,  turbinate,  approaching  obovate,  base 
contracted  abruptly  to  the  stalk;  yellow,  touched  with  russet; 
stalk  fleshy  at  insertion,  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long,  set  on  the 
rounded  base  without  depression  ;  calyx  scarcely  sunk  ;  flesh  yel- 
lowish white,  buttery,  and  melting,  with  a  fine,  rich,  aromatic 
flavor.  Sometimes  rots  at  the  core.  On  some  soils  the  flavor  be- 
comes poor  and  insipid.  Ripens  middle  of  August.  Like  all 


FIG.  691.— d'Ete. 


FIG.  692.— OsbancTs  Summer.       FIG.    693.— Diel.  FIG.  694.— Ott. 

early  pears,  it  is  best  if  house-ripened.     Origin,  Long  Island,  N. 
Y.     Fig.  678. 

Dearborn's  Seedling.*  Scarcely  medium  in  size,  obovate  or 
Buffum -shaped,  regular,  smooth ;  surface  clear  yellow,  with 
minute  specks;  stalk  an  inch  long,  sunk  little  or  none;  basin 
very  shallow ;  flesh  very  fine  grained,  juicy,  melting,  and  of  fine 
flavor.  Ripens  nearly  with  the  Bloodgood,  or  middle  of  August. 
Shoots  straight,  long,  dark  brown.  Tree  bears  when  young. 
Fig.  674.  Massachusetts. 

Henrietta.  Size,  a  little  below  medium ;  obovate,  crown  flat- 
tened ;  stalk  set  on  the  rounded  point  of  the  neck ;  skin  smooth, 
pale  yellowish-green,  dots  few ;  stalk  an  inch  and"  a  half  long, 
cavity  small  or  none;  calyx  closed,  basin  shallow,  faintly  plaited  ; 
melting,  juicy,  sub-acid,  with  a  good  second-rate  flavor.  Very 
productive.  Late  summer.  Origin,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Limon.     (Hagerston.)     Size  medium  ;  obovate,  sometimes  slightly 

pyriform  ;  light  yellow,  with  a  reddish-brown  blush  ;  stalk  an  inch 

and  a  half  long;  cavity  round,  even,  shallow;  calyx  slightly  sunk  ; 

flesh  buttery,  melting,  of  fine  texture,  with  a  mild,  sweet  flavor 

33 


514  THE  PEAR. 

slightly  perfumed.     Late  summer.     Shoots  long,  slender,  reddish- 
brown.     Belgian. 

Manning's  Elizabeth.*  Small,  obovate,  Seckel-form,  smooth;  sur- 
face yellow,  with  a  lively  blush  ;  stalk  one  inch  long,  cavity  round, 
shallow ;  flesh  very  melting,  saccharine,  sprightly,  perfumed,  ex- 
cellent. Early.  Shoots  diverging,  dark  reddish-brown.  Does 
best  on  dwarf  stock.  Belgian. 

Moyamensing.  Medium  or  large,  sometimes  quite  large,  variable  ; 
round- obovate,  rather  irregular;  skin  lemon  yellow,  sometimes 
marked  with  russet ;  stalk  nearly  an  inch  long,  fleshy  ;  basin  fur- 
rowed ;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  good,  but  not  first-rate.  Ripens 
from  midsummer  till  autumn,  quickly  decays.  Productive. 
Origin,  Philadelphia. 

Muscadine.  Size  medium ;  short  obovate,  regular,  sometimes 
silghtly  oblique;  surface  a  little  rough,  yellowish-green,  thickly 
dotted  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long,  rather  stout ;  cavity  very 
small,  even  ;  basin  rather  wide,  shallow  ;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  a 
little  coarse,  rather  rich,  slightly  musky,  faintly  astringent,  mod- 
erately good.  Late  summer,  and  early  in  autumn.  Shoots  rather 
thick. 

Osband.*  (Summer  Virgalieu,  erroneously.}  Medium  in  size, 
often  rather  small,  obovate,  regular,  smooth  and  even  (Doyenne- 
shaped)  ;  sometimes  remotely  pyriform  ;  greenish-yellow  becom- 
ing yellow,  with  a  reddish-brown  cheek,  often  faintly  russeted  ; 
stalk  three-fourths  to  one  inch  long,  slightly  sunk  in  a  nearly 
even  cavity  ;  calyx  erect,  in  a  round,  nearly  even,  or  slightly 
wrinkled  basin  ;  flesh  white,  granular,  with  a  sweet,  mild,  and 
fine  flavor ;  soon  loses  its  flavor  when  mature.  Ripens  very 
early.  Shoots  yellowish-olive,  thick.  Origin,  Wayne  County, 
N.  Y.  Fig.  692. 

Ott.*  Small,  roundish-obovate,  or  short  Seckel-form ;  greenish- 
yellow,  russeted  in  part,  rarely  a  mottled  red  cheek ;  stalk  an 
inch  and  a  fourth  long,  cavity  small ;  calyx  rather  large,  basin 
shallow  ;  flesh  melting,  rich,  perfumed,  aromatic,  closely  resem- 
bling that  of  its  parent  the  Seckel.  Ripens  quite  early,  or  by  the 
first  or  middle  of  August.  Shoots  rather  erect,  brownish-green, 
leaves  like  Seckel.  Origin,  Montgomery  County,  Pa.  Fig.  694. 

Pinneo,  or  Boston.  Size  medium,  obovate,  slightly  oblong,  smooth  ; 
yellow  when  ripe,  russeted  around  the  stalk,  which  is  long, 
straight,  slightly  sunk;  basin  moderate,  wrinkled;  flesh  juicy, 
melting,  pleasant,  sweet,  somewhat  aromatic.  Flesh  dry,  unless 
picked  early.  Late  August.  Shoots  rather  erect,  light  reddish- 
brown. 

Summer  Doyenne'.*  (Doyenne  d'Ete.)  Small;  round  obovate,  or 
short  Buffum-shaped  ;  stalk  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long, 
rather  stout,  slightly  oblique,  not  sunk  ;  basin  very  shallow  ;  skin 
a  fine  yellow,  with  a  warm  cheek  brightly  redctened  at  the  crown, 
and  with  radiating  stripes  of  greenish-yellow  from  the  calyx ; 
flesh  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  with  a  pleasant,  very  good  flavor. 
Skin  thin  ;  core  small ;  seeds  smal'.,  white.  Ripens  very  early. 
Tree  bears  very  young.  Shoots  slender,  reddish-brown.  Belgium. 


THE  PEAR.  515 

CLASS  III.     ROUNDISH  OR  OBLATE. 

Duchesse  de  Berry  d'Ete.  Small,  roundish,  sometimes  oblate,  oc- 
casionally approaching  obovate ;  yellow,  sometimes  shaded  light 
red;  stalk  short,  slightly  sunk,  basin  shallow;  juicy  and  melting, 
flavor  "  very  good. "  End  of  August.  Shoots  stout,  light  greenish. 

Muskingum.  Medium,  roundish  ;  greenish-yellow,  thickly  dotted  ; 
stalk  long,  cavity  small ;  basin  shallow ;  flesh  melting,  pleasant, 
perfumed.  End  of  August. 

Reliance.  Medium,  oblate,  brownish-red,  russeted;  flesh  fine- 
grained, melting,  juicy,  good.  A  Van  Mons'  seedling.  Tree  vig- 
orous, prolific. 

Summer  Portugal.  (Passans  du  Portugal.)  Size  rather  small, 
often  nearly  medium,  roundish-oblate,  regular;  skin  yellowish- 
green  or  pale  yellow,  with  a  handsome  red  cheek  in  the  sun, 
formed  of  the  reddened  dots;  stalk  about  an  inch  long;  calyx  stiff, 
erect;  cavity  and  basin  shallow;  flesh  white,  breaking,  tender, 
juicy,  moderately  good.  Late  summer.  Very  productive.  Shoots 
upright,  reddish-brown. 


DIVISION  II.-AUTUMN  PEARS. 
CLASS  I.     DISTINCT  PYRIFORM. 

Adams.  Large,  pyriform ;  deep  yellow,  smooth,  shaded  red  next  the 
sun;  stalk  short,  stout,  wrinkled  at  base;  scarcely  sunk,  eye 
small,  closed,  even  with  the  crown ;  flesh  white,  fine,  melting, 
rich,  vinous,  perfumed.  September  and  October.  Shoots  dark 
brown,  tree  upright.  Massachusetts. 

Alpha.  Size  medium,  pyriform,  obovate  or  Madeleine-shaped, 
smooth;  pale  yellowish-green,  with  a  faint  brown  blush;  stalk 
slightly  sunk,  basin  moderate;  fine-grained,  buttery,  and  good. 
October.  Belgian.  Fig.  667. 

Ananas  d'Ete.  Rather  large,  obtuse-pyriform ;  skin  smooth,  clear 
yellow,  with  numerous  small  dots,  often  with  a  blush ;  stalk  stout 
and  fleshy ;  basin  small ;  flesh  fine-grained,  buttery,  and  melting, 
sweet  and  very  good.  Early  autumn.  Growth  somewhat  irregu- 
lar, shoots  brownish-purple.  Holland. 

Andrews.  (Amory,  Gibson.)  Medium  or  rather  large,  distinct 
pyriform,  often  slightly  one-sided;  skin  thick,  dull  yellowish- 
green,  with  a  broad,  dull  red  cheek  ;  stalk  about  an  inch  long, 
curved,  scarcely  sunk ;  basin  shallow,  sometimes  deep ;  flesh 

greenish,  very  juicy,  melting,  of  a  fine,  pleasant,  agreeable  flavor, 
n  some  localities  not  first-rate.     Ripens  early  in  autumn.     Very 
productive  and  fair.     Shoots  diverging.    Origin,  Dorchester.  Mass. 

Angouleme.*  (Duchess.)  Very  large,  ver3Tobtuse-p3Triform,  some- 
times oblong-obovate,  surface  uneven ;  greenish-yellow,  often 
some  russet ;  stalk  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  very  stout ; 
cavity  deep,  often  wide  ;  calyx  small,  basin  uneven  ;  flesh  yellow- 


THE  PEAR. 

ish-white,  melting,  buttery,  juicy,  good  when  well  grown,  poor 
or  worthless  when  small ;  succeeds  admirably  and  is  best  on 
quince  stock.  It  has  been  remarked  that  when  this  pear  weighs 
less  than  four  ounces  it  is  worthless  in  flavor.  Ripens  mid- 
autumn  and  later.  French.  Mostly  grown  as  a  dwarf.  Fig.  696. 

Autumn  Paradise.*  (Paradise  d'Automne.)  Rather  large,  distinct 
pyriform  ;  surface  uneven,  yellowish-orange,  with  some  thin  rus- 
set patches ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  not  sunk  ;  basin  small, 
irregular;  flesh  melting,  very  buttery,  with  a  rich,  high,  and  ex- 


PlG,  695 — Jargonelle.       FIG.  696.—  Atigouleme.       FIG.  697.— Garber. 

cellent  flavor.  Ripens  about  mid-autumn.  Shoots  yellowish,  at 
first  upright,  afterward  becoming  straggling,  growth  vigorous. 
This  pear  resembles  the  Bosc,  but  is  less  smooth,  more  irregu- 
lar in  form,  has  a  less  narrow  neck,  and  more  vigorous  growth. 
Shoots  yellowish-brown,  speckled,  irregular,  leaves  finely  ser- 
rated, slightly  wavy.  Belgium. 

Bachelier.  Rather  large,  obovate,  pyriform,  irregular;  green  ;  stalk 
rather  short,  obliquely  set ;  calyx  partly  closed,  basin  shallow  ;  but- 
tery, melting,  vinous,  aromatic,  flavor  moderate.  November, 
December.  Shoots  reddish-yellow,  vigorous.  Large,  well-grown 
specimens  are  sometimes  nearly  Bartlett-shaped,  small  ones  ap- 
proach roundish-obovate.  Bark  of  the  tree  cracks. 

Baronne  de  Mello.  (Adele  de  St.  Denis.)  Medium,  conic-pyriform 
(often  Tyson-shaped,)  sometimes  obovate  or  turbinate,  variable  ; 
skin  rough,  much  russeted  ;  stalk  fleshy  at  insertion  ;  flesh  rather 
coarse,  very  juicy  and  melting,  vinous  or  sub-acid,  of  moderate 
quality.  October.  Tree  vigorous,  a  great  bearer. 


THE  PEAR.  517 

Bergen.  Large,  pyriform,  sometimes  approaching  obovate  or  tur- 
binate,  smooth  ;  yellow,  with  a  handsome  cheek  ;  stalk  curved, 
slightly  sunk  ;  calyx  and  basin  small ;  fine-grained,  buttery,  melt- 
ing, sweet,  excellent.  Last  of  September.  Long  Island. 

Base.*  (Calebasse  Bosc.)  Large,  very  distinct  pyriform,  neck 
rather  long  and  very  narrow,  acute,  body  broad  ;  surface  nearly 
smooth,  deep  yellow,  russeted  in  patches  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a 
half  long,  slender,  curved ;  basin  very  shallow  ;  flesh  juicy,  but- 
tery, rich,  perceptibly  perfumed,  sweet,  excellent.  Mid-autumn. 
Fails  on  quince  stocks  and  is  a  very  crooked  grower.  In  order  to 
obtain  good  dwarf  or  standard  trees  it  should  be  double-worked. 
Belgian.  Fig.  648. 

Canandaigua.  Rather  large,  pyriform,  somewhat  irregular 
(Bartlett-shaped)  ;  lemon  yellow ;  stalk  rather  short,  oblique ; 
basin  small;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  rather  rich.  September. 
Shoots  strong,  erect,  light  purplish-red. 

Capiaumont.       (Beurre    de    Capiaumont.)       Size    medium,    conic 
pyriform,  or  Tyson-shaped,  quite  acute,   approaching  turbinate, 
regular;  skin  smooth,  yellow,  with  cinnamon  red  to  the  sun,  dis« 
finctly  dotted,  slightly  russeted  ;   calyx  widely  reflejxed,  not  sunk  ; 
stalk  about  an  inch  long,  but  varying;   flesh  white,  buttery,  melt- 
'/ ing,  moderately  jvticy,  sweet,  often  astringent,  about  second  qual- 
Ijity.     Hardy  and /productive.      Leaves  folded,  recurved.     Ripens 
•  about  mid-autumn.     Belgian. 

Cornice.*  Large,  roundish-pyriform,  somewhat  pyranjidal;  green- 
ish-yellow, becoming  fine  yellow  at  maturity,  often  with  a  faint 
crimson  blush,  slightly  russeted,  thickly  dotted ;  stalk  short,  stout, 
set  obliquely  in  a  small  cavity;  calyx  small,  in  a  deep,  uneven 
basin  ;  flesh  white,  fine,  melting,  with  a  sweet,  rich,  slightly  aro- 
matic flavor.  Keeps  long  after  fully  ripe.  October  and  Novem- 
ber. Young  wood  apt  to  be  injured.  France.  Fig.  699. 

Comte  de  Paris.  Size  medium,  pyriform,  approaching  obovate, 
regular ;  skin  thick,  somewhat  rough,  bright  green,  becoming 
yellow  at  maturity ;  flest  nearly  white,  buttery,  melting,  juicy, 
with  a  agreeable  perfume.  Ripens  in  October,  and  continues  in 
use  a  long  time.  One  of  Van  Mons'  seedlings. .  The  tree  is  vigor- 
ous, with  a  stout  erect  growth,  and  appears  to  succeed  well  on  the 
quince. 

Chancellor.  Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  large  specimens  early  Bartlett- 
shaped,  small  ones  obovate;  green;  stalk  an  inch  long,  rather 
thick  ;  cavity  small,  irregular ;  calyx  small,  basin  contracted  ;  flesh 
melting,  rich,  agreeable.  Mid-autumn.  Germantown,  Pa. 

Comte  de  Flandre.  Rather  large,  pyramidal-pyriform,  often 
oblique ;  skin  yellow,  with  small  dots  and  thin  russet ;  stalk  long, 
set  under  a  lip,  with  a  little  depression  ;  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  juicy, 
melting,  with  an  agreeable,  refreshing  flavor,  very  good.  No- 
vember. 

Conseiller  de  la  Cour.     (Marshal  de  la  Cour.)     Large,  pyriform 


(somewhat  Bosc  form)  ;  greenish-yellow,  slightly  russeted  ;  stalk 
slender,  not  sunk ;  basin  small,  calyx  small,  nearly  closed;  flesh 
white,  melting,  sub-acid,  juicy,  of  fine  quality.  Late  autumn  and 
early  winter.  Tree  vigorous,  productive.  Succeeds  on  quince. 
Foreign.  Fig.  650. 

Countess  of  Lunay.  Size  medium,  obovate-pyriform,  somewhat 
conic ;  skin  smooth,  pale  waxen  yellow,  with  a  thin  red  cheek ; 
stalk  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  set  without  depression  on  the 
rounded  point  of  the  neck,  which  is  slightly  russeted ;  basin  very 


FIG.  698.—  Nantais. 


FIG.  699.—  Cornice. 


FIG.  700.—  Dix. 


small,  even;    flesh  white,  very  juicy,  melting,  fine,  very  good. 
Mid-autumn. 

De  Tongres.  (Durandeau.)  Large,  pyramidal-pyriform,  surface 
uneven  or  knobby;  yellow,  with  bronze  russet  and  red  stripes; 
juicy,  melting,  rich,  sub-acid,  perfumed.  October,  November.  A 
large,  handsome,  and  excellent  pear,  but  the  tree  is  rather  tender. 
Shoots  light  brown,  slender,  spreading,  leaves  narrow. 

Die!.*  (Diel's  Butter.)  Large,  sometimes  very  large,  thick  py- 
riform,  neck  short,  obtuse,  body  very  large;  small  specimens 
approach  obovate  ;  skin  dull  yellow,  with  numerous  conspicuous 
dots,  and  some  russet  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  to  an  inch  and 
a  half  long,  stout,  moderately  sunk  ;  basin  slightly  furrowed  ;  flesh 
rather  coarse,  rich,  sugary,  buttery,  juicy,  fine.  Late  autumn 
and  early  winter.  Shoots  large,  spreading,  irregular;  leaves 
roundish  or  broad.  Suceeds  well  on  quince  stocks.  Belgian. 
Fig.  693. 

Dix.      Large,  long  pyriform,  body  round-ovate,  tapering  slightly 


to  the  often  oblique  and  slightly  flattened  and  obtuse  crown  ;  yel- 
lowish green,  becoming  deep  yellow;  dots  numerous,  distinct; 
stalk  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  stout  at  each  end,  slightly  sunk ; 
basin  small;  flesh  rather  granular,  rich,  juicy,  sweet,  often  excel- 
lent, sometimes  rather  acid.  The  fruit  often  cracks.  Middle  and 
late  autumn.  A  tardy  bearer.  Shoots  yellow,  rather  slender, 
often  thorny  ;  leaves  flat.  A  native  of  Boston,  Mass.  Fig.  700. 

Due  de  Brabant.  (Waterloo,  Meil  de  Waterloo,  Fondante  de  Char- 
neuse,  Beurre  Charneuse,  Belle  Excellente,  Excellentissima.) 
Large,  roundish-pyriform,  tapering  to  crown  (somewhat  Onondga- 
shaped),  neck  small;  greenish,  dotted  green,  shaded  crimson  on 
the  sunny  side  ;  stalk  long,  curved,  scarcely  sunk ;  basin  irregular, 
ribbed  ;  flesh  greenish  white,  buttery,  and  melting,  with  a  refresh- 
ing vinous  flavor.  October,  November, 

Duchesse  d'Orleans.  Large,  often  only  medium,  sometimes  long 
pyriform,  but  usually  obovate-pyriform,  somewhat  pyramidal; 
skin  golden  yellow,  slightly  russeted,  sometimes  nearly  overspread 
with  russet,  with  a  red  cheek ;  stalk  thick,  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  long,  scarcely  sunk;  basin  small,  even;  flesh  buttery  and 
melting,  rich;  when  well  ripened,  delicious.  Ripens  mid- 
autumn.  A  handsome,  fine,  French  variety.  Growth  rather 
spreading,  shoots  yellowish  green. 

Duval.  Medium,  obtuse  pyriform  or  Bartlett-shaped ;  pale  green; 
buttery,  melting,  with  good  flavor.  October,  November.  Pro- 
ductive. Fig.  644. 

Dumas.  (Belle  l-Cpine  Dumas,  Due  de  Bordeaux.)  Medium,  long 
pyriform  ;  greenish-yellow  ;  stalk  long,  scarcely  sunk  ;  basin  shal- 
low, regular ;  calyx  partly  closed ;  buttery,  half  melting,  sweet, 
flavor  peculiar.  Late  autumn.  Growth  vigorous,  succeeds  on 
quince.  Shoots  dark,  speckled ;  leaves  narrow. 

Emile  d'Heyst.  Large,  long  pyriform  (like  the  Winkfield)  ;  light 
green  with  some  brown  russet ;  stem  variable,  rather  long,  some- 
times fleshy  ;  calyx  small,  basin  narrow,  deep,  and  knobby ;  but- 
tery and  melting,  fine,  perfumed.  November.  Shoots  long, 
brownish-yellow,  diverging  and  straggling.  Fig.  645. 

Figue.  Medium  or  rather  large,  pyriform -pyramidal,  regular,  body 
rounding  to  the  apex  ;  skin  thin,  green,  partly  russeted  at  crown, 
often  a  dull  red  cheek ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  stout,  very  fleshy  at 
insertion,  not  sunk;  basin  none;  flesh  rather  coarse,  melting, 
juicy,  rich,  high  flavored.  Late  autumn. 

Figue  Alencon.  Large,  irregularly  pyramidal  or  pyriform  ;  green, 
spotted  with  russet;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  sprightly,  excel- 
lent. October  to  December.  Tree  vigorous,  productive.  Shoots 
reddish-purple,  leaves  thick. 

Forelle.  (Trout  Pear.)  Medium  or  rather  large,  pyriform,  ap- 
proaching oblong- obovate;  green,  becoming  clear  yellow,  with  a 
deep  vermilion  cheek,  dots  margined  with  crimson  ;  stalk  an  inch 
long,  slender;  cavity  moderate;  basin  rather  abrupt  and  narrow  ; 
flesh  buttery  and  melting,  but  not  rich.  Late  autumn.  Shoots 


520 


THE  PEAR. 


dark,  purplish;  leaves  small,  nearly  flat.     German.    A  pear  of 
great  beauty,  which  has  contributed  to  its  reputation. 

Graslin.  Large,  pyramidal-pyriform,  often  tapering  to  the  crown; 
skin  thick,  green,  slightly  russeted;  stalk  long,  slightly  sunk; 
basin  furrowed,  flesh  coarse,  buttery,  melting,  rich,  vinous.  Octo- 
ber, November. 

Harvard.  Medium  or  rather  large,  oblong-pyriform  ;  skin  russety 
olive-yellow,  and  with  a  reddish  cheek ;  stalk  rather  stout,  sunk 
little  or  none,  oblique  ;  basin  narrow;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  tender; 
rots  at  the  core  if  not  house-ripened.  First  of  autumn.  Very  pro- 


FlG.  701.— Marie  Louise. 


FIG.  702.— Comte  de  Plandre. 


PIG.  703.— Swan's  Orange.    FIG.  704.— Louis  Bonne. 

ductive,  growth  vigorous,  fruit  handsome,  rendering  it  profitable 
for  market,  although  only  second-rate  in  quality.  Origin,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

Kennes.  Medium,  pyriform,  somewhat  Urbaniste-shaped ;  green- 
ish-yellow, russeted  ;  stalk  thick,  fleshy  at  insertion  ;  calyx  partly 
closed;  basin  broad,  shallow;  buttery,  melting,  sweet,  rich,  per- 
fumed. Excellent.  October.  Must  be  house-ripened.  Fig.  664. 

Lodge.  Medium,  pyriform,  neck  small,  narrow,  very  acute,  some- 
times ribbed  and  irregular;  greenish-brown,  much  russeted  ;  stalk 
long,  rather  stout,  curved ;  basin  varying  from  shallow  to  deep ; 
flesh  juicy,  melting,  with  a  rich,  vinous,  sub-acid.  Brown  Beurre 
flavor.  Early  and  mid-autumn.  Philadelphia,  where  it  proves 
very  good,  but  farther  North  does  not  stand  so  high.  Shoots 
slender,  yellowish-brown,  erect,  and  diverging. 

Long  Green.  (Verte  Longue.)  Rather  large,  long-pyriform,  the 
ends  rather  acute,  stem  oblique  ;  surface  wholly  green  ;  flesh  very 
juicy,  with  a  good  and  agreeable  flavor.  The  Striped  Long 
Green  is  a  sub-variety. 


TtiE  PEAR.  52* 

Long  Green  of  Autumn  (Verte  Longue  d'Automne,  or  Mouth- 
water)  is  quite  distinct,  being  smaller,  much  more  rounded,  stem 
long,  and  with  a  brown  cheek  ;  very  juicy  and  pleasant ;  ripens 
late  in  autumn,  a  month  after  the  preceding.  Profusely  produc- 
tive, and  valuable. 

Louise  Bonne.*  (Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey.  Louise  Bonne  d'Avran- 
ches.)  Large,  pyriform,  tapering  slightly  to  obtuse  or  flattened 
crown  ;  slightly  one-sided  ;  surface  smooth,  pale  yellowish-green, 
with  a  brownish  red  cheek  ;  stalk  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  often  fleshy  at  insertion,  little  sunk;  basin  shallow;  flesh 
yellowish-white,  very  juicy,  buttery,  melting,  rich,  faintly  sub- 
acid,  fine.  Ripens  mid-autumn ;  late  autumn  far  North,  early 
autumn  at  Cincinnati.  Very  productive ;  succeeds  admirably  and 
is  mostly  grown  on  quince  stocks.  Shoots  dark  brown  or  purple  ; 
serratures  of  the  leaves  rather  coarse.  This  fine  variety,  like  the 
Bartlett,  is  hardly  of  the  highest  quality,  but  is  eminently  valua- 
ble for  its  large,  fair  fruit,  free  upright  growth,  and  great  produc- 
tiveness. France.  Pig.  704. 

Madame  Eliza.  Large,  pyriform,  approaching  pyramidal;  skin 
green,  becoming  nearly  yellow;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  sweet, 
perfumed,  agreeable.  November.  Shoots  greenish-brown,  erect. 
Belgian. 

Marie  Louise.  Large  pyriform,  a  little  one-sided,  or  with  a  curved 
axis;  body  somewjiat  conical;  surface  pale  green,  becoming  yel- 
lowish, partly  russeted ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  rather 
stout,  often  oblique;  calyx  small,  basin  narrow,  plaited;  flesh  but- 
tery, melting,  vinous,  when  well  grown  rich  and  fine— often  second 
oif  third  rate— variable.  Needs  rich  cultivation  or  else  the  fruit 
will  be  poor.  Mid-autumn.  Growth  very  flexuous  and  strag- 
gling ;  shoots  olive-gray,  petioles  very  long,  leaves  narrow.  Bel- 
gian. Fig.  701.' 

Millot  de  Nancy.  Medium  or  below,  distinct  pyriform ;  orange 
russet  on  dull  yellow  ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  not  sunk ;  flesh  buttery 
and  melting,  moderately  juicy,  and  rich,  sweet,  aromatic.  Octo- 
ber, November.  Belgian. 

Moire.  Rather  large,  pyriform,  approaching  obovate;  greenish- 
yellow  ;  stalk  stout,  curved,  cavity  uneven,  basin  shallow ;  flesh 
yellowish,  slightly  granular,  buttery,  melting,  rich, 'variable,  often 
very  good.  October.  Shoots  purple,  leaves  wavy. 

Nantais.  (Beurrede  Nantes.)  Large,  long  pyriform  or  pyramidal ; 
greenish-yellow,  with  a  red  cheek ;  stalk  large,  set  under  a  lip, 
not  sunk ;  calyx  large,  in  a  broad,  furrowed  basin ;  juicy,  per- 
fumed, very  good.  October.  Fig.  698. 

Napoleon.  Medium  or  rather  large  ;  conic-pyriform,  obtuse,  vari« 
able ;  green  becoming  pale  yellowish-green ;  stalk  an  inch  long, 
stout,  slightly  sunk  ;  basin  rather  large  ;  flesh  uncommonly  juicy, 
melting,  moderately  rich,  good,  often  astripgent  and  worthless. 
From  mid-autumn  till  winter.  Needs  ripening  in  a  warm  room. 
Very  productive,  thrifty,  hardy.  Shoots  rather  erect.  Belgian. 
Best  on  warm,  light  soils. 


522  THE  PEAK. 

Nouveau  Poiteau.  Medium  or  large,  conic-pyriform,  sometimes 
approaching  obovate,  greenish,  much  russeted,  and  thickly  dotted; 
stalk  rather  short,  often  fleshy  at  insertion,  not  sunk ;  calyx  closed, 
basin  moderate;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  somewhat  vinous,  very 
good  when  well  grown.  November.  A  strong  grower,  shoots 
brownish  red,  and  forms  a  handsome  pyramid  on  quince.  Belgian. 

Onondaga.*  (Swan's  Orange.)  Quite  large,  obtuse  oval-pyriform, 
nearly  in  the  form  of  a  double  cone,  neck  very  short  and  obtuse, 
body  large  and  tapering  to  obtuse  apex  ;  skin  roughish,  greenish- 
yellow,  becoming  rich  yellow,  dots  numerous,  often  a  slight  brown 
cheek,  crown  often  slightly  russeted  ;  stalk  an  inch  to  an  inch  and 

FlG.  705 — Ontario.  FIG.  706.— Van  Mons. 


FIG.  707.— Seneca.    FIG.  708.— Worden's  Seckel. 


a  half 


alf  long,  stout,  slightly  sunk ;  calyx  small,  closed,  basin  nar- 
row, ribbed;  flesh  slightly  coarse,  buttery,  melting,  sometimes  a 
little  breaking,  juicy,  rich,  fine,  but  not  of  the  highest  quality, 
sometimes  astringent.  Ripens  mid-autumn.  Growth  vigorous, 
shoots  yellow,  ascending.  Productive.  Connecticut.  Figs.  654 
and  703. 

Ontario.  Medium  or  rather  large,  oblong-pyriform  (somewhat 
Bartlett-shaped,  but  more  obovate),  sometimes  faintly  ribbed, 
somewht  irregular;  pale  yellow,  thickly  dotted;  stalk  an  inch 
long;  cavity  small,  irregular;  calyx  open  or  partly  closed;  basin 
wrinkled;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  with  a  mild,  pleasant,  agreeable 
flavor.  First  of  October.  Shoots  yellowish-red,  rather  erect. 
Geneva.  N.  Y.  Fig.  705. 

Parsonage.  Medium  or  large,  pyramidal-pyriform,  approaching 
conic-obovate ;  skin  orange  yellow,  partly  russeted,  thickly  dotted  j 


THE  PEAR.  523 

stalk  short,  thick  ;  cavity  small ;  calyx  partly  open,  basin  shallow ; 
flesh  granular,  melting,  juicy,  rich.     September.     New  Rochelle, 

Payency.  (Paquency.)  Size  medium;  pyriform  approaching 
obovate-conic  (Tyson-shaped)  ;  skin  dull  yellow,  slightly  russeted, 
with  a  faint  dull  blush ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  stout ;  calyx  erect, 
basin  shallow;  flesh  white,  juicy,  melting,  good.  Mid-autumn. 
French.  Fig.  677. 

Pratt.  Medium  or  rather  large,  obovate-pyriform  ;  skin  greenish- 
yellow,  thickly  dotted ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  slender  and  moderately 
sunk;  basin  wide,  shallow;  flesh  tender,  melting,  juicy,  excellent. 
Early  autumn.  Shoots  yellowish,  erect,  leaves  rather  narrow,  re- 
curved. Rhode  Island.  Fig.  662. 

Queen  of  the  Low  Countries.  Large  pyriform,  neck  narrow,  body 
broad  or  slightly  oblate  (Bosc-shaped)  ;  surface  slightly  uneven, 
dull  greenish-yellow,  crown  russeted,  with  numerous,  often  con- 
fluent russet  dots,  and  a  slight  blush ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  curved,  not  sunk  ;  calyx  small,  rather  deep-set,  basin  ribbed ; 
buttery,  melting,  juicy,  moderately  rich,  sub-acid,  with  a  second- 
rate,  Brown  Beurre  flavor.  Mid-autumn.  Belgian. 

St.  Ghislain.  Size  medium,  pyriform,  neck  narrow,  acute,  taper- 
ing ;  surface  pale  yellow,  sometimes  a  faint  blush  ;  stalk  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  curved  with  fleshy  rings  at  insertion  ;  basin  very 
shallow ;  flesh  white,  buttery,  juicy,  with  a  fine  flavor.  Growth 
upright,  vigorous,  shoots  light  brown.  Somewhat  variable  in 
quality.  Belgian.  Early  autumn.  Requires  high  cultivation. 
Fig.  660. 

St.  Michel  Archange.*  (Plombgastel.)  Rather  large,  pyramidal- 
pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  thickly  dotted,  partly  russeted  ;  stalk 
medium  length,  stout,  fleshy  at  insertion,  not  sunk;  calyx  closed, 
basin  small,  uneven;  flesh  rather  coarse,  juicy,  rich,  aromatic. 
October.  Shoots  greenish,  quite  erect,  leaves  narrow,  light  green. 
Tardy  bearer. 

Selleck.  Large,  obtuse-pyriform  (Diel-shaped) ,  ribbed ;  fine  yel- 
low, thickly  dotted  ;  stalk  long,  curved,  fleshy  at  insertion  ;  cavity 
moderate,  calyx  closed ;  basin  small,  uneven  ;  flesh  white,  juicy, 
melting,  rich,  aromatic,  excellent.  September,  October.  Shoots 
slender,  brownish-yellow. 

Seneca.*  Large,  obovate-pyriform  ;  stem  nearly  two  inches  long, 
flattened  at  junction,  with  fleshy  ridge  ;  basin  large,  irregular,  light 
yellow,  bright  green  mottlings,  black  dots,  blush  on  side ;  flesh 
white,  fine-grained,  melting,  vinous,  sprightly.  Very  good. 
September.  Fig.  706. 

Soldat  Laboureur.  Rather  large,  pyriform  ;  skin  becoming  yellow 
when  ripe,  slightly  russeted ;  stalk  rather  stout,  curved,  slightly 
sunk;  cavity  small,  abrupt;  basin  small;  flesh  granular,  melting, 
juicy,  and  when  well  grown  of  a  rich,  vinous  flavor;  variable, 
often  poor.  Late  autumn.  Shoots  erect,  light  greenish-brown. 
Belgian. 

Soulange.     Rather  large,  acute  or  conic,  pyriform,   or  with  neck 


5*4  THE  PEAR. 

tapering  into  stalk,  which  is  stout,  curved,  and  fleshy ;  pale  yel- 
low, with  traces  of  russet ;  basin  and  calyx  rather  large ;  melting, 
very  juicy,  rich,  aromatic.  September,  October. 

Souvenir  Esperen.  Large,  pyriform,  obovate,  tapering  to  crown, 
dull  yellow,  with  a  mottled  red  cheek ;  melting,  vinous.  Shoots 
yellow,  erect.  November.  Belgian. 

Sterkmans.  (Doyenne  Sterkmans.)  Size  medium,  short  pyriform, 
broad  at  the  crown,  slightly  ribbed ;  skin  greenish-yellow,  dotted 
and  shaded  red  to  the  sun ;  stalk  an  inch  or  more  long ;  cavity 
small,  uneven ;  basin  rather  large,  uneven ;  flesh  fine-grained, 
buttery,  and  melting,  with  a  very  good,  slightly  vinous  flavor. 
Late  autumn. 

Theodore  Van  Mons.  Rather  large,  obovate -pyriform,  sometimes 
long  pyriform  ;  greenish  yellow,  somewhat  russeted ;  stalk  an  inch 
long,  scarcely  sunk ;  calyx  large,  open ;  flesh  granular,  juicy, 
melting,  varying  from  good  to  very  good.  September,  October. 
Tree  vigorous  and  productive  on  pear  or  quince.  Fig.  706. 

Triomphe  de  Jodoigne.  Quite  large,  obtuse-pyriform,  irregular  and 
uneven;  skin  rough,  thick,  greenish-yellow,  with  russet  dots; 
stalk  large ;  calyx  partly  closed  in  a  small  basin ;  flesh  coarse, 
juicy,  buttery,  musky,  of  moderate  quality.  Late  autumn,  keeps 
into  winter.  Growth  vigorous,  spreading,  irregular. 

Urbaniste.*  (Beurre  Piquery.)  Medium  or  rather  large,  conic- 
pyriform,  obtuse  and  short,  often  approaching  obovate ;  skin  pale 
yellow  or  greenish,  faintly  russeted ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  stout, 
moderately  and  sometimes  considerably  sunk;  calyx  erect  or 
closed ;  basin  distinct,  even ;  flesh  melting,  buttery,  with  a  fine, 
delicious  flavor,  and  a  perceptible  shade  of  acid.  In  unfavorable 
localities,  it  is  sometimes  of  moderate  quality.  Middle  and  late 
autumn.  Does  not  come  soon  into  bearing.  Shoots  slender, 
greenish-yellow,  leaves  narrow,  recurved.  Belgium.  Fig.  661. 

Van  Mons  Le  Clerc.  Large,  long  pyriform,  obtuse ;  surface  yel- 
lowish-green, slightly  russeted  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long, 
stout,  little  sunk;  "calyx  small,  'basin  very  shallow;  flesh  fine 
grained,  yellowish-white,  buttery,  melting,  rich,  fine.  Ripens 
middle  and  late  autumn.  A  native  of  Laval,  in  France.  The 
value  of  this  fine  pear  is  nearly  destroyed  by  its  liability  to  crack 
and  canker. 

Verte  Longue  of  Angers.  Large,  distinct  pyriform  (nearly  Bosc- 
shaped)  ;  green  ;  stalk  rather  short,  oblique,  not  sunk  ;  basin  rather 
small ;  flesh  greenish-white,  juicy  and  melting,  agreeably  per- 
fumed. October.  Belgian.  Resembles  Long  Green  (or  Verte 
Longue}.  Fig.  647. 

Wilmington.  Medium,  pyriform,  approaching  obovate ;  cinnamon 
russet  on  yellow  ground ;  cavity  slight,  often  none ;  basin  rather 
large;  flesh  fine,  melting,  buttery,  rich,  aromatic.  September. 
Philadelphia.  Fig.  658. 

Worden.*  Medium,  conic-pyriform  ;  golden  yellow,  one  side  bright 
crimson  ;  stem,  one  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  not  curved  slight 
fold  at  base  ;  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  dull  white,  very  juicy,  buttery 


THE  PEAR.  52S 

fine-grained,  melting,  excellent.  A  seedling  of  Seckel,  which  it 
surpasses  in  size,  beauty,  and  keeping  qualities.  Ripe  in  Octo- 
ber, but  will  keep  till  December.  New  York.  Fig.  708. 

CLASS  II.    OBSCURE  PYRIFORM,  OBOVATE,  OR  TURBINATB. 

Abbott.  Medium  in  size,  oblong-obovate  (like  the  Washington)  ; 
surface  even,  smooth,  dark  dull  green,  with  a  reddish-brown  cheek 
changing  to  scarlet ;  stalk  an  inch  long  ;  calyx  small,  closed  ;  melt- 
ing, juicy,  rich.  Early  mid-autumn.  Good  and  handsome,  shoots 
purplish.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Amalis.  (Beurre  d'Amanlis.)  Large,  obovate,  often  irregular, 
sometimes  slightly  pyriform.  with  a  short  and  narrow  neck  ;  dull 
yellowish-green,  with  some  russet,  and  a  dull  reddish  cheek; 
stalk  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  very  slightly  sunk ;  basin  shal- 
low ;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  and  juicy,  and  rather  rich,  with  a 
moderate,  often  astringent  and  poor  flavor.  Early  and  mid- 
autumn.  A  strong  grower,  great  bearer,  tree  spreading,  irregular ; 
leaves  sharp  serrate. 

Anjou.*  Rather  large,  obtuse  Doyenne-form,  regular;  surface 
greenish-yellow,  a  dull  red  cheek  to  the  sun,  clouded  with  russet; 
,  stalk  quite  short,  or  half  an  inch  long,  lightly  sunk ;  cavity  un- 
even, basin  shallow,  round,  smooth ;  flesh  yellowish-white,  fine- 
grained, buttery,  melting,  with  a  high,  rich,  vinous,  excellent 
flavor.  Shoots  light  green,  leaves  recurved,  wavy.  Begins  to 
ripen  in  the  middle  of  autumn,  and  keeps  long,  sometimes  into 
midwinter.  The  hardiness,  uniformity,  reliability,  excellence, 
and  long-keeping  qualities  of  the  Anjou  render  it  one  of  the  most 
valuable  of  all  pears.  French.  Fig.  711. 

Augustus  Dana.  Medium  or  large,  obovate;  skin  dull  green, 
slightly  rough,  partly  russeted,  thickly  dotted;  stalk  long,  curved, 
scarcely  sunk  on  the  obtuse  end ;  eye  large,  slightly  sunk ;  flesh 
juicy,  melting,  rich,  aromatic.  October  and  November.  Growth 
irregular,  thorny,  like  Dix.  Massachusetts.  New. 

Auguste  Rpyer.  Medium,  turbinate;  skin  russet-fawn,  becoming 
orange ;  juicy,  rich,  perfumed.  November.  Vigorous  and  pro- 
ductive. 

Belle  Lucrative.*  (Fondante  d'Automne.)  Size  medium,  conic- 
obovate,  sometimes  remotely  pyriform ;  surface  pale  yellowish- 
green,  slightly  russeted  ;  stalk  and  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  often 
fleshy,  oblique ;  cavity  very  small  and  narrow;  calyx  short;  basin 
smooth,  sometimes  furrowed ;  flesh  very  juicy,  with  a  fine  tex- 
ture, melting,  rich,  excellent.  Variable— when  well  grown  and 
fully  ripened,  it  has  no  superior  and  few  equals,  in  its  exceedingly 
rich,  delicate,  perfumed  flavor — but  sometimes  of  poor  quality. 
Middle  or  last  of  September.  Belgian.  Growth  moderate,  upright, 
shoots  yellowish-gray.  Fig.  709. 

Bergamotte  Cadette.  (Beauchamps,  Beurre"  Beauchamps,  Poire  de 
Cadet.)  Size  medium,  round-obovate,  or  round-oval;  surface 
greenish-yellow,  often  russeted,  frequently  tinged  with  reddish- 
brown  to  the  sun ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long,  scarcely  sunk 


5*6 


THE  PEAR. 


on  the  rounded  base;  calyx  erect  or  closed,  basin  very  shallow; 
flesh  melting,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet,  quite  rich,  slightly  perfumed. 
Late  autumn.  Shoots  greenish,  slender,  erect,  and  diverging; 
leaves  small.  Productive.  French.  Fig.  675. 

Berkmans.  Medium,  turbinate,  or  short  pyriform ;  yellowish, 
rough,  russeted ;  stalk  fleshy,  oblique,  basin  shallow,  furrowed; 
buttery  and  melting,  rich,  and  perfumed.  November,  December. 

B.  S.  Fox.  Large,  obtuse  obovate,  russet  yellow  ;  flesh  fine-grained, 
very  juicy,  vinous.  A  Fox  seedling  from  California.  Very  good. 


FIG.  709. 
Belle  Lucrative. 


FIG.  710. 
Edmonds. 


FIG.  711. 
Anjou. 


FIG.  712. 
Buffum. 


Navey.  Rather  large,  roundish  obovate,  obscurely  pyriform  ;  yel- 
low, with  some  russet;  stalk  large,  often  fleshy,  cavity  slight; 
basin  moderate ;  flesh  buttery  and  melting,  rich,  sub-acid,  aro- 
matic, perfumed,  very  good.  October,  November. 

Beymont.  (Beurre  Bieumont.)  Size  medium,  obovate  (BloodgoocU 
shaped)  ;  crimson  russet;  stalk  long,  curved,  calyx  small,  basin 
shallow;  melting,  very  sweet,  rich,  perfumed.  October  to  De- 
cember. 

Bon  Chretien  Fondante,  or  "Melting  Bonchretien."  Size  medium, 
roundish,  slightly  oblong,  rarely  short  obovate,  obtuse ;  surface 
dull  green,  partly  russeted,  numerously  dotted ;  stalk  an  inch 
long,  moderately  or  slightly  sunk ;  basin  small ;  flesh  yellowish- 
white,  or  yellow  and  rather  gritty,  melting,  very  juicy,  rich,  pleas- 
ant, somewhat  variable.  Ripens  about  mid-autumn  or  later. 
Hardy, vigorous.  Leaves  conspicuously  folded  and  recurved. 

Boussock.*     (Doyenne  Boussock,  Doyenne    Boussock    Nouvelle.) 


THE  PEAR.  527 

Large,  thick  obovate,  sometimes  slightly  pyriform,  slightly  un- 
even;  surface  bright  lemon  yellow  when  ripe,  partly  russeted, 
sometimes  a  slight  reddish  cheek  ;  stalk  stout,  about  an  inch  long, 
varying,  sometimes  fleshy,  often  oblique;  basin  very  shallow, 
even  ;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  very  juicy,  with  a  very  good  flavor. 
Ripens  middle  of  September.  Shoots  diverging,  purplish.  A 
valuable  and  reliable  pear;  requires  early  picking.  Belgium. 
Fig.  669. 

Brown  Beurre.  (Beurre  Gris,  Grey  Beurre,  Beurre  Rouge,  Red 
Beurre,  Beurre  Isambert.)  Large,  often  only  medium,  oblong- 
obovate,  with  a  rounded  taper  to  the  stalk  ;  skin  yellowish-green, 
russeted  ;  stalk  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  rather  oblique, 
thickening  into  the  fruit;  basin  rather  shallow ;  flesh  greenish- 
white,  very  juicy,  melting,  buttery,  with  a  rich  acid  or  vinous 
flavor.  Early  mid-autumn.  Variable  in  quality. 

Buffum.*  Size  medium,  obovate ;  skin  yellow,  with  a  broad,  red- 
dish-brown cheek,  somewhat  russeted ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  stout ;  cavity  and  basin  moderate  or  small ;  flesh  but- 
tery, sweet,  very  good,  slightly  variable.  Shoots  strong,  reddish- 
brown,  very  erect ;  tree  very  productive.  Valuable  for  its  fair  fruit, 
and  fine  bearing  qualities.  Ripens  end  of  September,  but  should 
be  picked  two  weeks  before,  or  it  becomes  mealy.  Origin,  Rhode 
Island.  Fig.  712. 

Cabot.  Size  medium,  round-obovate,  slightly  irregular,  crown  full, 
obtuse ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  set  on  the  pointed  base  without  depres- 
sion ;  surface  rough,  russeted,  bronze  yellow ;  basin  round, 
smooth  ;  flesh  greenish-white,  breaking,  somewhat  melting,  juicy, 
sub-acid,  good.  Early  mid-autumn.  Tree  vigorous,  very  produc- 
tive. Hardy,  reliable.  Origin,  Salem,  Mass. 

Capsheaf.  Rather  small,  short  obovate,  wide  at  crown,  somewhat 
conic,  or  with  a  rounded  taper  to  the  stalk  ;  surface  deep  yellow, 
mostly  russeted ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  stout,  slightly  sunk;  calyx 
small,  basin  rather  large;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  buttery,  mild, 
sweet,  good,  of  second  quality.  Ripens  mid-autumn.  Shoots 
erect,  stout,  yellowish-brown ;  very  productive.  Rhode  Island. 

Collins.  Size  medium,  obovate,  approaching  turbinate;  greenish- 
yellow  ;  stalk  short,  thick,  oblique,  not  sunk ;  calyx  small,  scarcely 
sunk ;  flesh  juicy  and  melting ;  of  medium  quality.  First  of  Octo- 
ber. Massachusetts. 

Comte  de  Lamy.  Rather  small,  roundish-obovate  (Bloodgood- 
shaped)  ;  yellow,  with  dots  and  thin  russet ;  stalk  an  inch  long, 
set  under  a  lip,  scarcely  sunk  ;  basin  shallow;  juicy,  melting,  re- 
freshing, agreeable.  October.  Shoots  reddish,  erect. 

Gushing.  Medium  or  rather  large,  obovate,  or  Doyenne  form  ;  sur* 
face  light  greenish-yellow,  rarely  a  dull  red  cheek  ;  stalk  an  inch 
long,  cavity  abrupt;  basin  rather  shallow;  flesh  fine-grained, 
buttery,  melting,  with  a  fine  flavor,  nearly  first-rate.  Ripens  in 
the  early  part  of  autumn.  Shoots  spreading.  Very  productive. 
Origin,  Hingham,  Mass.  Fig.  670. 

Dallas.  Size  medium,  obovate,  slightly  conic-pyriform  ;  dull  yel- 
low, often  much  russeted;  stalk  an  inch  long,  not  sunk;  basin 


528  THE  PEAR. 

round,  slightly  wrinkled;  segments  of  the  calyx  rounded,  stiff, 
flesh  fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  good.  Ripens  late  autumn. 
Connecticut. 

Delices  d'Hardenpont  of  Angers.  Medium,  obovate-turbinate, 
sometimes  conic,  approaching  pyriform ;  greenish-yellow,  with 
some  russet ;  stalk  short,  thick,  fleshy  at  insertion  ;  cavity  little  or 
none ;  calyx  and  basin  small ;  flesh  slightly  coarse,  juicy,  rich, 
perfumed.  October,  November. 

Defais.  Size  medium,  obovate,  or  short  Doyenne  form,  sometimes 
obscurely  pyriform  ;  waxen  yellow,  with  a  bright  red  cheek  ;  stalk 
curved,  cavity  broad  and  deep  ;  calyx  large,  basin  broad  and  deep  ; 
buttery  and  melting,  sweet,  rich,  perfumed.  October,  November. 
Fig.  671. 

Dillen.  Large,  oblong-pyramidal,  pyriform  ;  fine  yellow,  russeted, 
dotted  ;  stalk  short,  thick,  fleshy  ;  calyx  rarely  open  ;  basin  mod- 
erate ;  flesh  juicy,  buttery,  sweet,  and  rich.  November,  keeping 
into  December. 

Downing.  Medium,  roundish-ovate;  green,  becoming  yellow, 
thickly  dotted  ;  stalk  short,  obliquely  set ;  basin  small ;  flesh  a 
little  coarse,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  vinous.  September. 

Duchesse  Helene.  Large,  obovate,  somewhat  pyriform,  oblique ; 
green,  becoming  yellow,  slightly  russeted,  rough;  stalk  short, 
under  a  lip  ;  basin  narrow  ;  buttery,  melting,  rich,  vinous,  slightly 
astringent.  October,  November.  Belgian.  New. 

Dumortier.  Medium,  roundish  obovate;  dull  yellow,  somewhat 
russeted ;  stalk  long,  slender,  not  sunk ;  calyx  and  basin  small ; 
flesh  greenish-white,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  aromatic,  perfumed. 
Sepember. — quickly  decays.  Belgian. 

Dundas.  Size  medium,  short  turbinate,  sometimes  obovate,  base 
flattened  ;  skin  yellow,  with  a  brilliant  blush  ;  stalk  an  inch  long, 
stout,  not  sunk ;  calyx  small,  basin  wide,  deep,  and  even  ;  flesh 
half  buttery,  tender,  melting,  rich,  perfumed.  Mid-autumn.  A 
handsome  Belgian  variety.  Fig.  680. 

Dunmore.  Large,  oblong-obovate ;  surface  greenish,  with  dots  of 
brownish-red  russet ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  stout,  fleshy 
at  insertion,  scarcely  sunk  in  the  obtuse  and  rounded  base  ;  calyx 
small,  deep  set ;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  rich,  often  acid,  sometimes 
astringent.  Early  autumn.  English. 

Edmonds.  Medium  to  large,  obovate ;  surface  irregular ;  stalk  long, 
stout  and  fleshy  toward  the  base,  set  in  a  moderate,  knobby 
cavity  ;  basin  ribbed  or  uneven  ;  flesh  yellowish-white,  very  fine- 
grained, melting,  with  a  sweet,  peculiar,  excellent  flavor.  Sep- 
tember. Shoots  very  stout,  greenish-brown  ;  leaves  thick,  folded, 
recurved.  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Introduced  by  Ellwanger  &  Barry. 
New.  Fig.  710. 

Figue  de  Naples.  (Fig  Pear  of  Naples.)  Medium,  or  rather  large, 
oblong-obovate,  sometimes  slightly  obovate-pyriform,  base  very 
obtuse;  surf  ace  yellowish-brown,  with  a  faint  reddish  cheek  ;  stalk 
an  inch  long,  fleshy  at  insertion ;  basin  broad,  shallow,  smooth  r 


THE  PEAR. 


529 


flesh  buttery,  not  rich,  becoming  dry  unless  kept  from  the  air. 
Ripens  late  autumn.     Hardy  and  productive. 

Flemish  Beauty.*  (Belle  de  Flandres.)  Large,  obovate,  often 
obscurely  tapering  to  the  crown,  very  obtuse ;  surface  slightly 
rough,  with  some  reddish-brown  russet  on  pale  yellow  ground ; 
stalk  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  rather  slender ;  cavity  round, 
deep,  narrow,  often  acuminate,  rim  obtusely  rounded ;  basin 
small,  round  ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  often  with  a  very  rich,  sweet, 
and  excellent  flavor,  but  variable,  and  sometimes  not  high- 
flavored ;  needs  house-ripening.  Early  fall.  Shoots  dark  brown, 
diverging,  and  ascending;  growth  vigorous.  The  fruit  often 
cracks  badly  unless  the  trees  are  sprayed.  Belgium.  Fig.  715. 

FIG.  713.— Washington.    FIG.  714.— Laure  de  Glymes. 


FlG.  715.— Flemish  Beauty.         FIG.  716.— Howell.         FIG.  717.— Gray  Doyenne!. 

Fondante  Malines.  Medium,  roundish-obovate;  greenish,  netted 
with  russet,  becoming  rich  yellow  when  ripe  ;  stalk  stout,  long, 
curved,  scarcely  sunk ;  calyx  small,  closed  ;  flesh  buttery,  melt- 
ing, sweet,  perfumed.  Late  autumn. 

Frederick  Clapp.  Medium  large,  round-obovate ;  clear  lemon 
yellow ;  flesh  fine  grained,  melting,  sprightly,  rich,  aromatic, 
very  good.  Mid-season.  Excellent  for  dessert  or  market.  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Golden  Beurre  of  Bilboa.  (Bilboa,  Hooper's  Bilboa.)  Rather 
large,  obovate,  slightly  pyriform,  rather  obtuse,  very  regular; 
surface  smooth,  fair,  fine  yellow,  russeted  round  the  stalk  ;  dots 
small,  distinct ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  slightly  sunk; 
calyx  small,  erect,  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  fine  grained,  very  buttery, 
melting,  moderately  rich— sometimes  an  obscure  acid  astringency. 
Ripens  the  first  of  autumn,  and  immediately  follows  the  Bartlett. 
Shoots  yellow,  ascending.  A  native  of  Bilboa,  Spain. 

Gray  Doyenne.*     (Doyenne  Gris,  Gray  Butter  Pear,  Red  Doyenne, 
34 


530  THE  PEAR. 

Doyenne  Rouge,  St.  Michael  Dore.)  Size  medium,  obovate,  of. 
ten  approaching  turbinate  ;  whole  surface  a  handsome,  smooth 
cinnamon  russet ;  stalk  half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long ; 
cavity  quite  narrow  ;  calyx  small,  closed  ;  flesh  with  a  very  fine 
texture,  very  buttery,  melting,  rich,  perfumed,  delicious,  excel- 
lent Middle  of  autumn  to  winter.  Shoots  yellowish  or  grayish 
brown,  ascending.  Fails  by  cracking  in  many  localities.  France. 
Fig.  717. 

Hagerman.  Medium,  or  small,  roundish  ovate;  yellow,  with  a 
brownish-red  cheek  ;  stalk  short,  stout ;  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  juicy, 
melting,  quality  very  good.  September.  Origin,  Long  Island. 

Hanners.  Medium,  oblong-obovale ;  yellowish-green,  becoming 
pale  yellow ;  stalk  stout ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  very  good.  Sep- 
tember. 

Hardy.*  Large,  long  obovate,  sometimes  obscurely  pyriform  ;  skin 
greenish,  with  thin  brown  russet ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  cavity  small, 
uneven,  oblique;  basin  shallow;  buttery,  somewhat  melting,  rich, 
slightly  sub-acid,  good.  October.  Tree  a  strong  grower,  succeeds 
well  on  quince. 

Heathcot.  (Gore's  Heathcot.)  Medium  size,  obovate,  regular 
(Buffum  form) ,  base  obtuse ;  surface  greenish-yellow,  partly  over- 
spread with  thin  russet ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  rather  stout ;  cavity 
moderate  or  small;  calyx  partly  closed;  'oasin  small;  flesh  fine 
grained,  buttery,  with  a  rich,  perfumed,  and  excellent  flavor — 
sometimes  hardly  first-rate.  Early  mid-autumn.  Shoots  slender, 
upright,  reddish-brown.  Very  productive  and  profitable.  Origin, 
Waltham,  Mass.  Fig.  672. 

Henkel.  Medium  or  rather  large,  round-obovate,  remotely  pyri- 
form, with  a  very  short  neck,  obtuse ;  surface  yellow,  often  a 
clear  pale  yellow,  sometimes  partly  russeted  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a 
half  long,  slightly  sunk  ;  basin  small,  even  ;  flesh  yellowish-white, 
buttery,  melting,  juicy,  sprightly,  fine,  sometimes  only  second- 
rate.  Shoots  long,  slender,  erect,  yellowish-brown  ;  leaves  small. 
Belgian. 

Henry  IV.  (Ananas,  Henri  Quatre.)  Rather  small,  round-obovate, 
somewhat  turbinate ;  surface  greenish-yellow,  often  somewhat 
russeted,  sometimes  a  dark  reddish-brown  cheek;  ^ stalk  an  inch 
and  a  fourth  long,  slender,  usually  fleshy  at  insertion,  not  sunk  ; 
basin  shallow,  abrupt ;  calyx  closed ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  rich, 
perfumed,  mostly  first-rate  flavor.  Needs  house-ripening.  Early 
in  autumn.  Shoots  diverging  or  spreading,  yellowish-brown. 
Very  productive.  Fig.  679. 

Hericart.  Medium,  obovate,  somewhat  oblong  and  irregular,  yel- 
low, partly  russeted  ;  stalk  slender,  an  inch  or  more  long ;  cavity 
small,  basin  shallow ;  flesh  fine-grained,  buttery,  often  gritty  and 
slightly  astringent,  not  rich,  but  with  a  peculiar  aromatic  flavor. 
End  of  September. 

Howell.*  Rather  large,  wide-obovate,  sometimes  with  a  short  ob- 
scure neck ;  light  yellow,  frequently  with  a  handsome  cheek,  dots 
minute ;  stalk  rather  long  and  stout,  a  little  fleshy  at  insertion, 
scarcely  sunk ;  calyx  in  a  small,  smooth  basin ;  flesh  white,  melt- 


"  THE  PEAR.  531 

ing,  buttery,  moderately  rich,  aromatic,  somewhat  variable  in 
quality.  Tree  a  strong  grower,  fruit  remarkably  fair,  mid- 
autumn.  Shoots  brown,  strong,  erect,  and  ascending.  New 
Haven,  Conn.  Fig.  716. 

Hull.  Medium  size,  obovate,  rounded  at  base ;  skin  yellowish- 
green,  some  russeted ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  rather 
slender,  not  sunk ;  basin  shallow ;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  slightly 
gritty  at  core,  sweet,  often  fine,  sometimes  poor.  Shoots  yellow, 
diverging,  somewhat  irregular.  Origin,  Swansea,  Mass.  A  great 
bearer. 

Jalousie  de  Fontenay  Vendee.  (Fontenay  Jalousie.)  Size  me- 
dium, conic-turbinate,  approaching  thick-pyriform  ;  surface  a  pale 
dull  yellowish-green,  more  or  less  russeted,  often  a  faint  red 
cheek  ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  often  oblique,  not  sunk  ;  calyx  closed, 
stiff;  basin  small,  round;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  mild,  rich,  fine 
flavored.  Ripens  at  mid-autumn.  Shoots  greenish,  rather  erect, 
leaves  long.  ^  French. 

Johonnot.  Rather  small,  roundish-obovate,  sometimes  nearly  round, 
irregular;  skin  pale  greenish-yellow  and  yellowish-brown,  faintly 
russeted  ;  stalk  about  an  inch  long,  thick,  oblique,  fleshy  at  inser- 
tion, not  sunk  ;  basin  round  ;  flesh  rather  coarse,  melting,  buttery, 
rich,  of  fine  flavor.  Early  mid-autumn.  Origin,  Salem,  Mass. 
The  value  of  this  fine  little  pear  is  lessened  by  the  slow  growth 
of  the  tree.  Shoots  reddish,  short,  diverging. 

Jules  Bivort.  Rather  large,  obovate,  or  nearly  Doyenne  form  ;  skin 
yellow,  thickly  dotted,  and  with  much  cinnamon  russet;  stalk 
long,  inclined ;  cavity  broad ;  basin  small ;  flesh  firm,  buttery, 
juicy,  very  rich,  excellent,  perfumed.  November.  Belgian. 

Kingsessing.*  Large,  broad,  obovate,  or  Doyenne  form,  approach- 
ing pyriform  ;  greenish-yellow,  thickly  dotted ;  stalk  medium  or 
long,  curved  ;  cavity  broad,  uneven  ;  calyx  closed  ;  basin  shallow, 
irregular;  flesh  granular,  buttery,  melting,  with  a  sweet,  very 
good  flavor.  September.  Shoots  rather  erect,  greenish ;  leaves 
recurved.  Pennsylvania.  A  tardy  bearer.  Fig.  663. 

Kirtland.  Rather  small,  roundish-obovate;  covered  with  a  rich 
russet,  often  reddened  in  the  sun  ;  stalk  short,  stout,  often  fleshy 
at  insertion  ;  calyx  partly  open,  basin  shallow ;  flesh  buttery,  very 
rich,  perfumed,  somewhat  resembling  its  parent,  the  Seckel. 
Often  rots  at  core,  and  does  not  always  soften  well ;  requires  early 
gathering.  First  of  September.  Ohio. 

Laure  de  Glymes.  Medium  or  large,  turbinate,  or  nearly  Blood- 
good-shaped  ;  whole  surface  nearly  covered  with  russet,  becoming 
rich  orange-yellow  at  maturity ;  stalk  nearly  an  inch  long,  fleshy 
at  base,  not  sunk ;  basin  shallow,  smooth ;  flesh  buttery,  high 
flavored,  perfumed,  very  good.  Middle  of  autumn,  sometimes 
continuing  quite  late.  Belgian. 

Lyon.  Size  medium,  Doyenn6-shaped ;  skin  yellow,  thick,. smooth, 
with  a  blush,  finely  dotted,  russeted  about  the  stalk  ;  stalk  scarcely 
sunk  ;  calyx  nearly  closed  ;  basin  small ;  flesh  coarse,  a  little  gritty 
at  core,  vinous,  very  good.  Resembles  Buffum  in  tree  and  pro- 
ductiveness, but  less  dry  and  two  weeks  earlier.  Newport.  R .  I. 


S32  TH£  PEAR.  • 

Moore.  (Moore's  Pound,  Hosenshenck.)  Large,  obovate  or 
nearly  round  ;  skin  smooth,  green,  becoming  rich  yellow,  with  a 
slight  blush,  thinly  and  minutely  dotted;  stalk  short,  not  sunk; 
basin  small,  wrinkled;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  rich,  vinous.  Ripens 
in  September,  and  keeps  well.  Tree  vigorous,  productive. 

Mount  Vernon.*  (Walker's  Seedling.)  Medium,  obovate,  irregular ; 
dull  brownish  russet,  with  a  red  cheek;  stalk  very  short,  oblique, 
scarcely  sunk ;  basin  shallow,  smooth ;  flesh  greenish-white,  a 
little  coarse,  rich,  vinous,  aromatic.  October,  November.  Rox- 
bury,  Mass. 

Omer  Pacha.  Medium,  turbinate,  smaller  specimens  roundish- 
turbinate ;  skin  green,  partly  russeted  around  the  stalk ;  juicy, 
buttery,  vinous.  First  of  September. 

Oswego  Beurre.  Size  medium,  obtuse  oval-obovate,  regular;  sur- 
face yellowish-green,  with  some  thin  russet;  stalk  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  long,  stout,  deep  set ;  calyx  small,  erect,  or  closed ; 
basin  smooth ;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  with  a  fine,  sprightly  vinous 
flavor  at  first,  becoming  nearly  sweet.  Ripens  from  mid-autumn 
till  winter,  often  cracks  badly.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  very  pro- 
ductive. Origin,  Oswego,  N.  Y. 

Petre*.  Medium  size,  obovate,  sometimes  slightly  obovate-pyriform 
or  truncate-conic,  base  or  stalk  end  wide  or  obtuse ;  surface  pale 
yellow,  often  slightly  russeted,  with  a  reddish-brown  cheek ;  stalk 
about  an  inch  long,  rather  stout,  cavity  obtuse  at  bottom ;  basin 
small,  smooth ;  flesh  fine-grained,  sometimes  slightly  gritty,  but- 
tery, melting,  rich,  sweet,  perfumed,  often  excellent — variable  in 
quality  from  first  to  second  rate.  Ripens  at  mid-autumn.  Growth 
moderate,  shoots  rather  slender,  yellowish. 

Philadelphia.  Large,  roundish-obovate,  broad,  remotely  approach- 
ing Diel  form  ;  skin  yellow,  thickly  dotted,  sometimes  partly  rus- 
seted; stalk  stout,  cavity  abrupt;  basin  broad,  uneven;  flesh 
coarse,  buttery,  melting,  with  a  very  good  flavor,  slightly  per- 
fumed. September. 

Preble.  Large,  oblong,  obovate;  greenish-yellow,  somewhat  rus- 
seted ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  stout,  a  little  sunk ;  flesh  buttery,  melt- 
ing, with  a  rich,  high  flavor.  October,  November.  Maine. 

Raymond.  Medium,  obovate  or  Doyenne-shaped ;  skin  yellow  ;  stalk 
an  inch  long,  scarcely  sunk  ;  basin  shallow ;  flesh  buttery,  melting, 
excellent.  September.  Maine. 

Seckel.*  Small,  obovate,  sometimes  obscurely  conic-pyriform,  reg- 
ular; skin  brownish  green,  becoming  rich  yellowish  brown,  with 
a  deep  brownish-red  cheek ;  stalk  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  cavity  and  basin  small ;  flesh  very  fine-grained,  sweet, 
very  juicy,  melting,  buttery,  the  richest  and  highest  flavored  pear 
known.  Although  of  slow  growth  and  small  size,  like  the  Green 
Gage  among  plums,  it  is  regarded  as  the  standard  of  excellence. 
Its  high  musky  perfume  is  not,  however,  agreeable  to  all.  Early 
mid-autumn.  Shoots  stout,  short,  ascending;  tree  very  hardy. 
Needs  rich  cultivation.  Origin,  near  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  sue* 
ceeds  well  throughout  the  Northern,  Middle,  and  Western  States, 
and  is  remarkably  free  from  the  blight. 


THE  PEAR.  533 

Serrurier.  (Fondante  de  Millot.)  Medium,  conic-obovate,  obtuse  ; 
yellow,  thickly  dotted,  slightly  russeted  ;  stalk  rather  short;  cavity 
small,  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  slightly  granular,  juicy,  melting,  brisk, 
vinous.  September,  October. 

Shepard.  (Shepard's  Seedling.)  Medium  or  large,  obovate,  ribbed 
toward  the  crown;  yellow,  slightly  russeted,  thickly  dotted;  stalk 
an  inch  long,  slightly  sunk  ;  calyx  erect,  basin  ribbed  ,  flesh  very 
melting  and  buttery,  of  a  fine,  agreeable  flavor.  Early  October. 
Dorchester,  Mass. 

St.  Andre.  Size  medium,  obovate-turbinate,  crown  blunted;  skin 
greenish-yellovy,  slightly  dotted  red ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  fleshy  at 
insertion;  basin  shallow  ;  flesh  greenish-white,  fine-grained,  but- 
tery and  melting,  perfumed,  excellent.  September.  Bark  cracks. 

Sterling.  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish-obovate,  sometimes 
obscurely  pyriform  ;  light  yellow,  often  with  a  little  russet,  and  a 
red  cheek ;  stalk  long  and  stout,  inserted  in  a  slight  cavity  by  a 
fleshy  ring;  basin  shallow,  uneven  ;  flesh  rather  coarse,  juicy,  half 
melting,  good.  First  of  September.  The  strong  upright  growth 
and  productiveness  of  the  tree,  and  the  handsome  appearance  of 
the  truit,  render  the  Sterling  a  market  variety,  although  not  stand- 
ing very  high  in  quality.  Origin,  Livingston  County,  N.  Y. 

Superfine.*  Medium,  roundish-obovate  with  a  small,  narrow  neck 
tapering  into  the  stalk ;  greenish-yellow,  somewhat  russeted  and 
sometimes  a  brownish  cheek ;  very  juicy  and  melting,  with  a  rich, 
agreeable,  vinous,  and  sub-acid  flavor.  October.  Tree  vigorous. 
Grows  well  on  quince.  France. 

Surpasse  Virgalieu.  Medium  obovate,  sometimes  roundish-obovate ; 
pale  yellow,  dots  few,  minute  ;  sometimes  faintly  reddened  to  the 
sun  ;  stalk  medium  ;  cavity  moderate,  oblique ;  basin  small ;  flesh 
white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  melting,  high-flavored,  excellent. 

Tea.  Medium,  roundish-obovate,  approaching  pyriform ;  yellow, 
numerously  dotted ;  stalk  rather  stout,  cavity  small,  calyx  half 
closed ;  basin  shallow ;  flesh  white,  juicy,  melting,  vinous,  very 
good.  First  of  September.  Milford,  Conn. 

Thompson.  Medium  in  size,  obovate,  slightly  pyriform  ;  yellow, 
slightly  russeted ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  or  less,  stout ;  calyx  stiff, 
scarcely  cut;  buttery,  melting,  and  fine  flavored.  Late  autumn. 

Van  Assche.  (Van  Assene.)  Rather  large,  broad,  obovate,  slightly 
angular;  crown  obtuse,  sides  rounded;  skin  fair,  smooth,  dull 
yellow;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  slender,  curved,  moder- 
ately sunk  ;  calyx  closed ;  flesh  white,  rather  coarse,  buttery,  melt- 
ing, rich.  Shoots  light  brownish-purple,  diverging;  leaves  con- 
siderably serrated.  Belgian. 

Vermont  Beauty.*  Medium,  obovate,  yellow,  bright  carmine  cheek, 
russeted;  flesh  rich  and  juicy,  sweet,  very  good.  Ripens  after 
Seckel.  Very  hardy.  Vermont. 

Washington.*  Medium  in  size,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  sometimes 
slightly  obtuse-pyriform ;  surface  smooth,  clear  yellow,  hand- 
somely marked  with  conspicuous  red  dots  on  the  sunny  side, 
silghtly  russeted  round  the  stalk,  which  is  an  inch  and  a  fourth 


534  THE  PEAR. 

long,  and  slightly  sunk  ;  calyx  small,  partly  closed,  basin  shallow  ; 
flesh  very  juicy,  melting,  slightly  breaking,  with  a  rich,  unusually 
sweet,  perfumed,  excellent  flavor.  Early  in  autumn.  Growth 
vigorous,  shoots  brown  speckled,  straight,  erect,  and  diverging. 
Fruit  always  fair,  but  varies  in  size  and  form — esteemed  most  by 
those  who  like  a  very  sweet  flavor.  Delaware. 

Westcott.  Size  medium,  roundish-obovate  •  green,  becoming  yel- 
low ;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  good ;  not  worthy  of  extension.  Early 
in  autumn.  Origin,  Cranston,  R.  I. 

Wilbur.  Medium  in  size,  frequently  rather  small ;  obovate,  regular, 
often  obovate- pyriform ;  skin  a  dull  green  and  russet ;  stalk  three- 
fourths  to  one  inch  long,  cavity  very  small ;  calyx  prominent, 
scarcely  sunk ;  flesh  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  pleasant,  often 
slightly  astringent,  varying.  Early  autumn.  Shoots  slender, 
yellowish-brown.  Origin,  Somerset,  Mass. 

Wilkinson.  Size  medium,  obovate,  narrowed  somewhat  toward 
the  crown,  largest  in  the  middle;  skin  smooth,  bright  yellow; 
stalk  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  stout,  scarcely  sunk ;  calyx  stiff, 
short,  basin  shallow;  flesh  white,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  rich,  of 
good  flavor.  Ripens  from  mid-autumn  to  winter.  Shoots  long, 
stout,  upright,  greenish-yellow;  tree  thrifty,  hard,  productive.  A 
good  second-rate  variety.  Often  fails  by  cracking.  Rhode  Island. 

White  Doyenne'.*  (Butter  Pear  of  Pennsylvania,  Virgalieu  of  New 
York,  St.  Michael  of  Boston,  Yellow  Butter,  white  Beurre, 
Doyenne,  Doyenne  Blanc.)  Medium  or  rather  large,  regular 
obovate,  obtuse,  sometimes  remotely  pyriform ;  surface  pale  yel- 
low, often  a  faint  blush  ,  stalk  about  an  inch  long,  scarcely  sunk ; 
calyx  small,  basin  shallow ;  flesh  of  very  fine  texture,  white,  but- 
tery, melting,  rich,  and  excellent.  Middle  to  late  autumn.  Shoots 
ascending,  grayish-yellow;  leaves  folded,  recurved.  It  fails  by 
cracking  in  many  localities,  but  in  portions  of  the  Western  States 
it  is  unsurpassed  in  its  excellent  qualities  of  hardy  growth,  fair 
fruit,  delicious  flavor,  and  great  productiveness.  France. 
North  of  forty-two  degrees  of  latitude,  it  becomes  a  late  autumn 
fruit,  and  may  be  kept  into  winter.  Fig.  719. 


CLASS  III.     ROUNDISH  OR  OBLATE. 

Church.  Size  medium,  roundish  oblate,  with  a  very  short  neck, 
irregular;  yellow,  with  minute  dots ;  stalk  rather  long  and  stout, 
scarcely  sunk  ;  basin  broad  and  shallow,  slightly  furrowed  ;  flesh 
fine,  very  buttery,  melting,  with  a  very  sweet,  rich,  and  excellent 
flavor.  Ripens  through  September.  Tree  vigorous  and  spread- 
ing, uniformly  productive,  and  fruit  unvarying  in  good  quality. 
New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.  Fig.  720. 

Des  Nonnes.  (Beurr6  de  Brignais.)  Size  medium,  roundish- 
turbinate,  obtuse ;  greenish-yellow  becoming  clear  yellow  with 
many  dots,  stalk  long,  rather  slender,  a  little  curved,  slightly 
sunk  ;  calyx  rather  small,  often  closed  in  a  small  wrinkled  basin  ; 
juicy  and  exceedingly  melting  when  at  perfection,  very  sweet, 


THE  PEAR.  535 

perfumed,  with  an  excellent,  delicate  flavor.     Variable,  sometimes 
quite  moderate.  September.     Fig.  722. 

Fulton.  Rather  small  or  nearly  medium;  roundish,  crown  flattened  ; 
whole  surface  a  smooth  gray  russet, becoming  a  dark  cinnamon 
russet ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  slender,  cavity  round, 
rather  narrow;  calyx  long,  deep  cut,  basin  uneven;  flesh  half 
buttery,  melting,  rich,  sprightly,  agreeable,  nearly  or  quite  first- 

FIG.  718. — Robin. 


FIG.  719.  FIG.  720.  FIG.  721.  FIG.  722. 

White  Doyenne.         Church.  Sheldon.  Des  Nonnes. 

rate.  Ripens  middle  and  late  autumn.  Shoots  rather  slender, 
reddish  brown.  '  Tree  very  hardy  and  productive.  Valuable. 
Origin,  Topsham,  Me.  Fig.  684. 

Gansel  Bergamot.  (BrocasBergamot.)  Rather  large,  sometimes 
only  medium  ;  roundish-oblate,  more  or  less  approaching  obovate, 
flattened  most  at  crown  ;  skin  yellowish-brown,  with  a  faint  russet 
brown  blush;  stalk  short,  half  or  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
ends  often  fleshy  ;  cavity  and  basin  smooth  ;  flesh  granular,  melt- 
ing, juicy,  rich,  sweet,  perfumed,  with  a  very  good  flavor.  Ripens 
through  several  of  the  early  weeks  of  autumn.  Shoots  short,  dark 
gray,  spreading  ;  leaves  flat,  mealy.  English.  Fig.  683. 

Goubalt.  Rather  small  or  medium,  roundish-oblate,  with  a  slight 
neck  ;  greenish-yellow  ;  stalk  long,  cavity  small,  calyx  large  ;  basin 
shallow ;  juicy,  not  high-flavored.  September.  Tree  vigorous, 
an  early  and  great  bearer.  Fig.  682. 

Huntington.  Size  medium ,  roundish ,  approaching  obovate  ;  yellow, 
rough,  sometimes  shaded  crimson,  slightly  russeted,  thickly 
dotted  ;  stalk  medium  or  long  ;  cavity  broad,  uneven  ,  basin  mod- 


erate ;   flesh  white,  juicy,  buttery,  and  melting,  sweet,  perfumed, 
excellent.     Last  half  of  September.     Origin,  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 

Idaho.  (Mulkey.)  Large,  nearly  round,  regular;  golden  yellow, 
many  russet  dots ;  cavity  irregular,  rather  deep ;  basin  shallow, 
pointed ;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  very  good. 
Early  autumn.  Idaho.  Fig.  725. 

Merriam.  Rather  large,  roundish,  approaching  oblate  ;  rich  yellow, 
partly  russeted  ;  stem  short,  cavity  small,  calyx  closed  ;  basin 
shallow,  furrowed  ;  flesh  rather  coarse,  juicy,  melting,  perfumed, 
very  good.  Middle  of  autumn.  Popular  at  Boston. 


FIG.  723.  —  Stevens'  Genesee.    FIG.  724.—  Le  Conte.  FIG.  725.—  -Idaho. 


Robin.  Size  above  medium,  round,  nearly  regular,  or  obscurely 
and  obtusely  ribbed  :  skin  pale  yellow,  usually  russeted  about  the 
crown  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  generally  set  in  a  rather 
deep,  smooth  cavity,  sometimes  merely  planted  on  the  surface  ; 
calyx  in  a  smooth  or  scarcely  furrowed  basin  ;  flesh  buttery,  melt- 
ing, with  a  fine,  "very  good"  flavor.  Shoots  brownish-green, 
rather  erect.  Fig.  718. 

Roe's  Bergamotte.  Medium,  oblate,  irregular;  skin  yellow,  red- 
dened to  the  sun  ;  stalk  short,  cavity  narrow,  abrupt;  calyx  small, 
basin  narrow;  flesh  rather  coarse,  sweet,  rich,  perfumed.  Sep- 
tember. Shoots  dark  reddish  brown,  diverging,  leaves  small, 
somewhat  curled.  Newburg,  N.  Y. 

Sheldon.*  Medium  or  large,  roundish,  sometimes  approaching 
broad  obovate  ;  greenish-russet  becoming  cinnamon  brown  ;  stalk 
short,  cavity  narrow  ;  basin  smooth,  rather  deep  ;  flesh  a  little 
coarse,  very  melting,  juicy,  with  a  very  brisk,  vinous,  excellent 


THE  PEAK.  537 

flavor.  October.  Tree  vigorous,  shoots  ascending,  yellowish- 
brown.  It  requires  double  working  on  the  quince.  New  York. 
Fig.  721. 

Stevens'  Genesee.*  Large,  round-obovate,  often  considerably  flat- 
tened;  skin  slightly  rough,  yellow;  stalk  an  inch  long,  stout, 
thickest  at  insertion,  more  or  less  sunk  in  the  base;  calyx  short, 
stiff,  basin  smooth ;  flesh  moderately  fine-grained,  half  buttery, 
slightly  granular,  with  a  rich,  very  good  flavor.  Ripens  the  first 
of  autumn  and  for  some  time  afterward.  Rots  at  core  when  not 
gathered  early.  Shoots  gray,  leaves  narrow.  Origin,  Livingston 
County,  N.  Y.  Fig.  723. 


DIVISION  III.— WINTER  PEARS. 
CLASS  I.     DISTINCT  PYRIFORM. 

Aremburg.  Medium  or  large,  short  pyriform,  sometimes  approach- 
ing conic-obovate,  neck  rather  small;  skin  thick,  greenish-yellow, 
partly  russeted ;  stalk  short  or  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  thick, 
oblique,  thickening  with  flesh  toward  insertion ;  calyx  erect ; 
basin  deep,  narrow;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  rich,  sub-acid,  varia- 
ble. Often  too  astringent.  November  and  December. 

Bachelier  and  Dumas,  described  among  autumn  pears,  pages  516  and 
519,  often  keep  into  winter  and  become  winter  varieties. 

Barry.*  Large,  long  pyriform  ;  skin  orange-yellow,  covered  with 
russet  dots  and  blotches  ;  flesh  juicy,  buttery,  rich,  best.  Resem- 
bles Aujou  in  texture  and  Winter  Nelis  in-  color.  Tree  a  poor 
grower  and  must  be  double  worked.  Late  winter.  One  of  the 
best  winter  varieties,  extensively  grown  in  California  for  Eastern 
markets.  It  has  there  supplanted  Nelis  to  some  extent.  Cali- 
fornia. 

Black  Worcester.  (Iron  Pear,  Black  Pear  of  Worcester.)  Large 
pyriform  (Diel-shaped),  sometimes  approaching  oblong-ovate; 
surface  mostly  covered  with  dark  rough  russet  on  a  light  green 
surface ;  stalk  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long ;  cavity  none  ; 
calyx  erect,  basin  small ;  flesh  hard,  coarse,  rich,  somewhat  aus- 
tere ;  stews  and  bakes  well.  An  esteemed  culinary  sort,  bearing 
heavy  crops,  and  proving  profitable  for  market.  Late  autumn  till 
midwinter.  Growth  very  crooked  and  straggling.  Fig.  655. 

Catiliac.  Large,  short,  conic-pyriform,  approaching  broad-turbi- 
nate ;  crown  broad,  flattened  ;  yellow,  often  with  a  reddish-brown 
cheek;  stalk  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  stout,  cavity 
small,  wavy;  calyx  short,  erect,  or  spread,  basin  large,  plaited; 
flesh  hard,  but  excellent  for  baking  and  stewing,  becoming  tender, 
and  of  a  light  red  color.  Keeps  through  winter.  French. 

Chaumontel.  (Bezi  de  Chaumontelle.  Winter  Butter.)  Large, 
pyriform,  body  oblong  or  ovate,  neck  short,  obtuse,  often  quite 
obscure,  and  the  form  approaching  obovate  or  oblong — largest  at 
the  middle  ;  skin  a  little  rough,  yellowish  in  the  shade,  with  more 
or  less  brownish-red,  and  rich  deep  red  in  the  sun;  stalk  an  inch 
long,  moderately  sunk;  basin  deep,  uneven,  or  angular;  flesh 


THE  PEAR. 

buttery,   melting,    sugary,  with  a  fine  flavor.     Requires  warm, 

rich  cultivation  to  develop  its  good  qualities,  often  poor.  Shoots 

long,    slender,    dark  brown.     Grows  well  on  the  quince.  Early 
winter.     Old  French. 

Clairgeau.*  Large,  pyramidal-pyriform,  approaching  long  obovate, 
skin  yellow  or  yellowish-brown,  often  with  a  crimson  shade  toward 
the  sun,  and  brown  dots;  stalk  short,  stout,  fleshy,  oblique,  sunk 
little  or  none  ;  basin  shallow,  furrowed  ;  flesh  white,  slightly  gran- 
ular, buttery,  melting,  often  with  a  rich,  very  good  flavor,  but  fre- 
quently poor.  November,  December.  Shoots  reddish-purple, 
short,  erect,  and  ascending  ;  leaves  stiff.  Fig.  727.  France. 

Colmar.  (Colmar  Souverain,  Colmar  Hardenpont.  Colmar  Gris. ) 
Medium  or  rather  large,  distinct  pyriform  ;  skin  yellowish-green, 
becoming  pale  yellow,  often  lightly  sprinkled  with  russet;  stalk 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  cavity  obtuse  or  none,  calyx  erect, 
basin  moderate;  flesh  fine-grained,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  and 
when  well  grown  and  ripened  of  excellent,  first-rate  flavor — but  if 


PlG.  726.  — Glout  Morceau.     FIG.  727.— Clairgeau.       FIG.  728.— Colmar. 

small  and  badly  matured  or  overloaded  trees,  the  quality  is  worth- 
less.  The  tree  overbears,  and  the  fruit  needs  thorough  thinning. 
Leaves  rather  small,  nearly  flat.  Early  winter.  Belgian.  Fig. 

728. 

Fondante  de  Noel.  (Belle  Apres  Noel.)  Medium  or  rather  small, 
obtuse-pyriform  ;  pale  greenish-yellow,  with  a  red  cheek ;  stalk 
long,  stout,  curved,  oblique;  calyx  closed;  basin  broad,  shallow, 
irregular.  Shoots  greenish  yellow,  growth  resembles  Passe  Col- 
mar; flesh  whitish,  melting,  juicy,  very  good.  A  seeding  of  the 
Passe  Colmar,  ripening  earlier,  and  of  similar  flavor — a  fine  late 
autumn  and  early  winter  sort.  Belgian. 


THE  PEAR.  539 

Glout  Morceau.*  (Gloux  Morceaux,  Beurre  d  flardenpont,  Colmar 
d'Hiver,  Hardenpont  d'Hiver,  Linden  d'Automne.)  Large, 
short,  pyriform,  approaching  obtuse-oval,  neck  very  short  and 
obtuse,  body  large,  and  tapering  somewhat  toward  the  crown  ; 
often  considerably  ribbed  ;  surface  green,  becoming  pale  greenish- 
yellow  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long,  stout,  moderately  sunk  ; 
calyx  large,  basin  distinct,  rather  irregular;  flesh  white,  fine- 
grained, buttery,  melting,  rich,  sweet,  and  of  fine  flavor.  Early 
winter.  Succeeds  best  on  the  quince.  Shoots  spreading,  green- 
ish ;  leaves  wavy  or  wrinkled.  Variable,  sometimes  poor,  best  on 
trees  of  several  years'  bearing ;  excellent  when  fully  grown  and 
well  ripened.  Fig.  726.  Belgium. 

Goubalt.  Rather  large,  roundish-pyriform.  approaching  roundish- 
obovate,  pale  dull  yellow,  russeted  at  stalk  and  calyx  ;  stalk  short, 
thick,  calyx  small,  deeply  sunk;  melting,  juicy,  rich,  aromatic. 
December  to  February.  Shoots  greenish  yellow,  slightly  purple, 
a  slow  grower.  Fig.  682. 

Inconnue  Van  Mons.  Small,  conic-pyriform  (Madeleine-shaped), 
approaching  obovate ;  skin  rough,  green,  becoming  yellowish, 
sprinkled  with  russet;  stalk  rather  long,  curved,  slightly  sunk; 
basin  small ;  flesh  granular,  juicy,  melting,  rich.  Early  winter. 
Fig.  668. 

Jaminette.  (Josephine.)  Medium  or  rather  large,  obovate-pyriform, 
approaching  obovate,  small  specimens  roundish-turbinate,  varying; 
crown  broad;  skin  yellowish-green,  with  some  brownish-russet, 
dots  numerous,  often  confluent ;  stalk  three-fourths  to  an  inch 
long,  thick;  cavity  little  or  none;  calyx  small,  erect,  stiff;  basin 
round,  even,  flesh  juicy,  melting,  buttery,  sweet,  of  good  flavor. 
Late  autumn  and  early  winter.  Shoots  somewhat  reddish-green, 
erect,  diverging.  Origin,  Metz,  in  France.  A  very  strong  grower 
on  the  quince. 

Langelier.*  Size  full  medium,  pyriform  or  Urban iste-shaped ;  pale 
yellow,  slightly  russeted;  stalk  short,  cavity  small;  basin  some- 
what irregular;  flesh  juicy,  buttery,  melting,  with  a  sweet,  rich, 
slightly  vinous  flavor.  Early  winter.  Tree  a  good  grower  on 
pear  and  quince.  A  light  bearer  on  young  trees.  Shoots  greenish, 
often  upright,  irregular;  leaves  broad.  Fig.  665.  England. 

Las  Canas.  Size  medium,  regular  pyriform,  somewhat  conic 
(Tyson-shaped)  ;  neck  tapering  into  the  stalk ;  skin  yellow,  some- 
times sprinkled  with  thin  russet,  rarely  with  russet  blotches,  dots 
small  and  numerous;  stalk  an  inch  long  ;  calyx  slightly  sunk  ;  flesh 
juicy,  often  good.  Fig.  657. 

Lawrence.*  Size  medium,  pyriform,  approaching  obovate,  some- 
what uneven  ;  lemon-yellow  with  numerous  small  dots;  stalk  an 
inch  long,  set  in  a  small  basin,  ribbed  ;  flesh  whitish,  buttery,  with 
a  rich,  aromatic,  very  good  flavor.  December.  Growth  moderate, 
spreading.  Shoots  yellowish -green.  An  early  and  good  bearer, 
and  unexcelled  as  a  valuable  early  winter  sort.  It  ripens  easily, 
and  is  of  uniform  excellence.  Fig.  736.  New  York. 

Lycurgus.  Small,  pyriform,  approaching  obovate,  narrowing  off  to 
the  crown  ;  dark,  dull  green,  rough,  russeted;  stalk  short,  slender, 


54°  THE  PEAR. 

twisted,  not  sunk  ;  calyx  large,  slightly  sunk  ;  flesh  greenish- 
white,  a  little  coarse,  rich,  very  high-flavored.  December.  A 
supposed  seedling  of  the  Seckel. 

McLaughlin.  Large,  pyramidal-pyriform,  often  roundish-obovate 
when  small ;  skin  rough,  partly  russeted,  greenish,  becoming  yel- 
low ;  stalk  short,  oblique,  not  sunk ;  basin  shallow ;  flesh  juicy, 
melting,  sweet,  rich,  perfumed.  Early  winter.  Maine. 

Pater  Noster.  Large  or  medium,  pyriform  approaching  pyramidal, 
somewhat  irregular;  yellow,  often  russeted.  sometimes  with  a  red 
cheek:  stalk  an  inch  long,  fleshy  at  insertion,  scarcely  sunk ;  basin 
narrow  ;  flesh  buttery  and  melting,  fine-grained,  rich,  slightly  sub- 
acid,  often  a  little  astringent.  Early  winter.  Shoots  short, 
greenish-purple,  erect.  Often  ripens  wholly  in  autumn. 

Pound.  (Winter  Bell,  Uvedale's  St.  Germain,  Angora.)  Very 
large,  pyriform,  crown  wide;  skin  yellowish-green,  with  a  brown 
cheek  ;  stalk  two  inches  long,  calyx  crumpled,  basin  narrow  ;  flesh 
solid,  hard,  poor,  stems  reddish  color;  a  good  culinary  pear. 
Tree  strong,  healthy,  productive.  Shoots  stout,  upright,  dark. 
Europe.  Fig.  651. 

Reading.  Rather  large,  pyriform,  regular,  tapering  somewhat  to 
the  crown,  often  ribbed;  thickly  dotted  and  slightly  russeted,  on 
a  greenish-yellow  skin  ;  stalk  long,  curved,  enlarged  at  insertion, 
slightly  sunk  ;  basin  little  or  none  ;  flesh  granular,  rather  melting, 
juicy,  vinous,  pleasant,  good.  January,  and  later.  Shoots  brown- 
ish-olive, rather  erect,  long,  slender.  Pennsylvania. 

St.  Germain.  Large,  long  pyriform,  small  specimens  obovate;  sur- 
face yellowish-green,  faintly  tinged  with  brown  to  the  sun  ;  stalk 
an  inch  long,  oblique ;  basin  small  and  shallow ;  flesh  white, 
slightly  gritty,  juicy,  melting,  sub-acid.  Fails  in  many  localities, 
and  becomes  a  poor  fruit.  Late  autumn  and  early  winter.  Shoots 
slender,  light  olive,  leaves  narrow,  folded,  and  recurved.  The 
striped  St.  Germain  is  a  sub-variety,  differing  only  in  its  faint  yel- 
low stripes. 

Suzette  de  Bevay.  Rather  small,  obovate-pyriform,  inclining  to 
conic  ;  dull  yellow,  dots  minute ;  stalk  long,  curved,  basin  shallow, 
uneven ;  flesh  melting,  vinous,  perfumed.  January  to  March. 
Belgian. 

Vicar  of  Winkfield.*  (Le  Cure.  Monsieur  le  Cur<§,  Clion.)  Quite 
large,  long  pyriform,  with  a  conical  taper  toward  the  crown  ;  skin 
smooth,  pale  yellow,  or  pale  yellowish-green,  with  a  dull  reddish 
cheek ;  stalk  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  slender,  often 
fleshy  at  insertion,  oblique  not  sunk  ;  basin  narrow,  very  shallow  ; 
flesh  greenish  or  yellowish-white,  juicy,  buttery,  with  a  moderate 
flavor — sometimes  slightly  astringent.  Ripens  late  autumn  and 
early  winter,  for  about  two  months.  Growth  spreading  and  irreg- 
ular, or  straggling  ;  shoots  strong,  dark  olive.  Grows  well  on 
quince  stocks.  The  great  and  uniform  productiveness  of  this 
pear,  its  fine  qualities  for  cooking,  and  the  long  period  of  its  con- 
tinuance, render  it  valuable.  France.  Fig.  646. 


THE  PEAR.  541 

Willermoz.  Rather  large,  pyriform,  elongated  toward  the  crown  ; 
skin  rough,  green,  becoming  yellow,  dull  red  to  the  sun  ;  stalk 
one  inch  long,  not  sunk ;  basin  moderate,  rather  distinct ;  flesh 
rather  coarse,  granular,  buttery,  somewhat  acid,  often  astringent 
— variable.  Early  winter.  Shoots  greenish-purple,  diverging; 
leaves  dark  green.  Often  ripens  in  autumn. 

Winter  Nelis.*  (Nelis  d'Hiver,  Bonne  de  Malines.)  Size  rather 
small  or  medium,  roundish-pyriform,  often  obovate,  neck  small 
and  short ;  surface  yellowish-green,  much  russeted  ;  stalk  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  long,  bent;  cavity  narrow;  calyx  stiff,  short;  basin 
shallow,  ribbed ;  flesh  yellowish-white,  fine-grained,  buttery, 
very  melting,  rich,  sweet,  or  slightly  vinous,  perfumed,  aromatic, 
with  an  excellent  flavor.  Early  winter.  Growth  slender,  flexu- 
ous,  and  straggling ;  leaves  narrow,  recurved  ;  petioles  rather  long. 
Origin,  Mechlin,  in  Belgium.  Fig.  737- 


CLASS  II.     OBSCURE  PYRIFORM,  OBOVATE  OR  TURBINATE. 

Alencon.  (Doyenne  d'Hiver  Nouveau,  Doyenne Gris  d'Hiver  Nou- 
veau, St.  Michael  d'Hiver.)  Medium,  obovate,  approaching  pyri- 
form when  large,  skin  rough;  yellow,  with  russet  or  brown  dots; 
stalk  medium,  stout,  moderately  sunk,  basin  deep;  flesh  some- 
what granular,  buttery,  juicy,  rich,  sprightly.  December  to 
April.  Although  not  of  the  highest  flavor,  this  pear  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  and  reliable  of  good-keeping  winter  pears. 

Alexandre  Lambre.  Size  medium,  roundish-obovate ;  yellowish- 
green  marbled  with  red  toward  the  sun;  stalk  stout,  not  sunk; 
basin  shallow  ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  rich,  sometimes  very 
good,  frequently  poor.  November,  December.  Shoots  slender, 
yellowish,  spreading. 

Anjou.*    Commences  ripening  in  autumn.     See  Autumn  Pears. 

Brande's  St.  Germain.  Size  medium,  obovate,  often  considerably 
pyriform,  narrowing  to  both  ends,  smooth  and  regular;  skin  yel- 
lowish-green, thickly  dotted  with  large  russet  specks;  stalk  an 
inch  long,  thick,  obliquely  set;  calyx  small,  stiff,  erect;  basin 
small,  narrow,  often  none ;  flesh  buttery,  melting,  yellow  toward 
the  core,  with  a  pleasant,  slightly  acid,  good,  or  very  good  flavor. 
Early  winter.  English. 

Columbia.*  (Columbian  Virgalieu,  Columbia  Virgouleuse. ) 
Large,  long  obovate,  regular,  handsomely  rounded  or  obtuse, 
largest  nearest  the  middle  ;  surface  pale  green,  becoming  pale  yel- 
low, always  smooth  and  fair ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  rather 
slender;  cavity  narrow,  deep;  calyx  erect,  basin  small;  flesh 
white,  melting,  and  buttery,  of  moderately  rich  flavor.  Ripens 
early  winter.  Growth  upright,  vigorous,  shoots  brownish  yellow. 
The  large,  handsome  fruit,  and  the  great  productiveness  of  the 
tree,  have  rendered  this  variety  popular  and  profitable  for  market, 
although  not  high  in  quality.  It  does  not  appear  to  succeed  so 
well  as  far  north  as  Boston  or  Rochester  as  farther  south.  A 
native  of  Westchester  County,  N.  Y. 


542 


THE  PEAR. 


Coter.  Size  medium,  obovate,  obscurely  pyriform,  nearly  regular  ; 
light  yellowish-green,  brown  in  the  sun,  somewhat  russeted ; 
stalk  an  inch  long,  without  cavity  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  distinct 
and  widely  reflexed ;  basin  round,  moderate  ;  flesh  white,  rather 
coarse,  buttery,  rich,  slightly  perfumed,  very  good.  Late  autumn. 
Belgian. 

Dana's  Hovey.*  Rather  small,  obovate,  slightly  pyriform  ;  rich  yel- 
low, with  some  cinnamon  russet;  stalk  medium,  slightly  sunk, 
basin  shallow ;  flesh  buttery  and  melting,  of  excellent  quality. 
December.  Shoots  stout,  erect.  Massachusetts. 

Easter  Beurre.*  (Doyenne  d'Hiver,  Bergamotte  de  la  Pentacote, 
Beurre  de  la  Pentac&te,  Beurre  de  Paques,  Chaumontel  tres  gros, 
Canning  Seigneur  d'Hiver.)  Large,  obovate,  approaching  oval; 
surface  yellowish-green,  with  some  russet;  often  a  broad,  dull 
reddish  cheek;  stalk  stout,  an  inch  long;  cavity  deep,  sometimes 


PlG.  729. — Josephine  de  Malines. 


FIG.  730.— Sieulle. 


FIG.  731.— Kieffir.     FIG.  732.— Koonce. 


obtuse,  abrupt;  calyx  small,  closed  in  a  moderate  or  rather  shal- 
low, plaited  basin;  flesh  fine-grained,  very  buttery,  melting,  and 
juicy,  and  when  well  grown  and  ripened,  of  excellent  flavor.  It 
does  not  often  mature  well  in  the  Northern  States.  Keeps  through 
winter.  Growth  moderate,  rather  upright,  shoots  reddish-yel- 
low ;  leaves  narrow,  folded,  recurved.  Grows  best  on  the  quince. 
Europe.  Fig.  735. 

Grand  Soleil.  Rather  small,  roundish-obovate,  irregular,  and  vary- 
ing, mostly  covered  with  a  rich  russet ;  calyx  small,  closed  ;  flesh 
yellowish-white,  a  little  cdarse,  buttery,  melting,  aromatic,  very 
rich.  November  and  December.  Belgian. 


THE  PEAR. 


543 


Gris  d'Hiver.*  (Beurre  Gris  d'Hiver  Nouveau,  or  "Gray  Winter 
Beurre.")  Size  medium,  obovate,  or  short  Doyenne-form,  obtuse  ; 
skin  greenish,  considerably  russeted  ;  stalk  thick,  short,  cavity 
moderate,  basin  small  ;  flesh  greenish,  buttery,  melting,  very 
juicy,  rich,  slightly  sub-acid  —  resembling  in  flavor  the  Beurre 
d'Aremberg,  but  rather  richer  and  less  acid.  Early  winter. 
Shoots  purplish-red,  leaves  curled.  French.  Fig.  677. 

Jean  de  Witte.  Size  medium,  flattened,  obovate;  stalk  short, 
slightly  sunk;  basin  small,  calyx  closed;  skin  yellowish  green, 
partly  russeted;  flesh  white,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  rich.  De- 
cember. 

Jones.  (Jones'  Seedling.)  Size  medium  or  small,  Bloodgood- 
shaped,  or  obovate,  remotely  pyriform  ;  surface  rich  yellow  russet  ; 
stalk  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  fourth  in  length,  variable  in  thick- 
ness, fleshy  at  insertion,  not  sunk  ;  basin  shallow;  flesh  yellowish, 
melting,  of  fine  flavor.  Ripens  late  autumn  and  early  winter. 
Shoots  divergingand  ascending.  Origin,  Kingsessing,  near  Phila- 
delphia. Productive  and  valuable.  Fig.  733. 


733.—  Jones'  Seedling.       FIG.  734.—  Gregoire. 


FIG.  735.— Easter  Beurre".    FIG.  736.— Lawrence.    FIG.  737.—  Winter  Nelis. 

Kieffer.  Tree  remarkably  vigorous  and  very  productive ;  fruit 
large  to  very  large,  oval,  narrowing  toward  both  ends  ;  skin  rich 
yellow,  with  a  handsome  red  cheek  in  the  South  ;  flesh  usually 
somewhat  coarse,  juicy,  good  to  poor.  Late  fall  to  late  winter. 
A  cross  between  Bartlett  a.nd  the  Chinese  Sand  Pear.  The 
beauty,  vigor,  and  productiveness  of  this  variety  have  estab- 
lished it  as  the  most  popular  market  variety  of  the  country.  It  is 
excellent  for  canning,  and  is  grown  largely  for  that  purpose. 
Unless  properly  ripened  the  quality  of  the  fresh  fruit  is  low; 
but  if  ripened  slowly  in  a  dark  place  it  develops  a  good  flavor. 


544  THE  PEAR. 

In  some  sections  it  fruits  sparingly  in  large  blocks  unless  another 
variety  is  intermingled.  Wonderfully  popular  with  growers  and 
canners,  but  consumers  are  finding  that  it  generally  lacks  flavor. 
Beautiful  to  look  at  but  insipid.  Fig.  731. 

Lewis.  Size  below  medium,  regular  obovate,  rarely  obscure  pyri- 
form  ;  surface  yellowish-green,  thickly  dotted  with  dull  russet ; 
stalk  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  slender,  scarcely  sunk  ;  calyx  widely 
reflexed,  basin  little  or  none  ;  flesh  greenish-white,  melting,  juicy, 
of  fine,  rich  flavor.  Core  large.  Early  winter.  Growth  vigor- 
ous, branches  becoming  drooping.  Profusely  productive.  Ori- 
gin, Roxbury,  Mass. 

Prince  Germain.  Size  medium,  obovate,  obtuse ;  surface  much 
russeted  on  green,  dull  red  to  the  sun  ;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth 
long,  cavity  small;  calyx  large,  stiff,  slightly  cut,  basin  smooth, 
shallow ;  flesh  yellowish-white,  juicy,  melting,  slightly  vinous, 
with  an  agreeable  and  fine  flavor.  Keeps  well,  ripening  through 
winter.  Origin,  Flushing,  L.  I. 

Vicomte  de  Spoelberch.  (De  Spoelberg,  Delices  Van  Mons.) 
Medium  or  rather  large,  obovate,  somewhat  conic ;  skin  slightly 
rough,  yellow,  with  a  purplish  blotched  cheek  to  the  sun,  very 
slightly  russeted;  stalk  an  inch  and  a  fourth  long,  stout,  curved, 
basin  round,  shallow ;  calyx  erect,  short;  flesh  buttery,  melting, 
rich,  fine.  Needs  high  cultivation  to  develop  its  fine  qualities. 
Early  winter.  Belgian. 

Zephirin  Gregpire.  Medium,  turbinate,  Bloodgood-shaped ;  light 
green  becoming  yellow,  reddened  next  to  the  sun  ;  stalk  one  inch 
long,  fleshy  at  base ;  basin  narrow ;  flesh  white,  buttery,  melting, 
fine-grained,  excellent,  perfumed.  November  to  February. 


CLASS  III.     ROUNDISH  OR  OBLATE. 

Cross.  Medium  in  size,  roundish ;  surface  yellow,  often  with  a  red 
cheek,  and  some  russet ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  very 
thick,  set  shallow  ;  calyx  small,  rather  deeply  sunk ;  flesh  melting, 
juicy,  with  a  rich,  high,  fine  flavor.  Early  winter.  Shoots  rather 
slender,  a  poor  grower— of  little  value.  Massachusetts. 

Josephine  de  Malines.*  Size  medium,  conic-oblate  ;  yellowish  with 
small  dots ;  stalk  very  long,  cavity  slight,  basin  large ;  flesh  of  a 
light  salmon  color  toward  the  centre,  buttery,  of  a  sweet  and 
peculiar  flavor.  The  tree  forms  a  handsome  pyramid  on  quince. 
This  is  one  of  the  best  early  winter  pears,  often  keeping  till  mid- 
winter and  later.  Belgian.  Fig.  729. 

Sieulle.  (Beurre  Sieulle,  Doyenne  Sieulle.)  Medium  in  size, 
roundish-oblate,  often  roundish-obovate,  with  a  very  short,  obscure 
neck,  obtuse;  skin  pale  yellow,  with  a  slight  blush,  and  some- 
times a  brilliant  broad  orange  cheek ;  stalk  thick,  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  long;  cavity  shallow,  rarely  deep;  calyx  slightly  sunk; 
flesh  buttery,  fine-grained,  rich,  of  good,  often  of  excellent  qual- 
ity. Ripens  late  in  autumn,  and  keeps  to  midwinter.  Variable, 
uncertain.  Fig.  730. 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

PLUMS. 

IN  no  branch  of  pomology  has  greater  progress  been  made 
the  past  twenty  years  than  in  the  improvement  and  develop- 
ment of  our  native  plums  and  in  the  introduction  of  foreign 
varieties.  The  bringing  in  of  the  Japanese  plums  marks  an  era 
in  fruit  culture  in  the  United  States. 

The  number  of  new  sorts  of  plums  which  have  been  added 
to  the  list  under  cultivation  makes  it  necessary,  for  their  in- 
telligent selection  and  propagation,  to  amplify  the  classifica- 
tion of  the  varieties  of  this  fruit  from  the  simple  division 
according  to  color,  to  one  more  scientific  and  accurate.  The 
study  and  published  conclusions  of  such  leading  investigators 
as  Bailey,  of  Cornell  University,  Goff,  of  Wisconsin,  Waugh, 
of  Vermont,  Craig,  of  Iowa,  and  Mr.  Berckmans,  of  Augusta, 
Ga. ,  have  made  this  a  comparatively  easy  matter. 

PROPAGATION. 

Seedlings. — As  with  most  fruits,  plums  rarely  come  true  from 
seed,  although  some  varieties  vary  but  little  from  the  parent 
stock. 

The  stones  should  be  selected  from  the  choicest  kinds  and 
treated  in  planting  precisely  as  directed  for  the  peach,  but 
greater  care  must  be  exercised  to  prevent  their  drying,  which 
occurs  much  in  consequence  of  their  smaller  size  and  thinner 
skin.  It  is  better  to  crack  them,  without  which  many  will  not 
vegetate  the  first  year. 

Stocks. — The  stocks  heretofore  used  for  growing  plums  have 
generally  been  seedlings  of  European  type  (especially  the 
Myrobalan  or  cherry  plum),  which  when  the  varieties  of  the 
European  plums  do  well  are  usually  satisfactory,  although 
upon  light  or  unfavorable  soils  they  are  apt  to  produce  feeble 
and  slowly  growing  seedlings.  For  the  Southern  States  the 
peach  stock  is  generally  used,  and  in  the  Northern  States  and 
throughout  the  country  generally  seedlings  of  the  best  of  the 
35  545 


546  PLUMS. 

Americana  group,  in  consequence  of  their  greater  hardiness, 
are  perhaps  most  desirable.  The  Myrobalan  is  extensively 
used  in  the  North.  Marianna  is  used  in  the  South,  since  it 
grows  readily  from  cuttings.  The  best  stock  for  plums  is  a 
confused  subject. 

Grafting  and  Budding. — Crown  grafting  is  recommended  by 
some  experimenters  and  growers.  The  scions  should  be  cut  in 
the  fall,  three  or  four  buds  to  each  (see  pages  30  and  31,  for 
direction  for  keeping  through  the  winter).  Put  in  the  scions 
early  in  the  spring  before  there  are  any  signs  of  the  buds  start- 
ing. 

Budding  must  be  performed  while  the  stocks  are  at  the 
period  of  their  most  vigorous  growth,  provided  sufficiently 
matured  buds  can  be  found,  which  is  usually  soon  after  mid- 
summer. If  deferred,  the  bark  will  not  peel  freely,  and  the 
buds  will  not  adhere. 

CULTIVATION. 

Soil. — The  best  soil,  usually,  is  a  strong,  rich,  clayey  loam. 
On  many  light  soils  the  tree  grows  with  less  vigor,  independ- 
ently of  which  the  crop  is  more  frequently  destroyed  by  the 
curculio,  a  pervious  soil  affording  a  more  ready  place  of 
shelter  for  the  young  insects,  on  their  escape  from  the  fallen 
fruit.  A  few  varieties  are  well  adapted  to  rather  dry  as  well 
as  light  lands.  Applications  of  potash  and  ground  bone,  as 
usual  with  other  fruits,  is  of  advantage  in  increasing  the 
fruitfulness  of  the  plum. 

2 n  planting  orchards,  a  suitable  distance  is  one  rod  apart, 
giving  one  hundred  and  sixty  trees  to  the  acre.  The  ground 
should  be  manured  and  kept  well  cultivated,  as  the  plum, 
especially  when  young,  is  sensitive  to  the  effects  of  the  weeds 
and  grass  of  neglected  culture. 

Impotency. — It  is  well  known  that  some  of  the  native  varie- 
ties are  so  deficient  in  fertile  pollen,  that  they  are  almost  in- 
capable of  fertilizing  themselves.  It  is  therefore  advised  that 
all  plantations  of  them  be  planted  of  two  or  more  varieties, 
alternating  the  rows. 


PLUMS.  547 


CLASSIFICATION. 

With  but  comparatively  few  exceptions  the  varieties  of  plums 
grown  in  gardens,  and  for  commercial  purposes,  may  be  included 
in  five  groups.  As  this  work  aims  to  be  of  a  practical  rather  than 
scientific  character,  these  only  will  be  considered.  They  are 


NATIVE  PLUMS. 

I. 
The  Americana  Group — Prunus  Americana. 

Comprises  a  class  of  hardy,  vigorous  young  trees,  the  wild  forms 
of  which  are  found  growing  throughout  the  Northern  States.  The 
fruits  differ  widely  in  all  their  characteristics. 

II. 

The  Wild  Goose  Group — Prunus  hortulana. 

This  class  has  heretofore  been  included  in  the  Americana,  but  it 
has  recently  been  separated  by  Professor  Bailey  into  an  independ- 
ent group,  and  includes  the  Miner  type. 

III. 

The  Chickasaiv  Group — Prunus  angustifolia. 
It  is  found  growing  wild  in  the  Southern  States. 

IV. 

The  European  Group — Prunus  domestica. 

Most  of  the  finest  plums  which  have  been  cultivated  in  the  United 
States  until  quite  recently  belong  to  this  class.  They  are  all  of 
European  or  Asiatic  origin.  Except  in  certain  localities  they  are 
invaluable.  The  Myrobalan  is  very  closely  allied,  and  is  much 
used  for  stocks. 

V. 

The  Japanese  Plums — Primus  triflora. 

These  fruits  were  imported  into  the  United  States  about  twenty- 
five  years  ago,  and  have  grown  steadily  in  popularity.  They  are 
generally  of  large  size,  brilliantly  colored,  and  variable  in  quality. 
Many  seedlings  and  hybrids  from  this  stock  are  being  introduced. 
They  are  not  all  equally  adapted  for  all  sections  of  the  country. 
Some  are  not  hardy  North,  some  bloom  too  early,  and  others  do  not 
do  so  well  in  the  Southern  States  as  farther  North. 


54*  PLUMS. 

AMERICAN  GROUP— PRUNUS  AMERICANA. 
DIVISION  I.     RED,  PURPLE,  OR  BLUE. 

American  Eagle.  Very  large,  roundish-oblong ;  purplish  red,  cling, 
good.  Early.  Missouri. 

Beach  Plum.  Small,  round ;  dark  purple,  covered  with  bloom ; 
flesh  brittle,  juicy,  sweet,  freestone.  Grows  wild  on  the  sand 
dunes  of  the  coast  from  Maine  to  Virginia.  It  is  a  straggling 
bush,  usually  three  to  five  feet  high.  Com- 
monly gathered  to  preserve.  Ripens  in 
August.  Fruit  of  little  value.  It  is 
Prunus  Maritima.  Fig.  738. 

Beaty.  Large,  round-oblong;  red,  purple; 
flesh  firm,  good,  cling.  Texas. 

Cheney.*  Large  to  very  large,  round- 
oblong  ;  dull  purple  red  ;  skin  thick  ;  flesh 
firm,  sweet,  good,  cling.  Ripens  in  August. 
Wisconsin. 

Chippeway.  Small,  oblong  ;  dark  red  ;  skin 
thick ;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  free. 

Cottrell.  Large,  round-oblong;  red,  skin 
thin  ;  flesh  rich,  good,  cling.  Minnesota.  FIG.  738.— Beach  Plum. 

Deep  Creek.*    Medium,  round-oblong,  flat- 
tened,   sutured ;    dull   purple-red,    glaucous ;   skin    thick ;    flesh 
firm,   very  sweet,  good,  free  ;  stalk  short.     Kansas. 

De  Soto.*  Medium  to  large,  round-oblong,  slight  suture;  red, 
slight  purplish  bloom  ;  skin  thick  ;  flesh  orange  color,  firm,  juicy, 
good,  cling.  Mid-season.  Wisconsin. 

Hawkeye.*  Large,  round-oblong ;  purple-red ;  skin  thick ;  flesh 
firm,  good,  cling.  Mid-season.  Iowa. 

Illinois.  Large,  oblong,  dark  red  ;  skin  thick ;  flesh  firm,  cling. 
Mid-season.  Illinois. 

Itaska.  Medium,  oblong,  purple-red;  skin  thick;  flesh  firm,  cling. 
Tree  dwarf,  strong  grower,  handsome.  Minnesota. 

Lendloff.  Small,  flattened,  oblong  ;  deep  red-mottled  ;  skin  thick  ; 
flesh  firm,  sweet,  good,  nearly  free.  Minnesota. 

Louisa.  Large,  round ;  dark  red ;  thick  skin ;  flesh  firm,  good, 
semi-cling.  Varies  in  appearance  in  different  localities.  Mid- 
season.  Missouri. 

New  Ulm.  Very  large,  round-oblong ;  dark  red  ;  skin  moderately 
thick ;  flesh  firm,  good,  cling.  Late.  Minnesota. 

Peffer.  Medium,  round,  red ;  skin  thick ;  flesh  firm,  good,  cling. 
Mid-season.  Wisconsin. 


PLUMS.  549 

Quaker.*  Large,  round-oblong,  flattened ;  purple-red,  orange 
on  side,  blue  bloom ;  skin  thick,  astringent ;  flesh  firm,  sweet, 
juicy,  semi-cling,  very  good.  Early.  Requires  good  cultivation 
and  thinning. 

Rollingstone.*  Large,  round,  flattened,  truncated  at  ends;  mot- 
tled and  spotted  pink-purple ;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  good,  semi-cling. 
Mid-season.  A  very  popular  Western  plum.  Minnesota. 

Surprise.  Large,  oval,  dark  red,  meaty,  very  good  to  best.  Me- 
dium early.  Bears  well  and  sells  well.  Promising.  Minnesota. 

Weaver.*  Medium,  oblong,  flattened,  dark-red  purple  bloom,  dis- 
tinct suture,  free,  good  canning  plum.  Mid-season.  Iowa. 

Wier.  Large  red,  medium,  round,  red ;  skin  thin ;  flesh  moder- 
atel}T  firm,  good  for  cooking.  Illinois. 

Wyant.*  Medium,  round-oblong;  purplish-red;  skin  thick;  flesh 
firm,  free.  Iowa. 

Yosemite.  Very  large,  round  :  red  purple  ;  skin  thick  ;  flesh  firm, 
cling.  Mid-season. 

DIVISION  II.     GREEN,  WHITE,  OR  YELLOW. 

Forest  Garden.*  Large,  round-oblong ;  orange-yellow,  overlaid 
and  dotted  red ;  skin  medium,  thick ;  flesh  moderately  firm, 
orange  color,  fibrous,  juicy,  good,  cling;  stem  slender,  short. 
Tree  forked  and  inclined  to  split.  Not  good  east  of  Illinois. 
Good  for  home  use.  Mid-season.  Iowa. 

Gaylord.     Large,  round-oblong,  slightly  flattened  ;  orange,  mottled 
red ;   skin   thick ;   flesh  soft,    sweet,    semi- 
cling.     Late.     Iowa. 

Ida.  Medium,  round ;  yellow,  covered  dull 
red  ;  flesh  firm,  salmon  color,  very  sweet, 
free.  Tree  sprawling,  thorny.  Illinois. 

lona.  Large,  oblong ;  dull  yellow  with  red 
cheek  ;  skin  thick  ;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  sweet, 
free.  Mid-season.  Wisconsin. 

Le  Due.  Medium,  round,  flattened  ;  orange, 
spotted  red  ;  skin  thin ;  flesh  soft,  sweet, 
semi-cling.  Mid-season.  Minnesota. 

Mussey.  Large,  round-oblong  ;  yellow,  mot- 
tled red  ;  skin  thick  ;  flesh  firm,  good,  semi- 
cling.  Very  late.  Kansas. 

Ocheeda.     Large,    round ;    yellow    and    red ; 

skin   thin;    flesh    firm,   good,    semi -cling.          FIG.  739.— Wolf. 
Mid-season.     Minnesota. 

Rockford.*     Medium,   oblong-oval,  yellow  overlaid  with  dark  red 
skin  thick,  flesh  meaty,  dryish,  of  very  good  quality.     Iowa. 

Speer.     Medium,  oblong  ;  mottled  orange  and  red  ;  skin  medium, 
thick ;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  semi-cling.     Iowa. 


55* 


PLUMS. 


Stoddard.*  Medium  to  large,  round  ;  skin  thick,  not  bitter,  yellow, 
nearly  covered  with  dark  red  ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  good. 
Quite  similar  to  Hawkeye,  but  earlier  and  a  darker  red.  Valua- 
ble. Iowa. 

Van  Buren.  Medium,  round-oblong,  yellowish-red  ;  skin  thick ; 
flesh  yellowish,  tender,  sweet,  free.  Mid-season.  Iowa. 

Wolf.*  Medium  large,  round  ;  yellow  mottled  red ;  skin  thick ; 
flesh  yellow,  firm,  fibrous,  good,  free.  Mid-season.  Tree  strong 
grower,  prolific.  Good  for  home  and  market.  Iowa.  Fig.  739. 

Yellow  Sweet.  Medium,  round-oblong,  flattened ;  orange  mottled 
pink,  purple  ;  skin  thin,  free.  Minnesota. 


WILD  GOOSE  GROUP— PRUNUS  HORTULANA. 
DIVISION  I.     RED,  PURPLE,  OR  BLUE. 

Forest  Rose.  Large,  round ;  dark  red,  with  slight  bloom ;  cling. 
Tree  vigorous  and  productive.  Missouri. 

Miner.*  (Old  Hickory,  General  Jackson,  William  Dodd,  Chicka- 
saw  Chief,  Hinckley,  Isabel,  Gillett, 
Townsend,  Robinson,  Parsons.)  Large, 
round,  pointed  apex;  dull  purple-red, 
many  minute  yellow-gray  spots ;  skin 
thick,  blue  bloom ;  flesh  pale  amber, 
soft,  juicy,  vinous,  rich,  cling ;  defective 
fertilizer;  fruit  should  not  be  gathered 
until  well  colored.  Late.  Tennessee. 

Prairie  Flower.*  Medium,  roundish, 
slender  stem ;  dark  purple-red,  many 
small  yellow  specks,  slight  bloom  ;  flesh 
yellow  amber,  juicy,  sweet,  cling. 
Mid-season. 

Poole.  (Poole's  Pride.)  Medium,  round- 
oblong  ;  red  with  bloom,  sweet,  good, 
hardy,  prolific. 

Wayland.      Large,    round-oblong ;    light  FIG.  74o.— Wayland. 

red ;    skin    medium    thick   and    shiny. 
Very  late,  good  for  Southern  States.     Kentucky.     Fig.  740. 

Whitaker.*  Medium  to  large,  roundish,  red,  of  good  quality. 
Season  early.  A  seedling  of  Wild  Goose,  originated  by  J.  T. 
Whitaker,  Texas.  One  of  the  best. 

Wild  Goose.*  Medium,  round  ;  bright  light  red  ;  skin  thin,  shiny  ; 
flesh  yellow,  pulpy,  cling,  very  sweet  and  juicy  when  fully  ripe. 
If  left  to  hang  on  the  tree  until  it  drops  off  it  is  too  soft  for  ship- 
ping. It  is  advised  to  pick  them  three  or  four  days  before  ripening 
and  ripen  in  the  house.  Popular  variety,  a  poor  self-fertilizer; 
should  have  other  plum-trees  with  abundance  of  pollen  planted 
near  it.  Tree  like  a  peach,  prolific.  Tennessee. 


PLUM  3.  55* 


DIVISION  II.     GREEN,  WHITE,  OR  YELLOW. 

Garfield.  Medium,  round-oblong;  dark  red,  yellow  specks;  skin 
thick;  stem  one  inch;  flesh  orange-yellow,  juicy,  acid.  Late. 
Ohio. 

Golden  Beauty.*  Medium,  round-ovate,  pointed  at  apex  ;  deep  clear 
yellow  ;  skin  thick ;  flesh  amber,  firm,  sweet,  semi-cling.  Late 
in  blooming  and  in  ripening.  Does  not  ripen  in  the  North.  Tree 
hardy,  vigorous,  productive.  Texas. 

Milton.*  Medium,  globular  to  oblate,  dark  red  ;  stone  ovate  cling  ; 
flesh  firm,  apricot  flavor,  good.  Seedling  of  Wild  Goose.  A 
valuable  variety.  Iowa. 

Missouri  Apricot.  Medium,  round;  deep  yellow;  skin  moderately 
thick  ;  semi-cling. 


CHICKASAW  GROUP— PRUNUS  ANGUSTIFOLIA. 
DIVISION  I.     RED,  PURPLE,  OR  BLUE. 

Brunswick.  Medium,  round,  pointed  apex  ;  dark  red,  white  bloom  ; 
flesh  yellow,  sweet. 

Emerson  Early.  Medium,  round ;  purple  red ;  skin  thin,  cling. 
Very  early.  Texas. 

Hoffman.  Medium,  round,  purple-red.  Mid-.season.  Very  prolific. 
Ripe  in  Northern  Texas  middle  of  July.  Texas.' 

Newman.*  (Warren.)  Medium,  nearly  round;  pink-red,  light 
spots  near  apex.  Only  fair  quality.  Mid-season.  Kentucky. 

Pottawattamie.  Medium,  round  ;  red,  streaked  yellow  ;  stem  long, 
slender  ;  flesh  firm,  very  juicy,  of  fair  quality.  Very  productive. 
Mid-season.  Tennessee, 

Robinson.  Small,  round  ;  red,  many  light  yellow  spots  ;  flesh  am- 
ber, juicy,  cling.  North  Carolina. 

DIVISION  II,     GREEN,  WHITE  OR  YELLOW. 

Priam.  Medium,  round :  yellow,  skin  thin.  Very  productive. 
Texas. 

Wooten.  Large,  round-oblong ;  yellow,  blotched  red.  Ripe  in 
Texas  in  July.  Sure  bearer.  Texas. 

Yellow  Transparent.*  Medium  large,  oblong,  lemod  yellow. 
Early  Texas. 


55* 


PLUMS. 


EUROPEAN  GROUP— PRUNUS  DOMESTICA. 
DIVISION  I.     RED,  PURPLE,  OR  BLUE. 

Archduke.*  Large,  round-oval,  dark  purple ;  flesh  firm,  quality 
good.  Hangs  on  the  tree  a  long  while.  An  excellent  late  market 
sort.  England. 

Blue  Imperatrice.  (Imperatrice.)  Size  medium,  obovate,  nar- 
rowed to  the  base  in  a  somewhat  conic  neck  ;  skin  deep  purple, 
bloom  copious,  blue  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slightly 


FIG.  741.— Bradshaw. 


sunk  ;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rather  firm,  not  juicy,  rich,  sugary ; 
ripening  very  late,  and  hanging  till  nearly  winter. 
The  variety  known  erroneously  as  the  Semiana  or  Blue  Impera- 
trice of  Boston,  and  disseminated  as  such,  differs  from  the  true 
Imperatrice  in  its  shorter  and  smaller  neck,  much  shorter  and  not 
sunk  stalk,  and  more  acid  flavor.  It  is  very  productive,  and  a 
good  very  late  culinary  sort. 

Beauty  of  Naples.  Medium,  round,  sides  uneven;  stem  half-inch; 
purple,  slight  bloom,  many  yellow  specks;  flesh  yellow  amber, 
tender  juicy,  sweet,  semi-cling.  Productive. 


PLUMS. 


553 


Bradshaw.*  Very  large,  obovate,  with  an  obtuse  suture  on  one  side, 
sometimes  with  a  very  slight  neck ;  color  dark  purple,  with  a  light 
blue  bloom ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cavity  narrow ; 
flesh  a  little  coarse,  becoming  light  brownish-purple,  at  first  ad- 
hering but  becoming  nearly  free  from  the  stone  when  fully  ripe ; 
juicy,  good,  slightly  acid.  Tree  vigorous,  shoots  purple,  smooth. 
Last  of  August.  A  popular  market  variety.  Fig.  74*  • 

Brevoort's.  (New  York  Purple.)  Large,  oval,  suture  distinct 
at  base  ;  skin  reddish,  with  a  violet  bloom  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  cavity  deep,  narrow  ;  flesh  soft,  juicy,  sub-acid, 
moderately  rich,  second-rate.  Season  medium.  Shoots  long, 
smooth  ;  tree  productive.  Origin,  New  York. 

Clyman.*  Large  to  very  large,  roundish-oblong,  slightly  flattened  ; 
skin  reddish-purple,  with  a  very  thick  bloom,  very  attractive ; 
flesh,  firm,  dry,  sweet,  free  from  the  pit,  very  good.  A  leading 
early  market  plum  in  California  and  now  finding  favor  else- 
where. California. 

Coe  Late  Red.  (St.  Martin,  Saint  Mar- 
tin Rouge.)  Size  medium,  roundish, 
suture  distinct  on  one  side ;  skin 
light  purplish-red  ;  bloom  thin,  blue ; 
stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
scarcely  sunk  ;  flesh  rather  firm,  crisp, 
rich,  vinous.  Very  late,  productive, 
shoots  downy.  A  valuable  late  plum. 
Fig.  742. 

Columbia.*  (Columbian  Gage.)  Very 
large,  nearly  globular,  on  side  slightly 
larger  ;  skin  brownish-purple,  reddish- 
brown  where  much  shaded,  with  many 
fawn-colored  dots ;  bloom  blue,  copi- 
ous ;  stalk  one  inch  long,  rather  stout ; 
cavity  small ;  flesh  orange,  moder- 
ately juicy,  rich,  rather  coarse,  free 
from  the  small,  compressed  stone,  or 
adhering  at  the  edge ;  flavor  good. 
Fruit  liable  to  rot.  Season  medium,  or  end  of  summer.  Shoots 
downy,  stout,  blunt,  spreading,  leaves  nearly  round.  New  York. 

Corse  Nota  Bene.  Rather  large,  round  ;  surface  pale  lilac-brown, 
often  dull  green  in  the  shade  ;  bloom  light  blue,  copious ;  stalk 
half  an  inch  long,  cavity  round  ;  flesh  greenish,  rather  firm, 
crisp,  rich,  vinous.  Very  late,  very  productive,  shoots  downy. 

Cruger.  (Cruger's,  Cruger's  Seedling.)  Medium,  approaching 
small,  roundish-oval,  suture  obscure  ;  surface  lively  red,  or  bright 
lilac,  with  numerous  yellow  dots,  pale  fawn  color  in  the  shade, 
bloom  thin,  bluish  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  cavity  shallow  ;  flesh 
deep  orange,  moderately  juicy,  mild,  agreeable,"  not  rich,  good. 
Season  medium.  Shoots  downy.  Hardy,  adapted  to  light  soils, 
very  productive.  Origin,  New  York. 

Damson.*  (Common  Damson,  Early  Damson,  Purple  Damson, 
Blue  Damson.)  Small,  oval  (an  inch  long) ,  purple  bloom  thick, 


FIG.  742.— Coe  Late  Red. 


554  PLUMS. 

blue;  melting,  juicy,  sub-acid,  partly  free  from  stone.  Mid- 
season.  Profusely  productive.  The  Damson  makes  good  pre- 
serves. There  are  several  sub-varieties.  Europe. 
The  Sweet  Damson  is  less  acid.  The  Winter  Damson  bears 
enormous  crops,  which  hang  uninjured  till  late  in  autumn.  The 
most  popular  Damson  for  market  is  Shropshire,  which  is  a  little 
larger  than  the  common  blue  Damson.  Fig.  743. 


FIG.  743. — Shropshire  Damson  Plum. 

De  Delice.  Size  medium,  roundish-oval,  with  a  slight  neck ;  skin 
green,  marbled  and  shaded  with  violet,  and  covered  with  a  thin 
bloom  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  rather  stout,  very 
slightly  inserted  ;  flesh  orange-yellow,  juicy,  melting,  with  a  rich, 
sugary,  luscious  flavor,  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.  End  of 
September,  and  lasts  long.  Foreign.  (Downing.) 

De  Montford.  Size  medium,  roundish-oval ;  dull  purple,  streaked 
and  dotted  with  russet ;  stalk  medium,  rather  stout,  not  sunk  ; 
flesh  greenish,  juicy,  sweet,  and  rich — adhering  to  the  stone. 
Last  of  August.  • 

Denniston  Red.  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish-oval,  narrowed 
to  the  stalk  ;  suture  passing  half  round  ;  surface  a  fine  light  red, 
with  fawn-colored  dots  ;  bloom  very  thin  ;  stalk  very  long,  slender, 
little  sunk ;  flesh  amber-colored,  rich,  of  moderate  quality,  free 


PLUMS. 


555 


from  the  small,  oval,  compressed  stone.     Season  medium,  or  last 
of  summer.     Shoots  smooth.     Origin,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Domine.  (German  Prune,  of  some.)  Size  medium,  long-oval, 
suture  very  obscure;  skin  very  dark  purple,  bloom  blue  ;  stalk 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  scarcely  sunk  ;  flesh  juicy,  becom- 
ing dry,  rich,  sweet,  good.  Profusely  productive.  Rather  late. 
Origin,  Kingston,  N.  Y. 

Duane  Purple.*  Very  large,  oblong-oval,  longer  on  one  side, 
slightly  narrowed  toward  the  stalk  ;  skin  reddish  purple,  bloom 
lilac  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slender,  cavity  narrow  ; 
flesh  juicy,  moderately  sweet,  of  moderate  flavor,  adhering  mostly 


FIG.  744.— German  Prune  Plum. 


to  the  stone.  Rather  early,  ripening  last  half  of  August.  Shoots 
very  downy,  leaves  large,  downy  beneath.  Origin,  Duanesburg, 
N.  Y. 

Early  Tours.  (Precoce  de  Tours,  Early  Violet.)  Medium  or 
small ;  deep  purple,  bloom  copious,  blue  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long, 
cavity  narrow  ;  flesh  dull  yellow,  slightly  fibrous,  rather  sweet, 
melting,  good.  Quite  early.  Shoots  downy. 

Fotheringham.  Size  medium,  obovate,  suture  distinct ;  skin  pur- 
ple in  the  sun,  reddish  in  the  shade,  bloom  pale  blue ;  stalk  an 
inch  long;  flesh  pale  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  sprightly,  moder- 
ately rich.  Rather  early.  Shoots  smooth.  English.  Old. 

Frost  Gage.     Rather  small,  round-oval,  suture  distinct  on  one  side, 


556 


PLUMS. 


skin  deep  purple,  bloom  thin ;  stalk  half  to  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  scarcely  sunk ;  flesh  juicy,  sub-acid,  becoming  sweet, 
melting,  of  fine  but  not  of  the  highest  flavor ;  much  subject  to 
black  knot.  Shoots  smooth,  rather  slender  ;  tree  tall,  upright. 

German  Prune.*  (Quetsche.)  Large,  long-oval,  curved  or  swollen 
on  one  side,  with  a  long  tapering  neck  to  the  stalk  ;  suture  dis- 
tinct ;  skin  purple,  with  a  thick  blue  bloom  ,  stalk  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  slender,  slightly  sunk ;  flesh  green,  firm,  sweet, 
pleasant,  not  rich,  free  from  the  very  long,  flat,  slightly  curved 
or  lunate  stone ;  valuable  for  drying  and  preserving.  Rather 
late.  Shoots  smooth.  There  are  several  sub-varieties.  Largely 
grown  for  market,  especially  in  the  East.  Fig.  744.  Germany. 


FIG.  745.— Goliath. 


FlG.  746.— Italian  Prune. 


Giant  Prune.  Very  large,  round  oblate,  reddish  purple ;  flesh 
dark  yellow,  sweet,  good,  freestone.  Season  late.  Promising 
for  culinary  use  and  for  drying.  California. 

Golden  Cherry  (Market  Plum  of  Hoffy)  is  heart-shaped,  yellow, 
speckled  with  scarlet  in  the  sun  ;  productive,  and  slightly  earlier 
than  the  common  cherry  plum. 

Goliath.  Large,  roundish-oblong  or  oval,  enlarged  on  one  side  ; 
skin  deep  red,  approaching  blue  or  purple  ;  bloom  thin,  blue  ; 
stalk  half  or  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cavity  very  deep,  dis- 
tinct ;  flesh  yellowish,  mostly  adhering  to  the  stone,  juicy,  coarse, 
sub-acid.  Season  medium.  Shoots  gray,  very  hairy,  leaves  nar- 
row. Productive.  Bears  early — profitable.  Fig.  745. 


PLUMS.  0  557 

Grand  Duke.*  Very  large,  oval,  dark  purple,  resembling  Brad- 
shaw  ;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  good.  Season  medium  late.  Profitable 
for  market  in  New  York.  Quite  free  from  rot.  Tree  not  a  strong 
grower,  and  should  be  worked  on  Lombard. 

Highlander.  Large,  ovate,  irregular  ;  deep  blue  with  a  brownish 
tinge  ;  stalk  very  short,  slightly  sunk  ;  juicy,  rich,  vinous,  refresh- 
ing, excellent.  End  of  September. 

Howell  Early.  Rather  small,  oval,  slightly  angular,  suture  obso- 
lete ;  skin  light  brown,  often  greenish-yellow  in  the  shade  ;  bloom 
thin,  blue  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slender,  not  sunk ; 
flesh  amber-colored,  juicy,  sweet,  perfumed,  free  from  the  small, 
oval  stone.  First  of  August.  Shoots  slender,  gray,  downy  ;  tree 
productive. 

Hudson  River  Purple  Egg.*  Large,  oval,  reddish-purple;  flesh 
juicy  sweet,  not  rich  but  very  good.  One  of  the  most  vigorous  of 
all  plums,  but  bears  heavily  only  with  age.  Midseason.  Valu- 
able for  market. 

Ickworth  Imperatrice.  Medium  or  rather  large,  obovate  ;  purple, 
with  irregular  streaks  of  fawn  color  ;  stalk  medium  ;  flesh  green- 
ish-yellow, sweet,  juicy,  rich,  mostly  adhering  to  the  rather  small 
stone.  Very  late,  keeping  into  winter,  becoming  dryer  and 
sweeter.  Shoots  smooth.  English. 

Isabella.  Medium  in  size  or  large,  oval,  slightly  narrowed  to  the 
base  ;  skin  dark  dull  red,  dotted  darker  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  a  little  hairy,  cavity  moderate ;  flesh  yellow,  rich, 
juicy,  and  slightly  adhering  to  the  pointed  stone.  Shoots  quite 
downy.  Season  medium.  English. 

Italian  Damask.  Size  medium,  nearly  round,  slightly  flattened  at 
base  ;  suture  distinct,  passing  from  base  to  apex  ;  surface  violet, 
becoming  brown  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  slender,  cavity  small, 
round ;  flesh  yellowish-green,  firm,  sweet,  high-flavored,  very 
free  from  the  oval,  rather  thick  stone.  Season  medium.  Shoots 
smooth. 

Italian  Prune.  (Fellenberg.)  Medium,  oval,  pointed  and  tapering 
at  ends,  suture  small,  distinct ;  dark  purple,  with  dark-blue  bloom  ; 
stalk  an  inch  long,  scarcely  sunk  ;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  juicy, 
sweet,  of  good  quality — freestone.  Last  of  August.  Extensively 
grown  on  the  Pacific  coast  for  prunes,  and  a  profitable  market 
variety  in  the  East.  Can  hang  on  the  tree  several  weeks  after 
ripening.  Fig.  746. 

Judson.  Rather  small,  roundish,  slightly  oval,  base  a  little  flat- 
tened, suture  indistinct;  surface  a  handsome  damask  or  pink, 
slightly  mottled  ;  stalk  one  inch  long,  slender,  cavity  small,  rather 
deep  ;  flesh  juicy,  rich,  vinous,  high-flavored,  free  from  the  rather 
large  stone.  Ripens  first  of  August.  Origin,  Lansingburgh, 
N.  Y. 


558 


PLUMS. 


Kingston.  Large,  long,  irregular  oval,  pointed  apex;  stem  stout, 
three-fourths  inch,  sutured  ;  nearly  black,  dense  bloom  ;  flesh  pale 
yellow,  firm  flesh,  semi-cling.  A  fine  canner.  Midseason. 


FIG.  747.— Lombard. 


FlG.  748.— Marianna. 


Kirke,  Size  medium,  round,  suture  small;  skin  dark  purple, 
bloom  thin,  blue  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cavity  slight ; 
flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  rich,  free  from  the  flat,  broad  stone. 
Season  medium.  Shoots  smooth.  Resembles  the  Purple  Gage 
externally.  Often  spurious.  English. 

Lincoln.     Large,  oval,  flattened  at  apex  ;  red  purple,  slight  bloom  ; 
flesh  amber,  juicy,  sweet,  free.     Very  prolific. 

Lombard.*  (Bleecker's  Scarlet.)  Size  medium,  sometimes  rather 
large,  round-oval,  slightly  flattened  at  ends,  suture  obscure;  skin 
violet-red  ;  stalk  very  slender,  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  cavity  broad ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  pleasant,  not  rich,  but  of 
fine  quality.  Season  medium.  Hardy,  very  prolific,  well  adapted 
to  light  soils.  Shoots  quite  smooth  or  glossy,  bright  purple. 
Origin,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

This  is  a  strongly  fixed  variety,  and  has  in  many  instances  pro- 
duced seedlings  very  closely  resembling  itself.  Largely  grown 
for  market,  but  rots  badly.  Valuable  as  a  stock  for  poor  growing 
varieties.  Fig.  747. 

Manning.  (Large  Long  Blue,  Manning's  Long  Blue  Prune.) 
Large,  long,  oval,  slightly  one-sided,  suture  obscure  ;  stalk  very 
long,  slender,  scarcely  sunk  ;  skin  dark  purple,  bloom  thick,  blue  ; 
flesh  firm,  rather  juicy,  nearly  free  from  the  long,  pointed  stone. 
Rather  late,  ripens  gradually.  Shoots  smooth.  Tree  very  pro- 
ductive. 


Marianna.     Medium,  round-oblong  ;  red,  yellow  specks,  fine  bloom  ; 
flesh  soft,  juicy,  sweet,  semi-cling.     Not  especially  valuable  for 


PLUMS. 


559 


the  fruit ;  the  facility,  however,  with  which  this  plum  may  be 
propagated  from  cuttings,  and  the  readiness  with  which  union 
takes  place  in  grafting  upon  it,  have  made  it  a  most  common 
stock.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a  variety  of  the  European  Prunus 
cerasifera.  Originated  in  Texas.  Fig.  748. 

Meigs.  Large,  roundish-oval,  suture  indistinct ;  dull  reddish-pur- 
ple, with  numerous  gray  dots ;  stalk  long,  slender,  curved, 
slightly  sunk ;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rich,  excellent,  adhering  to 
stone.  End  of  September. 

Morocco.  (Italian  Damask  erroneously,  Early  Morocco,  Black 
Morocco,  Early  Damask,  Black  Damask.)  Size  medium,  round- 
ish, slightly  flattened  at  ends;  suture  on  one  side  only,  shallow; 
skin  dark  purple,  bloom  pale,  thin  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  rather 
stout ;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  adhering  slightly  to  the  stone,  rich, 
rather  acid,  becoming  sweet.  Not  first-rate,  but  valuable  for  its 
earliness,  ripening  ten  days  before  the  Washington.  Shoots, 
downy.  A  moderate  bearer. 

Myrobolan.  (Cherry,  Early  Scarlet. )  Small  (one  inch  in  diameter) , 
round,  remotely  heart-shaped ;  bright  red,  bloom  faint;  stalk 
short  and  slender;  cavity  narrow;  flesh  juicy,  slightly  fibrous, 
soft,  melting,  sub-acid,  not  rich,  adhering  to  the  oval,  pointed 

stone.  Ripens  very  early  or  about 
midsummer,  its  only  value.  Dis- 
tinguished by  its  smooth,  slender 
shoots,  small  bushy  head,  and 
narrow  leaves.  There  are  many 
varieties. 

This  plum  is  considered  to  be  a 
variety  of  the  Prunus  cerasifera. 
It  has  long  been  a  favorite  stock 
for  other  plums,  and  immense 
numbers  have  been  imported  into 
this  country.  As  it  dwarfs  the 
scion,  however,  it  is  not  so  much 
used  as  formerly. 

Nectarine.  Large,  regular,  round- 
ish ;  skin  purple,  bloom  blue ; 
stalk  half  an  inch  long,  stout; 
flesh  dull  greenish-yellow,  often 
tinged  with  red.  rather  coarse, 
rich,  acid,  partly  adhering  to  the 
Shoots  nearly  smooth,  leaves  broad. 


FIG.  749-— Nectarine. 

stone.      Rather    early. 
Fig.  749. 


Orleans.  (Old  Orleans,  Red  Damask,  Monsieur.)  Size  medium 
roundish,  suture  distinct,  slightly  larger  on  one  side ;  skin  dark 
red,  purple  in  the  sun  ;  stalk  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  cavity  wide;  flesh  yellowish,  sweet  mixed  with  acid,  of 
second  quality  in  richness,  pleasant  and  good.  Rather  early. 
Shoots  downy.  There  are  two  or  three  sub-varieties.  England. 

Orleans  Early.     (New  Orleans,  Hampton  Court,  Monsieur  Hatif.) 


56°  PLUMS. 

Size  medium,  round-oval,  suture  shallow,  stalk  half  an  inch  long 
stout,   or   longer  and  slender;    cavity  moderate;    skin  reddish- 
purple,    slightly    marbled;    flesh    yellowish-green,    rather    rich. 
Early  in  August. 
Wilmot's  Orleans  scarcely  differs  from  the  Early  Orleans. 


Flo.  750.— Pond's  Seedling  (English).  FIG.  751.—  Prince  Englebert. 


Peach.*  (Prune  Peche.)  Very  large,  roundish-oblate,  regular, 
flattened  at  ends,  suture  distinct,  shallow  ;  color  varying  from 
salmon  to  light  brownish-red  ;  stalk  very  short,  cavity  narrow, 
shallow  ;  flesh  rather  coarse,  juicy,  sprightly  free  from  the  nearly 
round,  very  flat,  much  furrowed  stone.  Shoots  smooth,  vigorous. 
Quality  not  very  high,  moderate  bearer,  tree  somewhat  tender. 
Matures  about  ten  days  before  the  Washington. 

Pond.*  (Pond's  Seedling,  Hungarian  Prune.)  Very  large,  ovate, 
slightly  tapering  to  stalk  ;  skin  thick,  reddish-violet,  with  numer- 
ous brown  dots,  and  covered  with  a  handsome  bloom  ;  rather 
coarse,  juicy,  moderately  rich.  Middle  of  September.  Tree 
vigorous,  branches  smooth,  grayish.  A  beautiful  showy  fruit. 
England.  Fig.  750. 

Pond's  Seedling,  of  Massachusetts,  a  very  distinct  sort,  is  medium  in 
size,  roundish,  purple ;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  dry,  sweet  with 
acid,  flavor  moderate  or  poor.  Early.  Shoots  downy, 


PLUMS.  561 

Prince  Englebert.  Large,  oblong-oval;  deep  bluish-purple,  with  a 
dense  bloom  ;  stalk  rather  slender,  with  a  fleshy  ring  at  base,  cav- 
ity rather  deep  and  narrow  ;  flesh  juicy,  melting,  with  a  pleasant, 
moderately  rich,  and  very  good  flavor — freestone.  End  of  August. 
Shoots  downy.  Belgian.  Fig.  751. 

Prune  d'Agen,  or  Agen  Date.*  Size  medium,  obovate,  flattened  one 
side  ;  skin  reddish-purple,  bloom  blue  ;  stalk  short;  flesh  greenish - 
yellow,  very  sweet  and  excellent.  Very  late,  profusely  produc- 
tive. Shoots  smooth,  leaves  narrow.  French.  Culinar)T.  Ex- 
tensively grown  for  prunes  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  there  often 
called  the  "  Petite  "  or  French  Prune. 


FIG.  752 — Purple  Favorite. 


FiG.  753.— Purple  Gage. 


Purple  Favorite.  Size  medium,  or  rather  large,  round-obovate ; 
suture  obsolete;  skin  brownish-purple;  bloom  thin,  light  blue; 
stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  scarcely  sunk;  flesh  pale  green- 
ish, juicy,  tender,  melting,  rich,  sweet,  excellent,  free  from  the 
very  small,  roundish  stone.  Season  about  medium,  or  last  week 
of  August.  Shoots  nearly  smooth,  short- jointed,  growth  slow, 
much  resembling  that  of  the  Red  Diaper.  Origin,  Newburgh, 
N.  Y.  Fig.  752. 

Purple  Gage.*  (Reine  Claude  Violette,  Violet  Queen  Claude.) 
Size  medium,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  at  ends,  suture  distinct, 
shallow ;  surface  violet,  bloom  light  blue ;  stalk  an  inch  long, 
cavity  narrow  ;  flesh  rather  firm,  greenish-yellow,  rich,  sugary,  of 
very  high  and  excellent  flavor,  free  from  the  oval,  compressed 
stone.  Ripens  rather  late,  hanging  long,  and  slightly  shrivelling 
on  the  tree.  Shoots  smooth,  resembling  those  of  the  Green  Gage. 
A  spurious  sort  is  often  disseminated.  Fig.  753-  Europe. 

36 


562 


PLUMS. 


Quackenboss.*    Very  large,    oblong-oval ;    deep    purple ;    suture 

tlysunk;  sli   ' 

Mid-season. 


faint,  stalk  short,  slightly  sunk  ;  slightly  coarse,  sprightly,  very 

Popular  for  market  in  New 


good,  partly  freestone. 
York.     New  York. 

Red  Diaper.       (Diapree  Rouge,  Minims,  Imperial  Diadem. )     Large, 
obovate,  somewhat  necked  ;  skin  reddish -purple,  with  a  few  yellow- 
ish specks,  bloom  light  blue  ;   stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long 
slender,  slightly  hairy,  little  sunk;  flesh  pale  green,  juicy,  melting 
rich,   of   fine   flavor,   free   from   the   quite   small   stone.      Seaso? 
medium  or  end  of  summer.     Shoots  nearly  smooth  ;  growth  slow 
Fig.  754- 


FlO.  754.— Red  Diaper. 


FlG.  755.— Red  Gage. 


Red  Gage.  Medium  or  rather  small,  round-ovate ;  brownish-red  ; 
stalk  rather  slender,  cavity  narrow  ;  flesh  greenish-amber,  juicy, 
melting,  rich,  mild,  sweet,  free  from  the  small  stone  ;  flavor  unusu- 
ally pleasant  and  refreshing.  Rather  early.  Shoots  dark  reddish, 
smooth  ;  leaves  of  the  young  trees  deep  green,  crimpled.  Origin, 
Flushing,  L.  I.  Fig.  755- 

Red  Magnum  Bpnum.  (Purple  Egg,  Red  Imperial,  Purple  Magnum 
Bonum,  Imperial  Violet,  Red  Egg.)  Large,  oval,  tapering  to  the 
stalk,  suture  strong,  one  side  swollen  :  surface  deep  red  in  the 
sun,  bloom  thin;  stalk  an  inch  long,  slender,  cavity  narrow;  flesh 
greenish,  coarse,  firm,  sub-acid  ;  valuable  only  for  cooking.  Sea- 
son medium.  Shoots  smooth.  ,  Some  sub-varieties  are  clingstones. 

Rivers'  Favorite.  Rather  small,  roundish-oval,  with  a  shallow 
suture  ;  nearly  black  with  russet  dots,  bloom  blue  ;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow,  juicy,  excellent.  Very  early,  immediately  succeeding 
Primordian,  and  better  in  quality.  English. 


Royale.    (Royal,  La  Royale. )    Size  medium,  sometimes  rather  large, 


PLUMS.  563 

round,  slightly  narrower  toward  the  base,  or  approaching  obovate ; 
suture  distinct  on  one  side  at  apex;  skin  reddish-purple,  bloom 
very  thick,  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cavity  narrow; 
flesh  dull  yellow,  rather  firm,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  of  excellent 


FIG.  756 — Royale.  FIG.  757.— Early  Royal. 


flavor.     Ripens  first  of  September.     Shoots  very  downy,  growth 
slow,  tree  spreading,  moderately  productive.     French.     Fig.  756. 

Royale   Hative,   or    "Early  Royal."*       (Mirian.)     Size  medium, 
roundish,  slightly  wider  at  base;  skin  light  purple,  stalk  half  an 


PiQ.  758 — Royal  Tours.  FIG.  759.^Schenectady  Catherine. 

inch  long,  stout,  scarcely  sunk ;  flesh  amber  yellow,  with  a  rich, 
high  flavor,  nearly  free  from  the  small,  flattened,  ovate  stone. 


564 


PLUMS. 


Early.     Resembles  Purple  Gage,  but  a  month  earlier, 
very  downy.     French.     Fig.  757. 


Shoots 


Royal  Tours.  (Royale  de  Tours.)  Large,  roundish,  suture  deep, 
half  round,  one  side  swollen;  a  white  depressed  point  at  apex; 
skin  red  in  the  shade,  deep  violet  in  the  sun,  bloom  copious,  blue ; 
stalk  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cavity  narrow ;  flesh 
greenish-white,  rather  firm,  juicy,  rich,  high-flavored,  adhering 
closely  to  the  large,  oval,  flattened  stone.  Quite  early ;  shoots 
quite  downy.  Valuable  for  its  earliness  and  good  quality.  The 
genuine  sort  is  very  rare.  French.  Fig.  758. 


FIG.  760.— Sharp's  Emperor. 


FIG.  761.— Victoria. 


Schenectady.  Size  small  or  nearly  medium,  roundish,  slightly  nar- 
rowed to  the  apex  ;  suture  rather  shallow ;  skin  deep  purple- 
violet  in  the  shade,  slightly  netted  on  the  sunny  side;  stalk 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slender ;  cavity  deep,  narrow  ;  flesh 
greenish-yellow,  melting,  sweet,  rich,  excellent,  next  to  the  Green 
Gage  in  quality,  ripening  last  of  August.  Shoots  rather  slender. 
smooth.  Tree  extremely  hardy,  productive,  arid  reliable.  Fig. 

759- 

This  is  quite  a  distinct  variety,  often  reproducing  itself  from  seed 

not  perceptibly  varying  from  the  parent. 

Sharp's  Emperor.  Quite  large,  roundish-oval ;  skin  a  bright  red, 
paler  in  the  shade,  bloom  delicate ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  pleasant, 
moderately  rich.  Very  productive.  Shoots  strong,  downy,  leaves 
large.  English.  Showy.  One  of  the  best  market  sorts.  Fig.  760. 

Smith.*  (Smith's  Orleans.)  Large,  oval,  slightly  wider  at  base, 
a  little  irregular,  suture  deep  on  one  side  ;  skin  reddish-purple, 


PLUMS. 


565 


becoming  very  dark,  bloom  deep  blue  ;  stalk  small,  slender  ;  cav- 
ity narrow,  deep  ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  slightly  firm,  juicy,  rich. 
Shoots  vigorous,  straight,  glossy  reddish-purple ;  leaves  dark 
green,  crimpled.  Ripens  early.  Productive  in  nearly  all  soils. 
Long  Island. 

Suisse.  (Prune  Suisse,  Swiss  Plum,  Simiana,  Monsieur  Tardif.) 
Medium  or  rather  large,  round,  suture  broad,  shallow;  a  sunk 
point  at  apex;  skin  lively  violet  red,  thickly  dotted,  and  slightly 


FlG.  762.— Wangenheim. 


FIG.  763.— York  State. 


marbled  ;  bloom  blue,  copious ;  stalk  three-fourths  to  an  inch  long, 
cavity  wide  ;  flesh  crackling  and  melting,  flavor  brisk,  rich,  slightly 
sharp,  adhering  to  the  thick,  rough-edged  stone.  Quite  late. 
Shoots  smooth.  Distinct  from  the  "Semiana,"  of  Boston. 

Thomas.  Large,  round-oval,  slightly  irregular,  somewhat  com- 
pressed on  the  suture ;  skin  salmon  color,  with  a  soft  red  cheek 
and  numerous  dots ;  stalk  hairy,  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  stout;  cavity  small,  narrow;  flesh  pale  yellow,  some- 
what coarse,  mild,  pleasant,  free  from  the  very  light-colored  stone. 
Snoots  slightly  downy.  Productive.  Season  medium.  Origin, 
Boston. 

Tragedy.*  (Prune  Tragedy.)  Medium  to  large,  oval,  dark  pur- 
ple ;  flesh  yellowish-green,  free,  sweet,  very  good.  Season  early. 
Highly  valued  in  the  West  for  early  market.  California. 

Victoria.  Large,  obovate,  suture  distinct ;  color  a  fine  light  red- 
dish-purple ;  stem  half  an  inch  long,  cavity  rather  deep  and  narrow  ; 
flesh  yellow,  pleasant — clingstone.  It  has  been  long  known  in 
some  parts  of  England— stands  next  to  Pond's  Seedling  in  size, 


566 


PLUM 3. 


beauty,  and  productiveness.     A  great  grower,  irregular.     Distinct 
from  and  better  than  Sharp's  Emperor.     Fig.  761. 

Wangenheim.*  Medium,  oval,  suture  shallow  but  distinct,  dark 
blue,  stem  short,  set  without  depression ;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
juicy,  firm,  sweet,  rich,  "very  good,"  partly  free  from  the  rather 
large  stone.  German,  a  sort  of  prune.  Growth  erect,  moderately 
vigorous,  tree  very  productive.  One  of  the  best  of  its  class.  Fig. 
762. 

Wax.  Large,  slightly  oval ;  rich  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red 
Abloom  lilac ;  stalk  long ;  flesh  greenish -yellow,  juicy,  sprightly, 
freestone.  October.  Albany,  N.  Y. 

York  State  Prune.  Large,  oval,  sutured  at  apex,  dark  blue,  light 
bloom,  firm,  juicy,  free.  Vigorous,  productive;  a  good  market 
plum.  New  York.  Fig.  763. 

DIVISION  III.     GREEN,  WHITE  OR  YELLOW. 

Albany  Beauty.  (Denniston's  Albany  Beauty.)  Size  medium  or 
rather  small,  roundish-oval,  with  a  slight  neck  at  base,  suture 
obscure;  surface  pale  whitish-green,  purple  dots  numerous,  bloom 
thin;  stalk  an  inch  or  more  long,  slender,  scarcely  sunk;  flesh 
yellow,  moderately  juicy,  rich, 
sweet,  free  from  the  small,  pointed 
stone.  Ripens  the  last  week  in 
August.  Shoots  lightly  downy. 
Origin,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Apricot.  (French  Apricot.)  Size 
medium  or  rather  large,  roundish, 
suture  deep  ;  stalk  scarcely  half  an 
inch  long;  surface  yellow,  dotted 
and  tinged  with  red  in  the  sun ; 
bloom  white;  flesh  yellow  rather 
firm,  slightly  bitter,  becoming, 
when  ripe,  melting,  juicy,  and 
pleasant.  Rather  early.  Shoots 
quite  downy. 

The  English  Apricot  plurn  is  a 
third-rate,  clingstone,  oval  fruit, 
with  smooth  shoots. 

Autumn  Gage.  (Roe's  Autumn 
Gage.)  Size  medium,  ovate, 
slightly  conical ;  stalk  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  long,  not  sunk;  sur- 
face pale  yellow,  bloom  thin, 
whitish  ;  flesh  greenish  -  yellow, 
juicy,  sweet,  delicate,  pleasant,  free  from  the  long,  pointed,  com- 
pressed stone.  Leaves  pointed,  shoots  smooth,  spreading.  Ripens 
rather  late.  Growth  very  slow.  Very  productive.  Origin,  New- 
burgh,  N.  Y. 

Bleecker's  Gage.  Size  medium ;  roundish-oval,  regular,  suture 
obscure ;  stalk  an  inch  long,  rather  stout,  downy,  slightly  sunk ; 


FIG  764.— Bleecker's  Gage. 


PLUMS.  567 

skin  yellow,  with  sunken  white  specks ;  bloom  thin,  white ;  flesh 
yellow,  rich,  sweet,  luscious,  partly  free  irom  the  pointed  stone. 
Ripens  at  the  end  of  summer.  Shoots  downy.  Distinguished 
from  Prince's  Yellow  Gage  by  its  larger  stalk  and  later  maturity. 
Origin,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Fig.  7^4- 

Bingham.  Large  (an  inch  and  three-fourths  long),  oval,  rather 
widest  at  base;  surface  deep  yellow,  with  rich  red  spots  to  the 
sun;  stalk  slightly  sunk;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  rich,  delicious. 
Season  of  ripening  medium,  or  end  of  summer  and  first  of  autumn. 
Shoots  downy.  Handsome,  productive,  and  valuable.  Origin, 
Pennsylvania. 

Duel's  Favorite.  Rather  large,  ovate,  broadest  at  base ;  suture  dis- 
tinct half  round ;  stalk  two-thirds  of  an  inch  long,  rather  stout, 
little  sunk ;  surface  pale  green,  thickly  sprinkled  with  lighter  dots, 
base  with  reddish  specks  ;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rather  firm,  juicy, 
rich,  high-flavored,  adhering  to  the  long  pointed  stone.  Ripens 
at  the  close  of  summer.  Shoots  smooth,  reddish.  Origin ,  Albany, 
N.  Y. 

Coe's  Golden  Drop.*  Very  large  (often  more  than  two  inches  long) , 
oval,  suture  distinct,  one  side  more  enlarged,  necked  ;  light  yellow, 
often  dotted  red  to  the  sun ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
rather  stiff;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  firm,  rich,  sweet,  not  fine- 
grained, closely  adhering  to  the  pointed  stone.  Quite  late,  does 
not  always  ripen  at  the  North — requires  a  long  season.  An  excel- 
lent late  sort,  of  English  origin.  Shoots  smooth,  rather  glossy. 
Extensively  grown  on  the  Pacific  coast  as  the  "Silver  Prune." 

Dana's  Yellow  Gage.  Size  medium,  oval ;  pale  yellow,  marbled 
with  darker  green,  bloom  very  thin  ;  flesh  juicy,  lively.  Season 
medium.  Very  productive.  Hardy.  Massachusetts. 

De  Caradeuc.  Medium,  round ;  yellow  with  dark  red  or  brown 
cheek ;  well-marked  suture  ;  skin  thin  ;  flesh  very  juicy,  sweet, 
cling.  Early.  Considered  to  be  a  variety  of  Prunus  cerasifera. 
Originated  in  South  Carolina. 

Denniston's  Superb.  Size  medium,  round,  obscurely  oval,  slightly 
flattened,  suture  distinct;  surface  pale  yellowish  green,  slightly 
dotted  and  clouded  with  purple,  bloom  thin  ;  stalk  rough,  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  moderately  sunk ;  flesh  thick  (stone 
small),  not  juicy,  rich,  vinous,  free  from  the  thick,  roundish  stone. 
Ripens  rather  early,  or  last  fortnight  of  sumner.  Resembles 
Green  Gage,  rather  earlier,  and  not  so  good.  Shoots  downy. 
Very  productive.  Origin,  Albany,  N.  Y.  One  of  the  handsomest 
of  plums. 

Downton  Imperatrice.  Size  medium,  oval,  base  tapered  or  with  a 
neck;  skin  thin,  pale  yellow;  flesh  yellow,  melting,  acid,  becom- 
ing rather  sweet.  Ripens  late,  or  end  of  September.  Shoots 
smooth,  long,  strong,  upright.  For  preserving.  A  cross  of  the 
White  Egg  and  Blue  Imperatrice. 

•Orap  d'Or.  (Yellow  Perdrigon,  Mirabelle  Grosse.)  Rather  small, 
round,  suture  indistinct,  apex  dimpled;  stalk  half  an  inch  long, 
slender ;  surface  golden  yellow,  sometimes  a  few  crimson  dots  to 
the  sun;  flesh  yellow,  sweet,  rich,  often  half  dry,  partly  adhering 


568 


PLUMS. 


to  the  stone;    ripens  a  week  before  the  Green  Gage.     Shoots 
slightly  downy,  growth  slow. 

Drap  d'Or  of  Esperin.  Large,  roundish-oval;  golden  yellow ;  stalk 
short,  stout,  little  sunk;  flesh  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  juicy, 
sweet,  rich— freestone.  Last  of  August. 

Early  Yellow  Prune.  Rather  large,  oval;  j'ellow.  dotted  red ;  stalk 
medium,  slightly  sunk ;  sweet,  juicy,  slightly  melon-flavor—free- 
stone. Middle  of  August.  Great  bearer. 

Fulton.  Medium,  oval  approaching  ovate:  suture  distinct;  bright 
yellow ;  stalk  and  cavity  medium  ;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  with  a  rich, 
high  flavor.  October.  Tree  vigorous,  productive,  fruit  hangs 
long.  Fig.  765- 


PIG.  765.— Fulton. 


PIG.  766 Green  Gage. 


General  Hand.  Very  large,  roundish-oval ;  skin  deep  golden  yellow ; 
stalk  long;  flesh  moderately  juicy,  not  high-flavored—freestone. 
Shoots  nearly  smooth.  Mid-season. 

Green  Gage.*  (Reine  Claude,  Bruyn  Gage. )  Rather  small,  round  ; 
suture  faint;  surface  green,  becoming  yellowish-green,  usually 
with  reddish-brown  dots  and  network  at  base  ;  stalk  half  to  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  scarcely  sunk  ;  flesh  pale  green,  melting, 
juicy,  exceedingly  sweet  and  rich,  and  unequalled  in  flavor. 
Ripens  about  the  middle  of  August.  Shoots  smooth,  buds  with 
large  shoulders,  growth  slow,  and  young  trees  difficult  to  raise  in 
most  localities.  Europe.  Old.  There  are  many  seedlings,  in- 
ferior to  the  original,  and  many  worthless  green  plums  called  by 
this  name.  Grown  for  prunes  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Fig.  766. 

Henry  Clay.  Medium,  oval,  suture  slight,  yellow,  marbled  and 
shaded  red;  stalk  long,  slender,  scarcely  sunk;  juicy,  sweet; 


PLUMS. 


569 


stone  small,  nearly  full.     End  of  August.     A  handsome  and  pro- 
ductive variety.  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Howard's  Favorite.  Large,  necked,  rich  yellow,  dotted  and  shaded 
with  carmine,  bloom  lilac ;  stalk  long,  inserted  in  a  ring ;  flesh 
rather  coarse,  but  very  sugary,  rich,  and  delicious — somewhat  ad- 
herent to  the  stone.  September.  Tree  vigorous,  fruit  hangs  long. 
Albany,  N.  Y. 

Hudson  Gage.  Size  medium;  oval,  suture  obscure,  one  side  slightly 
larger ;  surface  yellow,  clouded  or  streaked  faint  green,  bloom 
thin,  white;  stalk  about  two-thirds  of  an  inch  long,  moderately 


FIG.  767 — Ruling's  Superb. 


FIG.  768 — Imperial  Gage. 


sunk ;  flesh  greenish,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  sprightly,  excellent, 
nearly  free  from  the  small  stone.  Ripens  two  weeks  earlier  than 
Washington,  and  three  weeks  before  Imperial  Gage,  which  it 
partly  resembles.  Origin,  Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Ruling's  Superb.*  Large,  round-ovate,  suture  shallow,  indistinct ; 
stalk  one  inch  long,  stout,  slightly  sunk ;  skin  dull  greenish -yel- 
low ;  bloom  pale,  thin  ;  flesh  rather  firm  ;  flavor  rich,  brisk,  excel- 
lent. Ripens-  latter  part  of  summer.  Shoots  thick,  vigorous, 
downy,  leaves  very  large.  A  moderate  bearer.  Origin,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Fig.  767. 

Imperial  Gage.*  (Flushing  Gage,  Prince's  Imperial  Gage,  White 
Gage,  of  Boston.)  Fruit  rather  large,  oval,  suture  distinct;  stalk 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slightly  hairy,  evenly  sunk  ;  surface 
green,  slightly  tinged  yellow,  with  marbled  green  stripes;  bloom 
copious,  white ;  flesh  greenish,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  of  very  best 
quality,  sometimes  adhering,  but  usually  nearly  free  from  the 


PL  UMS. 


oval,  pointed  stone.  Ripens  first  of  autumn.  Shoots  long,  up- 
right, vigorous,  slightly  down)' ;  leaves  with  a  slight  shade  of 
blue.  Fig.  768.  For  home  use  only. 

Imperial  Ottoman.  Nearly  medium  in  size,  oval,  suture  on  one  side 
halfway  from  base  to  apex ;  somewhat  pellucid ;  surface  pale 
greenish-yellow,  marbled ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
downy,  slender,  curved,  scarcely  sunk ;  surface  dull  yellow, 
clouded  darker,  bloom  thin ;  flesh  very  juicy,  sweet,  excellent, 
scarcely  adhering  to  the  pointed  stone.  Ripens  first  of  August. 
Great  bearer.  Shoots  slightly  downy ;  tree  hardy,  succeeds  well 
as  far  north  as  Maine.  Fig.  769. 


FIG.  ?69 — Imperial  Ottoman. 


FIG.  770.— Jefferson. 


Ives*  Seedling.*  Large,  ovate,  suture  distinct ;  yellow,  mottled  and 
dotted  red.  bloom  thin  ;  stalk  short,  slightly  sunk  ;  flesh  rich  arnber 
color,  juicy,  high  flavored— freestone.  First  of  September. 
Growth  moderate,  buds  prominent.  Massachusetts. 

Jefferson.  Large,  oval,  base  slightly  narrowed,  suture  slight ; 
greenish-yellow,  becoming  golden  yellow,  often  faintly  reddened 
to  the  sun,  bloom  thin,  white;  stalk  an  inch  long,  sunk  little  or 
none ;  flesh  rich  yellow,  moderately  fine  grained,  in  well-ripened 
specimens  orange  ;  very  juicy,  nearly  free  from  the  long,  pointed 
stone  ;  flavor  rich,  luscious,  excellent.  Early.  Origin,  Albany. 
A  very  fine  dessert  plum.  Fig.  770. 

Lawrence  Favorite.  (Lawrence  Gage.)  Large,  roundish,  slightly 
oblong-oval,  obtuse  ;  surface  dull  yellowish-green,  clouded  dark- 
er, bloom  light  bluish-green ;  base,  when  ripe,  with  a  brown- 
ish-red network  and  dots  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  small,  cavity 
narrow  ;  flesh  greenish,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  excellent.  Shoots 


PLUMS. 


571 


short,  rather  upright,  downy  leaves  small,  dark  green.     Rather 
early  or  middle  of  August.     Origin,  Hudson,  N.  Y.     Fig.  771. 

Lucombe's  Nonsuch.  Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish  ;  skin  yel- 
lowish-green with  yellowish-orange,  bloom  whitish  ;  suture  broad  ; 
stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cavity  wide  ;  flesh  rather  firm, 
rich,  sweet,  with  acid.  Fig.  772. 

Madison.  Size  medium,  roundish,  suture  shallow;  rich  yellow, 
dotted  and  shaded  crimson  next  the  sun ;  stalk  short,  stout,  little 
sunk ;  flesh  rich  yellow,  slightly  coarse,  with  a  rich  flavor,  adheres 


FIG.  771-—  Lawrence's  Favorite. 


FIG.  772.— Lucombe's  Nonsuch 


slightly  to  the  stone, 
vigorous,  productive, 
ton's  Superb. 


End  of  September.     Shoots  smooth,  tree 
Albany,  N.  Y.     Closely  resembles  Dennis- 


McLaughlin.*  Rather  large,  roundish-oblate,  much  flattened  at 
ends,  suture  obscure  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  scarcely 
sunk;  skin  thin,  tender,  russet-yellow,  sprinkled  with  thin  red, 
purplish  at  base;  flesh  rather  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  luscious.  Stone 
clings.  Ripens  at  the  end  of  summer.  Growth  vigorous,  leaves 
large,  glossy,  shoots  smooth.  Origin,  Bangor,  Me.  Fig.  773. 

Mirabelle.  Very  large,  obovate,  suture  distinct;  stalk  half  an  inch 
long,  slightly  sunk  -.  surface  a  fine  yellow,  slightly  spotted  with 
red,  bloom  white  ;  flesh  orange,  sprightly,  becoming  dry.  Ripens 
with  the  Green  Gage.  Shoots  downy,  tree  small.  A  small,  beau- 
tiful, second-rate  plum,  very  productive,  and  valued  for  preserving. 
Its  seedlings  are  used  as  stocks  for  dwarf  plums. 

Moldavka.  Medium,  oval,  pointed  apex  ;  light  yellow,  thick  bloom  ; 
flesh  orange,  rich,  semi-cling.  Early.  Russian. 


572 


PLUMS. 


Monroe.*  Full  medium,  roundish-oval ;  greenish-yellow ;  stalk 
rather  long,  slightly  sunk ;  flavor  rich,  and  good.  Mid-season. 
Tree  a  healthy,  strong  grower,  and  great  bearer.  Monroe 
County,  N.  Y. 

Mulberry.  Large,  oval,  tapering,  with  a  neck  to  the  stalk,  suture 
slight;  pale  dull  yellow,  with  a  few  crimson  dots;  bloom  thin; 
stalk  an  inch  long,  slender,  scarcely  sunk  on  the  obtuse  end  of 
the  neck;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rather  coarse,  melting,  rich,  ad- 
hering to  the  large,  oblong,  pointed  stone.  Ripens  the  first  of 
autumn.  Shoots  stout.  Origin,  Albany,  N.  Y. 


FlO.  773. — McLaughlin. 


Flo.  774 — Nelson's  Victory. 


Nelson's  Victory.  Size  medium,  roundish-oval;  brownish-yellow, 
with  some  dull  red ;  stone  small ;  flesh  free,  juicy,  good.  Tree 
vigorous,  great  bearer,  fruit  showy,  fine  for  market.  English. 
Fig,  774- 

Orange.  Very  large,  oval,  flattened  at  ends;  bronze-yellow,  rough, 
marked  with  purplish-red  near  the  base ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  cavity  narrow  ;  rather  coarse,  acid.  End  of  August. 

Parsonage.  Rather  large,  oval,  pale  yellow,  stalk  medium,  slightly 
sunk;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  with  a  rich,  sugary  flavor.  Free  from 
the  stone.  First  of  September,  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  produc- 
tive. New.  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  (Downing. ) 

Peters'  Yellow  Gage.  Large,  nearly  oval,  varying  in  its  form  ;  rich 
yellow,  crimson  dots  next  the  sun  ;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  set  in  a  deep  cavity  on  one  side  of  the  plum  ;  suture  distinct, 
dividing  the  fruit  unequally;  flesh  greenish-yellow,  rich,  sweet, 
very  good.  Fig.  775. 

Precoce  de  Bergthold.  Small,  roundish-oval;  yellow;  juicy,  sweet 
Very  early,  middle  of  July. 


PLUMS. 


573 


Primordian.  (Jaune  Hative  or  Early  Yellow,  White  Primordian.) 
Small,  obovate,  necked;  suture  small;  stalk  slender,  downy,  half 
an  inch  long ;  pale  clear  yellow,  bloom  thin ;  flesh  yellowish, 
moderately  juiey,  with  a  rather  sweet,  mild,  good  flavor ;  very  free 


PIG.  775.— Peters'  Yellow  Gage. 


FIG.  777.— Washington. 


FIG.  778.— White  or  Yellow  Damson. 


from  the  stone.  Middle  of  July.  Shoots  quite  slender,  very 
downy,  growth  slow.  Valuable  only  for  its  extreme  earliness. 
Fig.  776, 


574 


PLUMS. 


Reine  Claude  de  Bavay.*  Round-oval ;  greenish-yellow,  spotted  with 
red,  with  small,  violet-colored,  longitudinal  veins;  flesh  rather 
firm,  juicy,  sugary,  rich,  of  fine  quality,  adhering  slightly  to  the 
stone.  Shoots  smooth  ;  leaves  roundish,  shining— the  growth  re- 
sembling Washington,  but  leaves  smaller  and  shoots  slenderer. 
Very  productive.  Mid-season.  Belgium. 

Schuyler  Gage.  Size  medium,  oval,  suture  moderate;  yellow  with 
green  splashes,  dotted  and  shaded  with  red  next  the  sun;  stalk 
long,  curved,  slightly  sunk;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  excellent. 
Resembling  Green  Gage — free  from  the  stone.  Last  of  September. 
Tree  vigorous,  productive.  Albany,  N.  Y. 

St.  Catherine.  Size  medium,  obovate,  suture  very  distinct,  passing, 
half  round;  skin  pale  yellow,  sometimes  slightly  reddish  to  the 
sun.  bloom  thin,  white;  stalk  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  very 
slender,  slightly  sunk  ;  flesh  juicy,  rather  firm,  rich,  fine.  Ripens 
rather  late.  Shoots  smooth,  rather  slender. 

St.  Martin  Quetsche.  Size  medium,  ovate,  broadest  at  base  ;  sur- 
face pale  yellow,  often  spotted  with  brown,  bloom  white ;  flesh 
yellow,  very  juicy,  rich,  excellent.  Ripens  at  mid-autumn  and 
keeps  long.  Shoots  smooth.  A  profuse  bearer.  A  good  late 
plum.  German.  Too  late  for  the  far  North. 

Washington.*  (Bolmar,  Bolmar's  Washington.)  Large,  often 
very  large,  roundish-oval,  suture  obscure,  distinct  at  base  ;  sur- 
face yellowish-green  faintly  marbled,  often  with  a  pale  red  blush  ; 
stalk  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  slightly  downy ; 
cavity  wide,  shallow,  flesh  rather  firm,  sweet,  mild,  moderately 
rich,  free  from  the  pointed  stone.  Rather  early,  last  half  of 
August.  Shoots  downy,  very  vigorous, 
leaves  very  large.  Often  unproductive. 
Origin,  New  York  city.  Fig.  777. 

White  or  Yellow  Damson.  (Late  Yel- 
low Damson.)  Small  (one  inch  long), 
oval,  pale  yellow,  dotted  with  reddish- 
brown  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  downy, 
not  sunk ;  flesh  rich,  sub-acid,  agree- 
able ;  ripens  very  late,  hanging  long  on 
the  tree.  Shoots  smooth,  growth  free. 
Tree  very  productive.  Fig.  778. 

Yellow  Egg.*  (White  Magnum  Bonum, 
White  Imperial,  White  Egg.)  Very 
large,  oval,  narrow  at  ends,  necked  at 
base,  suture  distinct,  stalk  an  inch 
long,  not  sunk,  surrounded  by  a  fleshy 
ring  at  insertion ;  skin  light  yellow, 
bloom  thin,  white ;  flesh  firm,  coarse, 
acid,  becoming  sweeter  by  ripening,  ad- 
hering closely  to  the  long,  pointed 
.  stone.  Ripens  about  the  end  of  August. 
Very  largely  grown  for  market  and  for  culinary  use. 
T.  Rivers,  of  Sawbridgeworth,  England,  says  the  Yellow  Mag- 
num Bonum  is  an  American  plum  of  extreme  hardiness — good, 


FIG.  779.— Yellow  Gage, 
Princes. 


PLUMS. 


575 


but  not  first-rate — flesh  clings— and  bears  more  freely  than  "our 
old  White  Magnum  Bonum. " 

Yellow  Gage;  English.  (Little  Queen  Claude.)  Small,  round, 
suture  on  one  side  distinct ;  surface  pale  yellowish-green,  becom- 
ing yellow,  with  a  few  reddish  dots,  bloom  dense  ;  stalk  half  an 
mch  long,  slender,  slightly  sunk ;  flesh  very  sweet,  pleasant, 
quite  free  from  the  stone.  Ripens  nearly  with  the  Green  Gage. 
Shoots  long,  smooth.  Of  French  origin. 

Yellow  Gage,  Prince's.*  (American  Yellow  Gage.)  Size  medium  ; 
oval,  slightly  broadest  at  base  ;  suture  a  mere  line  ;  surface  golden 
yellow,  slightly  clouded ;  bloom  white,  copious ;  stalk  an  inch 
long,  cavity  small,  round  ;  flesh  deep  yellow,  rich,  sugary,  melt- 
ing, sometimes  rather  dry.  Ripens  early  in  August.  Shoots 
smooth,  short-jointed,  leaves  glossy,  tree  becoming  spreading. 
Origin,  Flushing,  L.  I.  Fig.  779. 


JAPANESE  GROUP— PRUNUS  TRIFLORA. 
DIVISION  I.     RED,  PURPLE,  OR  BLUE. 

Abundance.*  (Douglas,  Babcock.)  Tree  erect,  strict.  Fruit  me- 
dium to  large,  round-oblong,  with  a  pointed  apex ;  skin  pink- 
coppery-red,  marked  with  many  small  dots ;  flesh  firm,  very 
juicy,  sweet,  cling.  Early,  very  variable,  especially  in  quality  and 
season  of  ripening.  Considered  to  be  the  best  all-round  variety 


FIG.  780.— Abundance  Japanese  Plum. 


576 


PLUMS. 


of  this  group.     The  Chase  is  probably  identical  with  this.     Fig. 
780. 

Berckmans.  Medium,  round-oblong,  tending  to  have  a  blunt 
point ;  skin  deep  bright  red ;  flesh  firm,  dry,  sweet,  becoming 
insipid  when  dead  ripe,  cling.  Mid-season.  Distinguished  from 
all  other  Japanese  plums  by  its  very  dry  flesh.  Some  of  the  trees 
sold  as  Berckmans  are  Abundance,  to  which  it  is  inferior. 

Berger.  (Strawberry  Ura-Beni,  Uchi-Beni,  Honsmomo,  of  some.) 
Tree  spreading ;  fruit  small,  cherry-like,  globular ;  skin  bright 
red ;  flesh  very  meaty,  yellow,  sweet,  very  good,  free.  Fruit 


FIG.  781.— Berger  Japanese  Plum. 


falls  when  ripe.     Midseason.     Handsome  and  of  fine  quality,  but 
too  small  for  market.     Recommended  for  home  use.     Fig.  781. 

Biirbank.*  Tree  flat-topped,  very  spreading,  distinct ;  fruit  medium 
to  large,  round-oblong,  with  a  blunt  apex  ;  skin  orange-yellow, 
dotted  and  marbled  with  red,  deepening  to  a  cheek  ;  flesh  meaty, 
yellow,  sweet,  rich,  cling.  Mid-season  to  late.  Hangs  on  tree 
well.  Admirable  for  canning.  Second  only  to  Abundance  in 
popularity  as  a  market  plum.  Fig.  782. 

Chabat.*  (Bailey,  Yellow  Japan,  Fruruguja,  O-Hatankyo,  Uchi- 
Beni  of  some.)  Tree  a  strong,  upright  grower,  prolific ;  fruit 


PLUMS. 


577 


medium  to  large,  oblong  conic,  with  no  tip ;  skin  deep  yellow 
overlaid  with  light  red  and  many  small  golden  dots  ;  flesh  usually 
firm,  yellow,  sweet,  excellent,  cling.  Mid-season  to  late.  One  of 
the  best  for  any  purpose. 

Earliest  of  All.  (Yosebe,  Wasse  Smomo.)  Fruit  small,  round 
oblong  ;  skin  pink-red  ;  flesh  yellow-soft,  sour,  poor,  cling.  Very 
early.  Fruit  drops  when  ripe.  Its  only  merit  is  earliness. 

Engre.*  Fruit  flattened  at  both  ends;  skin  dark  red ;  flesh  soft, 
yellow,  cling,  sour  but  not  bitter,  fair  to  good.  Handsome,  pro- 
lific. Very  early.  Much  superior  to  Earliest  of  All,  and  ripening 
but  a  few  days  later. 


FIG.  782.— Burbank  Japanese  Plum. 


Hale.  Tree  upright ;  fruit  medium  to  large,  globular,  not  pointed  ; 
skin  yellow,  mottled  and  speckled  with  red,  handsome ;  flesh 
yellow,  soft,  juicy,  good,  cling.  Mid-season.  Sometimes  colors 
poorly  and  drops  prematurely.  California. 

Kelsey.  Tree  an  upright  grower,  with  narrow  leaves ;  fruit  very 
large,  heart-shape,  tapering,  lop-sided,  with  a  deep  suture  ;  skin 
bright  reddish-purple  on  yellow  ground  ;  flesh  yellow,  cling,  very 
good.  Late.  Tender  in  the  North.  Valued  in  California.  The 
first  Japanese  plum  distributed. 

Maru.  Medium,  globular,  with  an  obtuse  point ;  skin  maroon  red  ; 
flesh  yellow,  soft,  sweet;  good,  cling.  Season  of  Abundance 
and  much  inferior  to  that  variety. 

Red  June.*  (Red  Nagate,  Nagate-no-Botankyo.)  Tree  very  vig- 
orous, spreading;  fruit  medium  to  large,  oblong,  heart-shape, 

37 


578  PLUMS. 

with  a  distinct  suture,  often  lopsided ;  skin  uniform  bright  red, 
very  handsome ;  flesh  yellowish-white,  semi-cling,  firm,  juicy, 
good.  One  of  the  best  second  early  varieties  for  market  or  homf 
use.  Fig.  783. 

Satsuma.*  (Blood,  Yonemomo.)  Tree  spreading,  very  prolific 
in  a  mixed  orchard ;  fruit  large,  round-oblong  to  round-conic, 
with  a  short,  blunt  point ;  skin  dark  red,  specked  with  greenish 
dots ;  flesh  very  firm,  blood  red,  cling,  rather  coarse,  good.  Ex- 
cellent for  canning  but  not  desirable  for  eating  out  of  hand. 
Season  late,  and  a  very  long  keeper. 


FIG.  783. — Red  June  Japanese  Plum. 

Simon  or  Prunus  Simoni.  Tree  a  very  strict,  upright  grower,  often 
unproductive  in  the  East ;  fruit  large,  flattened,  apple-shape ; 
skin  deep  red,  sprinkled  with  small  yellow  dots ;  stem  short,  the 
fruit  sticking  closely  to  the  branches ;  flesh  yellow,  cling,  poor. 
Early.  In  the  interior  regions  of  California  it  is  said  to  be  of 
good  quality  and  is  largely  grown  for  market.  Prunus  Simoni  is 
distinct  from  the  Japanese  plums,  Prunus  triflora,  and  is  generally 
considered  to  be  a  good  species.  China. 

Wickson.*  Tree  a  very  upright  grower,  of  Simoni  habit,  a  shy 
bearer  in  many  places ;  fruit  very  large,  long-heart  shape,  taper- 
ing to  the  blunt  apex  ;  skin  deep  maroon  red  ;  flesh  very  firm, 
yellow,  cling,  sub-acid,  rich,  very  good.  Fruit  borne  on  the  old 
wood  only,  not  in  clusters.  Mid-season.  Probably  has  Prunus 
Simoni  blood  in  it.  Originated  by  Burbank,  California.  An  ex- 
cellent shipper,  but  too  often  a  shy  bearer. 

Willard.  Medium,  roundish,  angular;  skin  dark  red;  flesh  firm, 
whitish  free,  of  poor  quality.  Very  early.  Too  poor  to  be  of 
any  value  whatever. 


PLUMS.  579 


DIVISION  II.    YELLOW. 

Georgeson.  (White  Kelsey,  Hattankio  Round.)  Tree  sprawling, 
much  forked  ;  fruit  medium,  round  flattened,  usually  not  pointed  ; 
skin  golden  yellow ;  flesh  firm,  yellow,  cling,  sweet,  slightly 
mawkish,  good.  Mid-season.  Long  keeping.  Trees  sold  as 
Georgeson  bearing  pointed  fruits  are  Kerr. 

Kerr.  (Hattankio  Oblong,  Hattonkin,  of  some,  Georgeson  of 
some.)  Medium,  tapering  to  a  long  point;  skin  orange-yellow; 
flesh  firm,  yellow,  cling,  sweet,  fair  to  good.  Early.  Fruit  falls 
before  fully  ripe. 

Normand.  Medium  to  large,  obtusely  conical,  clear  golden  yellow  ; 
flesh  firm,  yellow  free,  of  very  good  quality.  Ripens  with 
Abundance. 

Ogon.*  Medium,  roundish-oblate ;  skin  lemon-yellow  with  a 
heavy,  whitish  bloom ;  flesh  very  firm,  free,  with  a  peculiar 
musky  almond  flavor ;  of  indifferent  quality,  but  good  for  can- 
ning. Second  early. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 


THE   QUINCE. 

THE  quince,  a  small,  irregular  growing  tree,  about  ten  or 
twelve  feet  high,  bears  one  of  the  best  fruits  for  preserves  and 
jellies,  and  for  giving  additional  flavor  to  apple  cooked  in  any 
manner.  It  is  usually  propagated  by  layers  and  cuttings. 
Propagation  by  layers  is  performed  by  bending  young  shoots 

down  in  spring,  and  burying 
them  so  as  to  leave  a  few 
buds  at  the  extremity  above 
ground,  as  described  on  page 
26  of  this  work.  When  the 
buds  on  the  shoots  have  well 
started,  all  are  rubbed  off  or 
cut  away  but  the  best.  They 
will  throw  out  roots  by  au- 
tumn, and  may  be  removed 
from  the  parent  tree,  and  set 
out  in  rows;  those  which  do 
not  root  the  first  year  may 
be  left  till  the  second.  If 
the  ground  is  rich,  and  they 
are  kept  well-cultivated  and 
straightened  by  stakes,  the 
cuttings  and  layers  will  pro- 
duce trees  fit  for  removal  as  standards  in  two  or  three 
years.  This  mode  is  more  commonly  used  in  raising  the 
orange  quince  as  a  fruit.  In  the  extensive  propagation  of 
stocks  for  the  pear,  layering  by  stools  is  adopted.  They 
are  made  by  cutting  back  strong  plants  to  within  a  few 
inches  of  the  surface  of  the  ground  early  in  spring,  or  before 
the  buds  swell,  which  induces  them  to  throw  up  a  number  of 
strong  shoots,  constituting  the  stools.  These  are  earthed  up 

580 


PIG.  784.— Neglected  Quince-Tree. 


THE  QUINCE. 


PIG.  785.— Untrimmed 
Quince  Bush. 


the  following  spring,  so  that  the  whole  of  the  stem  and  the 
base  of  all  the  shoots  will  be  covered  three  or  four  inches 
deep.  Roots  will  be  thrown  out  during  the  same  season,  and 
these  rooted  shoots  are  separated  from  the  plant  in  the  autumn 
for  transplanting  in  rows.  The  stools 
are  well  cultivated  and  dressed  with  ma- 
nure the  following  season,  and  will  pro- 
duce another  crop  of  shoots  the  second 
year.  As  each  stool  yields  a  crop  in 
alternate  seasons,  there  should  be  two 
sets,  so  that  an  annual  supply  may  be 
obtained. 

The  quince  is  extensively  propagated 
by  cuttings,  both  in  raising  stocks  and 
trees  for  fruiting.  The  details  of  the 
operation  are  described  on  pages  24  and  25  of  this  work. 

The  soil  for  the  quince  should  be  deep  and  rich,  such  as 
will  raise  good  corn  and  potatoes,  and  should  be  kept  well 

cultivated.  An  application  of  good 
manure  should  be  made  every  year 
or  two,  and  a  thin  sprinkling  of 
salt  over  the  surface  in  spring  has 
often  been  found  beneficial. 

Directions  for  pruning  young 
quince-trees  will  be  found  on  page 
1 06. 

The  total  neglect  of  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  quince  by  many  who 
have  planted  out  the  trees  has  re- 
sulted in  their  dwarfish  and  stunted 
growth  and  entire  unproductive- 
ness. To  renovate  such  trees,  cut 
or  saw  out  the  thick  profusion  of 
suckers  which  surround  the  stem 
(Fig.  785),  deepen  the  soil  with  the 
spade  as  much  as  the  roots  will 
admit,  and  apply  a  large  barrow-load  of  compost  to  each  tree, 
made  by  a  thorough  intermixture,  some  weeks  previously, 
of  stable  manure  and  black  mud,  or  other  compost,  and 
then  spread  a  thin  coating  of  salt  upon  the  surface.  This 


FIG.  786.— Well-Pruned  Young1 
Quince-Trees. 


582  Tff& 

should  be  done  in  the  spring  of  the  year.  The  pruning  may 
be  such  as  to  remove  the  suckers,  and  reduce  the  number 
of  stems  to  three  or  four,  or  the  tree  may  be  trimmed  to  one 
clean  stem,  as  shown  in  Fig.  786.  The  fruit  will  be  greatly 
improved  by  the  operation.  Fig.  785  shows  a  common  ap- 
pearance of  a  neglected  tree. 

In  planting  quince  orchards,  the  distance  asunder  may  be 
about  ten  or  twelve  feet,  which  will  be  found  near  enough  for 
full-grown  trees,  on  a  deep,  rich,  and  well-treated  soil.  If  the 
ground  is  previously  subsoiled,  and  well  manured  by  trench- 
ploughing,  the  young  trees  will  come  into  bearing  in  about 
three  years,  and  continue  productive,  if  well  managed,  for 
forty  years  or  more. 

VARIETIES. 
Alaska.     Large,  pyriform,  hardy,  productive,  bears  early. 

Angers.  This  variety  is  cultivated  as  stock  for  the  pear.  The  fruit 
is  pear-shaped,  golden-yellow.  It  is  later  and  a  little  harder  in 
texture  than  the  Orange  Quince.  The  tree  is  distinguished  by 
its  vigorous  growth  and  large  leaves,  and  it  continues  growing 
late  in  the  season. 

FIG.  789.— Orange.       FIG.  790.— Meech's. 


FlG.  787.— Johnston.  FIG.  788.— Champion. 

Champion.*  Large,  obovate-pyriform,  bright  yellow  ;  flesh  tender, 
delicate  flavor.  Very  prolific,  bears  young.  Mid-season.  Keeps 
well.  Fig.  788. 

Child.     (California.)     Medium,  golden  yellow,  small  core. 


THE  QUINCE. 


583 


Chinese.  Very  large,  oblong,  rather  coarse.  Tree  a  vigorous 
grower,  but  late  bearer.  Does  best  South. 

Fontenay  or  Paris.  This  is  also  cultivated  extensively  as  stock  for 
the  pear.  The  fruit  is  not  equal  in  quality  to  the  Orange  or 
Angers,  more  nearly  resembling  the  Pear  Quince  in  form  and 
texture.  The  tree  has  more  small  side-shoots,  grows  thicker,  and 
is  less  vigorous  than  the  Angers.  The  Angers  is  further  distin- 
guished from  the  Fontenay  by  its  downy  shoots  when  young, 
darker  wood,  and  short  stout  thorns. 

The  Japan  and  Chinese  quinces  are  cultivated  merely  as  orna- 
mental shrubs.  The  fruit,  which  sets  freely,  is  of  no  value  for 
edible  purposes,  and  as  it  has  a  highly  aromatic  fragrance  is 
sometimes  used  to  perfume  clothes-dra\vers. 

Fuller.  Large,  pyriform,  usually  with  an  abrupt  small  neck  ;  sur- 
face irregular  ;  lemon-yellow  ;  basin  wide  and  deep  ;  flesh  tender 
and  good. 

Johnson.  Large,  roundish-oblate,  compressed  at  stem  ;  greenish- 
yellow,  downy  in  depression  ;  dots  small,  green  ;  cavity  broad, 
nearly  level ;  basin  large,  angular,  deep  ;  flesh  yellowish,  juicy, 
mild.  Very  good.  Pennsylvania.  Fig.  787. 

Meech.*  (Meech's  Prolific.)  Large,  obscure-pyriform,  golden 
yellow  ;  very  fragrant,  good  flavor.  Bears  early — very  produc- 
tive. Mid-season.  An  excellent  variety.  Fig.  790.  Connecticut. 

Orange.*  (Apple.)  Large,  some  sub-varieties  quite  large,  round- 
ish ;  somewhat  irregular,  with  a  small  and  very  short  neck  at  the 
base  ;  surface  of  a  fine  golden  color ;  flesh  firm,  stewing  rather 
tender,  of  excellent  flavor.  Ripens  soon  after  mid-autumn. 
Leaves  oval.  Tree  productive  if  well  cultivated.  Fig.  789. 
Massachusetts. 

This  is  the  most  common  sort,  and  by  continual  propagation  of 
seedlings  several    sub-varieties  have  been 
produced,  varying  slightly  in  coarseness  or 
firmness  of  texture,    size  and  form.     The 
largest  sometimes  weighs  a  pound. 

Pear.  (Oblong  or  Pyriform  Quince.)  Size 
medium  or  rather  large,  pyriform,  body 
roundish-oblong,  neck  about  one-half  or  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  body ;  skin  rather 
dull  rich  yellow;  flesh  firm,  tough,  dry,  with 
a  high  flavor,  stewing  less  tender  than  the 
Orange  quince.  Ripens  late  in  autumn,  and 
hence  adapted  to  distant  marketing.  Leaves 
oblong-ovate.  A  moderate  bearer.  Fig. 

79 l*  FIG.  791.— Pear  Quince. 

Portugal.      Quite    large,     oblong    pyriform, 
largest  at  the  middle  and  tapering  to  each  end ;  yellow ;  flesh 
more  juicy  and  less  harsh  than  the  other  varieties.     Stews  well, 
and  becomes  a  fine  purple  or  deep  crimson  when  cooked.     The 
fruit  is  rather  superior  in  quality,  but  the  value  of  the  variety 


584  THE  QUINCE. 

is  much  lessened   by  its  unproductiveness.     It  does  not  strike 
readily  from  cuttings. 

Rea.*  (Rea's  Mammoth,  Rea's  Seedling.)  Fruit  resembles  the 
Orange,  but  from  one-third  to  one-half  larger,  and  of  excellent 
quality.  Tree  a  very  strong  grower,  with  large  dark  foliage. 
Early.  Origin,  Coxsackie,  N.  Y. 

Van  Deman.  Above  medium,  truncated  oval,  greenish-yellow, 
sub-acid ;  prolific,  good. 

Wist.  (Wist' s  Mammoth.)  Very  large,  round,  yellow,  fine  flavor, 
A  California  seedling  of  the  Orange  Quince. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

THE   RASPBERRY. 

PROPAGATION. — The  varieties  which  have  originated  from 
the  red-fruited  species  are  usually  increased  with  great 
facility  by  suckers ;  but  plants  with  better  roots  may  be  ob- 
tained by  planting  under  glass,  with  a  mild  bottom  heat,  cut- 
tings of  the  roots  an  inch  or  more  in  length.  The  American 
Blackcap  and  its  varieties  {Rubus  occidentalis)  are  propagated 
readily  by  layers,  the  tips  of  the  recurved  branches  when 
slightly  buried  soon  taking  root.  This  layering  may  be 
done  in  August  or  September,  the  tips  of  the  shoots  having 
been  nipped  about  midsummer,  and  when  these  branch  and 
form  tips  bare  of  leaves,  bury  them  in  the  soil  at  an  angle  of 
forty-five  degrees,  and  they  will  form  fine  roots  before  win- 
ter. New  varieties  are  raised  from  seeds,  and  come  into 
bearing  the  second  or  third  year. 

The  soil  for  the  raspberry  should  be  rich,  and  an  admixture 
of  swamp  muck  is  useful.  A  strong,  deep  loam  is  the  only 
soil  from  which  a  full  crop  may  be  expected  every  season.  If 
sandy  or  gravelly,  or  a  stiff,  cold  clay,  it  cannot  be  relied 
upon.  But  the  most  important  requisite  is  depth,  only  to  be 
attained  by  deep  ploughing  or  trenching,  which  will  go  far 
toward  affording  a  remedy  for  any  natural  defect  of  the  soil. 
The  more  tender  varieties  may  be  raised  on  higher,  drier,  and 
firmer  spots  of  ground,  where  they  are  less  liable  to  severe 
frosts. 

The  stems  of  the  raspberry  are  biennial,  the  canes  growing 
the  first  season  and  bearing  fruit  the  second,  after  which  they 
die,  and  the  new  ones  take  their  places.  As  soon  as  growth 
ceases  and  the  leaves  drop,  the  old  canes  should  therefore  be 
cut  away.  When  the  new  canes  of  the  blackcap  kinds  have 
reached  a  sufficient  height,  the  tips  should  be  pinched  off,  to 
prevent  their  growing  taller,  which  will  cause  them  to  be- 

585 


5S6 


THE 


come  stout  and  thick,  and  to  send  out  side-shoots,  which  in 
turn  should  also  be  pinched  back  when  they  have  grown  a 
foot  or  so  in  length,  being  shorter  above  and  longer  below. 
Figs.  792»  793-  With  the  Cap  varieties  they  should  not  be 
more  than  two  and  a  half  feet  high,  which  will  obviate  the  ne- 
cessity of  staking.  The  Antwerps  may  be  pinched  back  at 


ML 

i  ''zzr?~^$$'"..-<-*9. 


PIG.  792.— Poor  Canes  of  Cuthbert 
with  high  laterals. 


FIG.  793 — Good  Canes  of  Cuthbert 
with  low  laterals. 


three  or  four  feet,  but  usually  this  is  omitted,  in  which  case 
they  need  stakes.  The  height  should  vary  with  the  vigor  of 
the  plant,  strong  plants  requiring  more  height.  When  suckers 
are  numerous  they  must  be  cut  away  when  they  first  appear 
at  the  surface,  or  they  will  enfeeble  the  plants.  Four  or  five 
canes  are  enough  to  leave  for  each  stool.  The  Antwerps  and 
their  varieties  require  the  support  of  staking — which  may  be 
effected  as  shown  in  Fig.  794,  or  by  means  of  wires  stretched 
between  stakes  as  in  Fig.  795. 

In  many  parts  of  the  Northern  States,  some  tender  varieties 
need  winter  protection.  This  is  easily  given  by  covering  the 
Stems,  when  prostrate,  very  thinly  with  earth;  placing  a 


THE  RASPBERRY. 


587 


small  mound  of  earth  against  the  bottom  of  the  stems  before 
laying  them  down,  to  bend  upon  and  prevent  breaking.  This 
covering  is  removed  early  in  spring.  It  will  be  found  to 
prove  very  useful  even  when  not  necessary  to  prevent  winter- 
killing, by  rendering  the  crop  larger  and  more  certain. 

A  plantation  of  raspberries  will  continue  in  bearing  five  or 


FIG.  794.— Staked  Canes. 


FIG.  795.— Wired  Canes. 


six  years,  when  it  should  be  renewed.  If  it  remain  longer, 
the  fruit  becomes  small,  and  the  crop  gradually  declines. 
Nearly  the  same  varieties  succeed  in  the  different  States  of 
the  Union.  The  foreign  or  Antwerp  raspberries  are  worthless 
in  most  places  South. 


PLANTING  FOR  MARKET. 

William  Parry,  who  cultivates  extensive  plantations  of  the 
raspberry  near  Philadelphia,  gives  the  following  directions 
for  their  management : 

"  Plough  and  prepare  the  ground  as  for  potatoes  or  othel 
crops ;  mark  the  rows  six  feet  apart,  and  set  the  plants  three 
feet  distant  in  the  rows,  requiring  about  twenty-five  hundred 
plants  to  the  acre.  The  tops  should  be  cut  down  to  within  a 
few  inches  of  the  ground,  that  the  roots  may  become  well  es- 
tablished before  they  are  required  to  supply  nourishment  for 
long  tops  of  green  foliage.  Carrots  or  potatoes  may,  with  ad- 
vantage, be  grown  between  the  rows  the  first  year,  after 
which  the  raspberries  will  require  the  whole  space.  Stir  the 
ground  frequently  with  horse  and  cultivator,  to  keep  down 
grass  and  weeds,  being  careful  during  the  warm,  dry  weather 
not  to  disturb  the  small  roots  feeding  near  the  surface,  by 
deep  culture  near  to  the  plants.  The  raspberries  should  be 
carefully  picked  in  small  baskets  not  larger  than  pints,  better 
less.  Both  baskets  and  crates  should  be  ventilated,  so  as  to 
allow  the  circulation  of  air  to  absorb  the  heat  and  moisture, 


588  THE  RASPBERRY. 

as  they  will  bear  transportation  to  market  much  better  when 
cool  and  dry." 

Good  raspberry  plantations  will  yield  at  the  rate  of  fifty  or 
sixty,  and  sometimes  a  hundred,  bushels  per  acre. 

PROPAGATING  BY  SEED, 

to  produce  new  varieties,  is  easily  performed  by  washing  the 
ripe  seed  from  the  pulp,  mixing  with  damp  sand,  and  sowing 
in  autumn  in  fine  soil,  about  half  an  inch  deep,  covering  till 
early  spring  with  a  moderate  coat  of  leaves  or  litter.  They 
will  produce  young  plants,  which  may  be  taken  up  and  heeled- 
in  late  in  autumn,  and  set  out  the  second  spring,  after  cutting 
down  closely.  The  second  and  third  year  they  will  begin  to 
bear  and  to  exhibit  the  characteristics  of  the  new  sorts. 

RULES  FOR  THE  CULTURE  OF  RASPBERRIES. 

1.  Any  good  strong  mellow  soil,  that  will  raise  good  corn, 
and  which  has  been  deeply  pulverized,  will  raise  good  rasp- 
berries. 

2.  Set  the  plants  in  rows  that  will  admit  of  free  cultivating, 
say  five  to  eight  feet  one  way  and  two  or  three  feet  the  other. 

3.  For   blackcaps,   pinch  back  early,   or  when  the  young 
canes  are  about  two  feet  high,  to  keep  the  bushes  snug  and 
compact,  and  to  obviate  staking. 

4.  As  the  canes  grow  in  one  season  and  bear  the  next,  cut 
the  bearing  canes  away  as  soon  as  they  drop  their  leaves,  or 
never  defer  the  work  later  than  early  the  succeeding  spring. 

5.  Suckering    sorts,  to  bear  well,  must  have  the    suckers 
hoed  away  when  they  first  appear  above  ground,  or  be  treated 
like  weeds.     Leave  four  to  six  new  canes  to  each  hill. 

6.  Increase  the  crop  by  clean,  mellow  culture,  and  if  practi- 
cable by  mulching  for  winter  as  well  as  for  summer. 

Most  of  the  cultivated  sorts  of  the  raspberry  are  varieties 
derived  from  three  species  of  the  genus  Rubus.  The  Ant- 
werps,  and  others  resembling  them,  are  varieties  of  Rubus 
Idaus,  the  European  Garden  raspberry,  which  is  distinguished 
by  the  stems  being  mostly  rather  tall  and  nearly  erect,  beset 
more  or  less  with  straight  slender  prickles,  many  of  which  are 


THE  RASPBERRY.  589 

mere  bristles ;  and  the  plants  increase  by  suckers.  Most  of 
these  are  rather  tender.  The  Blackcap  raspberries  are  varie- 
ties of  Rubus  occidentalis,  an  American  species,  the  stems  of 
which  are  armed  with  hooked  prickles,  but  not  with  bristles, 
and  are  recurved  so  as  to  reach  and  take  root  at  the  tips, 
which  touch  or  are  buried  in  the  ground.  A  few  sorts  are 
varieties  of  Rubus  strigosus,  or  Wild  Red  Raspberry,  which 
has  upright  stems,  copiously  furnished  with  bristles.  The 
canes  increase  by  suckers,  and  are  quite  hardy.  A  few  culti- 
vated sorts  appear  to  be  hybrids  between  some  of  these 
species. 


CLASSIFICATION. 

I.     RUBUS  IDCEUS — European  Origin. 

1.  Red. 

2.  Yellow. 

II.     RUBUS  OCCIDENTALIS — American  Blackcap  Origin. 

1.  Black. 

2.  Purple,  red  or  yellow. 

III.     RUBUS  STRIGOSUS— Native   Wild  Red  Raspberry. 

1.  Red  or  purple. 

2.  Yellow  or  orange. 


VARIETIES. 
SECTION  I. — EUROPEAN  VARIETIES. 

Red. 

Belle  de  Fontenay.*  Large,  long  conical ;  purplish-red,  with  a  thin 
bloom  ;  moderately  firm,  sub-acid,  good.  Canes  stout,  branching, 
suckering  freely ;  hardy,  and  if  kept  clear  of  suckers,  productive 
—bearing  in  autumn  under  favorable  circumstances.  French. 
Worthless  in  some  localities. 

Belle  de  Paluau.  Large,  roundish-conical,  regular;  bright  crim- 
son ;  moderately  firm,  juicy,  very  good.  Canes  strong,  upright, 
very  productive ;  spines  short,  purple.  Requires  winter  protec- 
tion. French. 

Clarke.*  Large,  roundish  conical ;  light  crimson,  rather  soft,  juicy, 
sweet,  high-flavored.  Berries  sometimes  impenect.  Canes  stout 


59°  THE  RASPBERRY. 

and, branching,  leaves  large.  Hardy,  and  succeeds  on  light  soils. 
Suckers  very  freely.  Productive.  Early.  Origin,  New  Haven, 
Conn.  Fig.  796. 

Fastolf.*    Very  large,  obtuse  conical,  approaching  roundish  bright 

purplish-red ;  rather  soft,  high- 
flavored.  Canes  strong ;  nearly 
erect,  branching,  productive.  Eng- 
lish. Excellent  for  home  use  ;  too 
soft  for  distant  market. 

Fillbasket.  (Northumberland  Fill- 
basket.)  Rather  large,  roundish  ; 
deep  red ;  pleasant  sub-acid, 
moderately  good.  Very  bristly 
or  spiny.  English. 

Franconia.*  Large,  obtuse  coni- 
cal; dark  red;  firm,  with  a  rich 
sub-acid  flavor.  Canes  strong, 
branching  and  spreading,  moder- 

FIG.  796,-Clarke.  a^ly  hardy,  productive      A  valu- 

able market  sort.    French.   Naomt 

closely  resembles  Franconia,  and  by  many  is  supposed  to  be  iden- 
tical. 

French.  ( Vice-President  French. )  Medium  or  rather  large  ;  round- 
ish, crimson;  firm,  sweet  or  mild,  very  good.  Productive  and 
valuable.  Philadelphia,  Dr.  Brinckle. 


FIG.  797.— Hudson  River  Antwerp. 

Hudson  River  Antwerp.*  Large,  oblong  conical ;  red,  firm,  with  a 
very  good  flavor.  Formerly  cultivated  with  great  success  on  the 
Hudson,  rarely  succeeds  in  other  localities.  Requires  winter 
covering.  Origin  unknown,  but  supposed  to  have  been  imported. 
Distinct  from  Red  Antwerp,  or  Old  Red  Antwerp,  which  has 
nearly  round  berries.  Fig.  797. 

Knevett  Giant.     Quite  large,    rounded  conical ;    deep  red ;  flesh 


THE  RASPBERRY.  591 

rather  firm,  adhering  partly  to  the  stalk.     Canes  strong,  erect, 
spines  few.     Moderately  hardy,  productive.     English. 

Hornet.     Quite   large,   ovate  conical  or  roundish;  firm,  sub-acid, 
good.     Canes  strong,  fruit-stems  long.     Productive.     Fig.  798. 

Large-Fruited  Monthly.     Medium  or  rather  large,  roundish ;  crim- 
son ;  soft,  sweet,  juicy,  of  good  quality.     English. 


FIG.  798.— Hornet. 

Marvel  of  the  Four  Seasons.  (Merveille  des  Quatre  Saisons,  Octo- 
ber Red.)  Medium,  roundish-conical;  bright  red;  rather  soft, 
juicy,  sweet,  rich.  Canes  hardy,  suckering  profusely ;  spines  or 
bristles  short,  purple.  Under  favorable  circumstances  bears  till 
mid-autumn.  French. 

Meredeth  Queen.  Medium,  red  salmon,  juicy.  Canes  vigorous, 
tender,  suckers.  Late. 

Superlative.*  Large,  conical,  dull  red,  fine  dessert  variety.  Canes 
strong,  vigorous.  Hardy  and  productive. 

Thompson  Prolific.  Large,  round-conical,  red,  firm,  good ;  early, 
vigorous,  productive. 

Yellow  or  Orange. 

Col.  Wilder.  Large,  roundish-conical ;  yellowish-white  or  cream- 
colored,  slightly  translucent ;  Very  productive,  rather  soft.  Ex- 
cellent. Canes  strong,  spines  white.  Philadelphia,  Dr.  Brinckle. 

Orange.*  (Brinckle' s  Orange.)  Fruit  large,  nearly  conical ;  clear 
orange-yellow,  soft,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  of  excellent  quality. 
Canes  strong,  branched,  nearly  hardy,  very  productive.  The 
best  of  the  yellow  raspberries  and  the  standard  of  excellence  for 
quality  in  all  raspberries.  Mid-season.  Philadelphia. 

Vermont.*  Medium,  round-obtuse,  pale  yellow,  downy,  very  soft, 
juicy,  very  good,  productive.  Late.  Canes  vigorous,  prickly. 
Good.  Vermont. 


592  THE  RASPBERRY. 

SECTION  II. — AMERICAN  BLACKCAPS. 
Black. 

American  Blackcap.  The  common  Blackcap,  with  its  many  varia- 
tions, growing  wild  throughout  the  country,  distinguished  by  its 
long  recurved  canes,  and  its  regular,  nearly  round,  or  hemispheri- 
cal berries,  is  the  type  of  this  division. 

Conrath.*  Very  large,  moderately  firm,  very  good  to  best.  Vigor- 
ous and  productive.  Ripens  early  and  has  a  long  season.  Michi- 
gan. Promising. 

Cumberland.*  Very  large,  oval,  glossy  black,  firm,  of  best  quality. 
Season  early.  This  is  rapidly  coming  to  be  a  standard.  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Davison's  Thornless.  Medium  in  size,  resembling  the  American 
Blackcap,  but  a  week  earlier  ;  sweeter,  and  with  canes  nearly  free 
from  prickles.  New  York. 

Doolittle.*  (Joslyn's  Improved,  Improved  Blackcap.)  Full  me- 
dium in  size,  black,  sweet ;  a  large  variety  of  the  wild  Black 
Raspberry.  Ripens  early.  Canes  strong,  with  numerous  prickles, 
productive.  Has  been  extensivety  cultivated  for  market  in  many 
of  the  States.  Ontario  County,  N.  Y. 

Eureka.*  Medium  to  large,  round,  firm,  juicy,  of  good  quality. 
Early  to  mid-season.  Has  a  long  season.  Highly  esteemed  for 
market. 

Gregg.*  Large  ;  black,  with  some  bloom  ;  firm,  quality  moderate. 
Rather  late.  A  productive  and  popular  variety.  Largely  planted 
for  market.  Origin,  Indiana. 

Hilborn.  Large,  black,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  good.  Canes  vigorous, 
productive.  Mid-season,  hardy.  Ontario. 

Hopkins.  Full  medium  or  large  ;  black,  with  some  bloom  ;  rather 
soft,  of  excellent  quality.  Early.  Growth  strong  ;  very  produc- 
tive. Missouri. 

Kansas.*  Large,  round,  black,  firm,  moderately  juicy,  hardy. 
Kansas. 

Mammoth  Cluster.*  (McCormick,  Large  Miami.)  Quite  large, 
often  four-fifths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  flavor  very  good  ;  canes 
strong,  bearing  very  large  crops — rather  late.  For  many  years 
the  most  popular  of  the  Blackcap  raspberries. 

Mills  (No.  15).  Medium,  black,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  very  produc- 
tive, not  hardy.  New  York. 

Nemaha.*  Large,  black,  productive  ;  mid-season,  hardy  ;  said  to 
be  a  few  days  earlier  than  Gregg,  almost  identical.  Nebraska. 


THE  RASPBERRY.  593 

Ohio.*  Medium  in  size  ;  black  with  a  moderate  bloom  ;  medium  in 
quality.  Canes  unusually  white.  Profusely  productive.  Season 
early.  Bears  long  shipping.  This  is  the  most  popular  berry  for 
drying.  It  has  large  seeds  and  shrinks  less  in  consequence  than 
any  other  sort. 

Ohio  Everbearing.  Resembles  the  American  Blackcap,  except  that 
it  has  the  habit  of  fruiting  in  autumn. 

Older.*  Medium,  round,  black,  firm,  juicy,  prolific,  hardy.  Mid- 
season.  Iowa. 

Ontario.  Large,  nearly  black,  with  thick  whitish  bloom,  quality 
good.  Rather  early.  Wayne  County,  N.  Y. 

Palmer.*  Medium,  black,  very  firm,  nearly  sweet,  early,  hardy. 
A  good  market  berry.  Ohio. 

Souhegan.*  Medium,  black.  Very  hardy  and  productive.  Valu- 
able. Quite  early.  New  Hampshire.  A  standard  early  variety. 

Tyler.*  Medium  or  below,  round,  firm,  good.  Early.  Resembles 
Souhegan  very  closely.  New  York. 

Purple,  Red,  or  Yellow. 

Catawissa.  Hardly  medium,  rather  flat ;  purplish-red,  with  a  thick 
stem ;  sub-acid.  Canes  rather  tender,  producing  a  second  crop 
in  autumn.  Cutting  down  the  whole  stool  in  spring  causes  the 
canes  to  bear  till  late  in  autumn.  Valuable  only  for  the  garden. 
Pennsylvania. 

Columbian.*  Very  large,  purple,  firm,  moderately  juicy,  nearly 
sweet.  Very  prolific.  Canes  tall,  vigorous.  Resembles  Shaffer's 
Colossal.  New  York.  Mid-season.  Said  to  be  a  seedling  of 
Cuthbert. 

Ganargua.  Large,  full  and  well  rounded,  reddish-purple,  sub- 
acid,  of  good  flavor.  Canes  very  strong  and  vigorous,  very 
prickly,  bearing  large  crops,  which  ripen  for  several  weeks.  On- 
tario County,  N.  Y. 

Golden  Cap.  Resembles  the  American  Blackcap,  except  in  the 
yellow  color  of  its  fruit.  But  little  cultivated. 

Golden  Thornless.  Quite  large,  dull  yellow,  firm,  of  moderate 
quality. 

Purplecane.  Rather  small ;  dark  dull  red ;  soft,  sweet,  good. 
Canes  long  and  strong,  recurved.  Resembles  the  Blackcaps  in 
rooting  at  the  tips  of  the  canes,  but  differing  in  the  character  of 
the  fruit.  An  old  and  popular  variety,  becoming  superseded. 

Seneca  Blackcap,  Rather  large,  dark  shining  purplish-black,  very 
good  in  quality.  Season  medium.  Canes  vigorous  and  produc- 
tive. One  of  the  best  of  the  Blackcaps. 

38 


594  THE  RASPBERRY. 

Shaffer.*  (Shaffer's  Colossal.)  Large;  dull  purple;  soft,  rather 
acid,  moderate  in  flavor.  Canes  very  large  and  tall,  susceptible 
to  anthracnose.  Mid- season.  Quite  productive.  An  excellent 
canning  variety.  New  York. 

SECTION  III.— NATIVE  RED  RASPBERRY. 
Red  or  Purple. 

Allen.  Two  or  three  sorts  with  this  name  were  disseminated  by 
L.  F.  Allen,  of  Black  Rock,  N.  Y.  The  canes  are  strong,  erect, 
very  hardy,  and  sucker  profusely.  When  kept  free  from  suckers, 
they  have  produced  good  crops  in  some  localities,  of  medium- 
sized,  red,  pleasant  fruit. 

Brandywine.*  Rather  large,  bright  scarlet,  handsome  ;  flesh  firm, 
of  good  quality.  A  very  popular  early  market  sort  in  New  Jersey 
and  elsewhere.  Canes  low,  and  of  a  stout  dwarf  habit.  Delaware. 

Cuthbert.*  Medium  or  large ;  scarlet-crimson  ;  firm,  juicy,  very 
good.  Canes  vigorous,  productive,  rather  hard)'.  One  of  the 
most  popular  and  valuable.  Mid-season.  Riverdale,  N.  Y. 
Suckers  freely. 

Early  Prolific.  Medium,  pale  red,  firm,  juicy.  Canes  slender,  few 
prickles,  bright  dark  red,  upright,  vigorous,  good. 

Erie.  (Gladstone.)  Medium,  red-crimson,  soft,  juicy,  nearly 
sweet.  Canes  vigorous  ;  second  crop  in  autumn.  Ohio. 

Hersteine.  Large,  oblong-conic ;  bright  crimson ;  flesh  rather 
soft,  quality  very  good.  Canes  strong,  light  green,  spines  few. 
Very  productive.  Philadelphia. 

Kirtland.  Medium,  nearly  round,  red,  moderate  firm,  sweet. 
Canes  erect,  nearly  smooth,  becoming  pale  red,  suckering  freely, 
hardy,  productive,  early.  Fails  in  some  localities. 

Loudon.*  Large,  roundish-conical,  red,  firm,  good.  Wisconsin. 
S.  Productive,  hardy,  good  shipper. 

Marlboro.*  Large,  roundish-conical,  quite  firm,  red,  of  moderate 
quality.  Vigorous,  productive,  and  hardy.  Quity  early.  New 
York.  Desirable  for  market. 

Miller.*  Large,  round,  brilliant,  red  ;  firm,  sprightly,  very  good. 
Early.  Prolific  and  hardy.  Delaware.  Profitable  on  the  Dela- 
ware peninsula  ;  has  only  a  local  adaptation. 

Montclair.  Above  medium,  roundish ;  dark  red ;  firm,  of  good 
quality.  Suckers  quite  moderately.  New  Jersey.  The  variety 
named  "Superb"  resembles  Montclair,  but  is  more  acid,  crum- 
bling, and  the  plant  suckers  more  freely.  Both  are  valuable. 

New  Rochelle.  Rather  large,  obtuse-conical ;  dark  or  dull  red ; 
firm,  sub-acid,  moderately  good.  Valuable  for  canning.  Canes 


THE  RASPBERRY.  595 

short-jointed  and  branched.     Very  productive.     New   Rochelle, 

N.  Y. 

Olathe.  (Stagman  No.  5.)  Large,  red,  firm,  juicy,  productive. 
Canes  slender,  upright,  vigorous. 

Pearl.  (Susqueco.)  Medium,  bright  red,  firm,  of  good  quality. 
Canes  low  and  of  a  dwarf  habit  resembling  those  of  Brandywine, 
but  the  foliage  comes  out  a  week  later  in  spring.  A  popular 
market  sort  near  Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia.  Medium  in  size,  nearly  round,  dark  red,  rather  soft, 
sub-acid,  of  good  but  not  rich  flavor.  Reddish-purple,  with  a 
few  small  spines,  suckering  moderately,  bearing  profuse  crops. 
Hardy.  This  old  variety  is  now  nearly  superseded. 

Reliance.  Medium,  roundish,  dark  red,  soft,  quality  good.  Pro- 
ductive and  very  hardy.  Season  medium.  An  improved  Phila- 
delphia. New  Jersey. 

Royal  Church.  Large,  round,  red,  moderately  juicy,  crumbly. 
Canes  vigorous.  Late.  Hardy.  Valuable  only  for  home  use. 

Talbot.  Medium,  red,  soft,  juicy,  sub-acid ;  very  good.  Canes 
vigorous. 

Turner.*  Full  medium,  roundish-conical ;  bright  red  ;  rather  soft, 
sweet,  pleasant.  Canes  vigorous.  Very  hardy  and  productive, 
suckering  freely.  Succeeds  in  nearly  all  localities.  Mid-season. 
A  little  earlier  than  Cuthbert.  Origin,  Illinois. 

Yellow  or  Orange. 

Caroline.  Medium,  roundish-conical ;  salmon ;  soft,  medium  in 
quality.  Handsome  and  productive.  Early.  It  is  propagated 
by  tips  and  suckers.  Origin,  New  York. 

Golden  Queen.*  Large,  round  conic,  light  yellow,  of  very  good 
quality.  Seedling  of  Cuthbert  and  has  all  the  good  qualities  of 
its  parent.  Varies  in  color.  The  most  satisfactory  of  yellow 
varieties.  For  home  use  only.  New  Jersey. 

Rubus  Flavus.  Medium,  yellow  berries.  Canes  very  strong  and 
high.  A  rank  grower  in  Florida,  where  it  is  said  to  be  the  only 
raspberry  which  will  thrive  in  that  climate.  Ripens  in  May. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

THE   STRAWBERRY. 

IN  the  cultivation  of  this  early  and  delicious  fruit,  the 
requisites  for  success  are  chiefly : 

1.  A  good,  deep,  rich  soil. 

2.  Clean  cultivation  between  the  rows. 

3.  A  renewal  by  planting  as  often  as  the  vigor  of  the  plants 
declines. 

4.  Selection  of  suitable  varieties. 

Soil. — Any  deep,  rich  soil,  which  will  afford  fine  crops  of 
corn  and  potatoes,  is  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
strawberry.  To  be  uniformly  productive,  it  must  be  deeply 
trenched,  either  by  the  spade  or  by  double  ploughing,  and 
well  enriched  with  manure.  Fine  crops,  it  is  true,  may  be 
obtained  without  trenching,  but  not  in  such  excellence,  pro- 
fusion, or  certainty,  in  all  seasons.  It  rarely  but  sometimes 
happens  that  the  soil  is  made  too  rich.  The  usual  error  is  the 
reverse. 

Strawberries  are  increased  by  rooted  runners,  which  are 
usually  thrown  out  from  the  plants  soon  after  bearing,  and 
they  root  late  in  summer  and  in  autumn.  These  new  plants 
succeed  best  if  set  out  the  following  spring;  but  strong  plants 
may  be  set  out  in  autumn  in  light  soils,  or  in  heavier  soils  if 
the  roots  are  carefully  spread  out  and  the  earth  trodden  com- 
pactly. 

Transplantitig . — As  far  north  as  Albany,  N.  Y.,  setting  out 
strawberries,  either  from  well-rooted  runners,  or  preferably 
from  pot-plants,  is  now  often  performed  during  late  August  or 
early  September.  The  plants  will  immediately  take  root,  be- 
come well  established  before  winter,  and  bear  a  good  crop 
the  following  season.  As  the  weather  is  often  quite  dry  and 
warm  at  this  time,  precaution  must  be  used  to  prevent  the 
plants  from  perishing  by  drought.  All  the  leaves,  except  the 

596 


THE  STRAWBERRY. 


597 


small  central  ones,  should  be  cut  off,  the  roots  kept  wet  and 
carefully  spread  out  when  set,  as  just  described.  The  earth 
should  be  well  settled  about  them  with  water,  and  mellow 
earth  then  drawn  over  the  surface.  A  covering  of  fine  manure, 
an  inch  or  two  in  thickness,  is  then  spread  on  the  ground  to 
preserve  the  moisture.  It  is  only  in  cases  of  severe  drought 


FIG.  799. 


FIG.  800. 


that  further  watering  is  required.  But  when  given  it  should 
be  copious  and  repeated  daily  until  the  fresh  leaves  begin  to 
expand.  By  this  treatment  scarcely  a  plant  will  be  lost.  If 
the  work  is  done  well  they  will  bear  a  good  crop  the  following 
season,  and  a  heavy  one  the  next.  The  well-rooted  runners 
should  be  taken  up,  so  as  to  secure  all  the  fibres,  lifting  the 
roots  out  with  a  spade  and  shaking  the  earth  carefully  from 
them ;  if  pulled  severely  by  the  hand  the  roots  will  be  torn  off. 
The  older  and  dead  leaves  should  be  cut  off  from  the  plants, 
and  the  roots  trimmed  to  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long. 
For  ordinary  field  culture  they  may  be  set  out  with  a  dibble 


FIG.  801. 

(Fig.  799),  care  having  been  previously  taken  to  immerse  the 
roots  in  mud  to  prevent  drying.  But  for  more  finished  or  for 
garden  culture,  it  is  better  to  spread  the  roots  out  like  the 
frame  of  an  umbrella  (Fig.  800),  and  set  them  in  a  hole  broad 
enough,  with  a  small  mound  in  the  centre,  on  which  the 
spread  roots  rest  and  form  a  cap,  as  shown  in  Fig.  80 1. 

Mr.  F.  Richards,  of  Freeport,  N.  Y.,  has  invented  an  instru- 
ment for  transplanting  strawberries,  which  does  the  work  ex- 


598 


THE   STRAWBERRY. 


peditiously  and  well.     Fig.  802  represents  the  "excavator," 
Fig.  8"o3  the  "  transplanter,"  and  Fig.  804  the  "  ejector." 

Treading  the  earth  firmly  about 
the  plants  when  set  lessens  the  lia- 
bility to  winter-killing. 

A  spontaneous  renewal  of  plants 
may  be  effected  by  allowing  run- 
ners to  fill  up  the  spaces  between 
the  rows,  and  then  spading  in  the 
old  rows.  By  thus  filling  alternate 
spaces  in  two  successive  years,  an 
annual  supply  of  fruit  is  afforded. 
This  method  of  renewal  has  not 
been  generally  adopted. 

Mulching  among  the  plants,  to 
keep  the  berries  from  becoming 
soiled  with  earth,  should  not  be 
omitted.  Straw  answers  a  good 
purpose,  and  is  more  easily  and 
neatly  applied,  if  chopped  short, 
say  two  or  three  inches.  Rye 
straw,  threshed  .by  hand,  will  lie 
more  smoothly  than  any  other  long 
straw.  Applied  in  autumn,  straw 
will  protect  from  winter-killing, 
and  may  be  renewed  or  retained  in 
spring. 

CULTIVATION  OF  STRAWBERRIES.— Clean  cultivation  is  a 
most  essential  requisite.  On  a  large  scale,  it  may  be  very 
cheaply  accomplished  by  a  horse  and  cultivator,  the  rows  be- 
ing about  three  feet  apart,  and  the  plants  a  foot  to  a  foot  and  a 
half  in  the  rows.  The  treatment  may  be  varied  with  circum- 
stances, provided  the  great  leading  requisite  is  constantly  kept 
in  view,  namely,  to  allow  no  weeds  to  get  above  the  surface.  This 
is  the  great  cardinal  essential,  which  must  not  be  departed 
from.  After  the  plantation  is  set  out  in  clean,  well-prepared 
soil,  stir  the  ground  often  enough  to  destroy  the  sprouting 
weeds  before  they  get  to  the  light.  The  work  may  be  then 
done  with  less  than  a  tenth  of  the  labor  required  after  the 
weeds  are  several  inches  high ;  and  all  the  labor  of  this  fre- 


FIG.  802. 


FIG.  8o3. 


THE  STRAWBERRY.  599 

quent  stirring  is  more  than  repaid  by  the  increased  growth 
and  vigor  given  to  the  plants,  to  say  nothing  about  the  weeds. 
If  the  plantation  is  small,  the  work  may  be  done  with  a  gar- 
den rake;  if  large,  with  a  one-horse  cultivator,  or,  perhaps 
better,  with  a  fine-toothed  one-horse  harrow.  If  this  is  at- 
tended to  thoroughly  through  autumn,  the  plantation  may  be 
mulched  at  the  beginning  of  winter  with  straw.  It  will  be 
better,  especially  for  heavy  soils,  to  remove  the  mulching  in 
spring  and  mellow  the  surface  one  or  more  times  before  the 
plants  blossom.  This  may  be  done  by  raking  the  mulch  into 
every  alternate  row,  and  then,  after  the  denuded  spaces  are 
stirred,  to  rake  it  back  again  and  do  the  other  rows.  The 
mulch  being  replaced  by  flowering-time,  the  berries  will  be 
kept  clean.  Some  cultivators,  who  have  small  plantations,  do 
not  disturb  the  mulch  in  spring,  but  loosen  the  soil  through  it 
with  a  pronged  hoe — but  whatever  course  is  adopted,  see  that 
the  weeds  do  not  grow. 

Strawberry  Runners. — The  formation  of  runners  exhausts 
and  checks  the  plants  more  than  a  dense  mass  of  weeds.  If 
you  wish  them  to  become  strong,  and  bear  large,  excellent 
fruit,  and  plenty  of  it,  keep  the  runners  cut  off,  and  repeat  the 
operation  once  a  week  through  the  summer.  Begin  the  work 
as  soon  as  the  plants  begin  to  form  runners,  and  not  after  they 
have  sent  them  out  in  profusion — which  is  usually  immedi- 
ately after  bearing-time.  If  intended  for  increase,  and  to  form 
new  beds,  a  small  portion  of  the  bed  may  be  permitted  to  run 
and  root.  Some  varieties  will  often  bear  profusely  for  a  sin- 
gle season,  even  when  the  plants  run  thickly  together ;  others, 
and  more  particularly  the  larger  sorts,  must  be  cleared  of  run- 
ners and  kept  well  cultivated,  or  they  will  bear  small  crops. 

Strawberries  are  injured  in  winter  by  severe  winds,  and  by 
the  successive  heaving  of  freezing  and  thawing.  They  will 
always  start  earlier  and  fresher  when  covered.  Sometimes 
snow  will  be  an  ample  protection,  but  it  must  not  be  relied 
on.  A  thin  coating  of  straw,  evergreen  boughs,  or  even  corn- 
stalks, will  shield  and  protect  the  surface  of  the  ground,  but 
it  should  not  be  applied  till  winter  is  close  at  hand,  and  after 
the  ground  is  frozen  hard  is  not  too  late.  Do  not  forget  to 
loosen  up  this  mulching  very  early  the  next  spring,  and  stir 
and  mellow  the  soil. 


6oo  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

Early  Strawberries. — The  following  method  has  been  suc- 
cessfully tried  in  some  places:  Cover  a  good,  well-managed, 
clean  bed  of  strawberries,  the  runners  of  which  have  been 
kept  off,  so  as  to  form  large,  vigorous  stools,  with  dry  forest 
leaves  early  in  winter,  three  or  four  inches  thick.  Remove 
these  leaves  in  February  in  the  Middle  States,  and  in  March 
in  the  North,  and  place  over  the  plants  a  frame  with  sash. 
Bank  the  sides  with  leaves,  and  cover  the  sash  in  severe 
weather.  The  plants  will  start  early,  and  give  ripe  fruit  at 
the  usual  blooming  time.  Airing  and  water  must  not  be  neg- 
lected. 

For  garden  culture  it  is  most  convenient  to  provide  beds 
about  five  and  a  half  feet  wide,  with  paths  two  feet  wide  be- 
tween them.  Four  rows  are  then  set  in  each  bed,  a  foot  and 
a  half  apart,  and  the  outer  six  inches  from  the  edges  of  the 
bed,  as  shown  in  this  diagram : 

PATH. 


PATH. 

The  plants  may  be  about  a  foot  apart  in  the  rows.  This  ar- 
rangement allows  the  picking  of  the  berries  from  the  paths  on 
each  side  without  treading  on  the  beds,  the  distance  to  the 
second  or  inner  rows  being  only  two  feet.  If  the  ground  is 
more  limited,  beds  two  feet  and  a  half  wide  may  be  made  and 
but  two  rows  planted,  as  in  the  diagram  below : 

PATH. 


PATH. 

In  setting  out  strawberry-plants,  the  following  rules  may  be 
observed:  i.  Use  well-rooted  one-year  plants.  2.  Make  the 
rows  straight  and  parallel  by  a  stretched  cord.  3.  Take  up  in 
a  moist  time  if  practicable.  4.  In  a  dry  time  water  the  plants 
well  before  taking  up.  5.  Dip  the  roots  in  thin  mud  before 


THE  STRAWBERRY.  601 

setting.  6.  If  watered  after  setting,  finish  by  drawing  on  mel- 
low surface  earth,  and  avoid  covering  the  crown.  7.  Plants 
set  at  midsummer  should  have  the  surface  about  them  covered 
with  fine  manure  an  inch  deep,  to  keep  it  moist  and  prevent 
crusting. 

SELECTION  OF  VARIETIES. — Independently  of  fine  quality, 
the  selection  of  suitable  varieties  is  of  great  importance. 
Some  sorts,  celebrated  and  highly  recommended,  will  not 
yield  a  tenth  part  of  the  crop  afforded  by  others.  The  most 
productive,  among  which  the  Crescent  is  conspicuous,  have 
yielded  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred,  and  often  two  hundred 
bushels  per  acre ;  the  ground,  at  the  period  of  ripening,  glow- 
ing with  the  dense  red  clusters,  which  nearly  cover  the  surface ; 
while  on  some  foreign  varieties  the  fruit  is  so  thinly  scattered 
and  imperfect  that  whole  square  feet  are  destitute  of  fine 
specimens.  It  must  constantly  be  remembered  that  no  fruit 
is  so  influenced  by  soil  and  other  conditions  as  the  strawberry. 
Varieties  which  in  our  locality  are  nearly  everything  that 
could  be  desired  are  almost  valueless  in  others.  In  all  cases 
where  large  numbers  of  plants  are  to  be  set  out,  the  experi- 
ence of  the  State  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  should  be 
availed  of. 


STAMINATE  AND  PISTILLATE  SORTS. 

As  the  productive  qualities  of  strawberries  depend  so  essen- 
tially on  the  presence  of  the  stamens  and  pistils,  some  attention 
to  this  part  of  the  subject  becomes  indispensable  to  their  suc- 
cessful culture. 

Modern  cultivators  divide  all  strawberries  into  two  distinct 
classes,  one  being  termed  staminate  (or  "  male"),  in  which  the 
stamens  are  fully  developed  and  possess  the  power  of  ferti- 
lizing the  germ ;  and  the  other  being  termed //&#&!&  (or  "  fe- 
male"), in  which  the  stamens  are  abortive,  or  so  small  and 
imperfectly  developed  that  they  fail  to  accomplish  fertiliza- 
tion. In  this  work  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  designate  the 
two  as  "  perfect"  and  "  imperfect."  Figs  805  and  806  represent 
the  usual  appearance  of  these  two  kinds  of  flowers;  and  Figs. 
807  and  808  enlarged  portions  of  the  same,  Fig.  808  exhibit- 
ing a  part  of  the  flower  of  the  Large  Early  Scarlet,  and  Fig. 


602 


THE   STRAWBERRY. 


807  the  same  of  Hovey's  Seedling;  a  being  the  stamens,  and 
b  the  pistils.  By  the  use  of  a  hand  lens  it  will  be  found 
that  the  former  is  abundantly  supplied  with  pollen  or  fertiliz- 
ing dust,  while  the  latter  is  nearly  or  totally  destitute.  Hence 


FIG.  805.— Perfect  Flower. 


FIG.  806. — Imperfect  Flower. 


Hovey's  Seedling,  or  any  other  pistillate  variety,  can  never, 
or  but  very  imperfectly,  fertilize  its  own  flowers,  and  the  im- 
pregnation must  be  derived  from  a  staminate  sort. 


FIG.  8o7. 


FIG.  808. 


In  planting  strawberry  beds,  it  is  important,  therefore,  to 
know  the  character  of  the  flowers.  Nothing  is  easier  than  to 
distinguish  the  two  when  in  blossom.  This  distinction  is 
given  in  the  arrangement  of  varieties  which  follows.  About 
one-quarter  staminates  are  usually  regarded  as  abundant  for 
fertilizing  a  bed  of  pistillates.  To  prevent  intermixture  of  the 
two  sorts  by  runners,  they  may  be  planted  in  alternate  strips, 


THE   STRAWBERRY.  603 

as  indicated  by  the  following  diagram,  S  representing  stami- 
nate  and  P  pistillate  varieties : 


P  P 

P  P 

S 

P 

P 

P  P 

S 

P  P  P  P 

s 

s  s  s 

P  P 

P  P 

S 

P 

P 

P  P 

S 

P  P  P  P 

s 

s  s  s 

P  P 

P  P 

S 

P 

P 

P  P 

S 

P  P  P  P 

s 

s  s  s 

xj 

(1 

4 

^i 

•« 

*fl 

:» 

P  P 

P  P 

•$ 

S      ^ 

J     P 

P 

P  P 

^ 

I    P  P  P  P    1 

3       S 

s  s  s 

< 

fl 

•( 

^ 

ij 

L 

P  P 

P  P 

S 

P 

P 

P  P 

s 

P  P  P  P 

s 

s  s  s 

P  P 

P  P 

S 

P 

P 

P  P 

S 

P  P  P  P 

s 

s  s  s 

P  P 

P  P 

S 

P 

P 

P  P 

s 

P  P  P  P 

s 

s  s  s 

In  selecting  two  varieties  for  this  purpose,  perfect  fertiliza- 
tion requires  that  their  season  of  flowering  should  be  nearly 
at  the  same  time.  Hence  early  and  late  flowering  sorts  will 
not  succeed  well  together  for  this  purpose.  Nearly  all  sorts 
most  commonly  cultivated  at  the  present  time  are  staminate, 
and  do  not  require  this  arrangement  of  beds  for  fertilization. 


VARIETIES. 

ARRANGEMENT. 
CLASS  I.— SCARLET  AND  PINE  STRAWBERRIES. 


Scarlet  strawberries  have  small  flowers ;  leaves  rather  long,  thin, 
and  light  green,  sharply  serrate ;  fruit  bright  color,  acid  or  subacid, 
seed  deeply  sunk.  Pine  strawberries  are  characterized  by  rather 
large  flowers,  leaves  broad,  dark  green,  sometimes  obtuse;  fruit 
large,  not  acid,  rather  smooth,  seeds  little  sunk.  These  two  sorts 
have  been  much  hybridized  and  crossed,  until  it  is  now  difficult  to 
assign  many  varieties  to  either  separately. 

Section  /. — Flowers  Perfect. 
Section  II. —Flowers  Imperfect. 

CLASS  II. — ALPINE  AND  WOOD  STRAWBERRIES. 


Flowers  rather  small,  perfect ;  leaves  small,  thin,  light  green  ;  fruit 
small,  sweet,  parting  freely  from  the  calyx. 


604  THE   STRAWBERRY. 

CLASS  III.— HAUTBOIS  STRAWBERRIES. 


Leaves  large,  pale  green,  on  tall  stalks;  fruit-stalk  tall  and  erect; 
fruit  dull  purplish. 

CLASS  IV. — CHILI  STRAWBERRIES. 


Leaves  very  hairy,  thick,  obtusely  serrate ;  fruit  very  large,  pale, 
insipid.     Tender. 

CLASS  V. — GREEN  STRAWBERRIES. 
Leaves  light  green,  plaited ;  flesh  solid.     Of  little  value. 

Of  classes  II.,  III.,  IV.,  and  V.  but  few  sorts  are  in  cultivation, 
and  as  they  are  of  little  value  no  description  of  varieties  will  be  given. 

VARIETIES  OF  SCARLET  AND   PINE  STRAWBERRIES. 

It  is  not  intended  that  the  following  list  should  be  considered  to 
embrace  all  the  varieties  of  strawberries  which  have  been  introduced 
in  the  United  States.  The  ease  with  which  new  sorts  may  be  pro- 
duced has  given  rise  to  an  almost  endless  number. 

Those  only  which  have  become  standards  of  the  older  sorts,  and 
the  most  promising  of  the  newer  ones  are  here  described.  It  is  re- 
peated that  no  other  fruit  is  so  influenced  in  all  its  characteristics  by 
soil,  climate,  and  cultivation  as  the  strawberry. 

Section  1.  Flowers  Perfect. 

Aroma.  Large,  irregular  conical ;  light  red ,  moderately  firm  ;  not 
very  productive ;  berries  uniform  in  size.  A  late  variety  from 
Kansas. 

Bederwood.*  (Racster.)  Medium  roundish,  conical,  rather  soft, 
sweet,  light  vermilion.  Prolific;  a  good  pollinizer;  does  well 
South.  Early. 

Belle.  (Lady  Finger.)  Very  large,  long  round,  necked;  glossy 
red  or  crimson  ;  flesh  firm,  reddish-white.  Vigorous,  hardy,  pro- 
ductive. 

Beverly.  Medium,  good  form  a/id  color;  plants  healthy  and  fairly 
productive ;  deep  crimson ;  sub-acid.  Berries  become  smaller 
toward  the  last.  Mid- season.  Resembles  Morris*  Prolific. 
Massachusetts. 

Bidwell.  Medium  to  large,  long  conical,  often  uneven ;  bright 
crimson  ;  flesh  firm  ;  rich,  sub-acid.  Early.  Requires  rich  soil 
and  cutting  of  runners.  Light  bearer.  Fails  in  many  localities, 
valuable  in  others.  Michigan. 

Bismarck.     Large,  round  conic,  light  scarlet,  moderately  firm,  of 


THE  STRAWBERRY.  605 

good  quality.     Needs  high  culture.     Often  too  soft  and  light 
colored  for  market,  but  good  for  home  use.     Massachusetts. 

Bomba.  Large,  dark  crimson,  rather  soft.  Good  for  home  use. 
Mid-season. 

Brandywine.*  Medium  to  large,  regular  conical,  sometimes  irregu- 
lar ;  dark  scarlet ;  firm,  somewhat  acid.  Moderately  productive. 
Mid-season.  Runners  very  numerous.  Good  market  berry.  Does 
best  in  clay  soil.  Pennsylvania. 

Charles  Downing.*  Rather  large,  ovate-conical,  regular ;  color 
deep  scarlet ;  flesh  firm,  juicy,  rich.  Plant  vigorous  and  produc- 
tive. Valuable  in  nearly  all  localities.  Mid-season.  Raised  by 
J.  S.  Downer,  Kentucky.  Old. 

Clyde.*  Large,  long  conic,  light  crimson  to  dark  scarlet,  firm, 
good.  Mid-season.  Throws  out  few  runners,  and  sets  more  fruit 
than  it  can  carry  out  except  under  high  culture.  Kansas. 

Crawford.  Large,  long  conical ;  dark  glossy  red ;  firm,  sub-acid. 
Productive.  Good  market  berry. 

Cumberland.*  (Cumberland  Triumph.)  Large,  broad  conical, 
very  regular ;  light  red ;  rather  soft ;  of  a  mild  and  very  good 
quality.  A  vigorous  grower  and  good  bearer.  Mid-season. 
Carlisle,  Pa. 

Cyclone.  Medium,  regular  conical ;  size  uniform  ;  scarlet ;  moder- 
ately firm  ;  fair  quality ;  foliage  vigorous,  but  not  very  abun- 
dant. Moderately  productive. 

Excelsior.  Very  vigorous  and  healthy  ;  berries  large,  long  conic, 
bright  scarlet,  juicy,  firm,  good.  Very  early.  Arkansas. 

Forest  Rose.  Medium  or  large,  rounded  conical ;  scarlet ;  moder- 
ately firm,  rich,  and  rather  sweet.  Its  value  is  nearly  destroyed 
by  the  failure  of  the  foliage  in  many  localities.  Ohio. 

Gandy.*  (Gandy's  Prize,  First  Season.)  Large,  regular  conical ; 
bright  glossy  crimson  ;  firm  ;  fine  flavor ;  vigorous,  prolific.  A 
fine  late  sort.  Good  shipper.  New  York. 

Hoffman.  Medium,  conical,  crimson,  hard.  Mid-season.  Will  ship 
almost  any  distance,  but  no  value  otherwise.  South  Carolina. 

James  Vick.  Medium,  regular;  sprightly,  very  good.  Profusely 
productive.  Requires  rich  culture.  Missouri. 

Jessie.*  Very  large,  often  wedge-shaped ;  bright  scarlet ;  good. 
Mid-season.  Requires  careful  cultivation.  Wisconsin. 

Jucunda.  Large,  conical,  rarely  coxcombed  ;  glossy,  brilliant  scar- 
let:;  seeds  prominent ;  flesh  white,  with  pale  salmon  centre,  firm, 
juicy  ;  of  moderate  quality— often  poor.  A  profuse  bearer  on  some 
soils,  and  valuable  for  market,  bearing  long  conveyance.  Plant 
rather  tender.  Late.  Old. 


606  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

Jucunda  Improved.  Large,  regular  conical,  bright  crimson,  firm. 
Vigorous,  prolific.  A  good  berry. 

Lady  Thompson.*  Averaging  large,  ovate,  light  crimson,  firm, 
good.  Largely  grown  in  the  South  for  early  market.  North 
Carolina. 

Leader.  Large,  obtuse  conical ;  firm  ;  good.  Early.  Does  best  in 
clay  soil. 

Lennig's  White.  Large,  ovate  conical ;  whitish  tinged  with  red  ; 
flesh  soft,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  rich  pineapple  flavor.  Delicious 
in  quality,  but  a  poor  bearer.  Pennsylvania.  Old. 

Logan.  Large,  round  conical ;  scarlet ;  moderately  firm.  Early 
to  mid-season. 

Lovett.*  (Lovett's  Early.)  Large,  round,  flattened  conical,  crim- 
son ;  firm,  sub-acid.  Early  to  mid-season.  A  good  pollinizer. 
Kentucky. 

Margaret.*  Large,  broad  conical,  dark  crimson,  firm,  good.  Mid- 
season.  A  good  shipper.  Inclined  to  mildew.  Ohio. 

Marshall.*  Large,  round  conical ;  dark  glossy  crimson,  running 
into  the  flesh  ;  firm,  rich,  best ;  strong  grower.  Moderately  pro- 
ductive ;  needs  high  cultivation  in  clay  soil.  Mid-season.  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Mary.  Very  large,  long  irregular  conical ;  dark  crimson ;  acid, 
rich.  Productive.  Keeps  long  on  plants.  Mid-season  to  late. 

Meek.  (Meek's  Early.)  Small,  round,  dark  crimson  ;  flesh  red, 
sub-acid.  Early.  Needs  clay  soil.  Maryland. 

Mitchel's  Early.*  Small,  conical ;  dull  vermilion,  soft.  Vigorous, 
prolific.  Very  early.  Extensively  used  as  a  pollinizer.  Arkansas. 

Miner.*  (Miner's  Prolific,  Miner's  Great  Prolific.)  Medium, 
roundish  conical,  slightly  uneven;  dark  crimson;  moderately 
firm,  of  fair  quality.  Rather  late.  Plant  hardy,  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive ;  valuable.  Best  with  hill  culture.  New  Jersey. 

Mrs.  Cleveland.  Large,  long  conical,  irregular  ;  bright  vermilion  ; 
rather  soft ;  fine  flavor.  Productive.  Good  home  sort. 

Muskingum.  Large,  obtuse  conical,  sometimes  corkscrewed; 
bright  glossy  red ;  flesh  red.  Prolific  under  good  cultivation. 
Mid-season  to  late.  A  good  variety  to  plant  with  Bubach. 

Nicanor.  Medium,  ovate,  conical,  uniform  and  regular ;  scarlet , 
flesh  rather  firm,  rich  and  of  fine  quality.  Plant  pioductive  and 
hardy  ;  valuable  for  its  earliness.  Raised  by  Ellwanger  &  Barry, 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  Old. 

Nick  Ohmer.  Large,  ovate-conic,  bright  crimson,  firm,  very  good. 
Mid-season.  Handsome.  Promising. 


THE   STRAWBERRY.  607 

Parker  Earle.*  Medium,  long  conical ;  light  crimson ;  slightly 
necked ;  flesh  red,  sub-acid.  Strong  plants ;  very  productive. 
Season  late.  Needs  rich  soil.  Texas. 

Wilder.*  (President  Wilder.)  Large,  ovate-conical,  regular  ;  bright 
scarlet ;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  rich.  Often  quite  productive.  Dor- 
chester, Mass.  A  European  variety  known  as  President  Wilder 
is  distinguished  from  this  by  the  long  neck  of  the  fruit.  Old. 

Princess.*  Very  large,  roundish  ;  light  crimson  ;  excellent  flavor. 
Vigorous,  not  productive.  Minnesota.  Fine  for  home  garden. 

Princeton.  (Princeton  Chief.)  Medium  roundish  ;  dark  red  ;  ber- 
ries on  stout  stalks ;  very  sweet.  Vigorous,  productive.  Mid- 
season. 

Ridgeway.  Very  vigorous  and  productive.  Large,  round  conic, 
crimson,  firm,  fine  quality.  One  of  the  best  of  the  newer  varieties. 

Rio.  (Thompson's  No.  9.)  Medium,  irregular,  ovate;  bright  red, 
or  scarlet ;  quality  fair.  Very  early. 

Seth  Boyden.  (Boyden's  No.  30.)  Very  large,  roundish  conical, 
regular,  often  with  a  short  neck  ;  bright  crimson ;  rather  soft  on 
the  surface  ;  juicy,  rich,  sub-acid.  Plant  vigorous  and  produc- 
tive. Newark,  N.  J.  Old. 

Sharpless.*  Large,  often  irregular  and  coxcombed  or  flat  conical  ; 
dark  scarlet ;  firm,  rich,  very  good.  Season  medium.  Widely 
known  for  its  size  and  productiveness.  Fails  in  some  localities. 
Pennsylvania. 

Shuckless.  (Mt.  Vernon.)  Large,  obtuse  conical;  light  crimson  ; 
quality  fair  ;  parts  from  the  calyx  in  picking.  Mid-season. 

Triomphe  de  Gand.  Quite  large  (often  two  inches  longest  diameter 
under  good  cultivation),  sometimes  irregularly  roundish,  more 
frequently  much  coxcombed;  crimson;  flesh  rather  firm,  with  a 
mild,  sweet,  very  good  flavor.  Plant  vigorous,  hardy,  and  mod- 
erately productive — requiring  good  cultivation  and  the  removal 
of  runners.  Belgian.  Old. 

William  Belt.*  Vigorous,  setting  an  abundance  of  runners.  Ber- 
ries large  to  very  large,  many  of  the  first  fruits  coxcombed,  later 
ones  conical,  crimson,  firm,  very  good  to  best.  Productive. 
Rusts  badly.  Mid-season.  One  of  the  best  for  home  use.  Ohio. 

Wilson.*  (Wilson's  Albany,  Albany  Seedling.)  Medium  to  small, 
broadly  conic,  pointed  ;  deep  crimson  ;  flesh  crimson,  firm,  brisk 
acid,  becoming  rich  and  agreeable  when  fully  ripe.  Exceedingly 
productive  and  hardy,  and  succeeds  well  as  a  market  sort  at  the 
North,  South,  and  West.  Although  an  old  variety,  it  is  still  one 
of  the  popular  standard  sorts.  It  is  a  good  pollinizer  for  imper- 
fect plants.  New  York. 

Wolverton.*  Large,  regular,  round  conical,  bright  crimson  ;  flavor 
good.  Vigorous,  productive.  Mid-season  to  late.  Canada. 


608  THE   STRAWBERRY. 

Yale.     Medium,   round  conical,    dark  crimson,    running  into  the 
flesh  ;  flavor  good.     Requires  good  cultivation.     Very  late. 


Section  II.     Flowers  Imperfect. 

Barton's  Eclipse.  Very  large,  round  conical ;  glossy  dark  red ; 
medium  fine.  Vigorous,  productive. 

Bubach.*  (No.  5.)  Large,  round  oblong,  sometimes  wedge- 
shaped,  dark  scarlet,  sweet ;  quality  fair ;  moderately  firm,  hol- 
low. A  handsome  berry.  Requires  good  cultivation.  Early  to 
mid-season.  Good  nearby-market  berry.  Illinois. 

Burr's  New  Pine.  Medium  or  large,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
fourth  in  diameter,  roundish  conical,  smooth,  even,  and  regular; 
seeds  scarcely  sunk ;  color  pale  red ;  flesh  whitish  pink,  very 
tender,  flavor  fine.  Prolific  and  with  perfect  berries.  Still  very 
popular.  Old.  Illinois. 

Carrie.  Large  long  conic,  dark  scarlet,  medium  firm,  of  good  qual- 
ity. Mid-season.  Resembles  Haverland.  Valued  for  market  in 
some  parts  of  New  York.  Virginia. 

Crescent.*  Medium  or  large,  roundish  conical;  bright  scarlet; 
moderately  good,  rather  soft.  A  profuse  bearer.  Rich  culture 
improves  its  quality,  and  sometimes  changes  it  to  a  staminate. 
Connecticut. 

Glen  Mary.*  Very  large,  heart-shaped,  like  Sharpless,  of  which  it 
is  probably  a  seedling.  Crimson,  fine  quality,  mid-season. 
Pennsylvania.  A  standard  berry  for  market  and  one  of  the  best 
for  forcing.  Glen  Mary  is  perfect-flowered  after  the  first  few 
blooms. 

Green  Prolific.  Large,  roundish ;  orange  scarlet.  Good,  rather 
acid  ;  valuable.  A  thrifty  grower,  productive.  New  Jersey. 

Greenville.  Large,  obtuse  conical ;  glossy  crimson  ;  flesh  reddish. 
Vigorous,  productive.  Mid-season.  Ohio. 

Haverland.*  Medium,  large,  long  conical;  light  scarlet;  large 
trusses.  Mid-season.  Very  productive.  New  Jersey. 

Hovey's  Seedling.  Quite  large,  roundish  oval,  approaching  coni- 
cal ;  color  deep  shining  scarlet ;  seeds  slightly  sunk  ;  firm,  rather 
rich,  good.  Very  large,  showy,  productive,  and  hence  fine  for 
market.  Season  medium.  With  high  culture  it  has  been  made 
very  productive.  Once  well-known  and  popular,  now  almost 
entirely  superseded.  Old. 

Jersey  Queen.  Large,  roundish  oblate  ;  crimson,  handsome ;  firm. 
Late.  Usually  a  moderate  bearer.  New  Jersey. 

Jewell.  Large,  flat  conical ;  crimson-scarlet ;  firm,  solid,  good. 
Does  best  in  heavy  rich  soil. 


THE   STRAWBERRY.  609 

Pacific.*  (Great  Pacific.)  Large,  irregular,  lobed  ;  dark  red  ;  firm. 
Good  market  berry.  Early.  South. 

Sample.*  Medium  large,  round-conic,  or  irregular,  bright  scarlet, 
firm,  of  high  quality.  Late. 

Shuster's  Gem.  Medium,  globular ;  scarlet ;  soft,  sweet,  good. 
Plants  vigorous,  productive.  Mid-season. 

Timbrell.*  Large,  globular;  dark  crimson;  firm,  rich,  juicy. 
Plants  vigorous.  Very  late.  An  excellent  all-around  berry. 

Warfield.  Medium,  round  conical ;  dark  crimson  ;  flesh  firm,  red, 
mild  acid.  Claimed  to  be  very  productive.  Good  shipper  and 
one  of  the  best  for  canning.  Early.  Illinois. 


CHAPTER  XXXV. 

WILD  AND  UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS. 

BUFFALO  BERRY. 

THE  Buffalo  Berry  (Shepherdia  argented),  as  its  name  indi- 
cates, is  a  native  of  the  far  West.  It  is  a  rather  straggling, 
open  shrub  of  eight  to  twelve  feet,  with  alternate  ovate 
leaves,  silvery  on  both  sides.  The  fruit,  usually  bright  red 
(there  is  a  yellow  variety),  one-quarter  inch  in  diameter, 
thickly  lines  the  branches  and  makes  it  quite  ornamental.  The 
berries  are  not  edible  until  after  hard  freezing,  and  then  have 
a  brisk,  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor.  They  are  said  to  be  good  for 
jams  and  sauces.  They  will  hang  on  the  bushes  all  winter,  if 
the  birds  permit. 

ELEAGNUS  LONGIPES. 

This  fruit  is  a  native  of  Japan,  and  when  first  introduced 
into  this  country  was  called  Goumi.  The  shrub  grows  to  four 
or  five  feet  in  height  and  blooms  in  May.  Its  flowers  are 
small,  greenish-yellow,  and  not  conspicuous;  it  sets  a  large 
quantity  of  berries  thickly  strung  along  the  branches,  smooth 
or  ribbed,  oval  and  dark  green,  until  ripe  in  July  and  August, 
when  they  change  to  a  beautiful  bright  glossy  crimson  pro- 
fusely dotted  with  golden  yellow  spots — one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  berries.  Until  fully  matured  they  are  decidedly 
astringent,  but  when  ripe  their  flavor  is  spicy  and  good.  Mr. 
William  Falconer  says  a  very  good  jelly  may  be  made  from 
them. 

The  bush  is  very  ornamental  at  all  times,  and  when  covered 
with  berries  is  uncommonly  so.  Unfortunately  the  birds  seem 

610 


WILD  AND    UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS.  6li 


FIG.  804. —Buffalo  Berry. 


612  WILD  AND    UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS. 

inordinately  fond  of  them  and  appear  to  know  exactly  the  day 
they  become  just  ripe,  and  on  that  day  they  will  completely 
strip  even  a  large  bunch  of  bushes  of  every  perfect  berry.  If 
they  are  wanted  to  eat,  therefore,  they  must  be  protected  with 
netting. 
Until  within  a  few  years,  there  has  been  no  certainty  of 


FIG.  810.— Eleagnus    longipes. 

obtaining  this  plant  from  the  nurserymen,  but  frequently 
E.  argentea  or  E.  umbellatus  have  been  substituted  for  it,  both 
of  which,  while  ornamental  shrubs  and  producing  berries,  are 
inferior  in  the  latter  respect  to  E.  longipes. 

HUCKLEBERRIES. 

The  so-called  Huckleberries  belong  to  the  Heath  family,  and 
to  the  two  genera  Gaylussacia  and  Vaccinium.  They  are  all 
found  growing  wild  from  Maine  to  the  Mississippi  and  south 
to  the  Gulf.  The  bushes  vary  greatly  in  size,  from  six  inches 
to  ten  feet  or  more,  and  the  fruit  differs  as  greatly,  from  juicy 
and  sweet  to  dry  and  insipid.  Immense  tracts,  especially  of 
G.  resinosa,  the  common  black  huckleberry  of  our  markets, 


WILD  AND    UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS. 


613 


are  found  usually  in  clearings  on  hills,  all  over  the  United 
States  north  of  Georgia  and  Alabama.  The  gathering  of  this 
crop  annually  furnishes  employment  to  large  numbers  of  men, 
women,  and  children  of  the  poorer  class,  from  whom  it  is  pur- 
chased by  farmers  and  others,  who  daily  meet  the  pickers  at 
an  appointed  spot,  and  by  them  the  berries  are  boxed  and  for- 
warded to  market. 
Some  attempts  have  been  made  to  cultivate  this  berry. 


FIG.  8n.— Clump  of  Black  Huckleberries. 

Joseph  Meehan  says  that  if  cut  down  one-half  and  transplanted 
to  the  garden  in  the  spring  few  will  die,  and  they  will  bear 
the  second  year,  with  promise  of  good  crops  thereafter.  It  is 
further  stated  by  others  that  with  all  the  varieties  the  size  of 
the  fruit  increases  under  good  cultivation. 

The  growing  of  the  huckleberry  is  one  of  the  few  as  yet  un- 
developed fields  of  horticulture,  and  seems  to  promise  satis- 
factory returns  to  the  patient  investigator. 

While  there  are  a  number  of  species  belonging  to  the  two 
genera  mentioned,  the  following  only  are  worth  consideration 
as  edible. 


6 1 4  WILD  AND    UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS. 


VARIETIES. 

Bilberry.*  (Vaccmzum  cczspitosum.}  Grows  on  a  very  low  bush 
three  to  six  inches  high,  in  sandy,  hilly  ground  ;  berry  large,  light 
blue,  round ;  good. 

Black  Huckleberry.  (Gaylussaci'a  resmosa.}  Grows  on  dry  sandy, 
rocky,  hilly  woods  and  clearings,  one  to  three  feet  high.  There 
are  a  number  of  varieties,  some  globular,  some  pear-shaped ;  jet 
black,  glossy,  seeds  very  large;  not  very  good.  The  common 
huckleberry  of  the  markets. 

Canada  Blueberry.  (  V.  Canadensis.}  Grows  in  dry  sandy  and 
rocky  soil ;  berries  round,  blue,  good. 

Highbush  Blueberry.*  (Dangleberry.  G.  frondosa.)  Grows  in 
open  places  by  the  woods,  along  fences,  in  damp,  sandy  soil,  three 
to  six  feet  high ;  berries  roundish-oblate,  large,  dark  blue ;  seeds 
small;  good. 

Highbush  Huckleberry.  ( V .  corymbosum. )  Grows  in  wet  or 
swampy  ground  five  to  fifteen  feet  high  ;  berry  good  size,  blue  or 
black ;  flavor  sub-acid. 

Low  Blueberry.*  (  V.  Pennsylvancmm. )  Grows  six  to  fifteen  inches 
high  in  sandy  soil ;  very  large,  light  blue ;  sweet  and  good. 


JUNE  BERRY. 

Of  late  years  nurserymen  have  been  advertising  this  as  a  val- 
uable promising  fruit.  The  sort  most  commonly  known  is  a 
tree  growing  from  ten  to  thirty  or  more  feet  high  (Amelanchier 
Canadensis)  usually  called  Service-tree  or  May  cherry.  The 
improved  dwarf  June  berry  is  simply  the  wild  variety  A. 
alntfolia  or  A.  Botryapium,  the  former  being  indigenous  to  the 
North  and  West,  and  the  latter  to  Eastern  States.  There 
are  also  still  other  kinds.  The  shrubby  or  dwarf  June  berries 
are  hard-wooded  plants,  which  produce  roots  and  stems  but 
slowly.  These  are  not  difficult  to  transplant,  and  if  left  undis- 
turbed will  soon  produce  quantities  of  dark  purple  berries 
about  the  size  of  large  currants.  The  flowers  appear  before 
the  leaves  in  long,  rather  loose  clusters,  and  are  quite  large 
and  clear  white.  As  ornamental  shrubbery  they  are  worthy 


WILD  AND    UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS.  615 

of  a  place  in  any  lawn.  They  grow  from  three  to  five  feet 
high.  Two  varieties,  Success  and  Mammoth,  are  said  to  be 
larger  and  more  productive  than  the  wild  forms.  Both  are 
dwarf. 


FIG.  812.— June  Berry. 

MEDLARS. 

Probably  a  native  of  Persia.  On  its  own  roots  it  forms 
a  low-growing  tree,  considerably  planted  in  England,  more 
rarely  in  the  United  States.  The  fruit  is  from  one  to  one  and 
a  half  inches  in  diameter,  of  peculiar  shape,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration.  Color,  brown  russet.  It  is  gathered  after  the 
first  severe  frost,  the  stems  dipped  in  strong  brine,  and  after 


616  WILD  AND    UNCLASSIFIED   FRUITS. 

being  laid  in  layers  in  shallow  trays,  it  is  covered  with  wet 
bran  and  placed  in  a  cool  room  to  soften,  or,  technically, 
"  blet."  The  medlar  is  not  sufficiently  good  to  make  it  worth 
raising,  except  as  a  curiosity.  Four  varieties  are  grown  in 


FIG.  813.— Medlars. 

England  and  on  the  Continent.  Dutch,  the  largest ;  Monstrous, 
large,  vigorous,  new;  Royal,  prolific,  brisk  flavor;  and  Not- 
tingham, the  smallest  in  size,  prolific,  and  the  best. 


PAW-PAW  (Asimina  triloba). 

This  tree  is  indigenous  to  the  Central  United  States  valleys, 
where  it  grows  in  thickets  along  the  river-banks.  It  attains  a 
height  of  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet,  densely  clothed  with 
large,  obovate-lanceolate  leaves.  It  blossoms  in  the  latitude 
of  New  York  in  May  before  the  foliage  makes  its  appearance. 
The  flowers  are  of  a  dark  violet  color,  about  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter, in  clusters  of  from  two  to  six  or  eight.  The  fruit  is  a 
peculiar-looking  affair,  cylindrical,  with  obtuse  ends,  from 
three  to  five  inches  long  and  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
thick,  brown,  with  dark  patches  when  fully  ripe.  The  flesh  is 


WILD  AND    UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS. 


617 


a  deep  creamy  yellow,  very  soft,  a  little  gritty,  very  sweet. 
Embedded  in  this  flesh  are  from  two  to  six  or  eight  large 
glossy  black  seeds. 

While  a  most  luxuriant  grower  and  profuse  bearer  in  its 
native  soil,  it  is  not  hardy  north  of  New  York,  and  even  there 
it  is  often  winter-killed.  It  is  nevertheless  an  ornamental  tree 
for  the  lawn  or  garden,  and  well  worth  cultivating  for  this 


FiG.  814.— Paw-Paw. 
(Reduced  one-half  in  diameter.) 

merit  as  well  as  for  its  curious  fruit,  which  is  much  liked  by 
some. 

The  young  trees  can  be  obtained  of  nurserymen.  The  paw- 
paw is  diaecious,  and  if  fruit  is  desired  it  must  always  be 
stipulated  that  the  stock  purchased  shall  have  borne  fruit. 
The  necessity  of  transplanting  trees  of  such  age  and  size  en- 
hances the  difficulty  of  successfully  establishing  them.  In  the 
towns  along  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  and  their  tributaries, 
in  the  fall  of  the  year,  the  paw-paw  is  plentifully  exposed  for 
sale,  but  as  it  is  too  soft  for  transportation  it  is  never  seen  far 
from  the  places  where  it  grows. 


618  WILD  AND    UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS. 


STRAWBERRY-RASPBERRY. 

Rubus  rosafolius. — Commonly  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  the 
two  fruits  whose  diphthongue  name  it  bears.  It  is,  however,  a 
distinct  species  from  the  Himalayas.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  fruits.  The  berries  resemble  an  enormous  rasp- 
berry, from  one  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter.  The 
plant  is  slender,  branched,  about  two  feet  high,  the  stems 
armed  from  enci  to  end  with  the  sharpest  spines.  It  is  utterly 
worthless  to  eat,  but  the  berry  is  so  beautiful  that  it  is  well 
worth  cultivating  for  table  decoration.  It  requires  heavy  clay 
soil.  When  started,  it  is  difficult  as  a  weed  to  keep  within 
bounds.  Entirely  hardy  up  to  latitude  42°. 

JAPANESE  WINEBERRY. 

Rubus  phcenicolasius. — The  English  name  gives  its  native 
habitat.  The  canes  grow  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  long,  root- 
ing, and  thus  propagating  itself,  from  their  tips.  These 
canes  are  thickly  covered  with  very  conspicuous  purplish- 
red  hairs.  Leaves  five  to  seven  inches  long,  simple  or  tri- 
foliate ;  leaflets  crenate,  serrate,  downy  white  on  the  under  side. 
The  flowers  are  pinkish-white;  the  fruit  is  similar  to  other 
small  raspberries,  of  a  lively  scarlet ;  flavor  sprightly,  sub- 
acid,  very  refreshing.  Birds,  especially  robins  and  cat  birds, 
are  so  fond  of  them  that  it  is  hardly  possible  to  gather  any 
quantity,  even  from  a  pretty  large  bed.  It  is  worth  cultiva- 
tion simply  for  ornament,  and  is  entirely  hardy. 


part  tTbree. 
SUBTROPICAL  FRUITS 

BY 

E.    H.    HART 

FEDERAL  POINT,    FLORIDA 


CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

CITRUS    FRUITS. 

THE   ORANGE. 

THE  citrus-tree  is  supposed  to  have  originally  travelled 
from  China  to  India,  and  thence  gradually  spread  over  the 
world  to  all  countries  having  a  climate  sufficiently  mild  for  its 
growth.  The  citron  was  known  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean long  before  the  sweet  orange,  and  some  scriptural 
allusions  to  the  apple  are  supposed  to  refer  to  it.  The  Seville 
orange,  or  bigarrade,  is  reported  to  have  been  brought  from 
the  East  by  the  Moors,  who  established  large  plantations  of  it 
about  Seville  in  Spain ;  hence  the  name.  From  Spain  this 
orange  was  brought  to  Florida  by  the  early  Spanish  settlers, 
and  the  Indians,  becoming  very  fond  of  it,  carried  quantities 
about  with  them  on  their  canoe  excursions  to  be  eaten  at  their 
camps  on  the  shores  of  the  numerous  streams  of  that  well- 
watered  country.  The  seeds,  dropping  upon  the  ground,  soon 
germinated,  and  from  them  sprang  the  famous  sour-orange 
groves,  which  in  time  became  so  vast  and  numerous  as  to 
lead  many  to  believe  the  sour  orange  an  indigenous  product. 

In  Florida  all  sweet  oranges  were  formerly  called  China 
oranges,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Sevilles,  and  perhaps 
also  in  allusion  to  the  country  of  their  origin.  Of  late  great 
attention  has  been  paid  to  improvement  of  quality  by  selec- 
tion, cross-fertilization,  and  scientific  cultivation,  and  when 
the  efforts  in  these  directions  shall  equal  those  expended  upon 
the  fruits  of  temperate  climes,  a  greater  demand  and  higher 
appreciation  will  follow.  The  renaissance  of  the  industry  in 
Florida  at  the  close  of  the  civil  war,  combined  with  the  popu- 
lar estimation  of  the  fruit  grown  in  that  peninsula,  resulted 
in  an  increase  of  production  in  twenty-five  years,  from  almost 
nothing  up  to  about  five  million  boxes  per  annum. 

Under  favorable  conditions  the  orange-tree  lives  and  con- 
tinues fruitful  to  a  great  age.  Its  tenacity  of  life  is  wonder- 
ful. Trunks  of  large  trees,  after  lying  for  weeks  in  the  hold 
of  a  vessel  as  ballast,  have  struck  root  and  renewed  their  lives 
when  planted  out  and  cared  for.  Others  killed  to  the  ground 
by  fire  or  frost,  and  showing  no  signs  of  life  for  a  year  or 

621 


622  THE   ORANGE. 

more,  have  at  length  sprouted  and  regained  their  former^size. 
Unless  actually  diseased,  there  would  seem  to  be  hardly  any 
limit  to  their  recuperative  power.  Trees  that  had  remained 
stationary  for  many  years  in  the  shade  of  crowded  thickets,  or 
stunted  and  dwarfed  by  aggressive  grass  and  weeds,  when 
removed  to  a  congenial  spot  and  cared  for  have  immediately 
responded  by  growing  off  apace. 

Evolution  of  the  Orange. 

The  orange,  originally  a  berry  about  the  size  of  a  marble, 
bitter  and  full  of  seeds,  has  been  brought  to  its  present 
astonishing  development  in  size  and  flavor  by  the  patient 
efforts  of  cultivators  from  the  most  remote  times.  The  dif- 
ferent types  and  varieties  are  the  result  of  careful  selection 
of  seeds  from  fruit  possessing  the  qualities  most  desired,  and 
many  variations  have  come  from  crossings  with  the  lime  and 
citron.  Climate  and  soil  have  also  exercised  a  powerful  in- 
fluence, after  a  term  of  years  changing  a  variety  so  much 
as  to  render  difficult  its  identification  with  the  original. 
When  various  kinds  of  citrus  are  intermingled  in  one  grove, 
distinguishing  characteristics  are  sometimes  completely 
wiped  out.  In  extreme  cases  almost  the  whole  crop  on  a 
tree  of  an  elongated  variety  has  become  spherical  or  even 
flattened,  and  vice  versa  ;  navel  oranges  lost  their  special 
mark,  and  the  navel  seal  appeared  on  nearly  all  the  fruit  of 
a  China-orange  tree.  Navel  oranges,  properly  seedless,  have 
acquired  seeds  from  the  pollen  of  adjoining  seedy  varieties; 
also  what  appeared  to  be  oranges  have  been  found  on  lemon- 
trees  and  the  reverse.  Although  these  changes  may  not 
be  sufficiently  common  to  forbid  the  intermingling  of  dif- 
ferent trees  in  a  commercial  grove,  yet  they  are  common 
enough  to  prove  how  easily  and  rapidly  changes  in  types  and 
varieties  may  be  brought  about;  the  necessity  of  care  in  the 
selection  of  seed;  and  also  what  some  botanists  have  denied, 
namely,  that  the  influence  of  pollination  appears  directly  in 
the  flesh  of  the  fruit  instead  of  affecting  merely  the  seed. 
When  quick  results  in  crossing  are  desired,  it  may  be  remem- 
bered that  the  influence  of  strange  pollen  deposited  upon  the 
stigma  will  also  affect  for  a  short  time  several  buds  behind 
and  under  the  blossom,  and  before  this  influence  ceases  these 


THE   ORANGE.  623 

buds  may  be  transferred  to  another  tree,  grown,  and  fruited  in 
a  year  or  two.  If  seeds  of  the  hybrid  fruit  be  planted,  buds 
from  the  young  seedling  when  in  its  fourth  or  fifth  leaf  may 
be  skilfully  inserted  into  the  sprout  of  a  bearing  tree  and 
fruited  in  the  same  space  of  time. 

That  the  bud  influences  the  stock  is  proved  by  the  more 
rapid  expansion  of  the  latter,  after  being  worked  with  a  faster- 
growing  variety,  as  when  a  lemon  is  set  into  a  sour  orange, 
and  also  by  the  appearance  below  the  union,  in  some  rare  in- 
stances, of  adventitious  growths  of  the  same  kind  as  the  in- 
serted bud.  The  writer  has  a  large  lemon-tree,  worked  on  a 
sour  orange,  a  foot  above  the  ground  and  killed  down  by  the 
late  freeze.  From  a  large  side  root  of  this  sour-orange  stock, 
about  two  feet  distant  from  the  trunk,  are  growing  a  couple 
of  vigorous  lemon-sprouts,  showing  the  subtle  and  potent  in- 
fluence of  the  dominant  top.  The  orange  is  also  improved  by 
double  working,  as,  for  instance,  when  a  lemon  is  grown  upon 
a  sour  stock  and  budded  one  or  more  times  with  an  orange. 
Each  successive  change  assists  in  refinement  of  flavor  and 
elimination  of  seed  and  thorn.  Some  of  these  things  may  be 
deemed  heresies,  and  possibly  they  are  as  applied  to  less  tract- 
able subjects  than  the  citrus,  certainly  one  of  the  most  re- 
markably docile  of  fruit-trees. 

PROPAGATION. 

Seeds. — The  orange  is  usually  increased  by  seeds,  which 
should  be  planted  an  inch  deep,  and  about  an  inch  apart,  soon 
after  removal  from  the  fruit,  and  before  they  become  too  dry 
to  germinate.  If  the  seed  cannot  be  planted  at  once,  it  may 
be  mixed  with  moist  sand,  which  will  preserve  its  vitality  for 
a  long  time,  provided  it  be  kept  cool  enough  not  to  sprout. 
The  young  plants  may  be  started  in  boxes  filled  with  moder- 
ately rich  earth,  or  in  beds  in  open  ground,  covering  the  seeds 
with  loose  or  sifted  soil,  which  should  not  be  allowed  to  be- 
come dry  or  crusted  over.  Shelter  from  the  scorching  beams 
of  the  sun  in  the  hottest  weather,  and  also  from  frosts,  by 
screens  of  coarse  cloth  or  lattice-work,  with  a  liberal  but  not 
excessive  supply  of  water,  is  necessary  after  they  begin  to 
grow.  Moles  may  be  kept  from  the  seed-beds  by  an  enclosure 


624  THE  ORANGE. 

of  boards  placed  on  edge  and  sunk  deeply  enough  to  exclude 
them. 

The  following  year  the  young  plants  may  be  transferred  to 
the  nursery  rows,  to  be  budded  when  of  convenient  size,  or 
grown  as  seedlings  until  large  enough  for  removal  to  the 
grove.  Where  seedlings  are  preferred  the  seed  should  be 
selected  from  the  best  sweet  oranges,  growing  by  themselves 
apart  from  lemon,  citron,  or  bigarrade  trees,  so  that  the  quality 
may  not  be  debased  by  intermixture  with  these.  Some  kinds 
long  grown  by  themselves,  like  the  Bisry  orange  of  Sidon,  al- 
most invariably  come  true  to  kind.  Generally  there  will  be 
more  or  less  variation  in  a  grove  of  seedlings,  though  scarcely 
apparent  to  a  superficial  observer,  and  if  the  seeds  have  come 
of  reputable  stock,  all  will  produce  a  fair  quality  of  fruit. 
Sweet  seedlings  usually  begin  to  bear  six  or  eight  years  after 
planting.  Ten  inches  or  a  foot  apart  in  the  nursery  rows  is  a 
good  distance,  and  to  get  an  even  stand  only  the  strong  thrifty 
plants  should  be  used,  leaving  the  weakly  ones  until  they  be- 
come larger. 

Budding  and  Grafting. — Although  the  orange  can  be  suc- 
cessfully grafted,  budding  is  much  preferred,  and  the  opera- 
tion is  performed  the  same  as  with  other  trees,  excepting 
that  more  nicety  is  required.  To  prevent  the  entrance  of 
water,  the  shield  is  inserted  into  a  cross-cut  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  vertical  slit  and  pushed  upward.  Only  the  lower 
corners  of  the  vertical  slit  are  raised,  and  the  shield  is 
made  to  open  its  own  way.  The  shield  should  extend  well 
above  and  below  the  bud,  be  sliced  off  smoothly  with  plenty 
of  substance,  and  lie  flat  and  snugly  against  the  wood.  The 
bandage  may  be  of  soft  cotton  twine,  the  turns  of  which 
are  passed  closely  around  and  drawn  tight.  This  is  better 
than  husks  or  bast,  which  are  apt  to  loosen  and  the  bud  per- 
ishes. Better  still  are  strips  of  muslin  dipped  in  beeswax. 
These  can  be  wound  around  so  as  to  cover  all,  entirely  exclud- 
ing air  and  water,  and  then  it  is  immaterial  whether  the  cross- 
cut be  made  above  or  below.  The  addition  of  oils  or  fats  to 
the  wax  in  very  hot  weather  is  liable  to  cause  souring  of  the 
sap,  which  is  fatal.  Large  stocks  may  be  twig-budded  or 
grafted,  by  inserting  between  bark  and  wood  at  the  excised 
end  several  slender  twigs  cut  thin  and  sloping  and  pushed  well 


THE  ORANGE.  62S 

down,  or  a  twig  may  be  inserted  between  bark  and  wood  in 
a  diagonal  incision  at  the  side  without  cutting  off  the  top. 

The  fruitfulness  and  stamina  of  the  future  tree,  in  a  great 
measure,  depend  upon  the  selection  of  the  buds  from  which 
it  is  produced.  It  is  commonly  believed  that  a  bud  from  a 
bearing  branch  will  bear  sooner  and  more  abundantly  than 
one  from  a  watershoot  or  sucker.  This  theory  is  scarcely 
borne  out  by  experience.  A  watershoot,  after  running  up  to 
the  top  of  the  tree  and  putting  out  branches,  will  often  be 
found  the  next  year  weighted  down  with  masses  of  fruit. 
Therefore  a  bud  from  a  watershoot  is  just  as  likely  to  be  fer- 
tile, and  more  likely  to  be  vigorous,  the  same  as  a  bud  from 
near  the  end  of  a  thrifty  shoot.  Buds  near  the  base  of  a  scion 
are  apt  to  make  trees  with  fewer  thorns,  but  less  vigorous. 
Again,  buds  from  fruit-bearing  twigs  early  in  the  season  may 
be  slightly  affected  by  strange  pollen  absorbed  through  the 
bloom.  This  accounts  for  cases  of  so-called  bud  variation. 
Therefore  buds  from  a  thrifty  non-bearing  branch  of  a  fruitful 
tree  are  the  best  guarantee  of  vigor  and  productiveness.  No 
doubt  there  are  a  few  buds  on  every  tree  that  are  naturally 
and  unaccountably  barren,  and  when  these  are  unfortunately 
used  an  unprofitable  tree  is  the  result.  Here  and  there  such 
a  one  may  be  found  in  every  grove.  For  these  there  is  no 
remedy  but  working  over  again. 

The  sour  orange,  or  bigarrade,  begins  to  bear  at  an  earlier 
age  than  the  sweet,  and  is  naturally  a  smaller  tree.  Hav- 
ing a  hardy  constitution,  it  is  commonly  preferred  as  a 
stock.  It  begins  to  bear  in  two  or  three  years  after  bud- 
ding, and,  as  it  is  only  by  this  means  that  distinct  varie- 
ties can  be  perpetuated,  budding  is  always  resorted  to  where 
speedy  results  and  uniformity  are  desired.  Fruit  from 
budded  trees  grades  higher  and  carries  better  than  that  from 
seedlings,  for  the  reason  that  only  the  best  kinds  are  selected. 
By  repeated  budding,  the  thorns,  always  numerous  in  a  natural 
tree,  finally  almost  entirely  disappear.  Thornless  trees  are 
always  desirable,  because  the  wounds  inflicted  upon  the  fruit 
by  these  sharp  points,  especially  during  high  winds,  cause 
great  loss  by  decay  both  before  and  after  gathering.  Budded 
trees  appear  to  be  as  hardy  and  long-lived  as  any. 

Stocks  of  grape-fruit,  lemon,  and  the  larger  limes  may 
40 


626  THE  ORANGE. 

sometimes  be  used  to  advantage.  A  small  orange,  lacking 
flavor,  is  improved  in  size,  quality,  and  fruitfulness  by  being 
worked  upon  these  free  growers,  but  like  them  becomes  tender 
as  regards  ability  to  bear  frost.  To  ensure  safety  from  total 
loss  in  a  killing  freeze,  budding  close  to  the  root  is  now  prac- 
tised. Some  prefer  the  sweet  seedling  for  a  stock,  especially 
in  soils  where  it  is  not  liable  to  "  dieback"  and  mal  de  goma, 
arguing  that,  if  killed  down  by  frost,  it  can  be  allowed  to  grow 
up  again  without  the  trouble  and  delay  of  budding.  The 
sweet  seedling  in  such  soils,  when  used  as  a  stock  for  varieties, 
attains  a  great  size  and  large  bearing  capacity. 

For  dwarfing  the  orange  and  lemon,  C.  Otaheite  and  C.  tri- 
foliata  are  used.  The  former,  brought  into  France  in  1815, 
is  a  nearly  thornless  evergreen  shrub,  with  pendulous  branches 
and  glossy  leaves,  and  quite  tender. 

C.  trifoliata,  one  of  the  original  wild  forms,  is  a  deciduous 
shrub  with  trifoliate  leaves,  exceedingly  thorny,  and  hardy 
enough  to  answer  for  hedges  in  a  temperate  climate.  On 
either  of  the  above  the  orange  or  lemon  makes  an  elegant 
compact  bush,  freely  producing  large  crops  of  fine  fruit.  On 
trifoliata,  in  the  open  ground,  it  becomes  a  small  tree,  capa- 
ble, when  dormant,  of  enduring  a  greater  degree  of  cold  than 
otherwise.  Such  trees  are  adapted  to  exposed  situations,  and 
those  along  the  northern  edge  of  orange  latitudes.  They  are 
hardy  only  while  resting ;  during  active  growth  the  resistant 
powers  of  all  are  much  the  same. 

Where  nursery  trees  were  not  to  be  had  and  a  start  must  be 
made  from  the  seed,  groves  have  been  quickly  established 
by  planting  several  plump  seeds  where  each  tree  was  to  stand, 
and  after  they  had  grown  a  few  months  pulling  out  all  plants 
but  the  best  ones.  Such  trees,  unchecked  by  removal,  and 
each  a  survival  of  the  fittest,  have  often  fruited  in  three  or 
four  years. 

Transplanting. — The  orange  bears  transplanting  well,  and, 
if  skilfully  done,  trees  of  any  size  can  be  moved  without  risk 
of  loss.  Where  the  roots  have  been  closely  cut  off,  recovery 
is  better  if  most  of  the  tops  are  pruned  away.  The  roots  must 
not  be  exposed  to  the  sun  nor  allowed  to  become  dry.  After 
setting,  the  earth  should  be  closely  packed  by  hand  or  by 
pouring  in  water.  Thus  treated,  the  largest  trees  will  begin 


THE  ORANGE.  627 

growing  and  bearing  t»t  once,  and  in  a  few  years  regain  tops 
of  their  former  size.  Trees  carrying  half-grown  fruit  have 
been  moved  and  retained  the  crop  till  maturity. 

Immediately  after  the  civil  war,  when  the  planting  of  groves 
began  in  Florida,  there  was  no  nursery  stock  to  be  had.  Ac- 
corjdingly,  trees  were  taken  from  the  extensive  thickets  of  wild 
oranges  existing  here  and  there  all  over  the  State.  Before 
removal  they  were  cut  back  to  four  or  five  feet,  and  all  the 
roots  severed  a  few  inches  from  the  stump.  As  they  had 
grown  closely,  with  little  room  for  expansion,  many,  still  small, 
might  have  been  a  hundred  years  old,  and  yet  these  apparently 
stunted  trees,  after  being  transplanted  and  budded,  grew  off 
handsomely,  becoming  large  and  productive  in  time.  Others, 
topped  and  budded  where  they  stood,  with  roots  intact,  the 
surrounding  bushes  being  cleared  away,  were  transformed 
even  sooner.  Being  evergreen,  transplanting  may  be  done 
any  time  of  year,  but  the  cooler  weather  of  winter,  when 
growth  has  nearly  or  entirely  cease>£,  is  considered  safest. 

New  roots  begin  to  push  out  about  three  weeks  after  lifting, 
followed  in  a  week  or  two  more  by  the  swelling  of  the  buds. 
Besides  being  supplied  with  water,  if  the  weather  is  very  hot 
and  dry,  they  should  be  shaded  or  wrapped  till  growth  begins. 
Before  movement  of  sap  and  root  action  is  established,  there 
is  no  power  to  resist  the  heat  from  the  direct  beams  of  the 
sun,  which  may  cook  and  destroy  them.  Mulching  is  of  great 
assistance  in  keeping  the  soil  loose,  moist,  and  cool  until  the 
recovery  of  the  tree,  and  preventing  the  drying  up  of  the 
tender  rootlets. 

Trees  should  never  be  set  deeper  than  they  originally  grew. 
On  damp  or  low-lying  soils  they  ought  to  be  a  few  inches 
higher,  and  the  earth  drawn  up  to  them,  leaving  a  sloping  bed 
with  a  depression  in  the  middle  to  carry  off  surplus  water  that 
might  accumulate  during  heavy  rains.  If  the  ground  is  loose 
they  will  settle  a  little,  for  which  allowance  should  be  made. 
Set  too  deep,  they  will  never  thrive  nor  grow  much  until  raised, 
or  waited  upon  until  new  collar-roots  form.  The  ends  of  all 
tap-roots  should  be  cut  off  smoothly,  also  the  laterals,  which 
should  be  drawn  out  straight,  and  clean  soil  tightly  packed 
around  them.  Contact  with  strong  fertilizers  and  fermenting 
manures  is  highly  objectionable,  and  likely  to  breed  disease. 


628  THE   ORANGE. 

These  should  be  worked  into  the  soil  beyond  if  used  at  all,  to 
be  sought  after  and  appropriated  as  needed.  The  hungry 
tree  will  scent  out  a  compost  or  muck-heap  many  feet  away, 
and,  in  an  incredibly  short  time,  fill  it  with  the  yellow  root- 
lets. The  tap-root  starts  first,  sending  down  a  whorl  of  slender 
threads,  which  soon  coalesce  in  a  single  spike,  replacing1  the 
severed  portion.  Nothing  is  lost  by  pruning  away  most  of 
the  branches,  cutting  back  the  top  severely.  A  new  head 
will  form  more  quickly  and  the  growth  be  more  rapid  and 
healthy  if  the  leafage  is  diminished  to  correspond  with  the 
shortened  roots. 

Cuttings  and  Layers. — All  of  the  citrus  tribe  grow  readily 
from  cuttings  or  layers,  particularly  lemons  and  citrons,  the 
branches  of  which  often  strike  root  as  they  rest  upon  the 
ground,  weighed  down  with  fruit.  It  might  reasonably  be 
supposed  that  seedlings  of  the  lemon  and  citron  would  live 
longer  and  have  better  stamina  than  cuttings  and  layers,  but 
the  latter  appear  to  do  equally  well,  and  have  the  advantage, 
if  killed  to  the  ground,  of  growing  up  true  to  kind  without  the 
trouble  of  grafting.  The  orange  may  be  quickly  propagated 
from  the  side-roots  of  large  trees,  which,  having  been  cut 
through  and  air  and  light  admitted  to  the  severed  portions, 
soon  throw  out  rank  sprouts  and  can  be  dug  up  as  separate 
plants.  This  method  and  also  by  layers  is  a  common  mode 
of  increasing  the  Otaheite  for  dwarfing. 

Soil. — The  orange  readily  accommodates  itself  to  any 
reasonably  fertile  soil,  and  although  it  will  grow  and  produce 
fair  crops  on  land  too  poor  for  grain,  no  other  fruit-tree  re- 
sponds more  readily  to  generous  treatment.  It  is  found  thriv- 
ing in  the  dryest  situations,  wherever  the  roots  can  extend 
down  to  the  moisture  beneath,  and  it  also  flourishes  on  alluvial 
soil  subject  at  times  to  overflow,  provided  the  water  does  not 
stand  too  long  and  is  kept  cool  by  the  shade  of  overhanging 
forests.  During  seasons  of  active  growth,  an  abundance  of 
water,  either  from  rain  or  irrigation,  is  a  necessity.  In  many 
cases,  besides  what  is  drawn  up  by  the  roots  from  hidden 
sources,  copious  dews  or  the  seepage  of  artesian  wells  are  of 
material  assistance.  Dr.  Bennett  mentions  an  extensive  grove 
in  an  alluvial  valley  of  Sardinia,  through  which  runs  a  never- 
failing  rivulet  of  mountain  water.  No  manure  is  ever  given, 


THE   ORANGE.  629 

and  twice  a  week  during  summer  the  entire  grove  is  flooded. 
As  thus  shown,  the  orange  needs  a  well-watered  situation,  but 
it  must  be  living  or  moving  water ;  swampy  or  sodden  soils  are 
to  be  avoided,  also  those  having  an  impervious  layer  of  rock, 
or  hardpan  near  the  surface,  particularly  if  charged  with  an 
excess  of  salt  or  iron.  On  loose  and  friable  soils,  underlaid 
with  marly  or  phosphatic  deposits,  the  growth  is  wonderfully 
luxuriant  and  the  fruit  of  surpassing  delicacy,  oftentimes  too 
delicate  for  shipment  to  a  distant  market. 

All  low  and  flat  lands  are  more  frosty.  Trees  on  high 
ground  often  show  little  damage  from  a  polar  wave  when 
those  in  the  valleys  below  are  badly  hurt.  But  during  the 
sweeping  blizzards  that  destroyed  the  Florida  groves,  the  in- 
tense and  far-reaching  cold  was,  if  anything,  more  severe  on 
elevations  than  in  sheltered  valleys.  This,  however,  was  an 
exceptional  case.  A  body  of  water  on  the  north  or  north- 
west side  of  a  grove,  wide  and  deep  enough  to  retain  heat, 
greatly  lessens  the  rigor  of  cold  winds,  and  a  belt  of  dense 
timber  on  the  east  side,  to  keep  off  the  morning  sun  for  a  few 
hours  on  a  frosty  morning,  also  mitigates  the  damage  that 
might  ensue  from  rapid  thawing. 

Fertilizers. — Closely  connected  with  the  subject  of  soil  is 
that  of  fertilizers,  by  the  understanding  use  of  which  almost 
any  kind  of  an  orange  may  be,  as  it  were,  manufactured  to 
order.  Free  use  of  potash  thickens  and  toughens  the  rind, 
giving  the  firmness  and  durability  requisite  to  bear  transpor- 
tation and  rough  handling,  but  at  the  expense  of  saccharine 
qualities.  The  latter  may  be  increased  and  acidulous  proper- 
ties modified  by  the  use  of  more  phosphoric  acid.  Highly 
nitrogenous  applications  give  fruit  surcharged  with  insipid 
juice,  and  cause  a  lush  growth  of  wood  that  never  properly 
ripens,  inviting  attacks  ot  insects  and  fungi.  Composts  from 
the  barnyard,  or  those  containing  much  decomposing  animal 
matter,  must  be  used  sparingly  if  at  all.  The  most  wholesome 
growth  and  finest-flavored  fruit  comes  from  judicious  employ- 
ment of  the  best  high-grade  commercial  fertilizers.  To  keep 
up  the  productiveness  of  bearing  groves,  enormous  quantities 
of  these  are  applied,  sometimes  a  ton  to  the  acre  every  year, 
and  in  rare  cases  even  more  has  been  found  profitable,  or  as 
much  as  the  owner  could  afford  to  buy.  No  soil,  however 


630  THE  ORANGE. 

fertile,  could  long  keep  up  its  strength  when  crops  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  to  nearly  four  times  that  number  of  boxes 
of  fruit  are  annually  removed  from  it,  unless  the  elements 
taken  away  are  continually  being  restored.  In  the  wild 
groves,  where  the  entire  product  falls  and  is  immediately  re- 
solved into  original  forms  by  decay,  there  is  of  course  no 
impoverishment  or  deterioration. 

The  peculiar  characteristics  of  an  orange  are  also  due,  in 
great  measure,  to  the  season  of  its  development  and  ripening. 
The  superior  excellence  of  the  Florida  product  is  well  known. 
About  the  ist  of  March  the  blossom  opens.  During  the  dry 
weather  of  April  and  May  the  superfluous  setting  falls  off,  and 
what  remains  progresses,  under  the  fostering  influences  oi: 
heat  and  showers,  to  maturity  by  the  last  of  autumn.  The 
cool  winter  weather  checks  the  flow  of  sap,  the  green  rind 
assumes  a  brilliant  golden  hue,  and  the  sharp  acids  become 
toned  down  and  blended  with  a  delightful  intermingling  of 
the  saccharine.  Evidently  the  conditions  of  climate  and  soil 
are  eminently  fitted  and  the  changes  of  the  seasons  come  just 
at  the  right  time,  to  bring  about  these  superlative  qualities. 
But  there  are  midsummer  blooms  whose  fruit  ripens  the  fol- 
lowing summer,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  this  summer  fruit, 
though  subject  to  the  same  influences,  but  at  different  seasons 
as  regards  stages  of  growth,  is  every  way  inferior  to  the  regu- 
lar crop,  and,  instead  of  a  ruddy  golden  yellow,  never  gets 
beyond  a  pale  greenish  tinge.  The  same  has  been  observed 
in  some  tropical  regions,  where  cool  weather  is  unknown; 
hence  it  is  evident  that  a  low  temperature  at  the  ripening 
period  contributes  to  perfection,  and  it  is  believed  that  the 
orange  is  best  at  its  northern  limit  in  this  hemisphere.  South 
of  the  equator  the  conditions  would  be  reversed. 

Distance  of  Planting.  — The  distance  apart  in  the  grove  de- 
pends upon  the  kind  of  tree  and  character  of  soil.  Sweet 
seedlings  or  buds  on  sweet  stocks  grow  to  a  great  size,  and 
anywhere  from  thirty  to  forty  feet  will  not  be  found  too  close 
in  loose  and  deeply  drained  ground.  On  sour  stocks  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  feet.  On  trifoliata  still  closer,  and  dwarfed  on 
Otaheite  no  more  than  ten  by  ten.  On  heavy,  low-lying,  and 
wet  land,  trees  attain  less  size  and  should  be  set  nearer ;  say 
twenty  by  twenty  for  sweet  stocks  and  sixteen  by  twenty  for 


THE  ORANGE.  631 

sour.  Such  situations  being  more  frosty,  close  planting  cre- 
ates denser  shade,  which  not  only  mitigates  the  cold,  but  also 
breaks  the  force  of  high  winds,  besides  keeping  the  ground 
cool  and  moist  by  checking  evaporation.  Fruit  grown  in  the 
shade  is  of  a  more  delicate  texture  and  a  clearer  complexion 
than  that  exposed  to  the  sun.  Where  plenty  of  space  is  advis- 
able the  trees  become  very  large  in  time  and  the  product  cor- 
respondingly great  per  tree.  Growers  on  high  lands  assert 
that  they  get  more  fruit  per  acre  from  trees  fifty  feet  apart 
than  from  those  nearer  together.  In  some  countries  close 
planting  seems  to  be  the  rule.  For  example,  in  the  Sardinian 
grove  alluded  to,  the  trees,  according  to  Dr.  Bennett,  are  only 
eight  or  ten  feet  apart;  and  most  of  them  very  old,  with  trunks 
two  or  even  three  feet  in  diameter.  The  branches  run  up  to 
a  height  of  twenty  feet,  and  form  a  dense  canopy,  which  keeps 
the  ground  cool  and  moist,  and  the  experience  of  centuries 
has  satisfied  the  proprietors  that  this  is  the  best  plan.  It  was 
also  found  that  seedlings  were  apt  to  die  from  limb-blight 
upon  reaching  maturity,  while  all  the  grafted  trees  were 
sound  and  healthy.  Herman  Melville,  referring  to  a  grove 
in  Tahiti,  says  the  trees  formed  a  dense  shade,  spreading 
overhead  a  dark,  rustling  vault,  in  which  nothing  but  leaves 
and  fruit  could  be  seen. 

CULTIVATION. 

The  method  of  cultivation  is  a  subject  about  which  exists 
a  great  variety  of  opinions,  and  amid  the  many  differences 
of  soil,  climate,  and  surroundings  the  treatment  must,  of 
course,  be  varied  to  suit  each  particular  case.  Nowhere  do 
we  find  more  beautiful  fruit,  nor  brighter  or  more  glossy 
foliage, than  in  many  of  the  wild  groves  of  Florida.  Shielded 
from  the  fierce  beams  of  the  midsummer  sun,  from  high 
winds  and  the  severity  of  frosts  by  the  intermingled  and 
overarching  forest  trees,  and  fed  by  the  decay  of  fallen  leaves 
and  branches,  the  conditions  for  a  continued  well-being  are 
well-nigh  perfect.  Here  nature  provides  a  loose  and  friable 
soil,  abounding  in  the  elements  of  fertility,  with  protection 
from  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  and  as  far  as  the  artificial 
state  of  cultivated  trees  allows  we  will  do  well  to  imitate 


632  THE  ORANGE. 

nature.  High  lands  deficient  in  humus  should  be  kept  stirred 
part  of  the  year,  and  during  warm  and  rainy  weather  grass  or 
green  crops  may  be  allowed  to  grow,  and  then  turned  under 
to  furnish  the  vegetable  mould  upon  which  the  rootlets  delight 
to  feed.  Except  in  soils  where  the  roots  strike  deeply,  plough- 
ing must  be  shallow  to  avoid  their  mutilation.  Low-lying 
and  wet  lands  at£  better  not  ploughed  at  all.  Mulching  and 
an  occasional  superficial  working  over  with  the  hoe  or  culti- 
vator will  keep  tbe  soil  loose  and  moist,  as  in  a  state  of  nature. 
Our  aim  should  i>e  to  secure  a  steady  and  moderate  growth, 
slowly  ripening  up  and  hardening,  which  is  more  wholesome 
for  the  tree  and  better  enables  it  to  bear  an  extreme  of  frost. 
An  abnormally  rapid  growth  invites  disease,  insects,  and 
damage  from  low  temperature.  The  orange  resents  too  much 
interference.  "Let  well  enough  alone,"  and  "make  haste 
slowly,"  are  golden  rules  in  orange-culture. 

Pruning. — Pruiwng  is  sometimes  necessary  to  get  rid  of  long 
thorns,  or  to  open  up  the  inside  for  convenience  in  climbing 
about  to  gather  the  fruit,  and  to  admit  air  and  light  moder- 
ately. It  is  well  to  cut  off  dead  or  sickly  branches,  and  those 
that  chafe  against  each  other.  Trees  with  tall,  naked  trunks 
are  more  readily  hurt  by  frost  and  high  winds ;  therefore  while 
young  they  should  be  encouraged  to  branch  out  low.  This 
does  not  interfere  much  with  cultivation,  for  the  plough  should 
not  be  run  too  close,  and  the  shade  keeps  down  grass  and 
weeds.  As  the  top  expands  and  thickens,  these  lower  branches 
cease  to  be  of  service,  and  may  be  removed  as  having  served 
their  turn.  The  best  time  for  pruning  is  in  spring,  when  dan- 
ger of  frost  is  less  and  vital  forces  strongest.  Late  in  summer 
it  is  more  weakening,  besides  increasing  the  susceptibility  to 
cold  by  setting  the  sap  in  motion.  There  is  much  unneces- 
sary pruning  done.  Small  twigs  in  the  shade  are  continually 
dying  and  being  succeeded  by  others  more  favorably  situated. 
In  a  few  weeks  they  become  brittle  and  drop  off,  like  leaves 
that  have  had  their  day.  In  the  nursery  more  or  less  of  clip- 
ping and  pinching-back  is  needed  to  favor  leading-shoots  and 
bring  the  young  trees  into  shape.  Water-sprouts  should  be 
removed  before  they  divert  and  absorb  the  energies  of  large 
trees. 


THE  ORANGE.  633 

FROST. 

In  many  semi-tropical  regions,  where  attention  is  paid  to 
the  orange,  the  arch  enemy  is  frost.  And  yet  it  is  not  so 
much  the  degree  of  cold,  as  the  condition  of  the  tree  at  the 
time,  which  makes  a  fall  of  temperature  harmful.  At  rest 
from  growing,  with  no  flow  of  sap  and  the  bark  clinging 
tightly  to  the  wood,  a  tough  old  tree  has  been  known  to  come 
out  of  a  brief  period,  during  which  ten  degrees  were  indicated 
by  the  mercury,  with  scarcely  a  scar.  In  the  freeze  of  1886 
in  Florida,  a  temperature  of  17°  at  sunrise,  rising  to  32°  at 
noon,  and  gradually  dropping  to  below  20°  by  the  next  morn- 
ing, and  this  repeated  for  four  days,  was  what  many  old 
groves  passed  through  with  so  little  harm  that  eighteen 
months  afterward  they  were  holding  larger  crops  than  ever 
before.  But  a  drop  below  30°  is  more  or  less  hazardous  when 
the  sap  is  flowing,  and  a  few  hours'  exposure,  especially  if 
trees  are  young  and  growing  freely,  may  burst  the  bark  and 
kill  them  to  the  ground.  Nothing  is  more  sensitive  than  the 
Up  of  a  growing  shoot. 

At  the  time  of  the  freeze  of  February  7th,  1895,  which 
Killed  down  most  of  the  orange-trees  in  Florida,  except  those 
in  the  extreme  southern  portion,  the  conditions  were  most 
unfavorable,  aside  from  the  severity  of  the  cold,  which  regis- 
tered 12°  to  15°  in  many  places — three  degrees  lower  than  in 
Boston — and  destroyed  forest  growths  considered  hardy  in 
ihe  Carolinas.  A  frost  of  almost  equal  intensity  had  occurred 
six  weeks  previously,  which  caused  all  the  foliage  to  drop, 
and  during  the  interval  between  the  two  the  sap  had  begun 
to  flow,  and  young  leaves  and  blossom-buds  were  appearing. 
In  this  tender  condition,  and  unsheltered  by  protecting  foli- 
age, they  fell  an  easy  prey. 

The  devastation  seems  to  have  been  greater  than  during  a 
similar  visitation  sixty  years  before.  At  that  time  the  trunks 
of  some  old  trees  were  spared  in  places  where  this  last  frost 
made  a  clean  sweep.  Previous  to  1835  there  were  bearing 
trees  in  St.  Augustine  of  great  size  and  capacity,  which  must 
have  bordered  upon  one  hundred  years.  Elderly  people  like 
to  recall  those  days  when  the  Ancient  City  was  embowered  in 
one  vast  grove,  all  yellow  with  ripening  fruit,  to  an  extent 


634  THE  ORANGE. 

never  since  regained.  A  previous  killing  freeze  is  recorded 
as  having  occurred  in  1747,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  all 
three  of  these  fatal  frosts  fell  upon  the  same  date  in  February. 

The  trees  killed  by  the  recent  freeze  are  mostly  sprouting 
freely  from  the  roots,  and,  if  taken  care  of,  will  begin  bearing 
in  two  or  three  years,  and  promise  to  regain  their  former  size 
by  another  decade,  if  not  sooner.  But  as  some  owners  have 
neither  the  means  nor  courage  to  rebuild  their  groves,  it  will 
probably  be  longer  before  the  previous  output  is  reached. 

Although  the  trees  can  bear  the  low  temperatures  before 
stated,  the  fruit  cannot.  Exposed  to  25°  for  a  few  hours,  the 
juice  next  the  stem  begins  to  evaporate,  and  a  longer  exposure 
will  cause  its  total  disappearance.  Badly  frozen  oranges  soon 
drop  and  decay,  while  many  of  those  slightly  touched  will 
hang  for  several  weeks  in  fair  condition  for  eating,  and  may 
be  sent  to  near-by  markets.  Those  that  are  small  and  tight- 
skinned  often  lose  half  or  two-thirds  of  their  juice,  where  the 
larger  ones,  having  a  loose  and  coarse  rind,  will  become  en- 
tirely dry,  and  light  as  puff-balls.  The  vitality  of  many  of  the 
seeds  will  also  be  destroyed. 

An  effectual  protection  against  total  destruction  by  frost 
consists  in  banking  up  earth  around  the  stem  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable, this  to  be  removed  when  the  danger  is  past.  Should 
the  top  be  killed  down  to  this  mound,  the  tree  will  at  once 
sprout  from  the  live  wood  with  great  vigor  and  begin  to  bear 
again  in  a  year  or  two,  whereas  if  killed  to  a  level  with  the 
ground,  its  recovery  would  be  much  slower,  if  indeed  it  ral- 
lied at  all.  The  boughs  of  pines  or  other  evergreens  laid 
among  the  branches  afford  some  protection  in  a  moderate 
freeze,  but  such  precautions  availed  little  in  the  intense  cold 
weather  in  Florida  during  the  month  of  February,  1895.  It 
may  be  worth  mentioning  that,  at  the  same  time  when  all 
other  citrus  around  them  were  destroyed,  some  whose  growth 
had  been  checked  a  short  time  before  by  severe  root-pruning 
came  through  with  few  signs  of  injury.  Any  top  shade  or 
scattering  umbrageous  trees  mitigate  the  effects  of  lighter 
frosts  to  a  considerable  degree.  In  Europe  and  Northern 
India  a  latticed  shelter  is  often  built  over  the  trees  in  exposed 
situations. 


THE   ORANGE.  635 

INSECTS. 

Few  trees  are  more  liable  to  attacks  of  insects  than  mem- 
bers of  the  citrus  tribe,  but  an  inherent  vigor  makes  them 
generally  proof  against  lasting  injury  from  this  source.  In 
a  congenial  soil,  with  favorable  climatic  conditions,  the  skil- 
ful cultivator  feels  little  concern,  knowing  that  where  the 
parasitic  enemies  of  any  insect  exist  an  undue  increase  of 
the  latter  is  attended  by  a  corresponding  multiplication  of  the 
former,  and  thus  is  the  balance  of  nature  preserved.  The  use 
of  insecticides  is  but  a  partial  remedy,  and  without  the  aid  of 
friendly  parasites  would,  in  many  cases,  prove  inadequate. 
It  is  wise  to  apply  the  ounce  of  preventive  and  maintain  a 
strict  quarantine  against  the  introduction  of  these  insidious 
foes,  and  the  wisdom  of  this  is  now  being  recognized  by 
stringent  laws  imposing  penalties  against  the  admission  of 
infected  or  infested  plants. 

One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  insects  affecting  the 
citrus  in  Florida  is  the  Rust-Mite  (Phytops).  Almost  too  mi- 
nute to  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye,  it  swarms  in  incredible 
numbers  over  the  trees,  and,  attaching  its  beak  to  the  fruit, 
sucks  the  juices  of  the  peel,  leaving  it  blackened  and  dry. 
Such  fruit,  commercially  undesirable  from  a  disfigured  ap- 
pearance, also  loses  much  of  the  delightful  aroma,  but  carries 
and  keeps  better,  and  the  juices  evaporate  more  slowly.  On 
the  other  hand  it  is  more  readily  injured  by  frost,  which 
causes  it  to  drop  and  decay,  before  any  effects  are  shown  upon 
the  bright.  So  that,  although  some  claim  preference  for  a 
rusty  orange,  the  presence  of  this  mite  is  objectionable,  as  de- 
preciating the  market  value  of  the  fruit,  as  well  as  more  or 
less  affecting  the  health  of  the  tree  by  a  draft  upon  its 
strength.  It  is  combated  by  spraying  with  a  solution  of-  sul- 
phur and  lime,  or  any  other  good  insecticide,  in  May  or  June, 
before  its  migration  to  the  fruit,  and  occasionally  thereafter, 
to  make  "assurance  double  sure."  Lime  or  sulphur  dusted 
over  the  foliage  while  wet  with  dew  or  rain  is  also  help- 
ful. 

The  Red  Spider,  Tetryancus  sex  maculatus,  or  spotted  mite, 
and  several  other  similar  mites,  formerly  inhabiting  other 
growths,  but  of  late  emigrating  to  citrus-trees  as  the  latter 
became  common,  do  much  harm  by  sucking  the  leaves,  and 


636  THE  ORANGE. 

causing  them  to  drop,  thus  retarding  the  growth  and  develop* 
ment  of  fruit  and  lessening  the  vitality  of  the  tree.  Water  is 
the  bane  of  these  insects,  which  increase  marvellously  fast  in 
times  of  drought,  and  correspondingly  diminish  during  rainy 
periods.  There  is  one  species  that  thrives  in  the  wet  season. 
Kerosene  emulsion  and  the  sulphur  or  soda  sprays  are  effec- 
tive destroyers.  A  minute  lady-bird,  scarcely  visible  to  the 
naked  eye,  has  been  found  preying  upon  the  red  spider. 

The  Red  Scale,  Aspidiotus  ficus,  and  Long  Scale,  Mytilaspis 
Gioveri,  which  fasten  to  the  bark  and  leaves  and  feed  upon 
the  sap,  are  chiefly  vulnerable  when  their  larvae  are  in  motion 
in  March  or  April,  June  or  July,  and  September  or  October, 
and  may  be  checked  by  the  same  preparations. 

The  White  Fly,  Aleyrodes  cilrifolii,  has  lately  wrought  much 
harm  in  the  Florida  groves,  particularly  in  the  far  south. 
This  insect  breeds  three  times  during  the  year,  and  should  be 
attacked  soon  after  hatching.  The  rosin  washes  are  most 
effectual  against  it.  Lately  there  has  appeared  a  parasitic 
fungus,  Aschersonia,  which  attacks  and  destroys  the  larvae  of 
the  white  fly.  Trees  which  had  suffered  from  the  pest  for 
years  and  nearly  succumbed  are  now  recovering  since  the 
spread  of  this  fungus  among  them,  which,  it  is  thought,  will 
finally  put  an  end  to  the  trouble. 

The  insects  above  mentioned  have  proved  the  most  trouble- 
some of  any  hitherto  dealt  with.  There  are  other  scales,  of 
minor  importance,  which  may  be  fought  in  the  same  manner 
whenever  numerous  enough  to  be  harmful.  The  most  effective 
method  of  killing  scale  or  other  insects,  so  far  discovered,  is 
by  fumigation  with  hydrocyanic  gas,  as  practised  in  California. 
The  gas  is  generated  under  a  tent  enclosing  the  tree,  and  an 
exposure  of  half  an  hour  has  been  found  to  destroy  all  insect 
life.  The  trouble  and  expense  of  applying  may  prevent  its 
use  except  in  desperate  cases. 

The  well-known  Mealy  Bug,  Coccus  adonidum,  often  seen 
upon  the  pineapple,  and  generally  to  be  found  in  the  blossom- 
end  of  a  ripe  pomegranate,  has  sometimes  been  quite  trouble- 
some to  the  orange.  Besides  weakening  the  tree,  most  of  the 
insects  spoken  of  leave  a  smutty  deposit,  sometimes  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  unfit  the  fruit  for  market  unless  previously 
cleaned,  which  involves  much  time  and  labor. 


THE   ORANGE.  637 

The  decay  and  falling  off  of  ripe  oranges  is  sometimes 
caused  by  attacks  of  members  of  the  Mitre  or  Soldier-Bug 
family,  Asopus,  which  collect  in  large  numbers  upon  the  fruit 
and  suck  its  juices.  These  bugs  usually  breed  upon  cotton, 
the  cow-pea,  and  cucurbitaceous  plants,  migrating  from  these 
to  the  orange-trees.  They  also  puncture  tender  shoots,  caus- 
ing the  ends  to  wilt  and  die.  The  best  way  to  avoid  them  is 
not  to  allow  the  plants  upon  which  they  breed  to  grow  among 
the  orange-trees.  It  is  well  to  observe  here  that  strong  soda 
and  potash  sprays  must  be  used  with  caution  while  the  fruit 
is  small,  or  it  may  be  rendered  insipid  and  worthless  from 
the  absorption  of  these  substances,  which  neutralize  its  acids 
and  destroy  the  sprightly  flavor. 

It  is  a  common  opinion  that  the  harm  done  by  a  severe 
winter  has  its  compensations  in  the  extinction  of  injurious 
insects.  There  is  little  foundation  for  this  belief.  The 
ravages  of  scale  have  often  been  more  noticeable  after  rigor- 
ous seasons  than  before ;  so  we  may  infer  either  that  a  lowered 
vitality  has  rendered  the  trees  more  susceptible,  or  that  the 
friendly  parasites  have  been  diminished. 

DISEASES. 

Among  diseases  of  the  citrus,  mat  de  goma  is  one  of  the 
most  serious.  This  is  manifested  by  a  gummy  exudation 
at  the  base  of  the  trunk,  followed  by  decay  of  the  bark; 
the  malady  gradually  extending  to  the  roots,  and,  if  not 
checked,  often  causing  the  death  of  the  tree.  It  is  supposed 
to  arise  from  a  variety  of  causes,  such  as  the  close  contact 
of  fermenting  manures  or  corrosive  substances;  a  rich  soil 
saturated  with  moisture,  or  highly  nitrogenous  fertilizers. 
Sometimes  when  the  cause  ceases  to  exist  the  tree  recovers 
of  itself.  Removal  of  the  soil  about  the  diseased  roots  and 
exposure  to  the  air  are  recommended ;  also  the  cutting  away 
of  diseased  bark  and  wood  and  the  application  of  a  wash  of 
sulphurous  acid.  Trees  on  a  friendly  soil,  nourished  with  a 
well-balanced  fertilizer,  are  seldom  affected,  and  the  sweet 
orange  is  more  susceptible  than  the  sour  or  bigarrade. 

Limb-blight  is  an  obscure  disease,  the  origin  of  which  is 
still  doubtful.  The  leaves  wilt,  small  twigs  perish  gradually, 
and  the  tree  falls  into  a  decline  and  finally  dies.  There  seems 


638  THE  ORANGE. 

to  be  no  specific  remedy,  but  trees  showing  these  symptoms 
have,  in  some  instances,  been  fully  restored  by  digging  a 
trench  all  round  two  or  three  feet  from  the  trunk,  filling  in 
with  fresh  soil  mixed  with  manure,  and  pruning  away  nearly 
all  the  top.  Doubtless  some  cases  of  limb-blight  are  the  re- 
sult of  overcropping,  and  exhaustion  of  necessary  elements. 
It  seems  to  affect  adjacent  trees,  but  whether  contagious  has 
not  yet  been  definitely  settled.  Removal  and  burning  of 
affected  limbs  and  extirpation  of  badly  diseased  trees  are 
recommended,  but  as  some  forms  of  blight  may  proceed  from 
preventable  causes  it  might  be  well  to  go  slowly  in  the  execu- 
tion of  such  heroic  measures.  The  matter  is  being  studied 
by  experts  and  will  be  better  understood  after  further  investi- 
gation. 

Dieback. — Another  trouble  of  the  grower,  and  perhaps  the 
most  common,  is  a  condition  called  "  dieback."  This  may  be 
recognized  by  the  damping-off  of  the  ends  of  growing  shoots, 
which  are  often  unduly  angular,  distorted,  curving  downward, 
fairly  bursting  with  crude  sap,  and  disfigured  by  rusty  red 
patches  of  exuding  gum.  There  is  a  mighty  effort  at  rapid 
growth ;  a  constant  advance  and  retrogression.  Bearing  trees 
either  produce  no  fruit,  or  else  set  a  heavy  crop,  which  as- 
sumes a  whity-green  color,  becomes  scabby,  cracks  open  and 
drops,  and  any  that  reaches  maturity  is  insipid  and  worth- 
less. It  must  be  considered  a  condition  rather  than  a  disease, 
a  dyspeptic  state  arising  from  over-stimulation  or  one-sided 
fertilizers.  It  is  also  caused  by  too  deep  planting,  a  wet  and 
steaming  soil,  one  that  holds  some  noxious  element,  or  is  un- 
derlaid near  the  surface  with  impervious  rock  or  hardpan. 
The  grower  must  form  a  diagnosis  of  his  own  peculiar  case,  in 
order  to  know  what  remedy  to  apply  or  what  cause  to  remove. 
If  trees  have  been  planted  too  deep  they  must  be  raised ;  sod- 
den soils  may  have  shallow  cultivation,  or  top  shade,  or  lie  in 
grass  during  the  hot  and  rainy  season;  fermenting  and  over- 
stimulating  fertilizers  must  be  avoided  and  noxious  elements 
neutralized.  On  a  soil  naturally  adapted  to  the  orange  and 
judiciously  fertilized  and  cultivated  dieback  is  unknown. 

The  same  causes,  variously  affecting  other  plants,  have  been 
noticed.  Pear  and  apple  trees  by  a  poultry-house  or  manure- 
pile  have  been  killed  outright;  banana-plants  have  grown 


THE   ORANGE.  639 

wondrously,  set  a  few  fruits,  and  then  decayed  at  the  base  and 
fallen  over;  and  even  palms,  perhaps  the  most  resistant  of  all 
to  such  influences,  have  pushed  up  several  leaves  at  once,  with 
leaflets  distorted  and  folded  back.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  the  orange,  although  one  of  the  toughest  of  trees  in 
many  ways,  is  yet  one  of  the  most  discriminating  and  sen- 
sitive about  what  comes  in  contact  with  its  roots.  Strong 
brine  will  kill  it,  and  an  instance  is  remembered  where  a  little 
London  purple,  spilled  on  the  ground  and  dissolved  by  the 
rain,  caused  three  vigorous  old  trees  standing  by  to  wilt  and 
die  in  a  few  <Jays.  If  strong  manures  must  be  used,  the  danger 
is  lessened  or  entirely  obviated  by  depositing  them  in  holes 
or  shallow  pits  dug  here  and  there  among  the  trees,  instead  of 
broadcasting  over  the  surface. 

The  Scab  is  a  minute  fungus  badly  affecting  the  bigarrade 
and  lemon,  and  to  a  less  degree  the  lime  and  citron.  It  has 
hitherto  troubled  the  sweet  orange  very  little.  It  may  have 
previously  existed  in  Florida,  but  did  not  become  general 
until  a  short  time  before  the  great  freeze  of  1886.  It  is  ap- 
pearing again  in  spite  of  the  hopes  of  its  extinction  by  the 
last  killing  down  of  the  trees.  Before  its  first  appearance 
there  was  no  difficulty  in  growing  the  most  beautiful  lemons, 
with  smooth  satiny  skins,  fully  equal  to  any  in  the  world. 
But  now  a  large  proportion  are  too  rough  and  warty  for 
marketing,  and  the  leaves  are  distorted  and  covered  with 
scars  and  excrescences.  The  growth  of  the  trees  does  not 
seem  to  be  greatly  checked,  nor  the  acid  of  the  fruit  injured, 
but  it  is  terribly  disfiguring.  As  the  lemon  is  desired  as 
much  for  the  fragrant  peel  as  for  the  juice,  it  will  be  readily 
seen  how  largely  such  an  affection  must  detract  from  its 
value.  Many  Italian  lemons  show  marks  of  the  same  or 
something  similar.  The  copper  sprays  applied  several  times 
a  year  have  been  tried  with  the  result  of  a  mitigation  but  not 
an  eradication  of  the  evil. 

Mosses  and  Lichens  growing  upon  the  trunks  and  limbs  may 
be  scrubbed  away  with  a  stiff  brush,  but  any  good  fungicide 
will  cause  them  to  die  and  drop  off.  Although  they  may  not 
do  much  harm  while  an  abundance  of  moisture  prevails,  yet, 
rooting  as  they  do  in  the  bark,  many  small  branches  are 
strangled  and  the  general  health  of  the  trees  affected  in  times 
pf  drought. 


640  THE   ORANGE. 


SELECTION  OF  VARIETIES. 

In  establishing  a  commercial  grove  profit  is,  of  course, 
the  first  consideration,  and  amid  the  great  number  of  va- 
rieties, much  perplexity  arises  in  deciding  which  are  best 
suited  to  that  end.  Some  of  those  most  esteemed,  and 
commanding  the  highest  price,  may  be  unprofitable  by 
reason  of  an  inherent  defect,  such  as  shy  bearing,  lack 
of  stamina,  too  great  delicacy  to  bear  carriage,  or  a  marked 
susceptibility  to  cold.  Therefore  in  making  a  selection 
none  should  be  used  but  those  combining,  in  the  great- 
est degree  productiveness,  vigor,  firmness,  high  quality, 
and  resistant  power.  Near  the  northern  limit  early  sorts, 
that  may  be  gathered  before  the  approach  of  frost,  are 
most  desirable.  In  milder  latitudes  a  succession  will  en- 
able the  work  of  harvesting  to  go  on  uninterruptedly  from 
October  till  May  and  even  later,  rendering  the  grower  inde- 
pendent of  gluts  and  depressed  markets,  which  may  happen 
some  of  the  time  but  not  all  the  time.  As  regards  quality, 
there  is  perhaps  less  choice  among  varieties  of  the  orange, 
nearly  all  of  which  are  good,  than  among  other  fruits,  many 
of  which  are  indifferent  and  some  positively  bad.  A  seed- 
ling apple  or  pear  may  be  wretchedly  poor,  but  a  seedling 
orange  is  almost  sure  to  be  excellent,  and  not  infrequently 
extra  fine.  Differences  of  exterior  are  also  less  broad,  so  the 
uneducated  are  apt  to  think  an  orange  is  an  orange  the  world 
over,  until  they  learn  to  detect  its  nice  distinctions  and  rec- 
ognize its  subtile  flavors.  A  number  of  favorites  in  Florida 
and  California  since  the  renaissance  are  seedlings  of  local 
reputation,  selected  and  named  for  their  all-round  excellence, 
and  full  of  the  vigor  of  youth.  Some  celebrities  of  world- 
wide fame  have  been  imported.  One  of  the  most  famous  of 
these  last  is  the  Malta  family,  the  type  of  which  is  widely 
known  as  Maltese  Blood.  This  is  readily  distinguished  by 
the  rounded  and  flattened  young  leaves,  quite  different  from 
the  elongated  and  curled  appearance  of  those  of  other  sorts. 
The  flecks  and  splashes  of  sanguine  hue  in  the  pulp,  which  is 
sometimes  entirely  crimsoned,  were  formerly  supposed  to 
have  come  from  budding  upon  the  pomegranate,  but  this  is  a 


THE   ORANGE.  641 

gross  error.     It  is  reasonably  believed  they  are  the  result  of 
crossing,  at  a  remote  period,  with  the  red  shaddock. 

VARIETIES. 
MALTA  ORANGES. 

Amory  Maltese  Oval.  A  superb  variety  of  robust  growth,  and  a 
good  cropper.  Foreign. 

Fortuna.  Robust  growing  and  hardy  ;  spherical  or  sometimes  flat- 
tened. Holds  up  late  ;  very  prolific  and  desirable. 

Jaffa.  Closely  resembles  Majorca  every  way,  excepting  that  it  is 
sweeter  and  a  more  regular  bearer.  Foreign. 

Jaffa  Blood.  Sport  of  Jaffa  ;  colored  inside  like  the  type,  which  it 
closely  resembles  and  fully  equals.  Florida. 

Majorca.  Tree  and  fruit  similar  to  Maltese  Blood,  without  inter- 
mingling color.  Pulp  fine-grained  and  tender,  with  unsurpassed 
refreshing  vinous  qualities.  More  round  in  shape,  with  a  thin- 
ner rind  ;  a  good  keeper  and  shipper.  Florida. 

Maltese  Blood.  Tree  of  moderate  size,  almost  thornless,  rounded, 
and  compact ;  rather  sensitive  to  cold  and  needs  high  cultivation 
to  ensure  regular  crops.  Fruit  oval^  few  seeds  ;  exterior  often 
marked  with  patches  of  rosy  red  ;  very  attractive  in  appearance  ; 
flavor  exceedingly  piquant  and  delicious,  giving  it  a  reputation 
for  quality  second  to  none.  Foreign. 

Maltese  Egg.  Oval  in  shape;  runs  from  176  to  225  size;  fair 
grower  and  heavy  bearer.  One  of  the  finest  of  this  strain  in 
quality.  Foreign. 

Tephi.  An  improved  Jaffa,  modified  by  pollination.  Excellent 
grower  and  bearer  and  of  highest  quality. 

Besides  those  mentioned  above  are  other  Maltas,  as  Oblong, 
Late,  Long,  and  several  unnamed,  all  having  the  same  general 
characteristics  and  good  points.  Most  of  them  were  imported 
from  Europe  by  Gen.  H.  S.  Sanford  and  Mr.  Charles  Amory. 

Maltese  Oval.  (Garey's  Mediterranean.)  Sweet.  Generally 
classed  with  the  Maltas,  but  of  distinct  foliage  ;  is  a  favorite  with 
florists  on  account  of  its  habit  of  exuberant  blooming.  Fruit  ob- 
long, slightly  flattened  at  the  stem,  of  excellent  quality  and  keeps 
very  late ;  apt  to  split  on  young  trees.  Needs  high  cultivation 
and  abundant  feeding. 

Valencia.  (Valencia  Late.)  Growth  and  habit  closely  resemble 
the  above  ;  also  shape  and  general  appearance  of  fruit,  which  is 
smoother,  more  acid,  and  ripens  later.  Valuable  for  late  ship- 
ping. Foreign. 

41 


642  THE   ORANGE. 


PORTUGAL  ORANGES. 

The  type  of  these  is  spherical  or  slightly  flattened,  with 
marked  vinous  properties,  probably  acquired  long  ago  from 
the  wild  lime,  and  usually  not  becoming  fully  ripe  till  mid- 
winter or  spring.  The  most  desirable  variety  in  this  class  is.- 

Mediterranean.  Fruit  large  to  medium,  very  solid  and  with  few 
seeds,  ripening  late ;  tree  thornless,  of  dwarf  habit,  inclined  to 
overbear.  Formerly  very  popular  but  now  superseded  by  Wash- 
ington Navel. 

Others  are  Pernambuco,  Circassian,  Duroi,  Botelha,  Peerless, 
Rio,  Nicaragua,  Tahiti,  Rivers'  Prolific,  Beach  No.  5,  and  several 
kinds  of  St.  Michael,  all  good  growers  and  bearers,  not  differ- 
ing greatly  from  each  other,  and  valuable  for  marketing. 

SWEET  CHINA  ORANGES. 

Typical  form  oval  or  elongated  rather  than  flattened ;  sac- 
charine qualities  strongly  marked;  become  palatable  early, 
and  seem  to  show  remote  admixture  with  the  sweet  citron. 
Among  these  are : 

Early  Oblong,  St.  Michael  Egg,  and  Pride  of  Malta.  These  are  of 
oval  shape  with  a  roughened  exterior  and  very  little  acid,  and 
may  be  shipped  early.  Hardly  so  insipid  as  the  following. 

Seville.  (Sweet  Seville.)  Spherical  in  shape  ;  bears  young  and 
abundantly  ;  so  utterly  devoid  of  acid  that  it  may  be  used  as 
soon  as  it  fills  with  juice,  even  before  the  rind  colors.  Good  for 
early  shipments  when  all  others  are  sour.  Foreign. 

Whittaker,  Foster,  Boone,  Nonpareil,  Parson,  Centennial,  Homo- 
sassa,  and  Magnum  Bonum  are  all  selected  seedlings  of  extended 
reputation,  strong  growing  and  early  ripening,  combining  the 
sweetness  of  the  China  with  the  sprightliness  of  the  Portugal. 
To  these  may  be  added  Cunningham,  Arcadia,  Pineapple,  Indian 
River,  and  Stark  or  De  Bary  Seedless,  all  favorites  and  of  extra 
fine  quality. 

There  is  a  class  of  blood  oranges,  suggesting  the  China  and 
Portugal  rather  than  the  Malta,  called  Round  Bloods.  The 
best  of  these  are  the  Amory,  which  is  of  very  high  quality, 
vigorous,  prolific,  and  hardy,  and  the  Italian.  Also  Imperial, 
which  is  early,  and  De  Colmar,  and  St.  Michael  Blood,  which 
are  later,  besides  some  unnamed  and  equally  promising  seed- 
lings. 


THE  ORANGE.  643 

Brazilian.  Brought  to  Florida  from  Louisiana  a  dozen  years  ago 
by  Rev.  W.  P.  Gardner  of  Fort  Myers,  and  but  little  known  as 
yet  among  orange  growers.  Highly  recommended  for  vigor  and 
productiveness,  with  fruit  of  very  fine  quality,  which  hangs  upon 
the  tree  without  deterioration  until  midsummer. 

Hart.  (Hart's  Late.)  (Tardiff,  Brown  of  Thos.  Rivers.)  A  high- 
class  fruit  with  few  seeds,  slightly  oblong,  pale  yellow,  thin  rind, 
dark  pulp  with  a  brisk  and  racy  flavor.  This  is  largely  planted 
for  its  lateness,  hanging  throughout  the  summer  without  deteri^ 
oration.  Hart,  Paper- Rind,  Prata,  and  White  show  decided  ad- 
mixture of  lemon. 

Originated  in  1877  from  seed  procured  by  A.  B.  Chapman 
San  Gabriel,  Cal.,  from  Palestine.  Tree  thornless  and  strong 
growing.  Fruit  oblong,  almost  seedless,  with  thin  rind,  solid, 
juicy,  and  very  sweet.  Can  be  gathered  early  or  left  on  the  tree 
till  midsummer.  Said  to  be  the  heaviest  orange  grown  and  one 
of  the  most  beautiful,  and  while  some  regard  the  flavor  as  hardly 
first-rate,  others  praise  it  highly  and  think  that  when  better 
known  it  will  be  very  largely  planted. 

Paper-Rind.  (Paper-Rind  St.  Michael's  Fruit.)  Light  colored, 
small,  round,  rather  seedy,  pungent,  and  aromatic,  flesh  very 
firm  and  juicy.  Ripens  late  and  keeps  well  on  the  trees.  Tree 
dwarf,  medium  thorny,  productive.  Very  desirable.  Has  more 
specific  gravity  than  almost  any  orange  known  ;  a  favorite  for 
market  in  California. 

Prata.  (Silver  Orange.)  A  favorite  in  some  European  markets  ; 
is  as  light-colored  in  pulp  and  rind  as  a  lemon ;  piquant  and 
delicious. 

White.     Similar,  but  coarser  and  sweeter. 

Many  of  the  choicest  varieties  of  oranges  owe  their  pecul- 
iar excellence  to  admixtures,  more  or  less  remote,  with  some 
other  member  of  the  citrus  family.  Hybrids  of  C.  nobilis  and 
C.  decumana  are  said  to  have  developed  a  superlative  refine- 
ment in  certain  lines,  indicating  that  when  in  the  course  of 
time  the  efforts  of  experimenters  shall  have  been  crowned 
with  a  fruit  combining  in  harmonious  proportions  the  best 
qualities  of  all,  the  result  will  be  an  orange  worth  having. 

NAVEL  ORANGES. 

This  famous  orange,  broadly  marked  at  the  apex  with  an 
umbilical  appearance,  belongs  to  the  China  section,  having 
the  same  slender  and  thornless  habit,  with  few  seeds  and  a 
sweet  pulp  dashed  with  a  subtile  blending  of  acid,  giving  a 
combination  of  rare  delicacy.  Originally  from  Brazil,  it  was 


644  THE  ORANGE. 

cultivated  in  Florida  many  years  ago,  becoming  extinct  there, 
or  nearly  so  by  the  great  freeze  of  1835.  About  1874  it  was 
again  restored,  under  the  name  of  Washington  Navel  or  Bahia, 
in  trees  imported  from  South  America  and  sent  out  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington.  Fruit  large, 
solid,  very  juicy,  high  flavored.  Only  in  exceptional  cases 
are  seeds  found.  Tree  prolific,  often  beginning  to  bear  one 
year  from  the  bud.  Its  magnificent  size,  smooth  and  silky 
exterior,  delicious  flavor,  and  total  absence  of  seed,  have 
raised  it  at  once  to  pre-eminence.  In  California  it  seems  sat- 
isfactorily productive,  but  in  Florida,  unless  budded  on  lime 
or  lemon,  or  the  flow  of  sap  interrupted  by  partial  girdling, 
the  crops  are  often  too  light  to  be  remunerative.  It  is  to-day 
the  leading  commercial  variety  of  America. 

The  same  objection  generally  exists  in  other  navels,  such  as 
Sustain,  Rivers,  Egyptian,  Australian,  Malta,  some  from  Con- 
tinental gardens,  and  a  native  seedling  —  the  Double  Im- 
perial. Flowers  are  freely  produced,  but  nearly  all  fall  off. 
By  some  the  trouble  has  been  attributed  to  exhaustion  from 
too  free  blooming,  or  from  lack  of  pollen,  which  cannot  be  the 
cause,  seeing  that  one  variety,  a  cross  of  Botelha  and  Sustain, 
and  as  free  a  bloomer  as  any,  always  sets,  and  carries  such  an 
enormous  crop  as  to  paralyze  its  energies  and  arrest  its 
growth. 

MANDARIN  ORANGES  (CITRUS  NOBILIS). 

This  appears  to  be  of  a  race  entirely  distinct  from  the 
common  orange,  and  may  have  been  identical  with  or  sprung 
from  the  Suntara  group,  either  indigenous  to  the  northeast- 
ern border  of  India,  or  introduced  there  long  ago  from  south- 
ern China.  The  leaves  and  blossoms  are  smaller  than  those 
of  the  common  orange,  and  exhale  a  peculiar  aromatic  odor. 
The  branches  are  slender  and  the  fruit  is  flattened,  with  seg- 
ments loosely  adhering,  forming  a  hole  in  the  centre,  and  en- 
closed in  a  smooth  and  glossy  rind  of  a  saffron  yellow,  easily 
detached.  When  fully  ripe  it  is  exceedingly  juicy  and  melt- 
ing, and  has  become  a  favorite  in  European  and  American 
markets,  where  it  was  unknown  until  recently.  Tree  of  mod- 
erate size  and  nearly  destitute  of  thorns,  except  when  grown 
from  seed,  and  then  very  thorny. 


THE   ORANGE.  645 

TANGERINE  ORANGES. 

A  section  of  C.  nobilis  commonly  called  Tangerine  is  a  more 
robust  and  sizeable  tree,  with  larger  foliage,  and  fruit  of  the 
same  shape  and  size,  but  of  a  lobster-red  color,  This  fruit  is 
greatly  admired,  and  more  in  request  on  account  of  its  showy 
appearance,  but  in  delicacy  of  flavor  scarcely  equals  the  yel- 
low. A  small  variety  of  Tangerine,  the  Spice  or  Cleopatra,  is 
of  quite  inferior  quality,  but  an  enormous  bearer  and  very 
showy  and  ornamental.  Used  for  garnishing  tables. 

Bergamot    (C.  Bergamia}.     Fruit  pear-shaped,  pale  yellow,  with 

green,  sub-acid,  firm,  fragrant  pulp ;  fruit  and  foliage  distinct, 
il  of  bergamot  is  distilled  from  the  rind. 

C.  Desimatus.  An  odd  variety  grown  for  ornament,  with  drooping 
leaves,  no  two  alike. 

King.  (King  of  Siam.)  A  large  variety  of  Tangerine,  of  more 
globular  shape,  introduced  from  Cochin  China  in  1882.  Skin 
thick  and  uneven,  dark  red  and  loosely  adhering ;  pulp  mild  and 
delicious.  Tree  thorny  and  robust,  with  large  foliage.  Tho 
habit  of  ripening  late  when  other  varieties  of  C.  nobilis  are  out 
of  season,  together  with  other  prime  qualities,  recommended  it 
for  general  cultivation.  California. 

Kumquat  (C.  Japonic  a) .  A  small  shrub  hardier  than  the  orange, 
upon  which  or  trifoliata  it  is  usually  worked.  Fruit  about  an  inch 
in  diameter,  with  sweet  rind  and  acid  juice,  wholesome  and  re- 
freshing. Large  quantities  preserved  in  sugar  are  imported  from 
China.  There  are  two  kinds,  round  and  oval. 

Myrtle-Leaved  Orange  (C.  myrtifolia).  A  handsome  dwarf  tree, 
with  small,  dense,  dark  green,  glossy  leaves,  bearing  a  small 
flattened  fruit  of  little  use.  A  beautiful  shrub  for  ornamental 
grounds. 

Philip's  Bittersweet.  Resembles  the  sour  orange  in  leaf  and  fruit, 
and  is  found  intermingled  with  it  in  the  wild  groves  of  Florida. 
Its  juice  is  insipidly  sweet,  and  the  white  inner  rind  extremely 
bitter  and  disagreeable,  which  spoils  it  for  commercial  purposes. 
Florida. 

Satsuma  is  another  section  of  C.  nobilis,  with  tree  and  foliage  more 
like  the  regular  orange,  but  with  fruit  of  a  bright  yellow,  closely 
resembling  the  Mandarin.  Nearly  seedless.  It  ripens  earlier 
and  is  quite  hardy,  particularly  when  budded  on  trifoliata.  The 
flavor  is  less  spicy  and  aromatic.  It  is  in  great  request  for  plant- 
ing in  exposed  situations,  too  cold  for  other  oranges.  Identical 
with  Unshiu  of  Japan.  Has  not  been  a  profitable  commercial 
sort.  Japan. 

Tangerona.  A  recent  importation  from  Brazil,  evidently  a  hybrid 
of  the  Mandarin,  judging  from  the  pulp,  which  resembles  Sat- 


646  THE   ORANGE. 

suma  in  mildness  and  delicacy.  Fruit  small,  round  or  slightly 
flattened,  with  a  roughened,  bright  yellow  exterior.  Leaves 
large,  like  those  of  the  ordinary  orange.  It  is  of  robust  habit,  a 
free  bearer,  and  ripens  very  early. 

In  Florida  the  earliest  varieties  of  oranges,  such  as  Tan- 
gerona,  Satsuma,  Sweet  Seville,  and  Early  Oblong,  are  sweet 
enough  for  shipment  by  the  end  of  September  or  early  in 
October.  About  the  middle  or  last  of  April,  owing  to  the  hot 
and  dry  weather,  and  the  draught  on  the  trees  by  the  young 
crop,  the  fruit  remaining  becomes  over-ripe,  loses  flavor,  and 
dries  up,  or  becomes  too  soft  and  flabby  to  handle.  Valencia 
Late,  Paper-Rind  St.  Michael,  Majorca,  and  Garey's  Mediter- 
ranean Sweet  hold  up  several  weeks  longer,  but  Hart's  Late 
or  Tardiff  keeps  all  the  year  round.  This  last  is  being  more 
largely  propagated  in  Florida  than  any  other,  and  when  the 
trees  grow  up  again  Florida  oranges  will  be  found  in  market 
at  all  seasons.  In  southern  California  oranges  ripen  later 
than  in  Florida,  in  northern  California  about  the  same  time 
and  in  Arizona  somewhat  earlier. 

THE  LEMON. 

The  lemon  (Citrus  limonum)  is  supposed  to  have  sprung  from 
the  citron  and  was  introduced  into  Palestine  and  Egypt  by  the 
Arabs  in  the  tenth  century,  and  into  Europe  at  the  time  of 
the  Crusades.  While  not  so  extensively  cultivated  as  the 
orange,  it  is  far  more  useful,  being  indispensable  in  cookery, 
confectionery,  perfumery,  and  medicine.  The  tree  is  faster 
growing  and  larger  than  the  orange,  and  exhales  from  every 
part  when  bruised  a  delicious  perfume.  The  flowers  are  of 
greater  size  and  tinged  with  purple.  It  not  only  thrives  on  a 
poorer  soil,  but  is  more  productive  and  patient  under  neglect, 
though  less  hardy  against  cold. 

The  rules  for  cultivating  the  orange  apply  generally  to  the 
lemon.  To  secure  the  finest  and  smoothest  fruit  it  should  not 
be  allowed  to  run  up  to  any  considerable  height,  but  rather 
shortened-in  and  pruned  downward.  A  low,  widely  spreading 
tree,  sheltered  from  winds,  is  best,  as  the  most  beautiful 
lemons  grow  in  partial  shade  and  near  the  ground.  It  is  gen- 
erally worked  on  sweet  or  sour  orange  stocks,  preferably  the 
latter,  as  making  a  tree  more  hardy  and  less  liable  to  disease. 
As  a  seedling  the  rind  is  apt  to  be  bitter,  therefore  varieties 


THE  LEAtdtf.  647 

having  sweet  rinds  are  selected  for  propagation.  If  allowed  to 
hang  till  fully  ripe,  the  fruit  often  grows  to  an  enormous  size  ; 
the  peel  becomes  thick  and  spongy,  and  the  acidulous  proper- 
ties diminish,  rendering  it  unfit  for  market.  To  avoid  this  it 
is  gathered  green  and  partially  grown,  and  stored  in  cool,  dark 
apartments  until  the  skin  changes  to  a  bright  yellow.  A 
lemon  weighing  three  ounces  is  reckoned  a  convenient  size. 
With  proper  care  it  will  keep  many  months  in  prime  condition. 
Its  brief  periods  of  rest  and  almost  continuous  stages  of  growth 
and  bloom  render  the  tree  very  sensitive  to  frost.  In  a  state  of 
quiescence  it  has  endured  almost  as  great  a  degree  of  cold  as 
the  orange.  The  ideal  shape  of  a  lemon  is  oblong,  with  a 
pointed  protuberance  at  the  blossom  end.  The  rind  should  be 
as  free  as  possible  from  bitterness,  clean,  smooth,  glossy,  and 
abounding  in  aromatic  oil-cells  ;  the  pulp  fine-grained,  solid, 
with  few  seeds,  and  highly  charged  with  strong  acid  juice. 

Bonnie  Brae.    A  California  seedling  of  high  reputation. 

Eureka.     Fruit  medium,  sweet,  rind  a  good  keeper,  few  seeds  ;  tree 
prolific,   not  thorny.     Very 
fornia.     Native  of  Los  Ange 


prolific,   not  thorny.     Very  popular  in  the  coast  regions  of  Cali 

les,  Cal. 


Genoa.  Fruit  medium,  oval,  sweet  rind,  nearly  seedless  ;  tree 
dwarf,  thornless.  One  of  the  best. 

VARIETIES. 

Imperial  Messina.  Considered  the  finest  among  many  desirable 
varieties,  imported  into  Florida  by  the  late  General  Sanford. 
Tree  has  a  few  thorns,  but  the  fruit  is  unsurpassed. 

Lisbon.  Fruit  medium,  oblong,  with  a  thin  sweet  rind,  few-seeded  ; 
tree  prolific  but  begins  to  bear  late,  vigorous  and  thorny.  Popu- 
lar in  California.  Portugal. 

Sicily.  Several  imported  sorts  bearing  this  name  are  largely 
planted  and  profitable. 

Villafranca.  Fruit  medium,  oblong,  thin  rind,  juicy,  strongly  acid, 
nearly  seedless  ;  tree  thornless  ;  withstands  lower  temperature 
than  other  imported  varieties. 

MARKETING  THE  ORANGE  AND  LEMON. 

The  same  methods  of  gathering  and  packing  apply  to  both, 
except  that  the  lemon  is  taken  off  while  green,  while  the 
orange,  unless  in  case  of  the  earliest  shipments,  is  allowed  to 
become  fully  ripe.  The  fruit  should  never  be  pulled,  which 


648  THE  LEMON. 

often  ruptures  the  skin  and  causes  decay,  but  clipped  closely 
with  a  shears  made  for  the  purpose,  and  deposited  carefully 
in  sacks,  or  baskets  lined  with  cloth.  Rough  handling  is  a 
fertile  cause  of  loss,  and  bruises  and  abrasions  must  be  strictly 
guarded  against.  After  being  removed  to  the  packing-house, 
they  are  left  in  the  boxes  or  spread  out  in  bins  to  lie  for  several 
days,  which  causes  the  skins  to  dry  and  soften  a  little.  This 
facilitates  handling  and  allows  defects  to  develop.  It  is  then 
assorted  into  different  grades,  according  to  color  and  appear- 
ance, and  the  sizes  separated  by  running  through  a  sizing- 
machine.  Dusty  or  smutty  fruit  is  first  cleaned  by  washing 
or  scrubbing,  and  afterward  dried. 

It  is  finally  wrapped  in  tissue-paper,  and  each  size  and  grade 
packed  separately  in  boxes  divided  by  a  partition  in  the 
middle,  and  holding  two  cubic  feet,  which  have  been  adopted 
as  a  standard.  It  must  be  crowded  in  snugly,  with  the  top 
layer  a  little  above  the  edges  of  the  box,  so  that  when  the 
cover  is  pressed  down  and  nailed,  there  will  be  no  shaking  or 
moving  about  of  the  contents.  Then  the  package  is  made 
secure  by  a  wooden  strap  around  the  middle  and  each  end. 
Iron  straps  have  been  tried,  but  dealers  prefer  the  wooden. 
On  the  ends  are  stencilled  the  grade,  number  in  box,  address 
of  consignee  and  shipper,  and  route  by  which  to  travel. 

In  large  establishments  washing,  sizing,  and  wrapping  have 
been  done  by  steam  or  other  power,  but  nothing  to  supersede 
hand-work  in  grading  and  packing  has  yet  been  devised.  A 
box  contains  96,  126,  150,  176,  200,  216,  226,  and  252,  according 
to  size,  and  there  is  an  established  method  of  arranging  every 
layer  so  as  exactly  to  fill  the  boxes.  The  most  popular  sizes 
of  oranges  are  176  and  200,  and  of  lemons  300  to  400.  Larger 
or  smaller  fruit  than  these,  or  that  which  is  rough  or  rusty, 
brings  a  lower  price,  and  overgrown  lemons  are  almost  un- 
salable. Fruit  of  high  color  and  an  exterior  without  spot  or 
blemish  is  marked  "  Fancy,"  and  sells  much  above  the  rest. 

Until  within  a  few  years  imported  lemons  have  sold  higher 
than  our  own,  not  from  any  inherent  superiority,  but  on  ac- 
count of  being  gathered  at  the  right  stage  and  put  up  in  a 
neater  manner.  Lately  domestic  lemons  of  the  best  quality 
have  been  produced,  and  packed  in  a  style  fully  equalling  and 
even  surpassing  those  imported,  and  at  no  distant  day  our 


THE  CITRON1.  649 

groves  will  render  us  independent  of  the  foreign  product. 
The  unmerchantable  fruit  can  be  used  in  making  citric  acid, 
for  which  there  is  a  large  demand  in  the  arts  and  medicine,  or 
made  into  wine  or  vinegar.  Although  well-cared-for  fruit 
often  keeps  months  in  good  condition,  the  process  of  shrivel- 
ling up  or  decay,  though  slow  at  first,  really  begins  when  the 
stem  is  severed ;  therefore  it  is  best  laid  down  in  market  as 
soon  as  possible.  Various  applications  have  been  used,  some 
of  which  were  warranted  to  preserve  oranges  in  a  fresh  con- 
dition for  years,  but  so  far  none  have  given  satisfaction. 
Fruit  from  cold-storage  goes  to  pieces  very  soon  after  being 
taken  out. 


THE  CITRON. 

The  citron  {Citrus  medico,  cedra)  is  usually  grown  as  a  shrub 
or  small  tree ;  the  flowers  are  large  and  externally  of  a  violet 
color;  the  branches,  weighed  down  by  the  enormous  fruit, 
are  continually  rooting  at  the  ends  and  spreading,  causing  a 
neglected  bush  to  expand  in  time  into  a  dense  thicket.  It  is 
very  tender  and  best  grown  from  layers  or  cuttings,  which 
quickly  spring  up  again  if  killed  down  by  frost.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  parent  of  the  lemon,  and  between  the  two 
occur  an  endless  variety  of  intermediate  forms  or  hybrids. 
Chiefly  valued  for  the  thick  and  tender  rind,  which,  after 
having  first  lain  in  strong  brine,  is  freshened  and  stewed  in 
syrup  till  saturated,  and  then,  after  being  candied  and  dried, 
is  familiar  to  every  one  as  the  citron  of  commerce.  A  fragrant 
oil,  used  by  perfumers,  is  also  distilled  from  the  rind.  For 
preserving  it  must  be  used  in  a  green  state. 


VARIETIES. 

Fingered  Citron.  A  rare  and  primitive  form ;  fruit  of  enormous 
size,  with  lobes  separating  and  projecting  like  fingers.  Grown 
sparingly  in  China,  where  it  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  delightful 
odor.  Placed  upon  porcelain  dishes  and  brought  into  their  tem- 
ples and  apartments,  it  fills  the  air  with  a  fragrance  so  penetrat- 
ing as  to  be  perceptible  at  the  distance  of  a  mile.  Has  been 
brought  into  California  from  Japan,  but  is  little  known  as  yet 
here. 

Lemon.    So-called  from  resembling  a  lemon  in  shape  and  color; 


650  THE  SHADDOCK. 

skin  pale  yellow,  glossy,  and  wavy.     Fruit  sometimes  weighs  as 
much  as  ten  pounds. 

Lyman.     A  lemon-citron  of  moderate  size,  with  a  sweet  and  edible 
rind,  also  excellent  for  preserving. 

Orange.     Resembles  the  above,  except  that  the  skin  is  more  wavy, 
and  like  the  orange  in  color. 

THE    SHADDOCK. 

The  Shaddock,  or  Pomelo  (C.  decumana),  named  after 
Captain  Shaddock,  who  first  brought  it  to  the  West  Indies, 
is  supposed  to  be  indigenous  to  the  Malayan  Islands.  It  is 
one  of  the  handsomest  of  the  genus ;  of  moderate  height  and 
spreading  form;  rather  more  tender  than  the  orange;  at- 
tractive by  reason  of  the  magnificent  size  of  its  fruit,  which 
sometimes  attains  a  diameter  of  nine  inches  and  a  weight  of  fif- 
teen pounds.  The  flowers  are  very  large,  white,  and  fragrant ; 
the  leaves  large,  with  broadly  winged  leaf-stalks ;  the  skin  is 
pale  yellow ,  the  rind  thick,  white,  spongy  and  bitter;  the  pulp 
greenish,  sub-acid,  watery,  and  aromatic.  No  section  of  the 
citrus  exhibits  a  greater  diversity  than  this.  There  are  oblate, 
globose,  oval,  pyriform,  and  flattened  forms,  both  thick  and 
thin-skinned,  enclosing  white,  pink,  red,  or  greenish  pulp, 
which  varies  from  sour,  bitter,  and  acrid  to  a  most  delightful 
blending  of  all  in  harmonious  proportions. 

In  the  West  Indies  it  is  a  favorite  addition  to  the  dessert, 
after  being  prepared  by  removing  the  bitter  membranes  and 
sprinkling  the  pulp  with  sugar.  In  this  country  a  small 
variety,  somewhat  larger  than  an  overgrown  orange,  is  be- 
coming a  favorite  and  beginning  to  be  extensively  grown 
for  market.  This  is  the  "  Forbidden  Fruit,"  called  grape- 
fruit, from  a  habit  of  growing  in  clusters  like  bunches  of 
grapes,  or  pomelo,  leaving  the  name  shaddock  for  the 
large  sort,  although,  strictly  speaking,  all  are  pomeloes. 
This  is  rather  thin-skinned  for  its  size,  and  filled  with  a 
refreshing,  sub-acid  juice.  There  is  a  pronounced  bitter 
principle  in  the  inner  rind  and  integuments,  which,  if  not 
too  strong,  one  acquires  a  liking  for  in  time.  The  firm, 
tough  skin  renders  it  a  good  shipper,  and  preseves  the  juices 
for  a  long  time,  often  till  far  into  the  summer.  In  very  warm 
and  oppressive  weather,  nothing  can  be  more  salutary  or  re- 


THE  LIME.  651 

freshing,  and  the  demand  for  it  is  constantly  increasing.  It  is 
wonderfully  productive.  Sixteen  barrels  of  fruit  have  been 
gathered  from  a  tree  twenty-five  years  old. 

Until  quite  lately  but  little  attention  was  paid  to  the 
grape-fruit,  specimen  trees  of  which  were  found  here  and 
there,  mostly  seedlings  not  greatly  varying  from  each  other, 
except  where  accidental  crossing  with  the  orange  had  de- 
veloped some  distinctive  qualities.  Perhaps  the  best  is 
Mays'  Pomelo. 


VARIETIES. 
Aurantium,  Royal,  Leonardy,  and  Triumph  are  much  like  Mays. 

Marsh.  Recommended  as  having  few  seeds,  which,  in  a  fruit  so 
full  of  seeds,  is  an  obvious  advantage. 

Mays.  Was  growing  as  an  old  tree,  at  the  home  of  Dr.  Mays, 
Orange  Mills,  Florida,  at  the  close  of  the  civil  war.  Has  always 
taken  premiums  over  others  wherever  exhibited.  Shows  slight 
admixture  of  orange.  Flavor  unusually  sweet  and  delicious, 
with  but  little  of  the  bitter  principle. 

THE    LIME. 

The  Lime  (C.  acida]  is  generally  considered  to  be  remotely 
allied  to  the  citron,  but  may  be,  as  we  know  it,  a  modi- 
fied and  improved  form  of  the  wild  lime  (C.  hystrix)  of 
India  or  the  Malay  Islands.  Though  classed  as  a  shrub,  in  a 
favorable  climate  and  with  room  to  expand  it  forms  a  small 
tree.  Being  the  most  tender  of  the  family  and  nearly  always 
in  a  growing  state,  it  is  easily  killed  down  by  frost,  but  never 
fails  to  spring  up  again  vigorously.  It  is  very  thorny,  and 
when  closely  planted  forms  an  admirable  and  impenetrable 
hedge,  always  full  of  fruit  and  so  robust  as  to  need  little  care. 
The  flowers  are  small  and  entirely  white;  color  of  fruit  pale 
yellow,  resembling  a  lemon.  The  skin  is  thin;  pulp  light 
green  and  filled  to  bursting  with  a  very  sharp  acid  juice,  better 
for  most  purposes  than  that  of  a  lemon  and  used  in  preference 
by  people  in  the  tropics.  The  peel,  however,  lacks  the  mild 
fragrance  of  the  lemon,  which,  together  with  the  better  keep- 
ing qualities  of  the  latter,  accounts  for  its  greater  estimation 
in  countries  where  these  fruits  do  not  grow:  Still,  when  care- 
fully handled,  with  our  present  rapid  transportation,  is  bears 


652  THE  LIME. 

carriage  and  goes  through  well,  and  there  is  no  reason  why, 
when  better  known,  it  should  not  become  more  popular  in 
northern  markets.  Its  early  and  wonderfully  abundant  bear- 
ing, sturdy  indifference  to  neglect,  and  freedom  from  disease 
make  it  easier  grown  than  any  other  citrus.  It  flourishes  ad- 
mirably in  Southern  Florida. 

Propagation. — The  most  common  mode  of  propagation  is 
from  seed,  which,  to  prevent  deterioration,  should  be  taken 
from  the  best  fruit.  It  nearly  always  comes  true  to  kind  and 
bears  in  three  or  four  years.  In  cooler  latitudes,  near  its 
northern  limit,  it  is  budded  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  on 
any  hardy  orange-stock  which  will  retard  the  too  active  flow 
of  sap  in  winter,  and  make  it  more  resistant.  The  trees  can 
be  planted  much  closer  than  the  orange. 

The  most  common  is  a  small  variety,  resembling  a  minia- 
ture lemon,  called  the  Mexican,  Florida,  or  West  Indian  lime. 
Skin  very  thin  and  smooth;  juice  abundant,  highly  aromatic, 
rich,  acid,  and  pleasant.  The  Persian  and  Tahiti  are  vigorous 
growers  and  not  very  thorny.  Fruit  excellent  and  nearly  as 
large  as  a  lemon.  Tree  spreading,  with  coarser  foliage. 

VARIETIES. 

French.  (False  Lemon.)  Grown  for  many  years  in  Florida  and 
the  West  Indies.  This  is  more  correctly  a  lime.  Skin  thick, 
very  warty  and  uneven,  and  loosely  adhering.  Shape  resembling- 
a  King  orange,  but  smaller,  with  a  protuberance  at  the  blossom 
end.  Color  deep  yellow.  Pulp  agreeably  acid,  and  segments 
divide  as  easily  as  those  of  Citrus  nobilis.  The  Minorcan  resi- 
dents of  Florida  esteem  it  above  all  others  for  making  punch,  but 
it  has  no  commercial  value.  It  is  of  very  vigorous  growth  and 
in  great  demand  as  a  stock  upon  which  to  bud  varieties  of  oranges 
and  lemons.  On  this  stock  the  Navel  orange,  usually  a  poor 
bearer,  produces  abundant  crops. 

Imperial.  Very  large,  oval,  of  good  quality.  Reported  as  un- 
usually hardy. 

Kurna,  Galgal,  Turanj,  and  other  East  Indian  limes  have  a  very 
thin  spongy  rind,  with  little  pulp,  and  may  be  considered  citrons 
rather  than  limes. 

A  variety  imported  into  Florida  from  South  Africa,  by  Colonel 
Church,  of  Orlando,  and  called  "Forbidden  Fruit,"  is  really  a 
lime  of  enormous  size,  resembling  a  citron  in  appearance,  but 
thin-skinned  and  full  of  strongly  acid  juice. 

Mexican.  Medium  large,  oval,  light  yellow,  good.  The  common 
variety  in  California. 

Rangpur.  (Mandarin  Lime.)  Closely  resembles  a  Mandarin 
orange  in  appearance,  with  a  strong  acid  juice  of  distinct  flavor. 
India. 


CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

THE   BANANA. 

THE  banana  (Musa  Sapientum),  though  a  strictly  tropical 
plant,  is  often  seen  in  gardens  from  Charleston  south  and 
along  the  lower  portions  of  the  Gulf  States,  where  it  is  used 
chiefly  for  ornament,  but  after  mild  winters  fruit  is  freely 
produced.  It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  graceful  of  all 
members  of  the  vegetable  kingdom ;  one  species,  M.  Ensete,  the 
great  Abyssinian  banana,  was  pronounced  by  Charles  Kings- 
ley  the  most  beautiful  of  any  he  had  ever  beheld. 

In  the  middle  and  even  northern  portions  of  Florida  it  was 
grown  in  a  small  way  for  its  fruit,  until  the  large  importations 
by  steamers  from  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America,  at  low 
prices,  rendered  its  production  there  unprofitable.  In  the 
extreme  southern  portions  of  the  peninsula,  however,  where 
there  is  little  frost,  it  can  still  be  raised  to  advantage. 

The  large  yellow  bananas  (Jamaica  or  Martinique)  and  the 
red,  or  Baracoa,  are  the  best  and  most  profitable  for  market. 
These  varieties  require  too  long  a  season  for  any  place  out- 
side of  the  tropics.  In  middle  Florida  an  inferior  sort  called 
Orinoco,  and  a  very  delicate,  high-flavored  variety,  Hart, 
are  the  best  to  cultivate,  as  they  ripen  sooner  and  are  the 
most  hardy.  Farther  south  the  dwarf  Jamaica  (J/.  Caven- 
dishii),  is  preferred  as  being  least  liable  to  be  prostrated  by 
high  winds,  and,  though  short  and  stout,  produces  very  large 
bunches.  The  only  practicable  mode  of  protection  in  winter 
against  frost  is  by  banking  with  earth  or  sods  ground  the  stem 
two  or  three  feet  high.  Then,  if  the  exposed  portion  above 
should  be  killed,  it  is  cut  off  in  spring  when  the  earth  is  drawn 
away,  and  the  stump  remaining  will  grow  up  and  blossom  in 
time  to  perfect  fruit  before  the  following  winter.  Propaga- 
tion is  effected  by  suckers  or  offsets,  planted  eight  or  ten  feet 
apatt  in  strong  rich  soil.  Each  stalk  produces  but  one  cluster, 

653 


654  TffE  BANANA. 

after  which  it  dies  and  is  replaced  by  the  numerous  sprouts 
from  the  base.  To  obtain  the  largest  bunches  these  offsets 
should  be  chopped  out  as  they  appear,  and  only  three  or  four 
stalks  of  different  ages,  so  as  to  keep  up  a  succession,  allowed 
to  remain  in  one  place.  Ashes  or  strong  stable  manure 
are  good  fertilizers.  In  the  tropics,  bunches  of  200  fruit  and 
upward  are  common,  but  near  the  northern  limit  from  75 
to  1 25  are  all  that  can  be  expected.  From  long  cultivation 
and  propagation  by  offsets,  seed  has  almost  entirely  disap- 
peared from  the  fruit.  Sometimes,  but  rarely,  a  few  are 
found,  and  from  these  new  varieties  may  be  obtained.  There 
are  several  ornamental  sorts  which  produce  seeds  and  do  not 
sucker. 

Bananas  are  generally  ripened  in  the  house,  the  bunch  being 
cut  when  its  stem  curves  over  to  the  stem  after  the  fruit  is 
fully  developed,  though  still  green.  It  should  then  be  hung 
in  a  dark  place  to  color  and  ripen.  There  is  no  difficulty  in 
raising  and  fruiting  it  in  hothouses. 


CHAPTER  XXXVIII. 

• 

THE  DATE. 

THE  Date  Palm  (Phoenix  dactylifera}  is  one  of  the  most 
striking  and  beautiful  of  trees,  and  especially  attractive  by  its 
novelty  to  persons  coming  from  the  temperate  zones,  where 
no  palms  exist  out  of  doors.  It  has  not  as  yet  been  cultivated 
to  any  extent  in  this  country ;  indeed  there  are  but  few  places 
where  it  is  likely  to  prove  a  success  as  regards  fruit  produc- 
tion. For  this  a  location  is  necessary  where  there  is  no  ap- 
proach to  frost  in  winter,  or  where  the  mercury  does  not  fall 
below  twenty  degrees  for  any  considerable  length  of  time, 
and  a  hot  rainless  summer,  with  facilities  for  irrigation. 

The  Arabs  say  that  the  date  should  have  its  head  in  the 
fire  and  its  roots  in  the  water.  Such  conditions  exist  in  some 
districts  of  Arizona  and  California.  In  the  lower  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  States,  and  in  the  West  India  Islands,  thrifty  speci* 
mens  may  occasionally  be  seen,  but  their  fruit  is  much  inferior 
to  that  from  the  Orient,  either  by  reason  of  the  scalding  show- 
ers during  the  growing  and  ripening  season, 'or  neglect  of 
proper  fertilization  of  the  bloom,  for,  the  tree  being  dioeci- 
ous, unless  pollen  from  the  staminate  blossom  is  applied  to 
the  pistillate  blooms  at  the  right  time  the  fruit  will  not  be 
properly  developed,  and  the  seed  will  be  imperfect  or  entirely 
lacking.  In  date-producing  countries,  propagation  is  chiefly 
effected  by  suckers  or  offsets  from  the  base  of  the  parent  tree, 
which  are  removed  when  large  enough  to  form  roots  and 
planted  where  they  are  to  grow.  Copious  and  continued 
watering  is  necessary  until  new  roots  form.  Seeds  germinate 
readily,  but  produce  many  more  staminate  trees  than  are 
wanted — one  of  these  to  twenty  of  the  opposite  sex  being 
sufficient — and  until  flowering  begins  there  is  no  means  of 
determining  the  sex.  Of  course,  suckers  are  always  the  same 
as  their  parent. 

655 


656 


THE  DATE. 


FIG.  815.— Date  Palms. 


THE  DATE.  657 

In  1890  a  large  number  of  offsets  from  several  of  the  best 
varieties  were  imported  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
from  Algeria  and  Cairo  and  distributed  throughout  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  and  California.  When  these  come  to  matur- 
ity the  question  of  adaptation  will  be  more  definitely  settled. 
In  the  date-producing  countries  of  the  East  trees  often  begin 
to  bear  at  six  or  eight  years  of  age,  but  specimens  in  the 
Southern  States  frequently  have  not  flowered  until  after  fifteen 
or  twenty  years.  Like  other  palms,  all  of  which  are  greatly 
retarded  by  mutilation  of  their  roots  in  transplanting,  it  is 
best  to  remove  the  see'dlings  either  while  very  young,  so  that 
the  roots  may  be  preserved  intact,  or  to  defer  the  operation 
until  the  tree  has  acquired  considerable  size,  when  the  roots 
may  be  cut  closely,  and  the  top  shortened-in  to  a  single  leaf. 
If  freely  watered,  new  roots  will  start  at  once.  A  better  way 
still  is  to  plant  several  seeds  where  the  tree  is  to  grow,  re- 
moving all  but  the  best  one  a  few  months  after  they  have 
germinated.  Seeds  of  the  imported  dates  sprout  in  five  or 
six  weeks  after  being  placed  in  the  ground. 
42 


CHAPTER  XXXIX. 

THE  FIG. 

THE  genus  Ficus  consists  of  about  six  hundred  species. 
Most  of  them,  being  natives  of  tropica*!  regions,  are  tender, 
but  their  easy  propagation,  robust  growth,  indifference  to 
rough  treatment,  and  the  beauty  of  their  large,  glossy,  dark- 
green  leaves,  sometimes  handsomely  variegated,  combine  to 
render  them  general  favorites.  In  their  native  forests  many 
grow  to  an  immense  size. 

The  one  that  concerns  us  here  is  the  Ficus  carica,  which 
produces  the  well-known  fig  of  commerce. 

While  its  original  habitat  is  supposed  to  be  the  country 
around  the  Persian  Gulf,  it  is  perfectly  at  home  in  all  warm 
temperate  regions,  particularly  those  bordering  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, where  it  grows  spontaneously.  Besides  being  the 
hardiest  of  the  family,  it  is  at  the  same  time  the  most  useful, 
as  well  as  one  of  the  longest-lived,  continuing  in  health  and 
productiveness  for  several  hundred  years. 

Unless  accustomed  to  them  from  childhood,  one  does  not 
always  relish  fresh  figs  at  first,  but,  as  with  many  other  tropical 
fruits,  a  liking  for  them  once  acquired  becomes  very  strong. 
As  an  article  of  food  they  are  exceeding  nutritive,  and  by 
reason  of  their  mucilaginous  character  few  fruits  are  so  mild 
and  salutary  or  so  free  from  irritating  tendencies.  Being 
slightly  laxative,  there  is  no  danger  of  evil  consequences  from 
eating  to  repletion. 

Although  the  fig  flourishes  everywhere  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  United  States,  its  cultivation  is  still  much  neglected. 
This  seems  strange  when  we  consider  the  excellence  of  the 
fruit  and  the  hardy  constitution  of  the  tree,  which  always 
grows  up  after  being  frozen  down,  and  sometimes  bears  a 
little  fruit  the  season  following.  Old  and  well-ripened  wood 
withstands  hard  freezing,  but  the  tender  ends  of  growing  shoots 

658 


THE  FIG.  659 

are  easily  nipped.  When  in  free  growth,  with  the  sap  mov- 
ing, a  few  degrees  of  frost  may  be  fatal,  and,  as  the  tree  is  a 
rank  grower  and  starts  early  in  the  spring,  this  habit  renders 
it  peculiarly  susceptible  to  damage  from  late  frosts.  Even  as 
far  north  as  New  York  the  roots  often  survive  the  loss  of  the 
top,  and  if  trained  low,  so  that  the  branches  may  be  layered 
and  deeply  buried  in  the  fall,  and  uncovered  the  following 
spring,  it  may  be  wintered  in  fair  condition  if  one  cares  to 
take  the  trouble.  But  in  order  that  this  operation  be  success- 
ful, it  is  essential  that  the  young  wood  be  well  ripened,  and 
late  growths  be  prevented  as  far  as  possible  by  planting  on 
dry,  well-drained,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  in  a  cool  exposure, 
and  giving  no  fertilizers  or  cultivation  late  in  the  season.  If 
the  fig  is  grown  at  all,  however,  out  of  its  own  proper  latitude 
by  these  precautions,  it  is  more  as  a  curiosity  than  for  profit, 
because  where  it  is  a  rarity  few  have  acquired  a  taste  for  the 
fresh  fruit,  which,  as  before  remarked,  needs  the  high  heat  of 
a  southern  climate  to  develop  the  rich  and  melting  honeyed 
sweetness  in  perfection.  Even  in  the  far  South,  figs  that 
mature  in  September,  when  the  weather  becomes  cooler,  are 
almost  insipid  compared  with  those  of  midsummer. 

Probably  the  chief  reason  for  the  little  attention  paid  to  the 
fig  in  this  country  lies  in  its  extreme  fragility,  it  being  one  of 
the  most  perishable  and  delicate  of  fruits,  and  one  of  the  most 
difficult  of  carriage  to  any  but  the  nearest  markets.  Rapid 
transportation  in  refrigerating  cars  ought  now  to  do  away 
with  this  objection,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  figs  should 
not  be  conveyed  long  distances  like  the  equally  perishable 
strawberry,  nor  why,  when  they  become  plentiful  in  any 
market,  and  people  have  learned  to  like  them,  a  large  demand 
should  not  spring  up  for  this,  one  of  the  most  delicious  and 
wholesome  of  all  fruits. 

In  the  Gulf  and  cotton  States  one  sees  a  few  fig-trees  around 
almost  every  country  house,  but  attempts  at  field  culture  are 
rare.  About  1883,  Mr.  J.  K.  Russell,  of  Olustee,  Fla.,  set 
out  an  orchard  of  thirty  acres,  which  he  destroyed  after  the 
trees  came  into  bearing,  having  become  satisfied  that,  on  ac- 
count of  the  high  price  of  labor  in  this  country,  he  could  not 
compete  with  the  cheaply  produced  dried  figs  imported  from 
the  Mediterranean.  Much  about  the  same  time  Mr.  S.  B. 


660  THE  FIG. 

Vails,  of  St.  Augustine,  went  into  the  business  of  preserving 
them,  using  during  the  season  some  sixty  bushels  per  day, 
but,  as  he  finally  gave  it  up,  we  may  infer  that  the  profits  were 
too  uncertain  to  warrant  the  continuance  of  the  enterprise. 

In  the  Southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  one  great  difficulty 
lies  in  the  time  of  ripening,  which  comes  at  the  opening  of 
the  rainy  season.  Should  the  rains  be  moderate  or  slightly 
delayed,  all  is  well ;  if  not,  the  figs,  surcharged  with  watery 
juice,  burst  open  and  decay  just  before  maturity.  In  the 
warm  interior  valleys  of  California  and  Arizona  the  conditions 
are  much  more  favorable,  on  account  of  little  or  no  rain  fall- 
ing during  the  ripening  period. 

The  fig  is  not  at  all  particular  about  soils.  It  will  grow  in 
the  driest  situations,  but  unless  there  is  moisture  enough  to 
support  and  preserve  the  foliage  the  fruit  will  not  mature. 
Even  in  the  hottest  valleys,  so  long  as  its  roots  can  draw  up 
water,  scorching  winds  that  roast  all  other  fruits  only  serve  to 
help  along  the  fig.  It  is  a  voracious  feeder,  and  the  long  rope- 
like  roots  travel  surprising  distances  in  search  of  nutriment. 
Trees  on  the  sites  of  old  buildings,  amid  decaying  mortar  and 
the  accumulated  fertility  of  years,  have  borne  enormous  crops 
for  many  successive  seasons.  The  soil  should  be  moderately 
well  drained,  but  excellent  results  have  been  noted  even 
where  water  came  near  to  the  surface,  so  long  as  it  did  not 
overflow  and  remain  upon  the  ground.  Moist  and  rich  lands 
promote  a  late  and  heavy  growth  of  unripened  wood  easily 
killed  by  frost,  and  such  places  should  be  avoided  where  ex- 
treme cold  weather  is  likely  to  occur.  Many  tender  varieties 
from  the  warm  regions  about  the  Mediterranean  cannot  be 
expected  to  do  well  in  our  country,  except  in  a  few  favored 
sections  subject  to  similar  conditions,  where  the  nights  as 
well  as  the  days  are  warm,  as  a  rule,  and  where  there  is  a 
sufficiency  of  moisture  in  the  soil. 

PROPAGATION. 

Seeds. — Propagation  may  be  effected  from  seeds,  cuttings, 
layers,  and  suckers.  Seedlings  are  only  resorted  to  when  new 
varieties  are  desired,  and  as  their  tendency  is  to  revert  to  a 
wild  state,  and  the  figs  raised  in  this  country  seldom  contain 


THE  FIG.  66 1 

fertile  seeds,  this  method  of  propagation  is  rarely  used.  If 
the  seeds  of  imported  figs  are  separated  by  washing,  and  those 
that  sink  in  water  planted  under  glass  in  fine  loam,  most  of 
them  will  soon  germinate,  and  may  be  set  out  in  nursery  the 
following  year.  They  should  bear  in  three  years,  but  several 
years  more  are  required  fully  to  establish  their  qualities. 

Cuttings. — The  usual  method  of  obtaining  plants  is  by  cut- 
tings, generally  six  to  eight  inches  long;  those  with  a  heel,  or 
layers  beginning  to  form  roots,  are  the  quickest.  Cuttings 
may  be  made  of  the  young,  well-ripened  wood  any  time  be- 
fore the  buds  start  in  spring,  and  if  tied  in  bundles  and  in- 
verted until  the  butts  are  calloused  there  will  be  fewer  failures. 
If  wood  be  scarce,  single-eye  cuttings  may  be  rooted  with 
proper  care.  Trees  get  on  more  rapidly  if  planted  as  cut- 
tings  where  they  are  to  grow.  When  transplanted  they  will 
often  remain  dormant,  sometimes  for  several  years,  until  the 
old  roots  are  replaced  by  new  ones.  Better  cut  the  old  roots 
off  quite  close  and  head  back  the  stock  to  a  foot  or  two  above 
the  ground,  which  will  cause  it  to  grow  sooner.  If  a  deep  and 
wide  hole  is  excavated  where  the  tree  is  to  stand,  and  filled 
in  with  rich  earth  mixed  with  good  compost,  the  growth  will 
be  greatly  accelerated.  This  filling  should  be  allowed  to 
settle,  and  the  cutting  planted  in  a  slanting  direction  in  the 
centre  with  clean,  fine  sand  tightly  packed  about  its  base,  then 
mulched  and  supplied  with  water  if  the  weather  is  dry. 
When  carefully  done  there  will  be  few  failures,  and  some  of 
these  cuttings  may  produce  several  figs  in  the  following  fall, 
and  begin  to  bear  freely  in  two  or  three  years. 

Grafting  and  Budding. — Where  trees  are  barren  or  shed  their 
fruit,  they  may  be  grafted  or  budded.  This  is  not  generally 
recommended,  for  the  reason  that  trees  which  have  been 
worked  over  sucker  freely  and  constantly.  In  grafting,  all 
excised  parts  must  be  coated  with  hot  wax  thoroughly  to  ex- 
clude the  air.  Common  shield  budding  is  successful,  if  the 
edges  of  the  thick  bark  are  pared  down  a  little,  and  narrow 
strips  of  waxed  cloth  wound  around  tightly  and  closely.  An- 
nular budding,  as  practised  on  the  pecan  or  hickory,  is  pre- 
ferred by  some.  This  is  done  during  the  fall  in  sprouts  about 
the  size  of  one's  finger,  which  are  made  to  grow  by  cutting 
oif  the  limbs  to  be  worked  and  rubbing  away  all  subsequent 


662  Tff£  FIG. 

sprouts  except  those  reserved  for  budding.  The  ring  of  bark 
containing  the  bud  should  be  from  one  to  two  inches  long, 
closely  fitted  and  snugly  tied.  After  a  few  weeks  the  part 
above  is  cut  off.  If  done  in  spring,  when  the  sap  is  up,  the 
part  above  had  better  be  removed  at  once  to  prevent  souring 
and  decay  from  descending  sap  before  the  union  takes  place. 

CULTIVATION. 

Orchard  Planting. — As  the  fig-tree  grows  in  our  Southern 
States,  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  apart  is  a  good  distance  for 
orchard  planting,  but  where  it  reaches  the  size  some  varie- 
ties do  on  the  Pacific  coast,  forty  feet  or  more  would  not  be 
too  close.  The  more  robust  varieties  need  more  room  than 
moderate  growers.  While  young,  peach-trees,  vines,  or  any- 
thing of  a  temporary  character  may  be  grown  between,  to  be 
removed  when  the  figs  require  more  room.  It  is  best  to  favor 
low  branching,  which  protects  the  trunks  from  sunburn  until 
shaded  by  the  tops.  Low-headed  trees  are  also  less  likely  to 
be  injured  by  high  winds. 

Pruning. — The  fig  needs  little  pruning  beyond  the  removal 
of  dead  or  decaying  limbs,  and  those  that  interfere  with  each 
other.  While  young,  clean  cultivation  is  desirable,  which 
must  be  shallow,  since  the  roots  run  near  the  surface.  As  the 
trees  become  older  and  cover  the  ground,  less  is  required; 
often  none  is  given  besides  cutting  down  bushes  and  weeds 
that  may  spring  up.  A  coating  of  loose  litter  or  mulch,  scat- 
tered about  under-foot,  protects  the  fruit  from  bruising  as  it 
falls,  and  keeps  it  clean  from  sand  and  dirt.  Fertilizers  may 
be  applied  broadcast  and  lightly  worked  in  or  allowed  to  dis- 
solve by  the  rains.  The  fig  is  singularly  exempt  from  disease 
and  attacks  of  insects.  Sometimes  a  few  scale  are  found, 
which  can  be  destroyed  by  the  usual  insecticides.  In  some 
sections  wood-borers  have  been  troublesome. 

Caprification. — In  this  operation  the  fruit  of  the  wild  or 
Capri  fig  is  hung  about  among  the  limbs  of  the  cultivated 
varieties,  and  sometimes  a  branch  of  the  latter  is  grafted  with 
a  scion  of  the  other,  so  that  a  few  of  the  wild  figs  may  be  grown 
among  the  improved  ones,  with  the  object  of  securing  a  better 
fertilization  from  the  pollen  of  the  staminate  flowers,  which 


THE  FIG.  663 

are  abundant  in  the  wild  variety.  In  Europe  this  is  effected 
by  an  insect  called  blastophaga,  which  travels  about  over  the 
trees.  Repeated  attempts  have  been  made  to  naturalize  this 
insect  here,  and  recently  with  success,  into  the  fig  plantations 
of  California.  Mr.  Roeding  and  Mr.  Eisen,  of  California,  and 
others,  have  recently  experimented  successfully  with  Caprifica- 
tion.  Similar  experiments  were  made  by  J.  L.  Normand,  of 
Louisiana,  with  excellent  results.  Perhaps  when  we  under- 
stand better  how  to  secure  perfect  fertilization  of  the  young 
fruit,  its  untimely  falling  off,  which  renders  so  many  fine 
sorts  worthless,  may  be  prevented. 

Drying. — In  drying,  the  figs  are  carefully  gathered  in  slatted 
trays  and  dried  like  raisins,  being  turned  occasionally  and 
covered  at  night.  If  not  sufficiently  dried  they  will  ferment 
and  spoil,  and  if  over-dried  their  fine  flavor  will  be  permanently 
injured.  They  are  then  dipped  for  a  moment  in  boiling  brine, 
to  be  worked  over  afterward  with  the  fingers  and  pressed 
tightly  into  boxes.  The  dipping  into  salt  water  seems  to  be 
essential,  and  during  the  manipulations  the  fingers  must  be 
occasionally  moistened  to  keep  them  from  adhering.  A  little 
of  the  salt  is  absorbed  by  the  fruit,  improving  its  flavor  and 
preserving  it  from  the  attacks  of  insects. 

In  the  old  fig-producing  countries,  the  varieties  are  very 
numerous,  but  here  only  a  few  are  generally  cultivated,  being, 
as  it  were,  a  survival  of  the  fittest.  In  the  Southern  States  we 
find  the  following  list  in  common  use  as  the  most  hardy  and 
productive : 

VARIETIES. 

Adriatic.  Medium,  roundish  ;  skin  very  thin,  green  and  yellow ; 
pulp  red  or  white,  with  violet  streaks  in  the  meat,  varying  with 
location.  Good. 

Angelique.  Medium,  pyriform,  yellowish-white ;  pulp  white  with 
rose-colored  centre.  Quality  very  poor  to  good. 

Athens.*  (Marseillaise.)  Small,  roundish  or  turbinate,  indistinctly 
ribbed ;  skin  whitish-yellow  ;  pulp  red,  very  sweet.  One  of  the 
best  drying  figs  in  France  and  California. 

Black  Ischia.  Small,  roundish-obovate ;  skin  smooth,  dark  violet 
black,  greenish  around  apex  ;  pulp  red,  sweet,  and  rich.  Excel- 
lent, but  small  size. 

Brunswick.     Very  large,  pyriform,  ribs  distinct ;  skin  pale  amber 


664  THE  FIG. 

with  a  violet  tint ;  pulp  amber.     Early  and  large,  but  of  poor 
flavor.     Common. 

Celestial.*  (Celeste.)  Small,  ovate,  turbinate ;  skin  dark  violet 
amber,  thin  ;  pulp  deep  rose  ;  sweet,  good.  Very  hardy. 

Dottato.  Medium,  ovate,  pyriform  ;  skin  yellowish-green ;  meat 
white ;  pulp  yellowish-amber,  or  with  a  tinge  of  violet.  One  of 
the  best  for  drying. 

Du  Roi.*  Above  medium,  round,  pyriform ;  skin  pale  bluish- 
green  ;  pulp  amber,  with  rosy  streaks ;  related  to  Athens.  One 
of  best  for  drying. 

Genoa.  Above  medium,  pyriform  ;  skin  downy,  pale  olive  green  ; 
pulp  pale  rose. 

Marseillaise.*  Medium,  ovate-pyriform,  ribs  numerous  and  dis- 
tinct; skin  pale  yellowish-green,  mottled  with  white  ;  pulp  amber, 
sweet,  good.  A  standard  drying  fig. 

Mission.*  Medium  to  large,  turbinate,  ribs  distinct;  skin  rough 
mahogany  violet,  with  a  red  flush  ;  pulp  red,  sweet  but  not  rich. 
The  oldest  fig  in  the  country  and  profitable  on  account  of  its 
great  productiveness. 

Monaco  Bianco.  Large,  rounded,  turbinate,  flattened  ;  skin  dark 
bluish-green  ;  pulp  dark  rose,  very  good.  An  excellent  table  fig. 

San  Pedro,  Black.  Very  large,  elongated  ovate,  with  no  stalk ; 
skin  smooth,  violet  black,  with  green  neck ;  pulp  red,  tinted 
violet,  excellent.  The  largest  fig  known,  good  for  table  use. 

San  Pedro,  White.  Large  upright  grower  ;  fruit  very  large,  round- 
ish or  flattened ;  skin  greenish  or  bright  yellow,  very  tender ; 
pulp  light  clear  amber,  sometimes  slightly  tinted  with  red.  Sweet 
and  good  when  fresh,  but  not  adapted  to  drying.  In  the  South- 
ern States  casts  its  fruit  badly. 

Smyrna.*  This  well-known  fig  of  commerce  has  recently  been 
introduced  into  California,  and  it  seems  probable  that  a  very  im- 
portant industry  will  be  established  upon  it. 

Turkey.*  Large  turbinate,  pyriform,  stem  short ;  skin  brownish 
or  purplish-red,  with  darker  ribs ;  pulp  dark  red,  sweet,  rery 
good.  One  of  the  best.  Confused  with  Brunswick. 

There  are  some  other  excellent  varieties  cultivated,  whose 
nomenclature  is  still  unsettled.  As  much  attention  has  lately 
been  directed  to  fig-culture  in  this  hemisphere,  a  few  years' 
further  experience  will  greatly  add  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
different  sorts  and  the  various  idiosyncrasies  of  the  family. 


CHAPTER  XL. 

THE  GUAVA. 

THE  Guava  (Psidium  guayabd)  may  be  called  the  apple  of 
the  tropics.  From  its  original  home  in  tropical  America,  it 
has  become  dispersed  over  all  equatorial  regions.  As  the 
tops,  which  succumb  to  several  degrees  of  frost,  are  promptly 
renewed  from  the  roots  and  bear  in  a  few  months,  it  is  often 
grown  in  a  small  way  in  subtropical  climates.  As  soon  as 
the  repugnance  to  its  penetrating  and  rather  unpleasant  odor 
has  been  overcome,  it  is  accounted  one  of  the  most  fascinat- 
ing of  fruits,  either  fresh  or  made  into  jelly,  marmalade,  pud- 
dings, and  pies. 

In  productiveness  it  exceeds  almost  any  known  fruit-tree. 
In  subtropical  regions  the  regular  crop  ripens  gradually  from 
August  to  October,  but  there  are  a  few  scatttering  specimens 
to  be  found  maturing  at  all  seasons.  If  the  wh$>le  ripened  at 
once  the  branches  would  bend  to  the  ground  with  their  load, 
of  which  there  is  a  perennial  renewal  and  no  barren  years. 
In  the  tropics  it  is  often  a  pest,  springing  up  everywhere  from 
seeds  dropped  by  the  birds,  and  overrunning  abandoned  plan- 
tations till  they  become  transformed  into  impenetrable 
jungles.  In  Southern  Florida  it  is  an  inmate  of  every  garden, 
and  some  of  the  large  white-fleshed  kinds  brought  from  the 
East  Indies  are  among  the  most  delicious  and  fascinating 
fruits  in  cultivation. 

The  leaf,  resembling  that  of  a  cherry,  is  rounded  at  the  end 
and  of  a  wine-color  while  young.  Flowers  white,  axillary, 
fragrant,  and  produced  in  great  abundance. 

The  fruit  is  round  or  pyriform,  with  a  white  or  yellow  skin, 
and  a  most  refreshing  sub-acid  pulp,  of  the  same  color  or 
sometimes  crimson,  containing  many  small  seeds.  It  ranges 
from  the  size  of  a  cherry  to  that  of  a  large  pear  or  apple. 

Two  kinds,  P.  Cattleyanum  and  P.  lucidum,  are  very  dis- 

665 


666  THE  GUAVA. 

tinct,  with  thick,  shining,  dark-green  leaves  like  the  camellia, 
but  smaller.  These  are  subtropical  and  almost  as  hardy  as 
the  orange.  The  first,  sometimes  called  Strawberry  guava, 
bears  a  dark  crimson  fruit,  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
in  diameter,  while  that  of  the  latter  is  lemon  or  cream-color. 
If  the  fruit  were  not  produced  in  such  enormous  quantities 
it  would  be  larger,  as  it  always  is  whenever  there  is  a  light 
crop,  which  rarely  happens. 

PROPAGATION. 

It  is  easily  grown  from  seed,  cuttings,  or  layers,  and,  where 
there  is  a  little  frost,  may  be  safely  carried  through  the  winter 
by  bending  down  and  covering  the  branches  with  straw  and 
earth. 


CHAPTER  XLI. 


THE  LOQUAT. 

THE  Loquat  (Eriobotrya  or  Photinia  Japonica),  sometimes 
called  Japan  plum,  a  small  evergreen  tree,  with  long  and 
broad,  serrated,  dark  green,  roughened,  and  wavy  leaves,  is 
one  of  the  most  desirable  both  for  ornament  and  fruit.  The 
blossoms,  freely  produced  in  terminal  panicles,  are  white  and 
deliciously  fragrant. 
They  begin  opening 
in  August,  and  from 
that  time  until  De- 
cember the  air  is 
laden  with  their  rich 
perfume.  The  fruit, 
of  a  creamy  yellow, 
resembling  in  shape 
a  small  apple,  round 
or  pyriform,  and 
growing  in  compact 
bunches  like  grapes, 
ranges  from  an  inch 
to  an  inch  and  a  half 
in  diameter,  and  con- 
tains several  large 
seeds  surrounded  with  a  most  piquant,  juicy,  and  refreshing 
sub-acid  pulp.  Ripening  from  February  till  May,  when  other 
small  fruits  are  scarce,  and  bearing  transportation  well,  it 
ought  to  be  plentiful  in  our  Northern  markets,  where  it  is 
as  yet  scarcely  ever  seen.  In  Louisiana  and  other  Gulf 
States  it  forms  a  good  substitute  for  the  cherry,  which  does 
not  bear  well  in  that  latitude,  and  which  it  somewhat  re- 
sembles in  flavor,  but  to  which  it  is  superior  for  jellies,  pies, 
and  preserving,  having  all  the  richness  of  the  cranberry  with- 
out its  asperity. 

667 


FlG.  816.— Loquat. 


668  THE  LOQUAT. 

While  generally  hardy  as  far  north  as  Charleston  or  farther, 
where  it  is  a  favorite  for  ornamental  purposes,  it  cannot  be 
depended  upon  to  bear  fruit  except  in  the  middle  of  the 
orange-growing  districts,  on  account  of  the  habit  of  ripening 
in  winter. 

PROPAGATION 

is  generally  effected  by  seeds,  but  cuttings  are  easily  rooted. 
The  best  method  is  to  bud  or  graft  upon  seedling  stocks  scions 
taken  from  trees  producing  the  largest  and  best-flavored  fruit. 
As  it  belongs  to  the  Rosacetz,  stocks  appertaining  to  that 
genus,  or  any  of  the  closely  allied  Pomacea,  may  be  used. 

Soils. — Although  growing  well  almost  anywhere,  some 
soils  are  unfavorable  for  the  production  of  its  fruit.  Perhaps 
the  best  is  a  moist  and  well-drained  sandy  loam  with  clay 
foundation.  In  such  a  situation,  trees  at  the  age  of  ten  years 
have  borne  over  a  barrel  of  fruit.  Full  crops  every  year  are 
the  rule.  For  culinary  purposes  the  fruit  need  not  be  quite 
ripe,  but  for  eating  fresh  it  is  unpleasantly  acid  unless  fully 
matured.  Some  are  much  more  acid  than  others.  No  atten- 
tion has  been  paid  to  varieties  beyond  the  importation  from 
Japan  of  an  improved  sort  called  the  Giant,  which  is  said  to 
have  fewer  seeds,  but  otherwise  is  no  better  than  our  selected 
seedlings.  It  improves  very  fast  by  selection,  from  due  at- 
tention to  which  great  possibilities  are  probable. 

The  same  distance  apart  in  orchard  as  for  the  peach  will 
answer  for  the  loquat,  which  does  not  appear  to  live  to  a  great 
age,  and  forms  a  dense  and  compact  head  of  a  rounded  and 
symmetrical  shape. 

Beyond  a  few  specimens,  the  loquat  has  only  come  into 
prominence  in  this  country  during  the  past  twenty-five  years. 
From  being  indigenous  to  Japan  and  China  it  is  often  called 
Japan  plum,  although  not  a  plum  at  all. 

VARIETIES. 

Advance.     Fruit  yellow,  pear-shaped,  very  sweet ;  clusters  large, 
Victor.     Largest,  pink  to  red,  desirable  for  canning. 


CHAPTER  XLII. 

THE  PERSIMMON. 

THE  Persimmon,  or  Date  Plum,  belongs  to  the  genus  Dios- 
pyros,  which  includes  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  species  of 
trees,  natives  of  tropical  or  temperate  regions,  many  of  low 
growth,  and  others  rising  to  a  lofty  height.  The  fruits  are 
round  or  pointed  berries,  vaying  from  the  size  of  a  cherry  to 
a  large  apple,  and,  though  disagreeably  astringent  while 
green,  by  reason  of  the  excellence  of  some  when  fully  ripe 
have  won  from  botanists  the  generic  name,  which  literally 
means  "  food  of  the  gods." 

VARIETIES. 

D.  Mabola.  A  garden  favorite  in  the  Isle  of  France ;  fruit  as  large 
as  a  quince  and  of  delicious  flavor. 

D.  Texana.  The  persimmon  of  Texas  and  Mexico.  A  low  tree, 
bearing  a  large  round  luscious  berry  of  a  dark  color. 

D.  Virginiana.  (American  Date  Plum.)  The  common  persimmon 
of  the  United  States,  sometimes  called  American  Ebony.  A  tree 
of  moderate  size,  occasionally  rising  to  sixty  feet  or  more  in  thick 
forests ;  very  abundant  throughout  the  Southern  and  Western 
States,  especially  those  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  oc- 
curring more  sparingly  as  we  approach  the  latitude  of  New  York, 
its  northern  limit.  Wood  close-grained  and  hard,  dark  yellow  or 
almost  black.  Trees  often  dioecious,  with  ovate  oblong:  leaves  and 
pale  yellow  flowers.  Fruit  reddish-yellow,  resembling  a  plum, 
containing  eight  or  ten  flattened  oval  seeds ;  sweet,  melting,  and 
delicious  when  ripe,  but  horribly  astringent  previous  to  maturity. 

In  the  latitude  of  Virginia  it  does  not  ripen  before  frost, 
hence  the  belief  that  the  action  of  frost  is  necessary  to  its 
amelioration,  but  farther  south  the  long  warm  summers  ac- 
complish the  same  result,  bringing  it  to  the  highest  degree  of 
perfection  before  cool  weather.  So  far  nothing  has  been  done 
in  the  United  States  to  improve  this  fruit,  except  the  oc- 

669 


THE  PERSIMMON. 


casional  selection  of  a  wild  tree  whose  product  was  of  better 
quality  than  usual. 

[The  illustration  (Fig.  817)  shows  the  usual  appearance  of 
the  wild  persimmon,  and  Fig.  818  of  one  which  has  been  care- 


FiG.  817  —Virginia  Persimmon. 

fully  cultivated.  The  American  persimmon  is  entirely  hardy 
at  least  fifty  miles  north  of  New  York  City,  and  will  bear 
full  crops  annually.  While  in  the  Southern  States  it  is  said 
to  be  easy  to  transplant,  it  is  farther  north  quite  different. 
It  is  not  an  easy  tree  to  transplant,  its  long  tap-root  be- 
ing intolerant  of  molestation;  saplings  two  to  three  feet 
high  may  be  moved,  however,  with  fair  prospect  of  success. 

The  hole  in  which  they  are 
to  be  placed  should  be  dug 
out  fully  three  feet  deep, 
and  the  original  eartt  re- 
placed with  good  surface 
soil.  Do  not  give  them  up 
if  they  do  not  put  out  a  leaf 
the  first  season.  I  have 
had  them  start  and  grow 
well  the  second  summer. 
The  tree  is  dioecious,  and 
unless  one  has  a  number 
of  them,  the  only  sure  way 
to  get  fruit  is  to  insert  a 
graft  from  a  male  tree  oil 
a  female,  which  will  in  a  year  or  two  furnish  sufficient  pollen 
to  fertilize  the  entire  tree.  It  bears  at  six  to  eight  years 
from  seed.  (Grafting  on  the  persimmon  is  usually  done 
in  winter,  as  in  apples,  by  collar-grafting.)  As  there  is 


FIG  818.— Effect  of  Cultivation  on 
Persimmon. 


THE  PERSIMMON.  671 

no  way  of  distinguishing  a  male  from  a  female  tree,  until  they 
have  blossomed,  and  nurserymen  are  therefore  unable  to  tell 
what  they  are  selling,  it  is  rather  a  drawback  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  fruit  beyond  its  native  habitat. — ED.] 

By  fermentation  an  excellent  beer  and  by  distillation  an  in- 
ferior spirit  is  made  from  the  persimmon.  The  fruit  is  also 
greedily  devoured  by  birds  and  by  the  opossums,  insomuch 
that  an  abundant  crop  is  interpreted  by  the  country  people 
as  a  sign  of  fat  'possums  and  a  hard  winter. 

The  Japanese  have  worked  upon  their  own  native  diospyros 
till  it  has  become  the  most  highly  esteemed  of  all  the  fruits 
of  the  island  empire,  and  the  original  little  berries  have  not 
only  improved  in  flavor  but  increased  in  size  till  some  exceed 
a  pound  in  weight.  Planted  everywhere,  it  is  now  a  con- 
spicuous feature  of  their  landscape,  and,  aside  from  its  value 
as  food,  travellers  unanimously  agree  in  extolling  the  beauty 
of  the  broad,  glossy  leaves,  and  the  brilliant  crimson  and 
golden  tints  of  the  fruit  clinging  to  the  branches  after  the 
foliage  has  fallen.  This  species,  D.  Kaki,  although  brought 
into  Europe  from  China  over  a  century  ago,  has  only  within 
a  few  years  been  known  here.  In  the  spring  of  1863  the  first 
seeds  were  received  and  planted  in  the  garden  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  at  Washington.  These  grew  off  well, 
but  were  killed  by  frost  in  winter.  The  experiment  was  re- 
peated with  the  same  results,  proving  the  climate  of  that  lati- 
tude to  be  too  severe  for  the  varieties  then  introduced.  About 
ten  years  later,  some  grafted  trees  of  the  best  varieties  were 
imported  and  distributed  throughout  the  Southern  States.  A 
more  extended  experience  proved  them  to  be  about  as  hardy 
as  Magnolia  grandiflora.  Some  are  more  tender  than  others, 
but  all  are  perfectly  safe  where  the  mercury  does  not  fall  be- 
low ten  degrees  for  any  considerable  length  of  time.  In  the 
coast  region  from  Norfolk  southward,  and  all  through  the 
cotton-belt,  they  seem  to  be  perfectly  at  home  and  vie  in 
vigor  and  productiveness  with  the  native  species.  From  parts 
of  New  Jersey  we  hear  reports  of  their  survival  during  mild 
winters  and  of  satisfactory  fruitage,  and  it  is  possible  that 
when  varieties  from  the  more  northerly  and  colder  parts  of 
Japan  have  been  tried  here,  some  may  be  found  even  more 
resistant  than  any  we  now  have.  Much  about  the  same  time 


6; 2  THE  PERSIMMON. 

large  importations  were  made  by  Rev.  Henry  Loomis.  of  San 
Francisco,  and  sent  all  over  the  country.  His  circulars,  with 
descriptions  and  brilliantly  colored  full-size  illustrations  of 
several  varieties,  astonished  and  fascinated  fruit-growers,  in- 
citing them  to  try  this,  the  most  interesting  pomological 
novelty  ever  brought  forward.  Many  of  these  imported  trees 
began  to  bear  in  two  or  three  years,  and,  encouraged  by  the 
beauty,  size,  and  excellence  of  the  fruit,  a  large  demand  for 
the  trees  sprang  up  wherever  the  winter  climate  was  found 
sufficiently  mild. 

As  a  general  rule,  the  imported  trees  proved  short-lived  and 
unsatisfactory.  They  were  for  the  most  part  deficient  in 
roots,  and  did  not  take  kindly  to  our  soil  like  the  native  per- 
simmon, which,  after  being  tried  as  a  stock  with  complete 
success,  showed  a  better  adaptation  even  than  seedlings  of  the 
kaki  grown  here.  To  insure  good  crops  it  is  necessary  to  bud 
or  graft  from  the  best  and  most  prolific  varieties.  Seedlings, 
usually  having  few  perfect  flowers  and  sometimes  none,  are 
unproductive  and  inferior. 

Bearing  begins  early — often  at  two  years — and  the  fruit  sets 
so  freely  that,  unless  judiciously  thinned,  the  trees  become 
dwarfed  by  the  tax  on  their  energies.  Trees  from  seed  planted 
in  the  fall  may  be  budded  the  following  summer,  and  by  an- 
other year  will  often  reach  a  height  of  six  feet  and  be  ready 
for  planting  in  orchard.  Ten  to  fifteen  feet  each  way  is 
recommended  as  a  suitable  distance  apart.  After  getting  into 
regular  bearing  there  is  but  a  slow  and  gradual  increase  of 
wood,  the  strength  being  absorbed  in  the  production  of  fruit. 
Some  heavy-bearing  sorts  remain  permanently  dwarfed,  but 
there  are  instances  of  isolated  trees  reaching  a  height  of 
twenty-five  or  thirty  feet,  with  a  corresponding  spread  of 
branches,  and  a  yearly  record  of  thousands  of  fruit.  The 
roots  extend  to  a  great  distance,  like  those  of  the  fig,  but  gen- 
erally strike  deeply  enough  to  cause  little  interference  when 
among  other  trees.  Much  of  the  nourishment  seems  to  be 
drawn  up  from  the  subsoil.  Native  stocks  in  low-lying  pine 
barrens,  where  the  land  is  sour,  filled  with  roots  of  the  most 
persistent  wild  grasses  and  shrubs,  and  never  cultivated,  have, 
when  topped  and  grafted  with  choice  varieties  of  kaki,  made 
fine  heads  and  produced  a  profusion  of  beautiful,  high-colored 


THE  PERSIMMON. 


673 


waxy  fruit  every  year.  From  this  it  might  be  inferred  that 
but  a  minimum  of  culture  is  really  needed.  Still,  knowing 
that  something  cannot  come  of  nothing,  it  is  evident  that  the 
continued  removal  of  large  quantities  of  fruit  from  the  ground 
must  finally  end  in  exhaustion  and  barrenness,  and  that  a  re- 
cuperative system  of  fertilizing  must  be  adopted.  Perhaps 
the  best  soil  is  a  well-drained  clay  or  sandy  or  gravelly  loam, 
but  the  trees  appear  to  succeed  on  any  soil  not  too  wet,  par- 
ticularly where  the  native  persimmon  flourishes. 

There  are  but  few  diseases  or  enemies.  The  most  trouble- 
some is  the  twig-girdler  (Oncideres  cingu- 
lata}  (Fig.  819),  which  can  be  checked  by 
gathering  and  burning  the  girdled  branches 
as  they  fall,  thus  destroying  the  eggs  of  the 
insects  which  have  been  deposited  in  them. 
In  some  places  the  damage  caused  by  this 
beetle  has  been  so  great  as  almost  to  discour- 
age planters.  There  are  several  species  of 
borers  that  work  in  the  wood,  sometimes 
killing  the  tree  to  the  roots,  which  however 
always  sprouts  up  again  and  may  be  re- 
grafted.  Kerosene  applications  will  destroy 
them.  They  often  come  from  hickory-trees, 
and  the  trouble  may  be  lessened  by  the  re- 
moval of  the  latter.  If  the  red  spider  or 
other  allied  mites  attack  the  foliage,  causing  it  to  curl,  or 
soft-shell  scales  appear,  they  may  be  easily  disposed  of  by 
applying  the  common  insecticides. 

The  earliest  varieties  of  the  persimmon  begin  to  ripen  in 
August  or  September,  and  mature  gradually,  so  that,  in  order 
to  gather  the  fruit  at  the  right  stage,  a  tree  must  be  gone  over 
several  times.  For  shipping,  persimmons  should  be  picked 
two  or  three  weeks  before  softening,  or  they  will  not  reach 
market  in  sound  condition.  Some  experience  is  required  to 
know  just  when  they  should  be  taken  off.  When  fully  ripe 
the  color  varies  from  bright  crimson  to  yellow,  and  the  out- 
lines from  flat  or  tomato-shaped  to  forms  elongated  like  an 
acorn.  Those  having  clear  orange-colored  pulp  are  more  or 
less  astringent  at  first,  and  unpleasant  for  eating  till  they 
become  soft.  The  round  or  flattened  forms,  with  dark  flesh. 


FIG.  819.— Twig- 

girdler. 


674  THE  PERSIMMON. 

being  sweeter  and  less  astringent,  can  be  eaten  sooner,  or  just 
before  softening.  As  with  all  new  fruits,  however  good,  the 
public  is  slow  in  acquiring  a  taste  for  them.  At  first  they 
were  eagerly  bought  by  dealers  for  purposes  of  display,  'but 
as  they  became  more  common  a  liking  for  them  sprang  upp 
and  the  demand  is  yearly  increasing.  A  light  frost  improves 
the  flavor,  but  at  the  expense  of  keeping  qualities.  If  the  late 
fruit  is  gathered  before  frost  and  stored  in  the  house,  much  of 
it  will  remain  sound  for  several  months. 

The  texture  of  the  fruit  is  soft  and  mealy ;  some  are  very 
sweet  and  juicy,  without  any  decided  acid.  Their  mild, 
wholesome,  and  nutritious  properties  recommend  them  to  the 
most  delicate  persons. 

Among  the  many  varieties  cultivated  in  China  and  Japan 
some  are  eaten  fresh,  and  others  made  into  a  sweetmeat  or 
dried  like  figs,  to  which  they  are  much  superior. 

All  fruit-loving  birds  are  extravagantly  fond  of  persimmons. 
Jays,  mocking-birds,  sapsuckers,  and  blackbirds  destroy  much 
of  the  ripening  crop.  If  one  does  not  care  to  kill  them,  which 
appears  to  be  the  only  way  of  escaping  their  depredations, 
nothing  remains  but  to  plant  enough  for  both  ourselves  and 
the  birds. 

Owing  to  carelessness  of  the  Oriental  nurserymen,  the  no- 
menclature of  the  Japan  persimmon  was  at  first  badly  confused. 
Sometimes  half  a  dozen  lots,  differently  labelled,  would  turn 
out  to  be  all  alike.  Efforts  have  been  made,  with  much  care 
and  study,  to  classify  and  name  some  of  the  best  varieties, 
such  as  are  now  offered  by  our  own  growers.  The  following 
list  includes  the  most  valuable,  and  may  be  relied  upon  as 
correct.  The  varieties  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  ripening, 
beginning  with  the  earliest : 

VARIETIES  OF  JAPANESE  PERSIMMONS. 
(The  illustrations  are  reduced  one-half  in  diameter. ) 

Zengi.  One  of  the  earliest,  beginning  to  ripen  in  August  or  Sep- 
tember according  to  latitude,  and  continuing  in  season  two  months. 
Round  or  oblate  in  shape,  with  a  diameter  of  two  inches  and  depth 
of  one  and  three-fourths.  Flesh  very  dark  brown,  solid,  sweet, 
and  containing  many  seeds.  Tree  prolific  and  vigorous.  Fig.  820. 

Taber's  129.  Round,  slightly  flattened,  and  pointed  at  the  apex. 
Diameter  two  and  one-half  inches;  color  dark  reddish-yellow; 
skin  a  little  roughened ;  crisp,  light  brown  flesh,  sweet  and  excel- 


THE  PERSIMMON. 


675 


lent.     One  of  the  best,  very  early  shippers ;  a  free  grower  and 
regular  an-d  heavy  bearer. 

Okame.  Round  or  oblate,  with  dark  lines  about  the  apex.  Vertical 
diameter  two  and  one-half  inches,  cross-section  three  or  more. 
Clear  waxy  skin  of  a  deep  yellow  color,  changing  to  red  and 
mantled  with  bloom.  Interspersed  in 
the  light  flesh  are  a  few  brown  patches 
enveloping  the  seeds.  Ripens  in  Sep- 
tember, and  lasts  a  month.  One  of  the 
handsomest;  quality  excellent;  tree 
strong  and  productive. 


Hachiya.  (Yamato,  Imperial.)  One  of 
the  largest  and  most  showy.  Slightly 
lengthened,  conical  and  pointed ;  three 
and  three-quarters  inches  vertical  by 
three  and  one-quarter  transverse  di- 
ameter ;  skin  bright  crimson  with  lines 
and  markings  at  apex.  Flesh  light,  with 
dark  spots  enveloping  the  few  seeds. 
Very  good  when  ripe  after  losing  astrin- 

Ccy.      Tree  vigorous  and  handsome,  and  a  moderate  bearer, 
t  of  September.     Fig.  821. 

Yemon.  (Among.)  Flattened  like  a  tomato,  with  depressed  apex ; 
occasionally  deeply  ribbed ;  two  and  one-half  inches  vertical  by 
three  transverse  diameter ;  often  much  larger ;  skin  dark  yellow- 


FlG.  820. — Zengi-Maru. 


PIG.  821.— Hachiya. 


FIG.  822.— Yemon. 


ish-red ;  flesh  dull  red  with  brown  spots  around  the  seeds,  of 
which  there  are  sometimes  a  few ;  clear  yellow  when  seedless. 
Very  sweet,  juicy,  and  one  of  the  best.  Tree  of  moderate  size, 
robust,  and  bears  well.  Ripens  last  of  September ;  good  keeper ; 
very  desirable.  Fig.  822. 

Hiyakume.  Large,  round,  generallyflattened,  but  sometimes  slightly 


676 


THE  PERSIMMON. 


elongated ;  three  to  four  inches  in  diameter  ;  skin  yellow  with  net- 
work of  lines  around  the  apex ;  flesh  dark,  solid,  and  sweet  with*- 
out  astringency.  Very  desirable  for  market ;  tree  strong-growing 
and  prolific.  Last  of  September.  Fig.  823. 


FIG.  823.— Hyakume. 


PIG.  824.—  Tanenashl. 


Tanenashi.  (Seedless.)  Often  very  large,  slightly  conical  and 
pointed ;  diameter  three  and  one-half  inches  or  more  ;  skin  clear 
bright  orange  ;  flesh  golden  yellow  ;  soft  and  rich  without  seeds. 
Tree  of  moderate  size,  good  grower  and  bearer.  Fruit  generally 
perfect  and  handsome,  making  it  one  of  the  most  profitable  market 
varieties.  Last  of  September.  Fig.  824. 


PIG.  Sas.-Yeddo-IchL 


PIG.  826.  — Tsuro-no-ko. 


Yeddo-ichi.  (Maru-gata. )  Round  or  slightly  oblong ;  depressed  at 
apex ;  skin  very  dark  red,  with  heavy  bloom  ;  flesh  dark  brown, 
almost  purple ;  sweet,  crisp,  and  juicy  ;  edible  while  hard.  Strong 
upright  grower,  producing  fruit  abundantly  in  clusters.  Fig.  825. 


THE  PERSIMMON.  677 

Kurokuma.  Round  or  flattened ;  three  to  three  and  one-half  inches 
diameter;  from  three-quarters  pound  to  one  pound  in  weight; 
flesh  yellowish-red.  Late  keeper  and  of  upright  habit. 

Mazelli.  (Miyotan.)  Spherical  or  slightly  elongated ;  diameter  two 
and  one-half  inches ;  skin  orange-red  ;  flesh  dark  reddish-brown  ; 
edible  before  softening.  Moderate  grower  and  heavy  bearer.  Ri- 
pens in  October  and  keeps  late. 

Costata,  So  called  from  its  ribbed  exterior;  medium;  pointed  at 
apex;  vertical  diameter  two  and  one-quarter  inches,  transverse  two 
and  one-half  ;  skin  buff-yellow  ;  flesh  light,  good  when  soft.  Ripens 
late  and  keeps  well.  Strong,  upright,  and  very  handsome  tree. 

Tsuru.  (Minokaki. )  Extremely  elongated  and  pointed  ;  vertical 
diameter  three  and  one-half  inches,  transverse  two  and  one-half; 
skin  deep  crimson,  sometimes  mottled  with  black  at  the  apex  ;  con- 
tains a  very  few  seeds  enclosed  in  a  dark  pulp ;  astringent  until 
soft.  Tree  very  vigorous  and  productive,  with  long  glossy  leaves. 
The  latest  of  all  to  ripen  its  fruit,  which  clings  to  the  branches 
long  after  the  fall  of  the  leaves.  Fig.  826. 


CHAPTER  XLIII. 

THE  PINEAPPLE. 

The  Pineapple  (Ananassa  sativd),  which  Lindley  says  "is 
universally  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the  most  delicious  fruits 
in  existence,"  was  found  by  the  early  discoverers  growing  wild 
in  tropical  America,  from  whence  it  has  spread  over  all  the 
warmer  regions  of  the  globe.  As  we  naturally  expect  to  find 
fruits  upon  trees  or  bushes,  it  seems  an  anomaly  to  see  two  of 
the  choicest,  this  and  the  banana,  growing  like  vegetables,  the 
'  former  on  a  stalk  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  much  after  the 
fashion  of  an  humble  and  unpretending  cabbage ;  yet  these 
two  have  risen  so  greatly  in  popular  estimation  as  to  be  re- 
garded only  second  in  importance  to  the  orange  and  lemon. 
Europe  draws  its  chief  supply  of  pineapples  from  the  Azores 
or  Western  Islands  as  the  nearest  source,  and  the  United 
States  from  the  Bahamas  and  Florida,  although  some  come 
from  greater  distances.  Since  the  advent  of  steam-carriage 
they  reach  these  markets  in  a  more  matured  and  better  con- 
dition than  was  possible  by  the  sailing-vessels  of  former 
days.  Then  they  were  considered  rarities,  and  many  were 
grown  with  much  labor  and  expense  in  hot-houses,  a  branch 
of  horticulture  which  attained  the  importance  of  a  science  by 
itself,  and  no  large  establishment  was  considered  complete 
without  its  pinery. 

Few  people  in  temperate  climates  have  an  adequate  concep- 
tion of  the  surpassing  excellence  of  a  pineapple  ripened  on  its 
stalk  and  eaten  just  at  the  turn,  when  the  deep  yellow  pulp 
becomes  almost  as  deliquescent  as  an  orange.  A  pine,is  more 
easily  eaten  and  tastes  better  when  sliced  perpendicularly  in- 
stead of  transversely,  but  a  perfectly  ripe  one  is  almost  too 
mellow  for  slicing. 

In  addition  to  possessing  remarkably  nutritive  properties, 
scarcely  inferior  to  those  of  lean  beef,  the  juice  is  a  wonder- 


THE  PINEAPPLE.  679 

ful  digester,  and  has  been  made  the  basis  of  an  extract  of  un- 
doubted efficacy  in  relieving  stubborn  cases  of  dyspepsia.  It 
will  also  quickly  dissolve  and  disperse  the  obstructions  in  the 
throats  of  diphtheritic  patients.  Thin  people  who  do  not 
properly  assimilate  their  food  soon  gain  flesh  and  strength  on 
a  diet  of  ripe  pineapples.  The  long,  narrow  leaves  contain  an 
abundance  of  one  of  the  best  fibres  known,  being  strong,  flex- 
ible, soft,  and  silky. 

On  the  Florida  Keys  the  regular  crop  becomes  ripe  enough 
to  cut  in  April,  the  season  lasting  for  several  months ;  but  a 
few  are  coming  in  at  all  times.  Those  that  mature  under 
sheds  in  the  winter  often  bring  five  times  the  price  of  others. 
The  fruit  is  taken  off  with  long,  sharp  knives,  and  carried  out 
in  baskets  holding  four  or  five  dozen.  The  first  crop  is  con- 
sidered the  best  for  size  and  quantity,  except  under  intensive 
cultivation,  which  causes  progressive  improvement.  It  is 
packed  for  shipment  in  crates  the  size  of  a  barrel,  which 
when  full  weigh  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  pounds.  One 
hundred  crates  to  the  acre  is  called  an  average,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  a  large  yield  of  the  common  kinds, 
which  run  fifty  to  eighty  in  a  crate ;  but  some  fancy  varieties, 
like  Porto  Rico,  Smooth  Cayenne,  Queen,  or  Abbaka,  are 
much  larger.  Often  twelve  Porto  Ricos  will  fill  a  crate,  and 
specimens  of  twenty  pounds  in  weight  have  been  gathered. 
Those  too  small  for  shipment  are  canned  and  preserved,  or 
made  into  cider  and  vinegar.  As  before  remarked,  a  valuable 
medicine  is  prepared  from  the  juice,  which  may  also  be  dis- 
tilled into  brandy.  The  pines  grown  on  the  mainland  of 
Florida  are  more  tender,  sweet,  and  succulent  than  most  of 
those  from  other  countries. 

PROPAGATION. 

Like  the  banana,  the  pineapple  originally  produced  seed 
freely,  but  renewal  by  offsets  through  a  long  course  of  years 
has  caused  these  seeds  nearly  to  disappear.  Of  a  dark  color, 
and  about  half  as  large  as  those  of  an  apple,  they  may  be  found 
interspersed  in  the  pulp  near  the  crown.  New  varieties  are 
started  from  these  or  from  the  offsets  of  cross-fertilized  plants. 
The  writer  once  saw  a  Black  Jamaica  apple  on  a  smooth  Cay- 


6So 


THE  PINEAPPLE. 


enne  stalk,  the  result  of  crossing,  the  effects  of  which  prob- 
ably extended  to  the  crown  above  and  the  slips  immediately 
below  it.  Plants  are  multiplied  by  the  crown  at  the  top  of 
the  fruit,  the  slips  which  cluster  about  its  base,  the  suckers 
near  the  foot  of  the  stalk,  or  the  ratoons  from  the  root.  If  the 

variety  be  scarce  and  va- 
luable, additional  plants 
may  be  produced  from 
cuttings  of  the  stem, 
which  contain  dormant 
axillary  buds,  but  these 
are  slow  in  sprouting 
and  require  a  long  time 
to  become  established. 
Suckers  are  preferred 
as  being  much  the 
strongest  and  soonest 
to  arrive  at  maturity. 
Ripe  apples  may  be 
expected  from  them  in 
twelve  months,  and 
from  slips  and  crowns 
inside  of  two  years. 
Each  stalk  bears  but 
once  and  is  renewed  by 
the  suckers,  which,  ex- 
cept in  a  plant  of  extra- 
ordinary vigor,  should 
be  thinned  out  to  one  or  two ;  if  more  are  left  the  fruit  will  be 
small  and  inferior.  The  natural  increase  of  the  pineapple  is 
exceedingly  rapid.  Starting  with  a  single  fruiting  plant,  and 
using  all  the  slips  and  suckers  as  they  mature,  it  has  been 
estimated  that,  if  all  grew,  the  number  in  a  dozen  years  would 
occupy  more  than  sixteen  acres,  allowing  ten  thousand  plants 
to  the  acre. 

CULTIVATION. 

Exemption  from  frosts  in  winter,  combined  with  a  season  of 
prolonged  heat  in  summer,  are  requisites  to  success.  From 
seventy  degrees  to  seventy-eight  degrees  may  be  considered 


PIG.  827. — Manner  of  Growth  of  Pineapples. 


THE  PINEAPPLE.  6Si 

a  happy  mean.  Countries,  even  through  frostless,  where 
summers  are  cool,  are  unfavorable.  Where  there  is  sufficient 
heat,  but  occasional  frosts  and  even  light  freezes  of  a  few 
hours  duration  in  winter,  pines  have  been  found  to  do  very 
well  when  planted  under  partially  open  screens.  In  parts  of 
Florida  where  such  conditions  prevail,  they  are  successfully 
and  extensively  grown  under  these  structures,  composed  of  a 
cover  of  thin  slats  set  a  few  inches  apart,  and  supported  by 
posts  and  cross-pieces  six  feet  above  the  ground  and  eight  or 
ten  feet  apart  from  each  other.  Thus  sheltered,  no  effects  of 
frost  will  be  seen,  even  when  a  thin  glaze  of  ice  forms  out- 
side, and  in  a  hard  freeze  the  damage  will  be  greatly  lessened. 
The  covering  also  serves  as  a  protection  against  the  rays  of  a 
sometimes  too  ardent  sun,  besides  preventing  excessive  evap- 
oration of  moisture  from  the  ground.  Even  where  there  is 
no  need  of  erecting  these  sheds  to  keep  off  frost,  the  plants 
have  been  found  to  grow  more  luxuriantly  under  them  than 
in  the  open  air.  This  seems  reasonable  when  we  reflect  upon 
their  surroundings  in  a  state  of  nature,  where  they  flourish 
under  the  shade  of  lofty  forest-trees,  falling  over  as  the  fruit 
ripens,  and  the  offsets  rooting  in  the  cool  and  mellow  soil. 
Farther  north,  where  these  screens  would  be  inadequate,  a 
temporary  scaffold,  built  lower  and  just  over  the  plants,  and 
covered  with  straw  or  matting  during  cold  weather,  will  be 
found  an  effectual  safeguard.  During  intermediate  warm 
periods,  this  can  be  partially  removed  or  lifted  to  let  in  light 
and  air,  and  after  winter  has  passed  taken  away  entirely.  Such 
an  arrangement  will  answer  a  good  purpose  where  one  does 
not  care  to  go  to  the  expense  of  glass,  and  it  is  surprising  how 
easily,  in  mild  latitudes,  a  liberal  supply  of  excellent  fruit 
can  be  thus  obtained. 

Soils. — Although  the  pineapple  seems  to  prefer  a  light  and 
well-drained  sand,  rather  poor  than  naturally  rich,  it  will  grow 
in  a  great  variety  of  soils.  Damp  and  heavy  ground  is  uncon- 
genial. It  flourishes  on  the  rocky  limestone  formation  of  the 
Bahama  Islands  and  Florida  Keys,  and  in  the  loose  sands  of 
the  interior,  but  does  not  thrive  where  there  is  a  large  admix- 
ture of  small  or  broken  shells.  Like  a  air-plant,  it  is  able  to 
endure  long-continued  droughts  without  much  harm,  but 
plenty  of  water  is  necessary  while  the  young  sets  are  rooting, 


THE  PINEAPPLE. 

or  they  may  become  stunted  or  seriously  retarded.  Being  a 
voracious  feeder,  a  liberal  dressing  of  strong  nitrogenous  fer- 
tilizers will  promote  an  astonishing  luxuriance  of  growth, 
causing  the  leaves  to  stand  often  six  feet  high,  and  the  fruit 
to  swell  with  fatness.  From  one  to  two  thousand  pounds  per 
acre  every  year  of  blood  and  bone,  fish  guano,  or  cotton-seed 
meal  are  recommended  as  continually  improving  the  quan- 
tity, quality,  and  size  of  the  fruit.  Even  three  times  the  above 
amount  has  been  used  to  advantage,  and  the  results  are  better 
if  the  materials  are  made  into  a  compost  and  well  rotted  be- 
fore application.  The  Florida  soft  phosphate,  combined  with 
kainit  or  potash  salts  and  cotton-seed  meal,  makes  a  very 
effective  and  complete  fertilizer.  There  are  also  some  excel- 
lent formulas  gotten  up  expressly  for  the  pineapple  by  manu- 
facturers of  the  best  commercial  manures.  By  this  course  of 
liberal  feeding,  plantations  do  not  become  exhausted  in  a 
few  years  as  they  otherwise  would,  but  steadily  improve,  bid- 
ding fair  to  last  for  an  indefinite  period.  The  first  year's  crop 
should  average  ninety  per  cent  and  that  of  the  second  year 
one  hundred  per  cent,  or  more  if  several  suckers  are  left  to  a 
stalk.  Some  water  is  needed,  and  this  is  generally  supplied 
by  the  rains.  Much  is  drawn  up  by  the  tap-roots  from  below, 
and  no  small  quantity  is  caught  in  the  shape  of  dew  by  the 
long  concaved  leaves,  and  conveyed  by  them  directly  to  the 
stalk  and  roots. 

Setting. — Before  setting,  the  ground  should  be  thoroughly 
loosened  and  fertilized.  The  offsets  are  prepared  by  stripping 
away  a  few  of  the  leaf-butts  and  paring  the  ends  smoothly, 
which  helps  the  formation  of  tap-roots.  This  brings  the  em- 
bryo roots  into  close  contact  with  the  soil  and  encourages  them 
to  strike  at  once.  If  not  done,  they  will  be  slower  in  starting, 
and  some  may  not  start  at  all.  This  is  the  general  practice, 
but  a  few  growers  deem  this  cutting  and  trimming  to  be  un- 
necessary, and  plant  with  the  lower  leaves  spread  out  and 
covered  with  soil,  which  is  firmly  tramped  around  the  stalk. 
The  sets  should  be  planted  on  a  level — slips  about  three 
inches  deep ;  suckers  four  to  six  inches.  The  centre  or  bud 
must  be  left  high  enough  above  the  ground  to  avoid  as  much 
as  possible  the  washing  in  of  sand,  which  may  check  or  even 
kill  the  plant.  A  pinch  of  cotton-seed  meal  dropped  in  as- 


THE  PINEAPPLE.  683 

sists  in  keeping  out  the  sand,  and  helps  to  fertilize.  Eighteen 
to  twenty  inches  apart  is  considered  a  good  distance,  with  a 
wider  space  at  short  intervals  for  convenience  in  passing 
through  and  gathering  the  fruit.  Farther  apart  they  do  not 
support  and  shade  each  other,  and  the  fruit  is  liable  to  fall 
over  and  break  off,  or  spoil  and  sunburn.  From  twelve  to 
twenty  thousand  plants  are  set  to  the  acre.  The  offsets  are 
planted  as  fast  as  they  become  large  enough,  preferably  dur- 
ing the  summer  and  fall  months,  when  the  moisture  needed 
for  root  development  is  supplied  by  showers.  It  is  of  great 
importance  that  they  should  strike  quickly  and  grow  off  at 
once ;  should  they  become  stunted  the  fruitage  is  correspond- 
ingly diminished  and  retarded. 

While  the  plants  are  young  the  cultivation  must  be  thor- 
ough and  shallow,  care  being  taken  not  to  cut  the  feeding 
roots,  which  run  near  the  surface.  A  wheel-hoe  is  an  effec- 
tive implement  before  the  leaves  begin  to  spread.  Until 
some  length  of  stalk  is  made,  sand  will  be  liable  to  wash  into 
the  bud  during  heavy  rains,  and  if  not  removed  check  the 
growth.  It  may  be  forced  out  by  pouring  in  water  from  the 
height  of  a  few  feet,  and  a  little  cotton-seed  meal  dropped  in 
afterward  will  assist  in  keeping  it  out  for  some  time.  By  the 
second  year  the  leaves  cover  the  ground  and  no  further  culti- 
vation is  needed.  Fertilizers  can  be  applied  by  sowing  broad- 
cast. 

Mulching  is  not  recommended  for  the  reason  that  it  in- 
creases the  liability  to  injury  by  frost.  After  producing  for 
six  or  eight  years,  a  pineapple-field  does  better  to  be  entirely 
reset  with  fresh  young  plants. 

DISEASES. 

Spike  or  long  leaf  is  a  condition  sometimes  produced  by  rank 
unfermented  manures,  or  other  causes,  and  recognized  in 
stunted  plants  with  long  and  very  narrow  leaves.  These  will 
never  fruit,  and  should  be  replaced  by  young  and  healthy 
suckers.  It  is  well  for  a  pineapple-field  to  be  laid  out  in 
squares,  with  alleys  between  broad  enough  to  head  off  fire, 
which,  should  it  get  in  during  a  dry  time,  could  not  otherwise 
be  checked  and  would  lay  waste  the  whole. 


684  THE  PINEAPPLE. 

If  there  is  trouble  from  mealy-bug,  red  spider,  or  white  scale, 
spray  every  week  with  a  good  insecticide  until  the  pest  disap- 
pears. The  red  spider  works  around  the  base  of  the  stem, 
causing  it  to  decay  and  break  off. 

VARIETIES. 

Among  the  numerous  varieties,  those  which  have  been 
selected  for  extensive  planting  as  being  the  most  delicious, 
hardy,  and  best  shippers  are  Red  Spanish,  Smooth  Cayenne, 
Porto  Rico,  and  Queen. 

Abachi  (Abbakacha),  called  Abbaka  for  short,  and  sometimes  Bra- 
zilian, from  the  country  of  its  introduction.  A  tall  growing  plant, 
with  narrow  dark-green  purple-tinged  leaves.  Fruit  a  rich 
golden  yellow  ;  weighs  five  to  ten  pounds  ;  in  quality  fully  equal 
to  Cayenne,  but  more  tender  and  difficult  to  ship. 

Cayenne.  (Smooth  Cayenne.)  Flowers  purple;  fruit  cylindrical 
and  slightly  conical ;  dark  orange,  with  pale  yellow,  rich  and 
highly  flavored  flesh.  Excellent  for  winter  fruiting  and  one  of 
the  most  juicy  ;  weight  six  to  ten  pounds.  Of  robust  growth, 
with  long  and  broad  dark-green  leaves,  nearly  free  from  spines, 
which  is  a  great  convenience  in  handling  and  working.  Makes 
few  offsets,  and  can  therefore  be  increased  slowly.  Very  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  Azores  and  Sandwich  Islands. 

Porto  Rico.  (Trinidad,  Pitch  Lake.)  A  very  robust  plant,  pro- 
ducing perhaps  the  largest  fruit  of  any  ;  generally  averaging  eight 
to  fifteen  pounds,  and  sometimes  larger.  Of  fair  quality  and 
flavor,  and  a  good  shipper. 

Queen.  This  is  the  Queen  par  excellence,  and  the  mother  of  the 
whole  family  of  Queens,  many  names  of  which,  as  Lemon,  Vic- 
toria, Golden,  Egyptian,  and  Gipsy  Queen,  are  synonyms.  One 
of  the  first  seedlings  raised  in  England.  The  family  is  distin- 
guished by  an  indescribably  peculiar  aromatic  flavor,  and  pointed 
conical  shape  of  the  pips,  which  are  usually  flattened  in  other 
sorts.  Next  to  the  Spanish  it  is  the  most  extensively  cultivated, 
being  every  way  desirable,  and  perhaps  the  best  for  general  pur- 
poses. The  plant  is  free  growing,  compact  and  handsome,  com- 
ing quickly  to  maturity.  Fruit  of  an  attractive  yellow  color,  very 
juicy,  of  exquisite  flavor  and  a  good  keeper  ;  weight  three  to  eight 
pounds,  and  brings  about  double  the  price  of  the  Spanish. 

Spanish.  (Red  Spanish,  Key  Largo,  Red  Pine,  Havana,  Cuban, 
Black  Spanish,  and  Strawberry.)  Size  of  plants  medium  ;  leaves 
broad  and  sharply  serrated  ;  fruit  short  and  rounded  ;  large  pips 
or  protuberances,  of  a  very  dark  color,  changing  to  a  reddish- 
yellow  when  ripe.  Usual  weight  two  to  six  pounds ;  sub-acid. 


THE  PINEAPPLE.  685 

juicy,  and  good  ;  hardy  and  early.     This  is  the  favorite  for  mar- 
ket and  more  largely  planted  than  all  others  put  together. 

Besides  the  above  are  many  cultivated  on  a  small  scale  by 
way  of  experiment.  The  best  are  Enville,  Albert,  Antigua, 
Jamaica,  Rothschild,  etc. 


CHAPTER  XLIV. 

THE    POMEGRANATE. 

THE  Pomegranate  (Punica  granatum}  in  flower,  fruit,  and 
foliage  is  one  of  the  most  graceful  and  beautiful  shrubs  in 
existence.  A  native  of  Persia  or  Northern  India,  and  often 
alluded  to  in  Scripture,  it  has  been  admired  and  cultivated 
from  the  earliest  times.  At  the  present  day  it  is  met  with  in 
most  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  globe,  but  does  not  appear  to 
be  grown  for  commercial  purposes  to  any  great  extent,  per- 
haps because  it  is  not  a  profuse  bearer,  and  the  fruit,  enclosed 
in  a  thick  and  bitter  rind  and  containing  many  seeds,  is  less 
easily  eaten  than  most  others.  As  an  ornamental  shrub  it  is 
a  great  favorite,  and  the  dwarf  double-flowering  varieties 
make  a  gorgeous  display  when  in  full  bloom. 

The  crimson  pulp  enveloping  the  seeds  is  always  agreeable 
and  refreshing,  besides  being  extremely  cooling  and  grateful 
to  patients  suffering  from  fever.  The  astringent  skin*  pos- 
sesses tonic  properties,  while  the  bark  of  the  tree  is  used  for 
tanning  morocco  leather,  and  that  of  the  root  is  an  effective 
vermifuge. 

PROPAGATION 

is  readily  effected  by  seed,  layers,  or  cuttings.  The  branches 
are  slender,  sometimes  thorny,  and  clothed  with  narrow,  light 
green  leaves  two  or  three  inches  long.  Flowers  of  good  size 
with  a  thick,  fleshy  calyx,  and  petals  of  a  delicate  texture  and 
curled  or  crimped;  the  whole  of  a  deep  scarlet  color.  The 
fruits  often  grow  to  the  dimensions  of  a  large  apple,  and  are 
exceedingly  handsome  and  attractive ;  the  leathery  rind  being 
golden  yellow,  or  nearly  pure  white  with  a  light  or  dark 
blush.  The  tree  is  hardy  generally  all  over  the  Gulf  States 
and  a  little  farther  north,  and  is  perfectly  at  home  in  Arizona, 
New  Mexico,  and  California.  The  sour  varieties  seem  able  to 

686 


THE  POMEGRANATE.  687 

bear  more  cold  than  the  sweet.  There  is  no  doubt  that  if  the 
best  sorts  from  the  Orient  were  naturalized  here,  they  would 
become  very  popular;  especially  as  the  trees  are  so  easily 
grown  and  seem  to  have  no  diseases  or  enemies.  We  are  told 
of  kinds  in  Persia  and  Asia  Minor  almost  seedless  and  nearly 
as  large  as  a  human  head. 

At  present  in  Southern  California  and  the  Gulf  States,  be- 
sides the  common  sweet  and  sour  varieties,  we  find  the  follow- 
ing, thus  described : 

VARIETIES. 

Caribbean.  Large,  yellow,  with  crimson  blush  ;  skin  thick  but  soft 
and  leathery  ;  a  good  shipper  ;  pulp  pink  and  aromatic.  Ripens 
in  June. 

Paper-Shell.  A  new  variety  of  extra  fine  quality,  with  a  very  thin 
ssin  ;  valuable  for  home  consumption. 

Ruby.  (Purple  Seeded.)  Fruit  as  large  as  the  largest  apple  ;  skiu 
3^ellow  with  crimson  blush  ;  pulp  deep  rich  crimson  ;  very  sweet 
and  aromatic.  Good  grower,  bearer,  and  shipper. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


[The  following  list  contains  the  names  of  most  of  the  varieties  of 
fruits  cultivated  in  the  United  States,  either  local  or  widely  dissemi- 
nated, with  brief  notices  of  new  sorts  not  described  in  the  body  of 
the  work  and  older  varieties  which  are  superseded  and  are  passing 
out  of  cultivation,  but  are  retained  in  the  lists  as  a  matter  of  porno- 
logical  history.  References  from  one  name  to  another  are  always  to 
synonyms.] 

APPLES. 


Abbott,  or  Abbott's  Sweet.  Me- 
dium, roundish,  striped;  of 
moderate  flavor.  Winter.  N.H. 

Abram.  Rather  small,  round- 
ish, yellow  and  red;  sub-acid, 
good.  Winter.  Va.  and  N.  C. 

Acuba-leaved  Reinette.  Medium, 
oblate,  red  and  yellow;  tender, 
sub-acid,  good. 

Adams.  Large,  oblate,  faintly 
striped ;  flesh  greenish- white, 
of  pleasant  flavor.  Winter. 
Union  County,  Pa. 

Adams  Pearmain.  Medium,  con- 
ical, greenish-yellow  and  gray 
russet;  flesh  yellowish,  aro- 
matic. Early  winter.  For- 
eign. 

Agnes.  Rather  small,  flattened, 
striped;  spicy,  sub-acid,  good. 
Late  summer.  Pa. 

Ailes,  p.  322. 

Albermarle  Pippin  of  Va.  See 
Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 

Alerson's  Early.  Medium,  round, 
yellow,  good.  Summer. 


Alexander,  p.  308. 

Alfriston.  Large,  roundish-ob- 
long, ribbed,  green;  sub-acid, 
of  moderate  quality.  Autumn, 
Foreign. 

All-summer  Apple.  Rather  small, 
roundish,  greenish  white;  flesh 
white,  crisp,  pleasant.  July, 
August.  Pa. 

Allen's  Choice.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblate, striped ;  coarse,  aro- 
matic, good.  Winter.  Pa. 

Allum.  (Hallum,  Rockingham 
Red.)  Medium,  oblate,  irreg- 
ular, red;  brisk  acid.  Long 
keeper.  North  Carolina. 

American  Beauty,  or  Sterling 
Beauty.  Medium,  roundish, 
deep  red;  rich,  vinous.  Win- 
ter. Mass. 

American  Golden  Pippin.  See 
Golden  Pippin  of  Westchester 
Co. 

American  Golden  Russet  See 
Bullock's  Pippin. 

American  Pippin,  or  Grindstone. 


44 


689 


690     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Medium,  roundish-oblate,  reg- 
ular, dull  red;  very  hard,  dry. 
Long  keeper. 

American  Red  Juneating.  See 
Early  Strawberry. 

American  Summer  Pearmain,  p. 
299. 

Angle.  Medium,  roundish, 
striped;  sweet.  September. 

Anglo-American.  Medium, 
roundish-conic,  striped;  sweet, 
aromatic,  very  good.  Late 
summer.  Canada  West. 

Anis,  p.  322. 

A  n  i  s  i  m.  Medium,  yellow, 
splashed  and  striped  crimson. 
Very  hardy  and  sure  bearer. 
Russian. 

Anisovka,  p.  322. 

Antonovka,  p.  337.  The  varie- 
ties of  this  family  received 
from  different  parts  of  Eastern 
Europe  vary  somewhat  from 
each  other,  and  are  difficult 
to  separate  from  the  apple 
usually  imported  under  this 
name.  Russian. 

Api.    See  Lady  Apple. 

Apple  of  Commerce.    See  P*ad. 

Arabskoe,  p.  337. 

Arbroath  Pippin.    See  Oslin. 

Arkansas  Black  Twig,  p.  322. 

Arnold's  Beauty.  Medium, 
bright  yellow,  flesh  firm,  juicy, 
rich.  Late  winter.  Ontario. 

Aromatic  Carolina,  p.  300. 

Ashland.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  striped  dull  red;  mild 
sub-acid.  Early  winter. 

Ashmore,  or  Red  or  Striped 
Ashmore.  Rather  large, 
roundish-oblate,  red ;  crisp, 
sub-acid.  Autumn.  Showy — 
market.  Ohio  Valley. 


Ashton.  Small,  roundish,  red, 
flesh  white,  tender,  sweet. 
Early  winter.  Ohio. 

August  Apple.  See  Early  Pen- 
nock. 

Augustine.  Large,  roundish- 
conic,  striped;  sweet,  dry. 
August. 

Aunt's  Apple.  Rather  large, 
roundish,  striped ;  sub-acid, 
musky,  good.  Early  winter. 

Aunt  Hannah,  p.  337. 

Austin  Sweet.  Medium,  round- 
ish, yellow,  rich,  sweet,  very 
good.  Autumn.  Pa. 

Autumn  Bough.  See  Autumn 
Sweet  Bough. 

Autumn  Pearmain,  or  Winter 
Pearmain.  Rather  small, 
roundish-oblong,  dull  red, 
stripes  small;  crisp,  dry,  rich, 
and  high  flavored.  Autumn 
and  early  winter. 

Autumn  Pippin.  Rather  large, 
oblong  conic,  with  a  brown- 
ish cheek;  pleasant,  sub-acid. 
Early  winter. 

Autumn  Seek-no-further.  Me- 
dium, roundish-oblate,  green, 
faintly  striped;  juicy,  tender, 
sub-acid,  very  good.  October. 

Autumn  Strawberry.  See  Late 
Strawberry. 

Autumn  Swaar,  p.  306. 

Autumn  Sweet  Bough,  p.  307. 

Averill.  Rather  large,  conic, 
irregular,  ribbed,  striped; 
pleasant,  sub-acid.  Long 
keeper.  Conn. 

Babbitt,  p.  322. 
Bachelor.    See  Buckingham. 
Bachelor's  Blush.    Rather  large, 
oblate,  stalk  very  short,  green- 


APPLES. 


69r 


5sh  -yellow  with  a  blush ;  rather 
acid,  good.  August. 

Baer,  p.  322. 

Bagby  Russet,  or  Egyptian  Rus- 
set. Medium,  slightly  conic, 
light  russet  on  yellow;  tender, 
fine-grained,  juicy,  sub-acid, 
aromatic,  rich,  excellent.  Win- 
ter. 

Bailey's  Golden.  Large,  ob- 
long, yellowish,  slightly  rus- 
seted;  flesh  white,  pleasant, 
sub-acid.  Winter.  Maine. 

Bailey's  Spice,  p.  315. 

Bailey  Sweet,  p.  319. 

Baker.  Large,  roundish,  striped 
crimson,  rather  coarse;  pleas- 
ant, sub-acid,  very  good.  Pro- 
ductive and  profitable. 
Conn. 

Baker's  Sweet,  or  Winter  Golden 
Sweet.  Medium,  roundish, 
rich  yellow;  rather  coarse, 
rich.  Early  winter.  Conn. 

Baldwin,  p.  323. 

Baltimore.  Medium,  roundish, 
striped  purplish  red;  sub-acid, 
very  good.  Winter. 

Baltimore  Pippin.  See  Falla- 
water. 

Baltzby.  Large,  oblate,  yellow- 
ish-white; firm,  almost  sweet. 
October.  Va. 

Barbour.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate  ;  striped ;  pleasant,  very 
good.  Pa. 

Barrett.  Rather  large;  conical, 
striped  red  on  yellow;  pleas- 
ant, aromatic,  nearly  sweet. 
Winter.  Conn. 

Bars.  Rather  large,  roundish, 
pale  yellow,  marbled  red; 
mild,  pleasant,  rich.  Late 
summer.  Rhode  Island. 


Basil  the  Great,  p.  337. 

Beach  (Lady  Pippin).  Medium, 
roundish,  irregular,  greenish- 
yellow,  splashed  red,  flesh  yel- 
lowish, tough,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
Ark. 

Bean  Sweet.  Medium,  oblong 
ovate,  white,  handsome ;  crisp, 
juicy— baking.  Autumn  and 
winter.  Little  known. 

Beautiful  Arcad,  p.  298. 

Beauty  of  Kent,  p.  308. 

Beauty  of  the  West.  Large, 
roundish,  regular,  striped ; 
sweet,  pleasant,  of  moderate 
flavor.  Autumn. 

Bedfordshire  Foundling.  Large, 
roundish,  green ;  pleasap.t,  acid 
— cooking.  Autumn  and  win- 
ter. English. 

Beefsteak,  or  Garden  Apple. 
Medium,  oblate,  somewhat 
oval,  striped;  mild,  pleasant, 
sub-acid.  Autumn.  Mass. 

Belden  Sweet.  Rather  small, 
conic,  angular,  yellow  with  a 
blush;  flesh  white,  pleasant, 
aromatic.  Winter.  Conn. 

Belle  de  Boskoop.  Above  me- 
dium, roundish,  shaded  and 
obscurely  striped  red  on  yel- 
low skin;  crisp,  juicy,  brisk 
sub-acid,  rich,  very  good.  Late 
winter.  Russian. 

Belle  et  Bonne,  p.  337.  [Another 
Belle  Bonne  (called  also  Billy 
Bond)  is  cultivated  in  Western 
New  York,  and  is  a  medium, 
roundish-conic,  striped  apple, 
rather  coarse,  and  good  for 
cooking.] 

Belle-Fleur.    See  Bellflower. 

Belle-Fleur  Rouge,  or  Red  Bell- 
flower.  Large,  oblong  conical. 


692      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


striped;  of  moderate  or  poor 
flavor.  Winter. 

Bellerdovskoe,  p.  315. 

Bellflower.  See  White  and  Yel- 
low Bellflower. 

Bell's  Early.     See  Sops  of  Wine. 

Bell's  Scarlet  Pearmain.  See 
Scarlet  Pearmain. 

Belmont,  p.  337. 

Belzer.  Medium,  striped  red  on 
greenish-yellow ;  flesh  white, 
sub-acid.  August.  Ohio. 

Ben.    See  Eustis. 

Ben  Davis,  p.  343. 

Benoni,  p.  300. 

Bentley's  Sweet,  p.  319. 

Bergamot,  p.  338. 

Berkshire  Spy.  Medium,  round- 
ish-conical; red  striped,  good. 
Early  winter. 

Berry,  or  Red  Hazel.  See  Nick- 
ajack. 

Bethlehemite,  p.  343. 

Betsey's  Fancy.  Rather  small, 
oblate,  yellow,  shaded  dull 
red;  mild  sub-acid.  Winter. 

Better  than  Good,  or  Juicy  Bite. 
Medium,  oblate,  pale  yellow; 
tender,  mild,  sub-acid.  Early 
winter.  Pa. 

Be  van,  or  Sevan's  Favorite. 
Medium,  roundish-oblate, 
striped  red  and  yellow;  flesh 
firm,  sub-acid.  Late  summer. 
N.  J. 

Bietigheimer,  p.  315. 

Biggerstaff.  Large,  striped ; 
flesh  yellow,  sweet.  Autumn. 
N.  C. 

Billy  Bond.    See  Belle  et  Bonne. 

Billy's  Pippin.  Large,  round 
ovate,  red  on  yellow;  sub-acid, 
rich,  very  good.  Autumn. 

Black  Apple.    See  Jersey  Black. 


Black  Coal.  Rather  large, 
roundish,  irregular,  dark  red 
with  white  dots;  flesh  white, 
a  little  stained,  rather  acid. 
Early  winter.  Western.  See 
Hoover. 

Black  Gilliflower,  p.  343. 

Black  Lady  Apple,  resembles  the 
Lady  Apple  in  size  and  form, 
but  is  nearly  black,  and  has  a 
poor  flavor. 

Black  Oxford.  Below  medium, 
roundish-oblate,  dark  red ; 
flesh  compact,  not  juicy,  mild 
sub-acid.  Valued  as  a  good 
bearer  and  keeper.  Maine. 

Black's  Annette.  Small,  round- 
ish, dark  red.  Autumn.  Ken- 
tucky. 

Black  Detroit.    See  Detroit. 

Black  Twig.  Medium,  oblate, 
yellow  shaded  with  red,  ten- 
der, mild  sub-acid,  very  good. 
Early  winter.  Tennessee. 

Blackwood.  Medium,  roundish- 
conic,  green  with  red  blush, 
cavity  large,  stem  medium, 
slender,  basin  medium;  flesh 
yellowish,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
Winter. 

Blake.  Rather  large,  roundish, 
greenish-yellow ;  crisp,  juicy, 
good.  October  to  January. 
Maine. 

Blakely.  Large,  oblate,  regular, 
yellow  with  a  sunny  cheek; 
flesh  mild,  sub-acid,  pleasant. 
Winter.  Vt. 

Bledsoe,  or  Bledsoe  Pippin. 
Very  large,  oblate,  regular, 
somewhat  conic,  striped ;  flesh 
white,  fine-grained,  pleasant, 
sub-acid.  Winter.  Ky. 

Blenheim    Orange,   or    Blenheim 


APPLES. 


«93 


Pippin.  Large,  roundish, 
striped  dull  red;  flesh  yellow, 
breaking,  flavor  moderate. 
Autumn.  English. 

Blockley.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish, oblate,  ribbed,  yellow; 
flesh  yellowish,  compact. 

Blood.  Medium,  roundish, 
ribbed,  striped  dull  red ;  break- 
ing, mild,  good.  Winter. 
Ohio. 

Blue  Pearmain,  p.  324. 

Blue  Sweet.  Medium,  roundish, 
slightly  conical,  striped  dull 
red;  flesh  white,  fine,  not 
juicy.  A  long  keeper.  Mass. 

Blush  June.  See  Carolina  Red 
June. 

Blushed  Calville,  p.  315. 

Boalsburg.  Large,  oblong, 
slightly  conical,  striped;  flesh 
yellow,  with  a  very  good  re- 
freshing flavor.  Winter.  Pa. 

Boardman,  p.  324. 

Boas.  Medium,  roundish,  oblate, 
striped;  good.  Late  winter. 

Bohannan.  Medium,  roundish, 
slightly  conic  and  flattened; 
yellow  with  red  cheek;  tender, 
juicy,  sub-acid,  of  moderate 
flavor.  July  and  August. 
Southwestern.  Popular. 

Boiken,  p.  338. 

Bonum,  p.  308. 

Borovinka.  See  Sweet  Boro- 
vinka. 

Borovitsky.  Medium,  roundish, 
striped;,  firm,  sub-acid.  Au- 
gust. Russian. 

Borsdorff.  Small,  roundish- 
oval,  yellow  with  a  red  cheek; 
flesh  firm,  crisp,  rich,  brisk, 
perfumed.  Early  winter. 
German. 


Boston  Russet.  See  Roxbury 
Russet. 

Bough.    See  Sweet  Bough. 

Bourassa.  Medium,  roundish- 
conic,  rich  orange  russet, 
tender,  aromatic,  good.  Early 
winter. 

Bowen.  (Bowen's  Favorite.) 
Medium,  roundish-oblate,  red. 
Autumn. 

Bower's  Nonpareil.  Large,  ob- 
late, yellow  and  red.  Good. 
Winter. 

Bowker.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  yellow  and  crimson; 
tender,  sub-acid.  Autumn. 

Bowling's  Sweet.  Medium, 
roundish,  dull  red ;  rich,  sweet. 
October  to  January.  Va. 

Boxford.  Medium,  oblate, 
striped,  not  juicy  nor  high 
flavored.  Autumn. 

Brabant  Bellflower.  Large, 
roundish-oblong,  striped;  rich, 
sub-acid.  Late  autumn.  Hol- 
land. 

Brenneman.  Medium,  striped ; 
flesh  white ;  sub-acid — cook- 
ing. Late  summer.  Pa. 

Breskovka.  Medium,  conical, 
yellow;  red  blush,  cavity 
broad,  stem  long;  basin  nar- 
row, ribbed;  flesh  white,  sub- 
acid,  good.  Autumn.  Rus- 
sian. 

Brewer.  Very  large,  roundish, 
yellow;  flesh  yellowish;  pleas- 
ant, sub-acid.  Autumn. 
Mass. 

Brier.  Medium  large,  round, 
yellow  and  red;  good.  Mis- 
season.  Wisconsin. 

Brier  Sweet  Crab.  See  Van 
Wyck. 


694     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Briggs'  Auburn.  Large,  oblate, 
light  yellow;  sub-acid.  Sep- 
tember, October.  Me. 

Brightwater,  p.  324. 

Brittle  Sweet.  Rather  large, 
roundish;  crisp,  sweet,  very 
good.  Autumn. 

Broadwell,  p.  320. 

Brookes'  Pippin,  p.  338. 

Bryant,  p.  324. 

Brown.  Large,  oblate,  red 
striped,  good.  Late  autumn. 

Buchanan's  Pippin.  Medium, 
oblate  yellow,  shaded  maroon ; 
flesh  greenish;  crisp,  refresh- 
ing, sub-acid.  Late  winter. 
Ohio. 

Buckingham,  p.  308. 

Buckley.  See  Chenango  Straw- 
berry. 

Buck  Meadow.  Above  medium, 
roundish,  streaked ;  sub-acid, 
rather  rich.  Winter.  Conn. 

Bucks  County  Pippin.  Large, 
roundish,  slightly  oblate  and 
oblique,  greenish-yellow;  firm, 
slightly  sub-acid.  Pa. 

Buff,  p.  324. 

Buffington's  Early.  Rather 
small,  oblate,  light  yellow; 
fine,  sub-acid,  excellent.  Sum- 
mer. A  poor  bearer. 

Bullet,  p.  324. 

Bullock's  Pippin,  p.  338. 

Buncombe  or  Bunkum.  See  Red 
Winter  Pearmain. 

Burlington  Pippin.  Full  me- 
dium, roundish-oblate,  striped, 
flesh  white,  mild  sub-acid,  very 
good.  Early  winter.  Vt. 

Burnhap  Greening.  Medium, 
roundish,  greenish-yellow ; 
crisp,  sub-acid.  Early  winter. 
Yt. 


Burr's  Winter  Sweet.  Medium, 
oblate,  striped ;  aromatic. 
Winter.  Mass. 

Bush.  Rather  large,  oblate, 
greenish-yellow;  pleasant. 
September.  Pa. 

Butter.  Rather  large,  roundish- 
oblong,  yellow,  fair;  sweet, 
rich — cooking.  Autumn.  Pa. 
Several  of  this  name. 

Byer's.    See  Buckingham. 

Byram's  Sweet.  Medium,  ob- 
late, yellow;  sweet;  pleasant 
flavor.  October. 

Cabashea.  Very  large,  oblate, 
striped  dull  red ;  coarse ;  sub- 
acid.  Early  winter. 

Cabbage-head.  Large,  yellow, 
coarse,  crisp,  sub-acid.  Good. 
Vigorous  and  productive. 
N.  J. 

Cadwallader.  (Cadwallader's 
Golden. )  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate;  yellow.  Winter. 

Cain,  or  Cane.    See  Kane. 

Calef's  Sweet.  Very  large, 
roundish,  yellow;  sweet,  rich. 
November  to  January.  N.  H. 
Valuable. 

Calkin.  (Calkin's  Pippin.) 
Large,  roundish  conical;  yel- 
low and  red.  Winter. 

Callasaga.    See  Cullasaga. 

Camak's  Sweet,  p.  320. 

Campfield,  or  Newark  Sweet- 
ing. Medium,  roundish-ob- 
late, smooth,  striped;  firm, 
not  juicy;  rich,  sweet.  Keeps 
long.  N.  J. 

Canada  Baldwin.  Medium, 
roundish  oblate,  striped  rich 
red  on  a  white  skin;  flesh 
white,  »with  a  mild  sub-acid, 


APPLES. 


695 


quince-like  flavor.  Winter. 
Quebec. 

Canada  Pippin.  See  White  Pip- 
pin. 

Canada  Reinette,  p.  338. 

Cane  Creek  Sweet.  Medium, 
round,  yellow.  Summer. 

Cann,  or  Sweet  Cann.  Large, 
conic,  greenish,  dull  cheek; 
sweet,  pleasant.  Winter. 

Cannon  Pearmain,  p.  324. 

Capron's  Pleasant,  p.  315. 

Carnahan's  Favorite,  p.  324. 

Carnation,  p.  308. 

Carpenter's  Sweet.  Medium, 
roundish-conic,  yellow  and  red, 
flesh  white,  sweet,  pleasant, 
rich ;  mid-autumn,  valuable  for 
market.  Conn. 

Carolina  Red  June,  p.  300. 

Carolina  Red  Streak.  See  Ben 
Davis. 

Carolina  Spice.    See  Nickajack. 

Carolina  Watson,  p.  300. 

Carolina  Queen,  p.  324. 

Caroline.  Medium,  oblate, 
ribbed,  maroon,  mild  sub- 
acid.  Winter.  N.  J. 

Career,  p.  324. 

Carter  of  Virginia.  Medium, 
yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  pleas- 
ant. 

Carter's  Blue.  Large,  round- 
oblate,  striped  dull  red  on  a 
greenish  skin,  with  a  blue 
bloom;  crisp,  rich,  aromatic, 
good.  Autumn.  Ala.  Pop- 
ular. 

Carthouse,  p.  324. 

Cash  Sweet.  Medium,  oblate, 
conic,  whitish;  flesh  sweet, 
dry.  September. 

Cat-head.  Very  large,  round, 
pale  green,  sub-acid.  *  Value- 


less except  for  cooking.  Au- 
tumn. Foreign. 

Cat-head  Greening.  See  Cat- 
head. 

Cat-head  Sweet.  Large,  round- 
ish conic,  greenish-yellow; 
sweet,  not  rich.  October. 

Catline.  Small,  oblate,  striped; 
rich,  sweet.  Autumn.  Del. 

Catooga.  Quite  large,  irregular, 
yellow ;  sub-acid.  Winter. 
Southern. 

Cat  Pippin.  Rather  large, 
greenish ;  sub-acid.  Winter. 
Western  Pa. 

Cattail  Apple.  See  Meyer's 
Nonpareil. 

Cayuga  Red  Streak.  See 
Twenty  Ounce. 

Caywood.  Medium  oblate, 
bright  yellow;  firm,  not  juicy, 
nor  rich.  Keeps  into  summer. 
Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Challenge.  Large,  oblate,  deep 
yellow;  crisp,  tender,  sweet. 
Good  through  winter.  Great 
bearer.  Ohio. 

Champlain.  See  Summer  Pip- 
pin. 

Champion.    See  Collins. 

Chandler,  p.  325. 

Charles  Apple.    See  Male  Carle. 

Chattahoochie.  Rather  small, 
greenish-yellow ;  crisp,  sub- 
acid,  pleasant.  Winter. 
Georgia. 

Cheeseborough  Russet.  Large, 
conical,  greenish  russet ;  sub- 
acid,  dry.  Of  little  value. 
Autumn. 

Chenango  Strawberry,  p.  308. 

Cherry  Crab,  p.  348. 

Chester.  Medium,  oblate,  whit- 
ish yellow,  carmine  dots; 


696      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


crisp,  tender,  sub-acid.  Good. 
Early  winter.  Pa. 

Chief  Good.  Rather  large, 
roundish,  red  on  light  yellow; 
flesh  white,  sub-acid,  aromatic. 
September,  October.  Ky. 

Churchill  Greening,  Large,  ob- 
late conic,  ribbed,  dull  red  on 
yellowish-green ;  rich,  vinous. 
Winter. 

Claremont  Pippin.  See  Easter 
Pippin. 

Clarke's  Pearmain,  p.  339. 

Clark's  Prolific.  Medium,  oblate- 
conic,  pale  yellow;  flesh  white, 
fine,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
Early  winter.  Tree  hardy, 
very  productive.  Iowa. 

Clayton.  Large,  conical,  yellow 
and  red.  Winter. 

Cloth  of  Gold.    See  Drap  d'Or. 

Clyde  Beauty,  or  Mackie's  Clyde 
Beauty,  p.  309. 

Cocklin's  Favorite.  Small, 

roundish,  flattened  at  ends. 
Good.  Pa. 

Cogswell,  p.  325. 

Cole,  or  Scarlet  Perfume.  Large, 
roundish-conic,  crimson;  qual- 
ity moderate.  Summer.  Eng- 
lish. 

Cole's  Quince,  p.  303. 

Collins.  Large,  roundish-oblate, 
greenish  yellow,  shaded  and 
striped  red,  flesh  yellowish, 
solid,  coarse,  juicy;  good. 
Winter.  Ark. 

Colvert.  Large,  oblate,  striped ; 
sub-acid,  quality  moderate — 
culinary.  Autumn.  Succeeds 
well  Northwest. 

Conant's  Sweeting.  Medium, 
light  yellow;  good.  Produc- 
tive. 


Congress.  Large,  yellow  and 
striped;  coarse,  acid.  Good. 
November.  Mass. 

Connecticut  Seek-no-further. 
See  Westfield  ditto. 

Connett's  Sweet.  Large,  round- 
ish-oblate, dark  red  on  rich 
yellow;  sweet.  Very  good. 
December  to  March. 

Conway.  Medium,  oblate,  green- 
ish-yellow; crisp,  rich,  aro- 
matic. January  to  February. 

Cooper,  p.  309. 

Cooper's  Early  White.  Medium, 
roundish,  pale  yellow;  crisp, 
sprightly.  Autumn.  Western. 

Cooper's  Red,  Cooper's  Market, 
or  Cooper's  Redling,  p.  325. 

Corlies'  Sweet.  Medium,  light 
yellow;  firm,  sweet.  Good. 
Great  bearer.  October. 

Cornell's  Fancy,  or  Cornell's 
Favorite,  p.  309. 

Cornish  Aromatic.  Medium, 
roundish,  ribbed,  red;  rich 
sub-acid,  aromatic.  Autumn. 
English. 

Cornish  Gilliflower,  or  Red  Gilli- 
flower.  Rather  large,  conic, 
ribbed;  dull  stripes;  flesh  yel- 
low, firm,  very  rich,  aromatic. 
Winter.  English.  A  poor 
bearer. 

Corse's  St.  Lawrence.  See  St. 
Lawrence. 

Cos  or  Cass.  Large,  roundish- 
conic,  one-sided,  striped; 
mild,  agreeable.  Winter. 
Kingston,  N.  Y. 

Court  Pendu  Plat.  Medium,  ob- 
late, regular,  deep  red;  rich, 
brisk  sub-acid.  Early  winter. 
French. 

Court  of  Wick.    Small,  roundish 


APPLES. 


697 


ovate,  approaching  oblate, 
greenish-yellow  and  orange ; 
crisp,  juicy,  rich.  Fails  here. 
Autumn.  English. 

Cox's  Orange  Pippin.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  yellow  with 
some  red  over  the  surface ;  rich 
sub-acid,  very  good.  Autumn. 
Very  popular  in  England. 

Cracking,  p.  315. 

Cranberry  Pippin.  Medium,  ob- 
late, with  a  handsome  scarlet 
cheek ;  sub-acid,  poor — cooking. 
Productive.  Autumn.  N.  Y. 

Cranford,  p.  325. 

Creek.  Medium,  roundish- 
conical,  greenish-yellow  with 
some  red  stripes,  mild,  pleas- 
ant sub-acid.  Tree  very  pro- 
ductive. Winter.  Pa. 

Crimson  Pippin.  See  Black  De- 
troit. 

Cross,  p.  325. 

Cullasaga,  p.  325. 

Culp.  Medium,  conic,  ribbed, 
irregular,  yellow  with  a  blush; 
firm,  vinous.  Winter.  Ohio. 

Cumberland  or  Cumberland 
Seedling.  Large,  roundish 
oblate;  flesh  white,  sub-acid — 
market.  Pa. 

Cumberland  Spice,  p.  339. 

Curtis  Sweet.  Large,  oval, 
ribbed,  striped  red  on  pale  yel- 
low; tender  and  pleasant. 
August  to  October. 

Dansic  Pepka,  p.  339. 
Danvers  Winter  Sweet,  p.  321. 
Darlington     Russet.        Medium, 

roundish;  of  moderate  quality. 

A  good  keeper.    Ohio. 
Dartmouth.      Medium,     yellow ; 

sweet,   good.    October.    Mass. 


Dartmouth  Crab,  p.  348. 

Davis.  Small,  oblong,  flattened, 
crimson ;  crisp,  sub-acid. 
Good  keeper.  Mich. 

Dawes.  Medium,  light  yellow, 
tender,  sub-acid,  very  good. 
Autumn.  Vigorous  and  hardy, 
and  productive  alternate  years. 
Mass. 

Dean.  Medium,  oblate,  red 
streaked,  good.  Autumn. 

De  Bretagne.  See  Canada  Rei- 
nette. 

Decaire.  Medium,  oblate  coni- 
cal, dark  rich  red  on  white 
skin,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid, 
with  a  quince-like  flavor.  Au- 
tumn. Quebec. 

Delaware.    See  Lawver. 

Delight.  Medium,  roundish-ob- 
late, russet  and  crimson;  flesh 
firm,  nearly  sweet.  Very  good. 
Winter.  Southern  Ohio. 

Democrat.  Medium,  roundish- 
conical,  striped  with  crimson; 
mild,  pleasant,  sub-acid.  Very 
good,  productive.  Western 
New  York. 

D'Espagne.  See  White  Spanish 
Reinette. 

Derrick's  Graft.  See  Richard's 
Graft. 

Derry  Nonsuch.  Rather  large, 
oblong,  conic,  angular,  striped ; 
sub-acid,  agreeable.  Winter. 
N.  H. 

Detroit,  p.  325. 

Detroit  of  the  West.    See  Ortley. 

Devonshire  Quarrenden.  Me- 
dium, roundish-oblate,  crim- 
son; crisp,  sub-acid.  Late 
summer.  English. 

De  Witt.    See  Doctor. 

Dickson's    Emperor.    Large,   ir- 


698     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


regular,  red;  good.  Winter. 
Scotch. 

Dillingham.  Medium,  roundish- 
conic,  greenish-yellow ;  sweet. 
Early  winter.  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Disharoon,  p.  316. 

Doctor,  p.  309. 

Dr.  Walker.  Large,  roundish, 
red,  sub-acid.  Winter. 

Dominie,  p.  325. 

Douse  or  Dowse.    See  Hawley. 

Downing's      Paragon.       Rather 

.  large,  oblong,  oval,  light  yel- 
low; sweet,  aromatic.  Au- 
gust. Illinois. 

Downton  Pippin.  Small,  round- 
ish-oblate, yellow;  rich,  sub- 
acid.  Autumn.  English. 

Drap  d'Or,  p.  316. 

Duchess  of  Oldenburgh.  See 
Oldenberg. 

Duckett,  p.  316. 

Dutch  Codlin.  Large,  roundish- 
oblong,  irregular,  yellow;  sub- 
acid — cooking.  August  and 
September. 

Dutch  Mignonne,  p.  325. 

Duzenbury.  Medium,  striped ; 
crisp,  tender,  mild  sub-acid. 
Very  good,  productive,  keeps 
into  spring.  Putnam  County, 
N.  Y. 

Dyer,  p.  316. 

Early  Crofton.    See  Irish  Peach. 

Early  French  Reinette.  See 
Early  Harvest. 

Early  Harvest,  p.  303. 

Early  Joe,  p.  300. 

Early  Long  Stem.  Small,  ob- 
long conic,  greenish-yellow ; 
sub-acid,  aromatic.  August. 

Early  May.    See  White  Juneating. 

Early  Norfolk,  p.  301. 


Early  Pennock,  p.  301. 

Early  Red  Juneating.  See  Early 
Red  Margaret. 

Early  Red  Margaret,  p.  301. 

Early  Ripe.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  yellow.  Summer. 

Early  Spice.  See  Early  Long 
Stem. 

Early  Strawberry,  p.  301. 

Early  Summer  Pearmain.  See 
American  Summer  Pearmain. 

Early  Summer  Pippin.  See 
Drap  d'Or. 

Early  Sweet.  Medium,  round- 
ish, oblique,  yellow;  tender, 
sweet.  Very  good.  July  and 
August.  Ohio. 

Early  Sweet  Bough.  See  Sweet 
Bough. 

Easter  Pippin.  Medium,  green ; 
firm,  dry,  sub-acid,  good. 
Keeps  two  years. 

Eckel's  Summer.  Large,  dark 
red,  sweet.  N.  C. 

Edgar  Red  Streak.  See  Wai- 
bridge. 

Edgerly  Sweet.  See  Bailey 
Sweet. 

Edwards.    See  Nickajack. 

Egg-top.  Medium,  oblong  oval, 
striped,  handsome ;  sub-acid, 
of  moderate  quality.  Autumn. 

Egyptian  Russet.  See  Bagby 
Russet. 

Eighteen  Ounce.  See  Twenty 
Ounce. 

Elgin  Pippin.  Medium,  yellow, 
conical ;  flesh  white,  crisp.  Ala. 

Elkhorn,  p.  326. 

Ellis.  Small,  roundish,  greenish- 
yellow  ;  firm,  pleasant— long 
keeper.  Conn. 

Elton  Pippin.  See  Downton 
Pippin. 


APPLES. 


699 


Emperor  Alexander.*  See  Alex- 
ander. 

Enfield  Pearmain.  Rather  small, 
round,  deep  red;  mild,  rich. 
Early  winter. 

English  Codlin.  Rather  large, 
oblong  conic,  yellow;  sub-acid 
—cooking.  Summer  and  au- 
tumn. 

English  Golden  Pippin.  Small, 
roundish,  yellow;  flesh  yellow, 
with  a  rich,  sub-acid  flavor. 
Winter.  English. 

English  Nonsuch.  See  Non- 
such. 

English  Red  Streak.  See  Red 
Streak. 

English  Russet,  p.  339. 

English  Sweeting,  See  Rams- 
dell  Sweeting. 

English  Vandervere.  See  Smoke- 
house. 

Episcopal.    See  Fall  Pippin. 

Epse's  Sweet.  See  Danvers 
Sweet. 

Epsy.  Small,  long  conic,  deep 
red;  sweet,  rich,  handsome. 
Productive.  Early  winter.  Yt. 

Equinetely.  Large,  roundish, 
slightly  oblate,  dark  red  or 
whitish-yellow,  stalk  short, 
flesh  yellowish,  coarse,  sub- 
acid.  Valued  South. 

Ernst's  Pippin,  p.  316. 

Esopus  Spitzenburgh,  p.  334. 

Esten,  p.  316. 

Etowah.    See  Cooper's  Red. 

Eustis,  p.  326. 

Eve.    See  Early  Red  Margaret. 

Evening  Party,  p.  326. 

Ewalt.  Medium,  flattened, 
greenish-yellow,  and  a  red 
cheek;  tender,  pleasant,  per- 
fumed, very  good.  April.  Pa. 


Excel.  Large,  oblate,  ribbed, 
red  on  yellow;  rich,  sub-acid. 
Winter.  Conn. 

Excelsior  Crab,  p.  348. 

Exquisite.  Below  medium,  ob- 
late, striped ;  juicy,  rich,  pleas- 
ant. Autumn.  HI. 

Fairbanks,  p.  309. 

Fallawater,  p.  339. 

Fall  Bough.  See  Autumn  Sweet 
Bough. 

Fall  Harvey,  p.  316. 

Fall  Jenneting.  Rather  large, 
oblate,  greenish-yellow ;  sub- 
acid,  pleasant — cooking.  No- 
vember. A  great  bearer. 

Fall  Orange,  p.  316. 

Fall  or  Summer  Cheese.  Re- 
sembles Winter  Cheese,  but 
earlier.  Va. 

Fall  Pearmain.  Medium,  round- 
ish-conic, striped;  rich  sub- 
acid.  Autumn.  Ct. 

Fall  Pippin,  p.  316. 

Fall  Queen  of  Kentucky.  See 
Buckingham. 

Fall  Seek-no-further,  p.  309. 

Fall  Stripe.    See  Saxton. 

Fall  Wine,  p.  310. 

Fameuse,  p.  310. 

Fameuse  Sucr£e.  Nearly  me- 
dium, roundish-oblate,  rich, 
red,  delicate,  very  good.  Au- 
tumn. A  handsome  and  excel- 
lent dessert  apple.  Montreal. 

Family.  Medium,  striped ;  mild 
sub-acid,  very  good.  August. 
Ga.  Productive. 

Fanny,  p.  303. 

Farley's  Red.  Oblong  oval, 
striped;  firm,  pleasant.  Win- 
ter. Ky. 

Father   Abraham.      Small,  flat, 


700     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


red;  flesh  white,  pleasant. 
Keeps  well.  Va.  and  Ky. 

Father  Apple.  See  Pittsburgh 
Pippin. 

Faust.  Medium ;  sub-acid,  good. 
November.  N.  C. 

Fay's  Russet.    See  Hunt's  Russet. 

Fenley.  Large,  oblate,  irregu- 
lar, yellowish-white ;  very 
good.  September.  Ky. 

Fenouillet  Gris.  Small,  round- 
ish, yellow  and  russet;  firm, 
rich,  perfumed.  Winter.  For- 
eign. 

Fenouillet  Rouge.  Small,  round- 
ish, rough,  brownish-red;  firm. 
Autumn.  Foreign. 

Ferdinand.  Large,  oblate,  irreg- 
ular, greenish-yellow.  Winter. 
S.  C. 

Ferris.  See  R.  I.  Seek-no-fur- 
ther. 

Fink.  Medium,  oblate,  red  and 
yellow.  Late  winter. 

Fisk's  Seedling.  Medium,  ob- 
late, oblique,  deep  red;  flesh 
greenish-white,  tender,  rich. 
Autumn.  N.  H. 

Flake's  Fall.  Large,  striped; 
mild  sub-acid,  aromatic.  Mar- 
ket. October.  Pa. 

Flat  Pippin.  See  Pittsburgh 
Pippin. 

Fleiner.  Medium,  oblong,  yel- 
low; sub-acid,  of  moderate 
quality.  A  great  bearer.  Au- 
tumn. Foreign. 

Florence  Crab,  p.  348. 

Flower  of  Kent.  Large,  round- 
ish conic,  red  and  yellow;  sub- 
acid — cooking.  Late  autumn. 
English. 

Flushing  Seek-no-further.  See 
Green  Seek-no-further. 


Flushing  Spitzenburgh,  p.  326. 

Ford  Apple.  Large,  roundish, 
yellow;  rich,  rather  acid.  Au- 
tumn. N.  Y. 

Formosa  Pippin.  See  Ribston 
Pippin. 

Forney.  Rather  large,  roundish, 
striped  light  and  dark  red,  mild 
sub-acid,  good.  Late  autumn. 
North  Carolina. 

Fornwalder.    See  Fallawater. 

Fort  Miami.  Medium  or  large, 
roundish-oblong,  ribbed, 
brownish  and  russeted;  sub- 
acid,  spicy.  Winter.  Ohio. 

Foster,  p.  298. 

Foundling,  p.  301. 

Fourth  of  July,  p.  301. 

Frank.  See  Chenango  Straw- 
berry. 

Franklin  Golden  Pippin.  Me- 
dium, oval,  regular,  deep  yel- 
low; rich,  aromatic.  Au- 
tumn. 

French  Pippin.  See  Newark 
Pippin. 

French's  Sweet.  Large,  round 
ovate,  greenish-yellow ;  firm, 
perfamed,  very  good.  Late 
autumn.  Mass. 

Fronclin.  Medium,  round, 
bright  red ;  rather  acid.  Great 
bearer.  Pa. 

Fulton,  p.  340. 

Gabriel,  p.  310. 

Gano,  p.  326. 

Garden.  Small,  striped;  sub- 
acid,  good.  November. 

Garden  Royal,  p.  301. 

Garden  Sweet.  Medium,  oblong, 
yellow;  juicy,  tender,  sweet, 
good.  September,  October, 
Hardy  and  productive. 


APPLES. 


701 


Garretson's  Early,  p.  303. 

Gate.    See  Belmont. 

Genesee  Chief.  Large,  roundish- 
conic,  ribbed,  whitish  with  red 
cheek ;  sub-acid — cooking. 

Geneva  Pippin.  See  Winter 
Pippin  of  Geneva. 

Gibb  Crab,  p.  348. 

Gideon  Crab,  p.  348. 

Giles.  Medium,  conic,  dark  red. 
Ct. 

Gillet's  Seedling.  See  Rome 
Beauty. 

Gilpin.    See  Carthouse. 

Gipson's  Kentucky  Seedling. 
Rather  small,  round  ovate, 
dark  red  and  greenish-yellow; 
sub-acid.  Productive.  Long 
keeper.  Ky. 

Gloria  Mundi.  See  Monstrous 
Pippin. 

Glory  of  York.  See  Ribston 
Pippin. 

Gloucester  Cheese.  See  Fall 
Cheese. 

Gloucester  Pearmain.  See 
Clark's  Pearmain. 

Gloucester  White.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  yellow ;  rich, 
aromatic.  Autumn.  Va. 

Goble  Russet.  Medium,  oblong, 
russet,  reddened;  dry,  sweet. 
Autumn. 

GofF.  Full  medium,  whitish,  ten- 
der, brisk  sub-acid.  Late  sum- 
mer. Ohio. 

Golden  Ball,  p.  340. 

Golden  Dixie.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow, 
good.  Summer. 

Golden  Goss.  Round-oblate, 
ribbed,  yellow;  good. 

Golden  Harvey.  Small,  round- 
ish, rough,  russety  orange; 


rich  sub-acid.  Winter.  Eng- 
lish. 

Golden  Pippin.  See  English 
Golden  Pippin. 

Golden  Pippin  of  Westchester 
Co.,  p.  340.  [Another  Golden 
Pippin,  called  also  Pound 
Royal  and  Mammoth,  is  very 
large,  yellow;  coarse,  good. 
Late  autumn.  There  are  still 
others  of  this  name.] 

Golden  Pearmain.  See  Clarke's 
Pearmain. 

Golden  Reinette.  Small,  round- 
ish, regular,  yellow  and  or- 
ange striped;  rich,  mild 
sub-acid.  Late  autumn.  Eng- 
lish. 

Golden  Russet  of  New  York.  See 
Golden  Russet. 

Golden  Spice.    See  Dyer. 

Golden  Sweet,  p.  299. 

Golden  Wilding.  Medium,  ob- 
late, rich  yellow;  crisp,  acid, 
good.  N.  C. 

Good  Peasant,  p.  327. 

Grandfather.  Medium,  round- 
ish, oblate-conic,  striped  and 
whitish ;  pleasant,  sub-acid. 
Autumn. 

Grandmother,  p.  327. 

Granniwinkle.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblong, red ;  sweet— for 
cider  only.  Autumn.  N.  J. 

Granny  Earle.  Small,  roundish- 
oval,  greenish,  striped.  Early 
winter. 

Grand  Sachem.  See  Black  De- 
troit. 

Granite  Beauty,  p.  327. 

Grape  Vine.  See  Camak's 
Sweet. 

Gravenstein,  p.  310. 

Gray  Apple.    See  Pomme  Grise. 


702      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Gray  Pippin.  See  Bud's  Favor- 
ite. 

Gray  Vandevere.  See  Vande- 
vere. 

Greasy  Pippin.    See  Lowell. 

Green  Abram.    See  Bullet. 

Green  Cheese.  See  Winter 
Cheese. 

Green  Domine.  Medium,  oblate, 
dull  red ;  firm,  pleasant.  Early 
winter. 

Greening.  See  Rhode  Island 
Greening. 

Green  Mountain  Pippin,  of  Ga. 
See  Virginia  Greening. 

Green  Newtown  Pippin.  See 
Newtown  Pippin. 

Green  Seek-no-further,  p.  340. 

Greenskin.  Medium,  oblate, 
greenish-yellow ;  tender,  rich. 
Early  winter.  Southern  and 
Western. 

Green  Sweet,  p.  321. 

Green  Vandevere.  See  Vande- 
vere. 

Green  Winter  Pippin.  See  New- 
town  Pippin. 

Green's  Choice.  Medium,  round- 
ish-conic, striped ;  nearly  sweet. 
Late  summer.  Pa. 

Gregson.    See  Catline. 

Greyhouse.  Medium,  roundish, 
dull  red;  firm,  dry— for  cider. 
Winter.  N.  J. 

Grimes'  Golden  Pippin,  p.  341. 

Grindstone.  See  American  Pip- 
pin. 

Groton.    See  Foundling. 

Gully.    See  Mangum. 

Haas  or  Fall  Queen.  Medium, 
oblate  conic,  striped  with  red; 
flesh  white,  juicy,  acid,  rich, 
very  good.  Autumn.  Popu- 


lar at  the  Southwest.  Distinct 
from  Horse  Apple. 

Hagloe  Crab.  Small,  distorted 
— for  cider  only. 

Hague  Pippin.  Large,  conical, 
striped  deep  red,  handsome. 
January.  Western. 

Hain.  Large,  roundish-oblong, 
striped;  sweet,  aromatic. 
Winter.  Berks  County.  Pa. 

Hall,  p.  327. 

Hall's  Red.    See  Hall. 

Hallum.    See  Allum. 

Hames.  Large,  round  oblate; 
whitish-striped  and  blotched 
with  red;  flesh  whitish,  firm, 
juicy,  sub-acid.  Summer. 
Ga. 

Hamilton.  Large,  round,  yellow 
and  red.  Autumn. 

Hargrove.  Medium,  oblate ;  yel- 
low with  carmine  cheek;  flesh 
white,  crisp,  sub-acid,  very 
good.  Autumn.  N.  C. 

Harmony.    See  Early    Pennock. 

Harnish.  Medium,  oblong  oval, 
dark  red ;  compact,  rather  dry, 
sweet.  Autumn.  Pa. 

Harrigan.    See  Milam. 

Harris.  Large,  oblate,  yellow; 
coarse,  pleasant,  sub-acid. 
Early  autumn.  For  cooking. 
N.  C. 

Harrison.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblong,  yellow;  dry,  tough, 
rich — for  cider.  N.  J. 

Hartford  Sweet,  p.  319. 

Harvest  Red  Streak.  Medium, 
oblate,  striped;  coarse,  acid- 
cooking.  Late  summer. 

Haskell  Sweet,  p.  307. 

Hawley,  p.  317. 

Hawthornden.  Rather  large, 
oblate,  regular,  pale  yellow; 


APPLES. 


703 


pleasant,  sub-acid — for  cook- 
ing. Great  bearer.  Autumn. 

Hay's  Apple,  or  Hay's  Winter. 
See  Wine. 

Heart's  Pippin.  Medium,  round- 
ish, yellow;  tender,  acid — cook- 
ing. November. 

Hector.  Large,  oblong  conic, 
striped;  pleasant,  very  good. 
Winter.  Pa. 

Heicke's  Winter  Sweet.  See 
London  Sweet. 

Helen's  Favorite.  Medium, 
roundish,  dark  red ;  flesh 
white,  good.  Winter.  Ohio. 

Henrick  Sweet.  See  Sweet 
Pearmain. 

Henry.  Large,  oblong  conic, 
yellow;  rich,  pleasant.  Late 
autumn.  Vt. 

Henwood  Seedling.  Large,  ob- 
long oval,  greenish-yellow ; 
good.  January.  Western. 

Hepler.  Medium,  oblate  conic, 
light  yellow,  shaded  dull  red; 
sub-acid.  Winter.  Pa. 

He  refordshire  Pearmain,  p. 
327. 

Herman.  Medium,  oblong  conic, 
striped;  flesh  greenish,  sub- 
acid,  very  good.  Winter.  Pa. 

Herren,  p.  327. 

Hess,  p.  327. 

Hewes'  Virginia  Crab,  p.  348. 

Hewitt's  Sweet.  Large,  oblate, 
yellow  and  red;  sweet.  Au- 
tumn. 

Hicks.  Medium,  roundish,  yel- 
low, slightly  striped;  juicy, 
rich,  sweet,  very  good.  Au- 
gust. Long  Island. 

Higby's  Sweet,  p.  321. 

Highlander.  Medium,  oblate, 
slightly  conic,  green,  striped 


with  red;  pleasant.  Autumn. 
Vt. 

Hightop  Sweet,  p.  299. 

Hill's  Favorite.  Medium,  round- 
ish, red;  compact,  sub-acid, 
aromatic.  Autumn.  Mass. 

Hilton.  Large,  roundish,  yel- 
lowish-green ;  sub-acid — cook- 
ing. Autumn.  N.  Y. 

Hinckman.    See  Newark  King. 

Hoary  Morning.  Large,  oblate 
conic,  striped;  sub-acid—cook- 
ing. Autumn.  English. 

Hockett's  Sweet,  p.  319. 

Hocking,  p.  302. 

Hog  Island  Sweet.  Medium, 
oblate,  fine  red;  sweet,  rich, 
very  good.  Autumn.  Pro- 
ductive. N.  Y. 

Holden  Pippin.  See  Fall  Or- 
ange. 

Hollady's  Seedling.  Medium, 
oblate,  yellow;  rich,  aromatic. 
Winter.  Va. 

Holland  Pippin,  p.  317. 

Hollow  Core  Pippin.  See  Ort- 
ley. 

Hollow  Crown,  p.  327. 

Holly.  Medium,  roundish  ob- 
late ;  yellow  and  red.  Winter. 

Holman.  Large,  roundish-conic, 
splashed  red,  sub-acid,  good. 
Early  winter.  N.  C. 

Homony.    See  Sops  of  Wine. 

Honey  Greening,  p.   321. 

Hooker.  Medium,  conic,  striped ; 
flesh  greenish;  sub-acid.  De- 
cember. Conn. 

Hoover.  Large,  roundish,  rich 
crimson  with  large  whitish 
dots;  brisk  acid.  Early  win- 
ter. S.  C. 

Horn.  Small,  oblate,  green  with 
dark  red  cheek;  flesh  firm, 


7 °4      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


crisp;  good  keeper.  Winter. 
Ala. 

Horse,  p.  304. 

Horse  Block.  See  Manomet 
Sweet. 

Housom's  Red.  Large,  oblong, 
striped;  tender,  aromatic,  very 
good.  October  to  February. 
Pa. 

Howe's  Russet.  Closely  resem- 
bles Roxbury  Russet.  Mass. 

Hubbardston  Nonsuch,  p.  327. 

Hubbardton  Pippin.  Large, 
roundish,  variable,  striped ; 
crisp,  pleasant,  sub- acid. 
Winter.  N.  H. 

Hughes,  p.  341. 

Hunge,  p.  317. 

Hunter.  Medium,  roundish- 
conic,  striped  bright  red;  flesh 
white.  October.  Pa. 

Hunt's  Connecticut.  Large, 
round  oblate,  yellow  and  dull 
red;  dry,  breaking;  sub-acid, 
good.  Winter. 

Huntsman,  p.  341. 

Huntsman's  Favorite.  See 
Huntsman. 

Hunt's  Russet.  Small,  conic, 
russet  and  dull  red;  fine,  sub- 
acid.  Winter.  Mass. 

Hurlbut,  p.  310. 

Hutchison.  Medium,  roundish, 
yellow  and  red,  mild  sub-acid, 
or  nearly  sweet.  Good.  Win- 
ter. A  handsome  long  keeper. 
Ky. 

Hyde's  Sweet.    See  Wood's  Sweet. 

Hyslop's  Crab,  p.  348. 

Improved  Yellow  Bellflower.  See 
Mason's  Orange. 

Indian  Queen.  See  Early  Pen- 
nock. 


Indiana  Favorite,  p.  328. 

Indiana  Jannetting.  See  Rawle's 
Jannet. 

Indiana  Vandevere.  See  Van- 
devere. 

Ingram,  Seedling  of  Rawle's  Jan- 
et. Medium,  conical,  flesh  red, 
white  spots  on  surface;  good 
keeper.  Mo.  p.  328. 

Iowa  Blush,  p.  341. 

Irish  Peach  Apple.  Medium, 
roundish,  striped,  brownish- 
red;  flavor  tolerable.  August. 

Irish  Pippin.  Medium,  round, 
red  streaked;  good.  Early- 
winter. 

Jabe.  Medium,  flattened,  yel- 
low with  a  red  cheek;  tender, 
juicy,  melting,  rich.  Hardy 
and  productive.  September  to 
November. 

Jabez  Sweet.  Medium,  round- 
ish, dull  red;  sweet.  Winter. 
Conn. 

Jackson.  See  Chenango  Straw- 
berry. 

Jackson  Red.    See  Nickajack. 

Jacob's  Sweet,  p.  321. 

James  River.    See  Limber  Twig. 

Jefferis,  p.  310. 

Jefferson.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish-conic, splashed  dull  red; 
sub-acid,  very  good.  Good 
keeper.  Ky. 

Jefferson  County,  p.  310. 

Jeniton.    See  Rails. 

Jenkins.  Small,  roundish  ovate, 
red  with  white  dots;  pleasant, 
aromatic.  Very  good.  Win- 
ter. Pa. 

Jenette.    See  Rawle's  Jannet. 

Jersey  Black,  p.  328. 

Jersey  Greening.    See  Ortley. 


APPLES. 


705 


Jersey  Pippin.  Medium,  oblong 
conic,  striped;  sub-acid,  good. 
December.  Foreign. 

Jersey  Sweet,  p.  306. 

Jewett's  Best.  Large,  roundish 
or  oblate,  deep  red,  flesh  yel- 
low, juicy,  rich,  sub-acid. 
Early  winter.  Vt. 

Jewett's  Fine  Red.  See  Jewett's 
Red. 

Jewett's  Red,  p.  311. 

Joe  Berry.  See  Newt  own  Spitz- 
enburgh. 

John's  Sweet.  Medium,  oblong 
or  conic,  striped  red  on  whit- 
ish-yellow ;  sweet,  of  a  peculiar 
flavor.  Winter.  N.  H. 

Johnson.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish-conic, striped;  tender, 
sweet,  becoming  mealy.  Late 
summer.  Conn.  Another 
Johnson,  in  Illinois,  is  oblate, 
pale  yellow  and  crimson,  mild 
sub-acid,  rich,  very  good. 
Winter.  Productive,  and  val- 
uable for  market. 

Johnson's  Fine  Winter.  See 
York  Imperial. 

Jonathan,  p.  328. 

Jones'  Pippin.    See  Fall  Orange. 

Jones'  Seedling,  p.  328. 

Juicy  Bite.  See  Better  than 
Good. 

Julian,  p.  302. 

Julin.    See  Julian. 

July  Cluster.  Medium,  yellow, 
sub-acid.  Va. 

July  Pippin.    See  Early  Harvest. 

Junaluska.  Large,  roundish- 
conic,  yellow;  flesh  yellow; 
sub-acid.  Winter.  N.  C. 

Kaighn's  Spitzenburgh.  Large, 
oblong,  approaching  ovate, 

45 


red;  coarse,  crisp,  sub-acid. 
Early  winter. 

Kaiser,  p.  328. 

Kalproth,  p.  302. 

Kane,  p.  311. 

Kansas  Queen.  Large,  yellow, 
nearly  covered  with  crimson. 
Early  autumn. 

Keim.  Rather  small,  oblong 
oval,  yellow,  sub-acid,  aro- 
matic, delicate,  very  good. 
Winter.  Pa. 

Keister.  Small,  roundish-conic, 
striped;  pleasant,  very  good. 
October.  Pa. 

Kelly's  Sweet.  See  Moore's 
Sweet. 

Kelly  White.    See  Belmont. 

Kelsey.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  greenish-yellow ;  flesh 
greenish-white,  tender,  pleas- 
ant, aromatic,  very  good. 
March.  Pa. 

Kenrick's  Autumn.  Large, 
roundish,  striped ;  sprightly 
sub-acid.  September. 

Kent.    See  Beauty  of  Kent. 

Kentish  Fill-Basket.  Very  large, 
roundish,  yellow,  slightly 
streaked ;  sub-acid — cooking. 
October,  January.  English. 

Kentucky.  Large,  roundish, 
yellow  and  dull  red ;  juicy,  ten- 
der, sub-acid,  good.  Great 
bearer.  October. 

Kentucky  Cream.  Medium  or 
above,  roundish,  largest  at 
apex,  yellow  and  red;  mild 
sub-acid,  good.  Winter.  N.  Y. 

Kentucky  Queen.  See  Bucking- 
ham. 

Kentucky  Streak.  See  Ben 
Davis. 

Kernodle's      Winter.       Medium, 


706     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


yellow,    blotched    and    striped 
red ;  flesh  white,  juicy.    N.  C. 

Kerry  Pippin.  Medium,  oval, 
yellow;  crisp,  rich.  Autumn. 
Irish. 

Keswick  Codlin,  p.  317. 

Ketchum's  Favorite.  Medium, 
oval  conic,  yellow  with  ablush; 
mild,  rich,  very  good.  Au- 
tumn. Vt. 

Key's  Fall.  Medium,  round, 
russet;  good.  Early  winter. 

Kilham  Hill.  Rather  large, 
roundish,  striped ;  good  at  first, 
becoming  mealy  and  worthless. 
September.  Mass. 

King,  p.  329. 

King  of  the  Pippins.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  striped; 
rather  poor.  English. 

King  Philip.    See  Jonathan. 

Kingsbury  Russet.  See  Cheese- 
borough  Russet. 

Kingsley.  Medium,  roundish- 
oval,  striped;  sub-acid,  very 
good.  Winter  and  spring. 
Monroe  County,  N.  Y. 

King  Sweet.  Rather  small, 
round-conical,  yellow,  rich, 
sweet.  Autumn.  Maine. 

Kinkead.  Large,  roundish- 
oblate,  striped  red,  juicy,  mild 
sub-acid,  very  good.  Septem- 
ber. Ohio.  New. 

Kinnaird,  p.  341. 

Kinnaird's  Choice.  See  Kin- 
naird. 

Kirkbridge  White,  p.  304. 

Kirk's  Lord  Nelson.  Rather 
large,  roundish,  striped;  qual- 
ity moderate.  Autumn.  Eng- 
lish. 

Kittageskee.  Rather  small,  ob- 
late, yellow;  crisp,  tender, 


sub-acid,  very  good.  Winter. 
Southern. 

Klaproth,  p.  302. 

Knickerbocker.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow, 
brisk  sub-acid,  good.  Au- 
tumn. 

Knight's  Golden  Pippin.  See 
Downton  Pippin. 

Kohl.  Small,  roundish — good 
keeper.  German. 

Krowser.  Medium,  roundish- 
conic,  striped;  flesh  white, 
mild  sub-acid.  Winter.  Pa. 
Productive  and  popular. 

Lacker,  p.  329. 

Ladies'  Blush.    See  Gabriel. 

Ladies'  Favorite  of  Tenn.  See 
Buckingham. 

Ladies'  Sweet,  p.  319. 

Lady  Apple,  p.  341. 

Lady  Crab,  p.  348. 

Lady  Finger.  See  White  Para- 
dise. 

Lady  Finger  Crab,  p.  349. 

Lady  Fitzpatrick.  See  Carter's 
Blue. 

Lady's  Fancy.  Above  medium, 
oblong  conical,  yellow  and  red ; 
agreeable,  sub-acid.  Early 
winter.  Vt. 

Lady  Washington.    See  Cooper,, 

Lake.  Small,  ovate  conic, 
striped;  sub-acid,  very  good. 
A  great  bearer.  Ohio. 

Lancaster  Greening.  Medium, 
roundish-conic,  greenish-yel- 
low; sub-acid—cooking.  Good 
keeper.  Pa. 

Landon.  Medium,  roundish, 
yeflow  and  red;  flesh  yellow- 
ish, firm,  crisp,  aromatic,  very 
good.  Winter.  Vt. 


APPLES. 


7*7 


Landrum.  Medium,  conic,  deep 
crimson;  rather  coarse,  rich. 
Autumn.  Southern. 

Lane's  Red  Streak.  Large, 
roundish-conic,  yellow,  with 
small  stripes;  sub-acid,  good. 
October.  Illinois. 

Lane  Sweet.  Medium,  oblate, 
yellow ;  sweet,  aromatic. 
Winter.  Mass. 

Lansingburg.  Medium,  roundish 
conic;  yellow,  with  a  hand- 
some red  cheek;  flesh  firm, 
sub-acid,  moderately  rich — 
keeps  through  spring.  Ohio. 
New. 

Large  Anis,  p.  329. 

Large  Romanite.     See  Pennock. 

Large  Striped  Winter  Pearmain. 
See  McAfee's  Nonsuch. 

Large  Summer  Queen.  Quite 
large,  roundish,  yellow  and 
red ;  mild,  rich,  sub-acid,  good. 
Late  summer.  N.  C. 

Large  Yellow  Bough.  See  Sweet 
Bough. 

Late  Baldwin.    See  Baldwin. 

Late  Bough.  See  Autumn  Sweet 
Bough. 

Late  Golden  Sweet.  See  Baker's 
Sweet. 

Late  Queen.  Large,  roundish 
conical,  pale  red  on  yellow; 
sub-acid,  good.  Autumn. 
Ohio. 

Late  Strawberry,  p.  311. 

Lawver,  p.  329. 

Lead,  p.  341. 

Ledenets,  p.  341. 

Ledge  Sweet.  Large,  roundish- 
oblate,  yellowish-green  with  a 
blush;  sweet.  A  good  keeper. 
N.  H. 

Leicester  Sweet,  p.  321. 


Leland  Spice,  or  Leland  Pip« 
pin,  p.  312. 

Lemon  Pippin.  Medium,  oval, 
greenish-yellow;  sub- acid. 
English. 

Lewis.  Medium,  oblate  conic, 
skin  yellow,  striped;  flesh  yel- 
low, compact,  rich,  sub-acid. 
Early  winter.  Indiana. 

Liberty.  Rather  large,  oblong 
conic,  striped;  flesh  yellow; 
firm,  mild  sub-acid.  Long 
keeper.  Western. 

Lieby.    See  Recumbent. 

Limber  Twig,  p.  329. 

Lippincott's  Early.  See  Sum- 
mer Rose. 

Lippincott's  Sweet.  Rather 
large,  greenish-white.  Produc- 
tive, keeps  till  spring,  good. 
N.  J. 

Little  Pearmain.  See  Bullock's 
Pippin. 

Lowland  Raspberry,  p.  254. 

London  Pippin,  p.  341. 

London  Sweet,  p.  321. 

Longfield,  p.  341. 

Long  Island  Russet.  Medium, 
round,  russet.  Winter. 

Long  Island  Seek-no-further,  or 
R.  I.  Seek-no-further,  p.  312. 

Long  John.  Large,  conical, 
green,  with  a  dry  flesh ;  a  great 
keeper. 

Long  Stem  of  Conn,  is  roundish, 
yellow.  Long  Stem  of  Mass, 
is  oblate  with  a  blush.  Long 
Stem  of  Ky.  is  oblate,  striped. 

Long  Stem  of  Pa.,  p.  329. 

Long  Stem  Sweet.  See  Baker's 
Sweet. 

Looker  Winter  Crab,  p.  349. 

Lord  Nelson.  See  Blenheim 
Pippin. 


708     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


Lome.    See  Marquis  of  Lome. 
Loudon  Pippin,  p.  291. 
Lowell,  p.  317. 
Lowland  Raspberry,  304. 
Lubsk  Queen,  p.  341. 
Lyman's  Large  Summer,  p.  304. 
Ly  man's     Pumpkin     Sweet,     p. 

307. 
Lyscom,  p.  312. 

Mackay  Sweet.  Medium,  round- 
ish-conic, yellow,  sweet,  good. 
Winter.  Mass. 

Mackie's  Clyde  Beauty.  See 
Clyde  Beauty. 

Macomber.  Medium,  oblate, 
ribbed,  striped;  flesh  white, 
tender,  sub-acid.  Early  win- 
ter. Maine. 

Magnolia,  p.  312. 

Magnum  Bonum.    See  Bonum. 

Magog  Red  Streak.  Medium, 
roundish-oblong,  faintly 
striped  on  a  light  yellow  skin ; 
mild  sub-acid.  Winter.  Very 
hardy.  Vt. 

Mahomet.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  yellow  and  red;  good. 
Autumn. 

Maiden's  Blush,  p.  317. 

Maiden's  Favorite.  Rather 
small,  oblong,  whitish-yellow 
and  crimson;  pleasant,  very 
delicate.  Winter.  N.  Y. 

Major.  Large,  roundish,  red; 
flesh  yellowish,  crisp,  pleasant, 
rich.  Pa. 

Male  Carle,  or  Charles  Apple. 
Medium,  regular,  smooth  yel- 
low with  a  fine  cheek,  hand- 
some; not  rich,  pleasant.  Au- 
tumn. Succeeds  South.  For- 
eign. 

Mallett,  p.  329. 


Mammoth  Black  Twig.  See  Ar- 
kansas Black  Twig. 

Mamma  Beam.    See  Belmont. 

Mangum,  p.  312. 

Manks  Codlin.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblong, yellow— cooking. 
August.  English. 

Mann,  p.  341. 

Manomet  Sweet,  p.  299. 

Mansfield  Russet.  Small,  oblong 
conic,  cinnamon  russet;  rich, 
aromatic.  Good  bearer  and 
keeper.  Mass. 

Marengo  Crab,  p.  349. 

Maria  Bush.  Large,  round  ob- 
late, striped;  flesh  white, 
tender,  sub-acid.  Autumn. 
Pa. 

Marks.  Medium,  roundish  conic, 
light  yellow;  flesh  whitish, 
fine,  perfumed,  very  good. 
Winter.  Pa. 

Marquis  of  Lome.  Large, 
roundish-oblate ;  green,  red 
streaked;  good.  Winter. 

Marshall.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish, green— market.  April  to 
July.  Vigorous  and  produc- 
tive. 

Marshall  Red,  p.  341. 

Marston's  Red  Winter,  p.  329. 

Martha  Crab,  p.  349. 

Martin.    See  McLellan. 

Mary  Wornac.  Large,  roundish- 
oblate;  yellow  and  red;  good. 
Winter. 

Mason's  Orange.  Very  large, 
oblate,  yellow.  Winter. 

Mason's  Stranger.  Medium  ob- 
late, yellow  and  red;  good. 
Winter. 

Masten's  Seedling  Medium, 
round  ovate,  greenish-yellow; 
mild,  pleasant,  sub-acid,  agree- 


APPLES. 


709 


able.  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y. 
Winter.  New. 

Mattamuskeet.  Medium,  yellow 
and  red;  brisk  sub-acid.  Win- 
ter. Good  keeper.  N.  C. 

Maverack's  Sweet,  p.  319. 

Maxey.  Full  medium,  striped ; 
sub-acid,  good,  rather  dry. 
Long  keeper.  Ky. 

Maxfield.    See  Mangum. 

May,  or  May  Apple  of  Virginia, 
p.  306. 

McAfee's  Nonsuch.  Large, 
roundish-oblate,  striped ;  pleas- 
ant sub-acid.  Early  winter. 
Ky.  Valued  in  many  locali- 
ties. 

McCoy's  Pippin.  Large,  oblate, 
greenish-white ;  pleasant  sub- 
acid,  good.  Autumn.  Pa. 

McDowell's  Sweet.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  striped; 
sweet,  very  good.  Autumn. 
N.  C. 

McHenry.  Resembles  American 
Summer  Pearmain — keeps  till 
winter.  Growth  free. 

Mclntosh  Red.  Full  medium, 
roundish,  bright  crimson  on 
light  yellow  skin ;  heavy  bloom, 
flesh  white,  stained  with  light 
red,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
Early  winter.  Very  hardy. 
Ontario. 

McKinley.  Large,  dull  red, 
showy;  good,  sub-acid.  Early 
winter.  Mo. 

McLellan,  p.  329. 

McMahan's.  White,  large, 
roundish-obovate,  yellowish- 
white;  a  good  cooking  apple. 
Wis. 

Meach.  Large,  roundish, 
striped,  light  red;  rich,  mild 


sub-acid,  aromatic.  Autumn. 
Vt. 

Meigs.  See  Red  Winter  Pear- 
main. 

Mellinger.  Medium,  roundish- 
conical,  red  striped;  good. 
Winter. 

Melon,  p.  312. 

Melt-in-the-mouth,  p.  312. 

Melvin  Sweet.  Medium,  round- 
ish, striped  pale  red;  rich. 
December.  Mass. 

Menagere.  Very  large,  flat,  pale 
yellow — cooking.  German. 

Merritt's  Sweet.  Medium,  ob- 
late, yellow;  very  sweet — good 
bearer.  August  and  Septem- 
ber. 

Methodist.  Medium,  oblong 
oval,  greenish,  striped;  mild 
sub-acid,  not  rich.  November. 
Conn. 

Mexico,  p.  313. 

Michael  Henry  Pippin,  p.  342. 

Michigan  Golden  Pippin.  See 
Lowell. 

Mickel,  p.  330. 

Mifflin  King.  Small,  oblong 
oval,  dull  red;  very  good. 
Autumn.  Pa. 

Milam,  p.  330. 

Milden.  (Milding.)  Large,  ob- 
late, yellow  and  red;  good. 
Early  winter. 

Millcreek.    See  Smokehouse. 

Millcreek  Vandevere.  See  Smoke- 
house. 

Miller  Apple,  Large,  ovate, 
striped;  mild  sub-acid,  rich. 
Autumn.  N.  Y.  [Another  Mil- 
ler Apple,  in  Pa.,  is  rather 
small,  striped,  with  white  flesh. 
October.] 

Miller's  Best  Sort.    See  Progress. 


710     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Minister,  p.  330. 

Minkler.  Medium,  conic,  red; 
acid,  good,  long  keeper.  111. 
New. 

Minnesota,  p.  349. 

Missouri  Pippin.  Above  me- 
dium, roundish-oblate,  striped 
with  red  on  pale  yellow  skin; 
crisp,  breaking,  sub-acid, 
good;  keeps  through  winter. 

Molasses.  There  are  several  of 
this  name,  all  medium  in  size, 
striped,  and  sweet. 

Monarch.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  striped;  sub-acid.  Au- 
tumn. 

Monk's  Favorite,  p.  330. 

Monmouth  Pippin,  p.  342. 

Monstrous  Pippin,  p.  342. 

Montreal.    See  St.  Lawrence. 

Montreal  Beauty  Crab,  p.  349. 

Moore's  Extra.  Above  medium, 
striped,  fine  grained,  mild  sub- 
acid,  very  good.  Winter. 
Ohio. 

Moore's  Greening.  Medium, 
round,  greenish-yellow ;  brisk 
acid,  good.  Productive.  Win- 
ter. Conn. 

Moore's  Sweeting.  Medium, 
oblate,  deep  red;  sweet,  dry — 
good  keeper. 

Moose,  or  Mouse.  Large,  round- 
ish-oblong, greenish ;  flesh 
yellow,  fine  grained,  light,  del- 
icate. N.  Y. 

Morrison's  Red.  Medium,  conic, 
light  yellow  and  red;  mild, 
pleasant.  Winter.  Mass. 

Moses  Wood.  Medium,  round- 
ish, yellow  and  red;  tender, 
juicy,  pleasant,  sub-acid.  Sep- 
tember. Vigorous,  productive. 

Mote's  Sweet.    Large,  roundish, 


light  yellow;  rich  sweet,  very 
good.  Autumn.  Ohio. 

Mother,  p.  330. 

Mountain  Pippin.  See  Falla- 
water. 

Mrs.  Bryan.  Large,  orange  redj 
good.  Autumn.  Ga. 

Munson  Sweet,  p.  307. 

Murphy,  or  Murphy's  Red. 
Large,  roundish-oblong, 
striped ;  tender,  agreeable. 
Early  winter.  Mass. 

Murray.  Medium,  oblong,  conic, 
rich  orange  yellow;  brisk  sub- 
acid.  Winter.  Southern. 

Muskmelon.    See  Toccoa. 

Musk  Spice.    See  Fall  Wine. 

Myer's,  p.  313. 

Mygatt's  Bergamot.    See    Dyer. 

Naigle's  Winter.  Medium,  yel- 
low and  red;  crisp,  juicy,  sub- 
acid,  very  good.  Productive. 
Early  winter.  Mo. 

Nantahalee.  Medium,  oblate, 
conic,  pale  green;  sprightly 
and  good.  Summer.  Ala. 

Nansemond.  (Nansemond 
Beauty.)  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  red  streaked;  good. 
Winter. 

Ned.  Medium,  striped;  pleas- 
ant sub-acid,  very  good.  Early 
winter.  Pa. 

Ne  Plus  Ultra  of  Georgia.  See 
Buckingham. 

Nequassa.  Large,  oblate, 
striped;  flesh  white,  very 
sweet.  December.  N.  C. 

Neverfail.    See  Ralle's  Jannet. 

Neversink.  Large,  roundish, 
red  on  yellow;  very  good — 
pineapple  flavor.  Winter.  Pa. 

Newark  King,  p.  331. 


APPLES. 


711 


Newark  Pippin,  p.  342. 
Newark  Sweeting.   See  Campfield. 
New     England     Seek-no-further. 

See  Westfield  ditto. 
New    Jersey    Red    Streak.      See 

Early  Pennock. 
Newtown  Greening.    See  Golden 

Pippin  of  Westchester  County. 
Newtown  Pippin,  p.  342. 
Newtown  Spitzenburgh.     See 

New  York  Vandevere. 
New  York  Greening.    See  Golden 

Pippin  of  Westchester  County. 
New    York     Pippin.      See     Ben 

Davis. 
New    York    Spice.      See    Leland 

Spice. 

New  York  Vandevere,  p.  331. 
Nickajack,  p.  331. 
Nix     Green.        Medium,     oblate, 

greenish-yellow ;        sub-acid, 

good.    Early  winter.    Ga. 
Nixonite      (Ozark     Mammoth). 

Large,    round    oblate,    yellow, 

flesh      coarse,       acid;       good 

keeper.    Mo. 

Nodhead.    See  Jewett's  Red. 
Nonpareil,     or     Old     Nonpareil. 

Rather  small,  roundish  ovate, 

greenish-yellow;    rich,    acid. 

December.     English— of     little 

value  here. 

Nonsuch.    See  Red  Canada. 
Norfolk  Beaufin.    Large,  oblate, 

dull    red;    flesh    firm,    poor — 

cooking.    Good    keeper.    Eng- 
lish. 
Northampton.    Medium,   oblate, 

red     streaked;     good.     Early 

winter. 
North    Carolina    Greening.    See 

Bullet. 
Northern     Golden     Sweet.     See 

Northern  Sweet. 


Northern  Spy,  p.  331. 

Northern  Sweet.  Medium, 
roundish-conic,  yellow;  sweet, 
rich,  very  good.  Autumn. 
Vermont. 

Northwestern  Greening,  p.  343. 

Norton's  Melon.    See  Melon. 

Nottingham  Brown.    See  Brown. 

Oakland.  (Oakland  County 
Seek-no-further.)  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  yellow  and 
red;  good.  Winter. 

Oconee  Greening.  Very  large, 
roundish-oblate,  yellow;  lively 
sub-acid,  aromatic,  very  good. 
Resembles  Disharoon.  Win- 
ter. Ga. 

Oglesby.  Medium,  oblate,  yel- 
low; crisp,  sub-acid,  good. 
Va. 

Ohio  Favorite.    See  Ortley. 

Ohio  Nonpareil.    See  Myer's. 

Ohio  Pippin.  See  Ernst's  Pip- 
pin. 

Ohio  Red  Streak.  Medium,  ob- 
late, striped;  compact,  rich, 
sub-acid.  Winter.  Ohio. 

Ohio  Wine.    See  Fall  Wine. 

Oldenburgh,  p.  313. 

Old  English  Codlin.  Rather 
large,  oblong  conic,  yellow; 
sub-acid — cooking.  Summer 
and  autumn.  English. 

Oldfield.  Medium,  oblate  conic, 
yellow;  mild  sub-acid,  pleas- 
ant. Winter.  Conn. 

Old  Nonsuch.    See  Red  Canada. 

Old  Town  Crab,  or  Spice  Apple 
of  Va.  Rather  small,  greenish- 
yellow;  crisp,  sweet,  pleasant, 
aromatic.  Winter. 

Old  Town  Pippin.  See  Hub- 
bardston  Nonsuch. 


712     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Oliver,  p.  318. 

Orange  Crab,  p.  349. 

Orange  Pippin.  Medium,  round- 
ish, whitish-yellow;  fine- 
grained, mild  sub-acid,  good. 
Early  autumn.  N.  J. 

Orange  Sweet.  Several  of  this 
name. 

Orndorf,  p.  313. 

Orne's  Early.  Rather  large, 
pale  yellow.  September.  For- 
eign. 

Ortley,  p.  343. 

Osborn's  Sweet.  Large,  round- 
ish, yellow;  sweet.  October. 
Western. 

Osceola,  p.  331. 

Osgood's  Favorite.    See  Lyscon. 

Oslin.  Rather  small,  oblate, 
yellow;  firm,  rich,  aromatic. 
August.  Scotch. 

Ostrokoff.  Medium,  round,  yel- 
low, cavity  deep,  stem  me- 
dium, basin  shallow,  ribbed; 
flesh  greenish,  acid.  Good 
for  cooking  purposes.  Early 
winter.  Russian. 

Otoe  Red.  (Otoe  Red  Streak.) 
Medium,  roundish-oblate,  yel- 
low and  red;  good.  Winter. 

Overman's  Sweet.  Medium, 
conic,  striped;  sweet,  very 
good— baking.  October.  111. 

Ox  Apple.    See  Monstrous  Pippin. 

Ox  Eye.    See  N.  Y.  Vandevere. 

Ozark.    See  Gano. 

Paradise,  Summer  Sweet,  p.  257. 

Paradise,  Winter  Sweet,  p.  272. 

Paragon.  Large,  roundish-coni- 
cal, smooth  yellow,  washed 
red,  cavity  large,  regular,  deep, 
basin  furrowed,  stem  short, 
slender,  but  yellow,  crisp, 


juicy,  good.  Winter.  Tenn. 
Said  by  some  to  be  identical 
with  Arkansas  Black  Twig. 

Park  Spice,  or  Park  Apple.  Me- 
dium, roundish,  striped;  mild 
sub-acid,  aromatic,  very  good. 
Winter.  Productive.  West- 
chester  County,  N.  Y. 

Patterson  Sweet.  See  Bailey 
Sweet. 

Paul's  Imperial  Crab,  p.  349. 

Pawpaw.  Medium,  striped; 
mild,  sub-acid.  Mich. 

Payne's  Hesper.  Medium,  round- 
ish oblate,  nearly  sweet.  Keep 
well.  Mo. 

Peach  of  Montreal.  Resembles 
Porter,  but  with  a  bright  red 
cheek.  Very  productive  and 
hardy.  September. 

Peach  Pond  Sweet.  Medium, 
oblate,  striped  light  red;  ten- 
der, sweet,  agreeable.  Au- 

•  tumn.    N.  Y. 

Pearsall's  Sweet.  Large,  light 
red,  shaded  and  striped; 
coarse,  sweet,  good.  Early 
winter.  Productive,  good  for 
baking.  Long  Island. 

Peck's  Pleasant,  p.  343. 

Pennock's  Red  Winter.  Large, 
roundish,  slightly  oblong,  deep 
dull  red;  rather  coarse,  mild, 
pleasant.  Affected  with  bitter 
rot.  Good  keeper.  Pa. 

Pennsylvania  Vandevere.  See 
Vandevere. 

People's  Choice.  Medium,  ob- 
late, bright  red;  brisk  sub- 
acid.  Winter.  Pa. 

Pepka.    See  Sweet  Pepka. 

Perry,  p.  332. 

Petersburgh  Pippin.  See  New- 
town  Pippin. 


APPLES. 


7*3 


Pewaukee,  p.  332. 

Philadelphia  Sweet.  See  Au- 
tumn Sweet  Bough. 

Philippi.  Large,  oblate  conical, 
greenish-yellow ;  tender,  fra- 
grant, very  good.  January. 
Pa. 

Phillips'  Sweet,  p.  319. 

Picard.  (Picard's  Reserve.) 
Medium,  roundish-oblate,  red 
and  yellow.  Winter. 

Pickman  Pippin.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  yellow ;  acid 
— cooking.  Winter.  Mass. 

Pilot,  p.  322. 

Pine  Apple  Russet.  Medium, 
conic,  whitish-yellow;  sub-acid 
—of  little  value.  Autumn. 

Pink  Sweet.  Small,  greenish  and 
bright  red;  rich,  pleasant, 
sweet.  Great  bearer.  Septem- 
ber, October.  Pa. 

Pittsburgh  Pippin,  p.  343.  See 
also  Switzer. 

Pittstown.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish, slightly  oblong,  light  yel- 
low, with  a  brown  blush;  ten- 
der, mild,  sub-acid,  good. 
October.  Pittstown,  N.  Y. 

Pleasant  Valley.  ( Pleasant  Val- 
ley Pippin.)  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow; 
good.  Winter. 

Plumb's  Cider.  Medium,  round- 
ish, greenish-yellow  with  some 
stripes,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid. 
Autumn.  Wis. 

Polhemus  of  Long  Island.  See 
Moore's  Sweet. 

Polly  Bright.  Oblong  conic, 
light  yellow,  with  a  red  cheek ; 
tender,  pleasant.  September, 
October.  Va.  and  West. 

Pomeroy.        Medium,       regular, 


ovate ;  shaded  and  striped  red. 
Flesh  whitish,  crisp,  sweet. 
Winter.  N.  Y. 

Pomme  d'Api.    See  Lady  Apple. 

Pomme  de  Neige.  See  Fa- 
meuse. 

Pomme  Grise,  p.  343. 

Pomme  Royal.    See  Dyer. 

Porter,  p.  317. 

Potter  Sweet.  See  Leicester 
Sweet. 

Poughkeepsie  Russet.  See  Eng- 
lish Russet. 

Pound  Royal,  p.  343. 

Pound  Sweet.  See  Lyman's 
Pumpkin  Sweet.  Several 
others  of  the  name. 

Pownal  Spitzenburgh.  Rather 
large,  oblate,  slightly  conic, 
striped;  sub-acid.  Winter. 

Premium.  Medium,  roundish- 
conical,  yellow;  good.  Winter. 

President.  Large,  roundish ;  yel- 
low, with  red  on  sunny  side, 
slightly  sprinkled  with  gray 
dots. 

Pres.  Ewing.  Medium,  round- 
ish, striped;  firm,  agreeable, 
sub-acid.  Winter.  Ky. 

Pride  of  September.  See  Sep- 
tember. 

Priestley.  Medium,  roundish  ob- 
long, striped  dull  red;  spicy, 
good.  Winter.  Pa. 

Priest's  Sweet.  Medium,  round- 
ish conic,  striped  dull  red ;  ten- 
der, pleasant.  Good  keeper. 
Mass. 

Primate,  p.  304. 

Princely.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish-oblate, striped ;  sub-acid, 
fine.  Autumn.  N.  J.  and  Pa. 

Prince's  Harvest.  See  Early 
Harvest. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Progress,  p.  344. 
Prolific  Sweet,  p.  307. 
Prother's   Winter.      Medium, 

conical,  yellow  and  red.    Late 

winter. 
Pryor's  Pearmain.    See  Pryor's 

Red. 

Pryor's  Red,  p.  332. 
Pumpkin  Russet,  p.  307. 
Pumpkin  Sweet,  p.   307.    There 

are  several  varieties  under  the 

name  Pumpkin  Sweet. 
Putnam    Harvey.     Medium, 

roundish-oblate,     pale     green ; 

tender,      sub-acid,      agreeable. 

August  and  September. 
Putnam    Russet.    See    Roxbury 

Russet. 
Pyle's      Red      Winter.        Large, 

roundish,         greenish-yellow 

shaded   with   pale    red;    crisp, 

juicy,     pleasant,     very     good. 

Winter.    Pa. 

Quaker  Beauty  Crab,  p.  349. 

Queen  Anne.    See  Lowell. 

Queen's  Choice  Crab,  p.  350. 

Quince.  Rather  large,  roundish- 
oblate,  yellow;  mild,  sub-acid, 
aromatic.  November. 

Ragan,  p.  332. 

Rainbow.  Large,  conical,  yel- 
low, striped  with  red;  flesh 
yellow,  solid,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
West. 

Rambo,  p.  313. 

Rambour  d'Etc",  or  Summer 
Rambour.  Medium,  flat, 
striped ;  sub-acid.  September. 
French. 

Rambour  Queen,  p.  333. 

Ramsdell's  Sweet,  p.  319. 

Randel's  Best.    Medium,  round- 


ish, striped ;  sweet.  Decem- 
ber. 

Raspberry,  p.  302. 

Rail's  Jannet,  p.  333. 

Rawle's  Jannet.  See  Rail's  Jan- 
net. 

Ray  Apple.    See  Munson's  Sweet. 

Rebecca.  Large,  roundish-ob- 
late, whitish-yellow  and  crim- 
son; tender,  pleasant,  spicy. 
August,  September.  Del. 

Recumbent,  p.  333. 

Red  and  Green  Sweet.  Large 
oblong  conic,  ribbed,  striped; 
quality  moderate— baking. 
End  of  summer. 

Red  Astrachan,  p.  304. 

Red  Bellflower.  Large,  oblong 
conic,  striped;  mild,  sub-acid, 
becoming  mealy.  Worthless. 
French. 

Red  Bietigheimer.  See  Bietig- 
heimer. 

Red  Calville,  or  Red  Winter 
Calville.  Medium,  roundish- 
conic,  ribbed,  red;  mild,  sub- 
acid.  Winter.  Foreign. 

Red  Canada,  p.  333. 

Red  Cat-head.  Large,  roundish- 
conic,  yellow,  shaded  red, 
brisk,  pleasant.  Autumn.  Va. 

Red  Cheek.  See  Fall  Orange, 
also  Raspberry.  Several 
others  of  the  name. 

Red-Cheeked  Pippin.  See  Mon- 
mouth  Pippin. 

Red  Detroit.    See  Detroit. 

Red  Doctor.    See  Doctor. 

Red  Everlasting.  See  Simmon's 
Red. 

Red  Fall  Pippin.  See  Red  Win- 
ter Pearmain. 

Red  Gilliflower.  See  Cornish 
Gilliflower. 


APPLES. 


715 


Red  Hazel.    See  Nickajack. 

Red  Ingestrie.  Small,  ovate, 
yellow  and  red;  firm,  rich. 
Autumn.  English.  Of  little 
value  here. 

Red  June.  See  Carolina  Red 
June. 

Red  Juneating.  See  Early 
Strawberry. 

Red  Lady  Finger.  See  Red  Win- 
ter Pearmain. 

Red  Pearmain.  See  Kaighn's 
Spitzenburgh. 

Red  Pumpkin  Sweet.  See  Rams- 
dell's  Sweet. 

Red  Quarrenden.  See  Devon- 
shire Quarrenden. 

Red  Queen,  p.  344. 

Red  Ranee.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  red  striped;  good. 
Winter. 

Red  Republican.  Large,  round- 
ish-oblate, striped ;  coarse ; 
sub-acid.  Autumn.  Pa. 

Red  Romanite.    See    Carthouse. 

Red  Russet,  p.  344. 

Red  Seek-no-further.    See  Reiser. 

Red  Siberian  Crab,  p.  350. 

Red  Spitzenburgh.  See  Rich- 
ards' Graft. 

Red  Streak.  Medium,  round- 
ish, streaked;  rich,  firm,  dry — 
for  cider.  English. 

Red  Stripe.  Rather  large,  ob- 
long, conical,  striped;  mild, 
sub-acid,  very  good.  Late 
summer.  Ind. 

Red  Summer  Calville,  p.  313. 

Red  Sweet.  Medium,  roundish- 
oval,  striped;  tender,  sweet, 
very  good.  December.  Ohio. 

Red  Vandevere.  See  Red  Win- 
ter Pearmain. 

Red  Warrior.    See  Yates. 


Red  Winter  Pearmain,  p.  333. 

Red  Winter  Sweet.  Medium, 
roundish,  striped  deep  red; 
coarse,  rich,  very  sweet. 
Early  winter.  Va.  and  Ky. 

Reinette  Blanche  d'Espagne. 
See  White  Spanish  Reinette. 

Reinette  de  Canada.  See  Can- 
ada Reinette. 

Republican  Pippin,  p.  313. 

Rhode  Island  Greening,  p.  344. 

R.  I.  Seek-no-further.  See  Long 
Island  Seek-no-further. 

Rhode's  Orange.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  yellow  and 
red.  Summer. 

Ribston  Pippin,  p.  313. 

Richards'  Graft,  p.  314. 

Richfield  Nonsuch.  See  Red  Can- 
ada. 

Richland  Sweet  Crab,  p.  350. 

Richmond,  p.  306. 

Ridge  Pippin.  Large,  roundish- 
conic,  yellow;  mild,  aromatic. 
Spring. 

Riest.  Large,  roundish,  yellow; 
pleasant,  very  good.  August. 
Pa. 

Ritter.  Medium,  roundish-ob- 
long, striped,  good.  Autumn. 
Pa. 

River.  Rather  large,  oblong 
ovate,  striped;  coarse,  pleas- 
ant, sub-acid.  Autumn.  Mass. 

Roadstown  Pippin.  Large,  ob- 
late, greenish-yellow;  sprightly 
sub-acid—market  and  cooking. 
N.  J. 

Roberson's  White,  p.  318. 

Robey's  Seedling,  p.  333. 

Robinson.  Rather  small,  round- 
ish-conical, greenish-yellow ; 
very  mild  sub-acid,  good. 
Winter,  Iowa. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Rock  Apple.  Large,  roundish, 
striped;  sub-acid,  very  good. 
Autumn.  N.  H. 

Rockingham  Red.    See  Allum. 

Rockremain.    See  Ralle's  Jannet. 

Rockport  Sweet.  Medium,  ob- 
late, yellow,  with  a  red  cheek; 
sweet,  aromatic.  Winter. 
Mass. 

Rock  Sweet.  Rather  small, 
roundish,  oblate  conic,  striped ; 
sweet,  rich.  September.  Mass. 

Romanite.    See  Carthouse. 

Romanite  of  New  Jersey.  See 
Rambo. 

Roman  Stem,  p.  344. 

Rome  Beauty,  p.  333. 

Romna,  p.  345. 

Roseau.  Large,  irregular,  dark 
red;  of  little  value.  Foreign. 

Rosenhager,  p.  345. 

Rose  Red.  Medium,  oblate, 
striped  and  shaded  red;  lively 
sub-acid,  very  good.  Autumn. 
Western  N.  Y. 

Ross  Nonpareil.  Small,  round- 
ish, thin  russet;  rich  sub-acid, 
aromatic.  October.  Irish.  Of 
little  value. 

Rosy  Red.  Medium,  striped; 
mild  sub-acid.  Early  winter. 
Michigan. 

Roxbury  Russet,  p.  345. 

Royal  Pearmain.  See  Hereford- 
shire Pearmain. 

Royal  Pippin.    See  Carter. 

Royal  Table,  p.  333. 

Rum  Apple.  Medium,  oblate, 
yellow,  shaded  crimson;  sub- 
acid.  Winter.  N.  H. 

Runnels.  Medium,  green,  rough ; 
flesh  firm,  very  good.  Late 
keeper— market. 

Russet  Pearmain,  p.  334. 


Rymer.  Large,  oblate  conic,  yel- 
low,  shaded  crimson ;  sub-acid. 
December.  Foreign. 

Sailly  Autumn.  Medium,  oblate 
conic,  greenish- yellow,  with  a 
reddish  cheek;  tender,  rich, 
aromatic.  September.  N.  Y. 

Saint  Lawrence,  p.  314. 

Salome.  Medium,  roundish, 
slightly  conical,  striped  and 
shaded  light  and  deep  red  on 
a  pale  yellow  skin;  flesh  ten- 
der, mild  sub-acid,  slightly 
aromatic,  very  good.  Long 
keeper.  A  valuable  new  west- 
ern apple. 

Sandy  Glass,  p.  345. 

Sapson.    See  Sops-of-Wine. 

Sarah.  Large,  oblate,  red 
striped;  good.  Autumn. 

Sassafras  Sweet.  See  Haskell's 
Sweet. 

Saxton,  or  Fall  Stripe.  Bright 
red,  sub-acid,  crisp,  pleasant. 
September. 

Scarlet  Nonpareil.  Medium, 
roundish-conic,  striped ;  sub- 
acid.  November.  English. 

Scarlet  Pearmain.  Medium, 
ovate  conic,  crimson;  flesh 
white,  good.  Autumn.  Eng- 
lish. 

Scarlet  Perfume.    See  Cole. 

Schoonmaker.  Large,  roundish- 
oblate,  greenish-yellow ;  brisk 
sub-acid,  good.  Winter. 

Scollop  Gilliflower.  Rather  large, 
roundish-conic,  much  ribbed, 
striped,  firm.  December. 
Ohio. 

Scott's  Winter.  Medium,  round, 
deep  red,  rather  acid,  good. 
Is  very  hardy  and  a  long 


APPLES. 


717 


keeper,  and  a  good  substitute 
at  the  North  for  Roxbury  Rus- 
set. 

Seager.  Large,  roundish-conic, 
red  striped;  good. 

Seago.    See  Mangum. 

Seek-no-further.  See  Green  do. 
and  Westfield  do. 

Seever's  Red  Streak.  Medium, 
roundish,  striped,  sub-acid. 
Autumn.  Ohio. 

Selma.  Rather  large,  roundish- 
oblate,  yellow,  russet,  and  dull 
red;  mild  sub-acid,  good.  De- 
cember. Ohio. 

Senator.    See  Oliver. 

September.  Large,  roundish, 
yellow ;  agreeable  sub-acid. 
October.  Pa. 

Settle  Pippin.  Medium,  white 
shaded  light  red;  flesh  white, 
crisp,  juicy,  pleasant.  Au- 
tumn. Ya. 

Shackleford.  Large,  roundish, 
oblate,  red;  flesh  yellow,  mild 
sub-acid.  Said  to  be  hardy 
and  free  grower.  West.  Winter. 

Shakers'  Yellow.  See  Early  Pen- 
nock. 

Shannon.    See  Ohio  Pippin. 

Sharpe's  Early.  See  Summer 
Queen. 

Sharp's  Spice.    See  Fall  Wine. 

Sheep  Nose.  See  Bullock's  Pip- 
pin. Other  sorts  of  the  name. 

Sheppard's  Sweet.  Medium, 
ovate,  ribbed,  striped;  sweet, 
pleasant.  Autumn.  Conn. 

Sherwood's  Favorite.  See  Che- 
nango  Strawberry. 

Shiawasse  Beauty,  p.  314. 

Shippen's  Russet.  Large,  round- 
ish-oblate; spongy,  acid.  Win- 
ter. 


Shirley.    See  Foundling. 

Shockley,  p.  334. 

Siloam,  p.  334. 

Simmon's  Red.  Medium,  oblate, 
yellow  with  red  blush;  flesh 
yellow,  good.  Tree  vigorous; 
profuse  bearer.  Summer.  Ala. 

Sinclair's  Yellow.  See  Early 
Harvest. 

Sine  Qua  Non,  p.  305. 

Skrnishapfel,  p.  334. 

Slingerland  Pippin.  Rather 
large,  conic  oblate,  yellow, 
shaded  red;  rich  sub-acid. 
Early  winter.  N.  Y. 

Small,  roundish-conical,  -yellow 
russeted;  good.  Autumn. 

Small  Romanite.  See  Carthouse. 

Smalley,  or  Spice.  Medium,  ob- 
late conic,  yellow;  brisk,  aro- 
matic. Autumn.  Conn. 

Smithfield  Spice.    See  Dyer. 

Smith's  Cider,  p.  334. 

Smokehouse,  p.  314. 

Snow.    See  Fameuse. 

Snyder,  p.  350. 

Sol.  Carter.    See  Equinetely. 

Somerset.  Large,  roundish,  yel- 
low and  red;  tender,  juicy, 
sub-acid.  September. 

Somerset  of  New  York. 

Snyder  Crab,  p.  350. 

Sonoma.  Large,  irregular,  yel- 
low striped  with  red.  Winter. 
Cal. 

Sops-of-Wine,  p.  302. 

Soulard,  p.  314. 

Sour  Bough.  See  Summer  Pip- 
pin. 

Southern  Porter.  Medium, 
ovate,  bright  yellow,  rich  sub- 
acid.  Ripens  several  weeks 
after  Porter,  or  in  September 
in  California. 


7i8      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Southern  Striped  June.  See 
Early  Red  Margaret. 

Spanish  Reinette.  See  White 
Spanish  Reinette. 

Spencer  Sweet.  See  Hartford 
Sweet. 

Spice  Apple  of  Virginia.  See 
Old  Town  Crab. 

Spice  Russet.  Small,  round  ob- 
late, yellow  russet;  aromatic, 
good.  Winter. 

Spice  Sweeting,  or  Berry  Bough. 
Medium,  oblate,  smooth,  pale 
yellow;  sweet,  aromatic;  often 
knotty.  August. 

Spitzenburgh,  p.  334.  Several 
of  this  name. 

Sponge.  Large,  roundish, 
striped  red  on  light  green; 
rather  acid.  December. 

Sprague.  Rather  small,  oblong 
ovate,  yellow,  sub-acid.  Oc- 
tober. 

Springport  Pippin.  Medium, 
roundish,  yellowish-green; 
sub-acid,  very  good.  Winter. 
Cayuga  County,  N.  Y. 

St.  Lawrence,  p.  314. 

Stanard.  Large,  roundish,  yel- 
low and  red;  rather  coarse, 
sub-acid.  December.  Erie 
County,  N.  Y. 

Star,  p.  318. 

Stark.  Large,  striped,  coarse; 
mild  sub-acid,  good.  Valuable 
as  a  keeper.  Ohio. 

Starkey.  Medium,  roundish-ob- 
late, nearly  all  rich  red,  mild 
sub-acid,  very  good.  Early 
winter.  Me. 

Starr,  p.  305. 

Steele's  Red  Winter.  See  Bald- 
win— also  Red  Canada. 

Steel's  Sweet,     Medium,    round, 


ribbed,  yellow.  Winter. 
Conn. 

Stensill.  Rather  large,  oblate, 
striped ;  sub-acid.  January. 
Early  bearer.  N.  C. 

Sterling  Beauty.  See  American 
Beauty. 

Stevenson's.  Medium,  green, 
russeted;  flesh  firm,  juicy. 
Winter.  Ark. 

Stevenson's  Winter,  p.  318. 

Stillman's  Early.  Small,  round- 
ish-conic, yellow;  tender,  pleas- 
ant, sub-acid.  July  and  Au- 
gust. Oneida  County,  N.  Y. 

Stillwater  Sweet.  Medium, 
greenish-yellow,  tender,  sweet, 
very  good.  Autumn.  Ohio. 

Straat.    See  Stroat. 

Strawberry.  See  Late  Straw- 
berry and  Chenango  Straw- 
berry. 

Streintown,  p.  345. 

Striped  Ashmore.    See  Ashmore. 

Striped  Belle  Fleur.  See  Red 
Bellflower. 

Striped  Gilliflower.  Roundish- 
conical,  striped  bright  red  on 
white  skin,  brisk  sub-acid. 
Tree  a  vigorous  grower.  Win- 
ter. 

Striped  Harvest.  See  Harvest 
Red  Streak. 

Striped  June.  See  Early  Red 
Margaret. 

Striped  Pearmain,  or  Striped 
Winter  Pearmain.  See  Mc- 
Afee's Nonsuch. 

Striped  Sweet  Pippin.  Rather 
large,  roundish,  striped  rich 
red  on  bright  yellow;  very 
mild  sub-acid,  very  good. 
Early  winter. 

Stroat.     Medium,  roundish, 


APPLES. 


719 


ovate,  yellowish-green ;  rich ; 
very  good.  Autumn.  K.  Y. 

Stump,  p.  307. 

Stunner  Pippin.  Small,  oblate, 
yellow  and  red;  rich,  sub-acid. 
Winter.  Ky. 

Sudlow's  Fall  Pippin.  See 
Franklin  Golden  Pippin. 

Sugar  Loaf  Pippin.  Medium, 
oblong  conic,  smooth,  whitish- 
yellow;  sub-acid,  poor.  Sum- 
mer. English. 

Sugar  Sweet.  Large,  conic, 
ribbed,  yellow,  shaded  red; 
rich,  very  sweet.  Winter. 
Mass. 

Summer  Bellflower.  Medium, 
ovate,  yellow;  flesh  white, 
rich,  sub-acid,  very  good. 
August.  Dutchess  County, 
N.  Y. 

Summer  Golden  Pippin.  Small, 
ovate,  yellow;  rich.  August. 
English. 

Summer  Hagloe,  p.  303. 

Summer  Horse.    See  Horse. 

Summer  King.  Medium,  oblate ; 
yellow,  red  blush;  good. 

Summerour.    See  Nickajack. 

Summer  Pearmain.  See  Autumn 
Pearmain. 

Summer  Pippin,  p.  305. 

Summer  Pound  Royal.  Large, 
roundish-conic,  greenish- 
white  ;  fine-grained,  tender, 
sub-acid,  very  good.  End  of 
summer.  Profitable.  Grown 
in  Ohio  and  Mich. 

Summer  Queen,  p.  303. 

Summer  Rambo.  (A  corruption 
of  Summer  Rambour.)  See 
Western  Beauty. 

Summer  Rambour.  See  Ram- 
bour d'Ete*. 


Summer  Rose,  p.  303. 

Summer  Seek-no-further.  Me- 
dium, oblate  conical,  yellow; 
very  good. 

Summer  Sweet  of  Ohio.  See 
High-top. 

Summer  Sweet  Paradise,  p.  307. 

Superb  Sweet.  Large,  roundish, 
yellow  and  red;  tender,  rich, 
sweet.  Autumn.  Mass. 

Surprise.  Small,  roundish,  yel- 
low ;  flesh  red.  Of  little  value. 

Susan's  Spice.  Medium,  oblate, 
yellow  and  red.  Autumn. 

Sutton  Beauty,  p.  334. 

Sutton's  Early.  Medium, 
slightly  conic,  light  yellow; 
tender,  juicy,  rich  sub-acid. 
September.  Nova  Scotia. 

Swaar,  p.  345. 

Sweet  and  Sour.  Rather  large, 
with  green  acid  ribs,  and  yel- 
low insipid  hollows  between 
them — a  curiosity  only. 

Sweet  Baldwin.  Medium  round- 
ish, deep  red;  firm,  sweet — of 
little  value.  November. 

Sweet  Belle  et  Bonne.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  yellow  rus- 
seted;  good.  Early  winter. 

Sweet  Borovinka,  p.  298. 

Sweet  Bough,  p.  299. 

Sweet  Fall  Pippin.  Large,  ob- 
late, greenish-yellow ;  sweet, 
rich.  October,  November. 
N.  Y. 

Sweet  Golden  Pippin.  See  Au- 
tumnal Swaar. 

Sweet  Golden  Russet.  Rather 
large,  conical,  yellow,  russeted ; 
rich,  sweet.  September,  Oc- 
tober. Hardy,  productive. 

Sweet  Harvest.  See  Sweet 
Bough, 


720      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Sweet  Harvey.  See  Sweet  Van- 
devere. 

Sweet  June.    See  High-Top. 

Sweet  Longfield,  p.  307. 

Sweet  Nonsuch.  See  Sweet  Ro- 
manite. 

Sweet  Pear.  Medium,  roundish- 
conical,  yellow.  Autumn. 

Sweet  Pearmain,  p.  320. 

Sweet  Pepka,  p.  308. 

Sweet  Pippin.  See  Hog  Island 
Sweet;  also  Moore's  Sweet. 

Sweet  Rambo.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblate, yellow,  shaded  red 
with  large  dots ;  tender,  juicy, 
rich,  aromatic.  Late  autumn. 
Pa. 

Sweet  Red  Streak.  See  Sweet 
Vandevere. 

Sweet  Romanite,  p.  320. 

Sweet  Russet.  See  Pumpkin 
Russet. 

Sweet  Russet  Crab,  p.  350. 

Sweet  Swaar.  See  Autumnal 
Swaar. 

Sweet  Vandevere,  p.  320. 

Sweet  Wine.    See  Fall  Wine. 

Sweet  Wine  Sap.  Medium,  ob- 
late, splashed  deep  crimson; 
tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich. 
November.  Pa. 

Swiss,  or  Switzer,  p.  303. 

Switzer,  p.  303. 

Sylvan  Sweet  Crab,  p.  350. 

Tallman  Sweeting,  p.  271. 

Tallow  Pippin.    See  Lowell. 

Tart  Bough.  See  Early  Harvest. 
This  name  is  also  applied  to 
two  other  sorts,  one  cf  which 
resembles  Early  Harvest,  but 
is  later,  more  acid,  and  the  tree 
of  more  rapid  growth;  the 
other  is  a  small,  whitish, 


roundish,  conical  apple,  with  a 
pleasant  sub-acid  flavor;  rip- 
ening in  August. 

Taunton.  Large,  oblate  conic, 
greenish-yellow  and  striped ; 
aromatic,  acid,  good.  Au- 
tumn. Southern. 

Tenderskin.  Small,  yellow,  and 
striped;  tender,  pleasant,  sub- 
acid,  very  good.  Early  win- 
ter. Southern. 

Terral's  Late.  Large,  striped; 
sub-acid,  good.  Autumn. 
Great  bearer.  Southern. 

Terry.  Medium,  oblate,  dark 
red;  flesh  yellow,  crisp,  sub- 
acid.  Good  keeper.  Winter.  Ga. 

Tetofsky,  p.  304. 

Tewksbury  Blush,  p.  345. 

Tibbett's  Seedling.  Large, 
conic,  whitish;  sub-acid,  pleas- 
ant. Michigan. 

Tifft  Sweet,  p.  308. 

Tillaquah.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  yellow  with  red  stripes. 
Winter. 

Tinmouth,  or  Teignmouth. 
Rather  large,  oblate,  whitish- 
yellow,  shaded  red ;  mild  sub- 
acid.  Early  winter.  Very 
hardy.  Vt. 

Titovca.  Large,  striped  with 
bright  red  on  a  greenish-yellow 
skin;  coarse,  sub-acid,  good. 
Late  summer.  Russian. 

Titus,  p.  314. 

Titus  Pippin.  Large,  oblong 
conic,  light  yellow;  not  high 
flavored.  December. 

Toccoa.  Rather  large,  conic, 
irregular  striped;  with  a  rich 
Spitzenburgh  flavor.  August. 
Ga. 

Tolman's  Sweet,  p.  321. 


APPLES. 


721 


Tompkins.    See  Dyer. 
Tompkins    County    King.      See 
King. 

Toole's  Indian  Rareripe.  Large, 
roundish,  light  yellow,  reddish 
cheek ;  sub-acid,  good— culi- 
nary. Early  autumn. 

Townsend.    See  Hocking. 

Transcendent  Crab,  p.  350. 

Transparent  Zoar.  Large, 
roundish,  regular,  white  with 
a  carmine  blush,  flesh  tender, 
mild  sub-acid.  Late  Autumn. 
Ohio. 

Trenton  Early,  p.  305. 

Trumbull  Sweeting.  Rather 
large,  round  oblate,  yellow; 
sweet,  good.  Autumn.  Ohio. 

Tuft's,  or  Tuft's  Baldwin. 
Large,  red  on  yellow  ground, 
handsome;  flesh  dry,  with  a 
moderately  good,  sub-acid 
flavor.  Autumn.  Mass. 

Tulpahocken.    See  Fallawater. 

Turkey  Greening.  Large,  ob- 
late, green  with  a  dull  blush; 
flesh  greenish,  sub-acid,  not 
rich.  Winter.  Conn. 

Turner's  Green.  See  Winter 
Cheese. 

Tuscaloosa  Seedling.  Medium, 
yellow,  almost  covered  with 
dark  red;  flesh  yellow,  tender, 
good.  A  good  keeper.  Ala. 

Tuttle,  of  Conn.  Large,  round- 
ish, regular,  striped  dark  red; 
pleasant  sub-acid,  good. 

Twenty  Ounce,  p.  314. 

Twitchell's  Sweet.  Medium, 
conic,  red  and  purple;  flesh 
white,  stained;  sweet,  pleas- 
ant flavor.  November.  N.  H. 

Uncle  Sam's  Best.    See  Fall  Wine. 
46 


Utter.  Rather  large,  oblate, 
striped  with  red  on  a  yellow 
skin;  pleasant  sub-acid,  good 
in  quality.  Early  winter.  A 
hardy,  popular,  Wisconsin 
apple. 

Vandevere,  p.  314. 

Vandyne.  Large,  roundish, 
yellow ;  sub-acid,  agreeable. 
October. 

Van  Wyck  Crab,  p.  350, 

Vasili's  Largest.  See  Basil  the 
Great. 

Vaughan's  Winter.  Medium, 
oblate  oblique,  whitish-yellow, 
shaded  red;  agreeable.  Win- 
ter. Ky. 

Vermont.    See  Walworth. 

Vermont  Pippin.  See  Tin- 
mouth. 

Victoria  Red.    See  Ben  Davis. 

Victorious  Reinette.  Large, 
roundish,  oblong,  pale  yellow; 
pleasant,  aromatic.  Winter. 
German. 

Victuals  and  Drink.  Large,  ob- 
long, dull  yellow;  rich,  sweet, 
very  good.  Early  winter  and 
later.  N.  J. 

Vine  Apple.  Medium,  oblong 
conical,  golden  yellow;  flesh 
yellow,  sub-acid.  Fall.  Va. 

Virginia  Greening,  p.  345. 

Vorontsh  Rosy.  Large,  round- 
ish-conic; yellow,  striped  red; 
flesh  yellow,  sub-acid.  Mid- 
winter. Russian. 

Wabash  Bellflower.  Large, 
ovate,  orange  red  on  yellow; 
sub-acid,  good— handsome. 
November.  Pa. 

Waddel's  Hall.    See  Shockley. 


722      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Wagener,  p.  335. 

Walbridge,  p.  326.  Late  win- 
ter. Very  hardy.  111. 

Walker's  Yellow.  Large,  conic, 
golden  yellow;  rather  acid. 
Winter.  Pa. 

Wallace  Howard.  Large,  coni- 
cal; orange  red,  with  crimson 
stripes;  flesh  crisp,  nearly 
sweet.  Fall.  Ga. 

Walpole.  Medium,  roundish, 
striped;  sub-acid.  Late  sum- 
mer. Mass. 

Walworth.    See  Summer  Pippin. 

Warfield,  p.  306. 

Warren  Pennock.  See  Early 
Pennock. 

Warren  Pippin.    See  Ortley. 

Washington.    See  Sops-of-Wine. 

Washington  Royal.  Rather 
large,  round  oblate,  yellowish- 
green;  fine  flavored — keeps  till 
July.  Mass. 

Washington  Strawberry,  p.  314. 

Water.  Medium,  ovate,  whitish- 
yellow  with  crimson  cheek; 
pleasant  sub-acid,  very  good. 
Autumn  and  winter.  Hand- 
some and  valuable.  Pa. 

Watermelon.    See  Melon. 

Watson's  Dumpling.  Large, 
roundish,  red  on  yellowish- 
green;  sub-acid—cooking. 
Late  autumn.  English. 

Watson's  Favorite.  Medium, 
roundish- oblate,  red  on  yel- 
low; pleasant,  rich,  juicy, 
very  good. 

Watson's  Vandevere.  See  Van- 
devere. 

Wattaugah.    See  Hoover. 

Waxen  of  Core.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  pale  yellow; 
mild  sub-acid,  November.  Va, 


Wealthy,  p.  318. 

Webb's  Winter.  Medium,  round, 
yellow. 

Wellford's  Yellow,  p.  335. 

Wellington  Apple.  See  Dume- 
low's  Seedling. 

Wells'  Apple.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblate, red  on  yellow;  sub- 
acid.  Tree  vigorous,  stems 
slender,  prolific.  Good  keeper. 
Origin  Pa.,  but  disseminated 
from  Ohio.  See  Dominie. 

Wells'  Sweet,  p.  322. 

Westchester  Seek-no-further. 
See  Long  Island  Seek-no-fur- 
ther. 

Western  Beauty.  Large,  round- 
ish, shaded  with  bright  red  on 
pale  yellow;  coarse,  crisp, 
tender,  mild  sub-acid.  Early 
winter.  Ohio. 

Western  Baldwin.    See    Babbitt. 

Western  Spy,  p.  346. 

Westfield  Seek-no-further,  p.  335. 

Weston.  Medium,  roundish- 
conical,  striped  on  light  yel- 
low; mild,  pleasant.  October. 
Mass. 

Wetherell's  White  Sweeting. 
Large,  yellow.  September. 
N.  J. 

Wheeler's  Sweet.  Large,  conical, 
ribbed,  yellow,  with  a  red 
cheek;  sweet,  pleasant.  Octo- 
ber. Ohio. 

White  Astrachan.  Medium, 
roundish,  very  smooth ;  tender, 
delicate,  rather  dry.  August. 
Russian.  Of  little  value. 

White  Bellflower.    See  Ortley. 

White  Detroit.    See  Ortley. 

White  Doctor.  Large,  roundish- 
oblate,  greenish-yellow ;  acid, 
not  rich.  Autumn,  Pa. 


APPLES. 


723 


White  Golden  Sweet.  See  Bak- 
er's Sweet. 

White  Hawthornden.  See  Haw- 
thornden. 

White  Juneating,  p.  305. 

White  Paradise.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate;  yellow, 
streaked  red.  Good.  Winter. 

White  Pippin,  p.  346. 

W'hite  Rambo,  p.  346. 

White  Seek-no-further.  See 
Green  do. 

White  Spanish  Reinette,  p.  346. 

White  Spice.    See  Dyer. 

White  Sweet.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  white  with  a  red  cheek ; 
very  sweet — culinary.  Autumn. 
Great  bearer.  Me. 

White  Vandevere.  See  Vande- 
vere. 

Whitewater  Sweet.  Medium, 
round,  yellow ;  sweet— long 
keeper.  Southern  Ohio. 

White  Winter.  Small,  round, 
light  yellow,  with  a  red  cheek ; 
juicy,  mild,  sub-acid,  not  rich. 
Spring.  Pa. 

White  Winter  Calville.  Medium, 
roundish-conic,  ribbed,  yellow; 
coarse,  pleasant.  December. 
French.  Valueless  here. 

White  Winter  Pearmain,  p.  346. 

Whitney's  Crab,  p.  350. 

Whitney's  Russet.  Medium, 
oblate,  russeted;  flesh  fine- 
grained, rich,  spicy.  Winter. 
Canada. 

William  Penn.  Rather  large, 
round  oblate,  grayish  stripes 
on  greenish-yellow;  juicy,  rich, 
aromatic,  very  good.  Febru- 
ary. Pa. 

William  Tell.  See  Pittsburgh 
Pippin. 


Williams'  Early  Red.  See  Wil- 
liams' Favorite. 

Williams'  Favorite,  p.  303. 

Williams'  Red.  See  Williams' 
Favorite. 

Willis  Sweet.  Rather  large, 
roundish,  light  yellow  with 
some  red;  sweet,  rich,  very 
good — productive.  Early  au- 
tumn. L.  I. 

Willow  Twig,  p.  335. 

Windsor,  p.  335. 

Windsor  Chief.    See  Windsor. 

Wine,  p.  335. 

Wine  of  Conn.  See  Twenty 
Ounce. 

Winesap,  p.  336. 

Wine  Strawberry.  See  Richard's 
Graft. 

Wing  Sweet,  p.  320. 

Winn's  Russet.  Large  dark  rus- 
est,  striped;  sub-acid.  Good 
keeper.  Me. 

Winslow.  Large,  round,  striped; 
sub-acid.  November  and  De- 
cember. Va. 

Winter  Aport,  p.  336. 

Winter  Cheese,  p.  346. 

Winter  Genneting.  See  Rawle's 
Jannet. 

Winter  Harvey.  Large,  round- 
ish-conic, pale  yellow. 

Winter  King.  See  King  of 
Tompkins  County. 

Winter  Pear,  p.  315. 

Winter  Pearmain.  See  Autumn 
Pearmain.  Some  other  sorts 
of  the  name. 

Winter  Pippin  of  Geneva,  p. 
346. 

Winter  Pippin  of  Vermont. 
Large,  round,  yellow  with  red 
cheek;  tender,  agreeable.  Win- 
ter. 


724      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Winter  Queen.  Medium,  conic, 
crimson ;  mild  sub-acid.  Early 
winter. 

Winter  Queen.  See  Fall  Queen 
of  Kentucky. 

Winter.  Seek-no-further.  See 
Fall  do.  Winter  Strawberry. 
Above  medium,  roundish,  juicy, 
with  peculiar  aromatic  sub- 
acid  flavor.  Montreal. 

Winter  Sweet  Paradise,  p.  322. 

Winter  Wine.    See  Wine. 

Winthrop  Greening,  p.  318. 

Winthrop  Pearmain.  Large, 
round  ovate,  striped;  spicy, 
pleasant.  Autumn.  Me. 

Wolf  River,  p.  336. 

Wolf's  Den.    See  Averill. 

Wolman's  Harvest.  See  Sum- 
mer Rose. 

Wood's  Greening,  p.  346. 

Wood's  Sweet.  Large,  oblate, 
irregular,  striped ;  tender,  juicy, 
rich ;  very  good.  Autumn.  Vt. 

Woodstock.    See  Dyer. 

Woodstock  Pippin.  See  Blen- 
heim Pippin. 

Woolman's  Early.  See  Summer 
Rose. 

Woollman's    Long.    See    Ortley. 

Woollman's  Striped  Harvest. 
See  Summer  Rose. 

Wormsley  Pippin.  Medium, 
roundish,  greenish-yellow; 
sharp  sub-acid.  September. 
English. 

Wright  Apple.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oblate, yellow ;  tender, 
juicy,  aromatic,  almost  sweet. 
Autumn.  Vt. 

Wyker  Pippin.  See  Golden 
Reinette. 

Wythe.  Medium,  oblate,  red 
streaked;  good.  Winter. 


Yacht.  Large,  roundish,  striped; 
sub-acid.  Winter.  Pa. 

Yacob,  p.  336. 

Yates,  p.  336. 

Yellow  Bellflower,  p.  346. 

Yellow  German  Reinette.  See 
Golden  Reinette. 

Yellow  Harvest.  See  Early 
Harvest. 

Yellow  Horse.    See  Horse. 

Yellow  Ingestrie.  Small,  yellow ; 
spicy — valueless.  Foreign. 

Yellow  June.  See  Kirkbridge 
White. 

Yellow  May.  See  White  Juneating. 

Yellow  Meadow.  Large,  oblate, 
greenish-yellow;  compact,  rich, 
very  good.  November.  South- 
ern. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin,  p.  347. 

Yellow  Pearmain.  See  Golden 
Pearmain. 

Yellow  Siberian  Crab,  p.  350. 

Yellow  Sweet.  Very  similar  to 
the  Smoky  Arcad.  Hardy  in 
the  far  North. 

Yellow  Transparent,  p.  306. 

Yopp.    See  Yopp's  Favorite. 

Yopp's  Favorite.  Large,  round- 
ish, greenish-yellow;  juicy,  sub- 
acid,  very  pleasant.  Ga. 

York  Imperial,  p.  336. 

York  Pippin.    See  Fall  Pippin. 

York  Russet.  See  Pumpkin  Rus- 
set. 

Yorkshire  Greening.  Large, 
round  ovate,  dull  green, 
striped;  acid.  Winter.  Eng- 
lish. 

Young's  Long  Keeper.  See 
Easter  Pippin. 

Yost.  Flat,  striped;  coarse, 
pleasant,  sub-acid.  December. 
Pa. 


AP&ICOTS. 


725 


Zachary.  (Zachary  Pippin.) 
Large,  oblate,  red  striped; 
good.  Early  winter. 

Zane,  or  Zane  Greening.  Large, 
roundish,  green ;  poor.  Winter. 


Zieber.    Small,    yellow,    striped; 

dry,  good. 
Zukoff's  Winter,  p.  347. 


APRICOTS. 


Abricot.    See  Red  Masculine. 

Abricot  Blanc.  See  White  Mas- 
culine. 

Abricot  Common.    See   Roman. 

Abricoti.    See  Red  Masculine. 

Abricotier  Hatif.  See  Red  Mas- 
culine. 

Abricot  Peche.    See  Peach. 

Alberge  de  Montgarnet.  See 
Montgamet. 

Albergier.    See  Montgarnet. 

Alexander,  p.  352. 

Alexis,  p.  352. 

Amande  Aveline.    See  Breda. 

Anson's.    See  Moorpark. 

Anson's  Imperial.    See  Peach. 

Black,  p.  352. 

Blanc.    See  White  Masculine. 

Blenheim,  p.  352. 

Bourgoume.  (Hubbard.) 
Large,  round,  compressed,  yel- 
low; juicy  and  very  acid. 
Early.  Of  not  much  value. 

Breda,  p.  352. 

Briancon.  A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
a  native  of  the  Alps.  Fruit 
small,  round,  scarcely  eatable. 
Ornamental. 

Brown  Masculine.  See  Red  Mas- 
culine. 

Brussels,  p.  353. 

Budd,  J.  L.,  p.  353. 

Burlington,  p.  353. 


Catharine.  Medium,  yellow; 
mild  sub-acid ;  good.  July  25. 
Russian. 

Dartmouth,  p.  353. 

D'Alexandrie.    See  Musch. 

D'Hollande.    See  Breda. 

Double  Flowering.  Ornamental 
— rare  here. 

Dubois  Early  Golden.  See  Early 
Golden. 

Du  Luxemburg.    See  Peach. 

Dunmore's  Breda.  See  Moor- 
park. 

Early  Golden,  p.  353. 

Early  Masculine.  See  Red  Mas- 
culine. 

Early  Moorpark,  p.  353. 

Early  Orange.    See  Orange. 

Early  White  Masculine.  See 
White  Ditto. 

Germine.    See  Roman. 
Gibb,  p.  353. 

Gold  Dust.  Large,  round,  red- 
dish-yellow. 

Harris,  p.  353. 
Hemshirke,  p.  353. 

Japan.  Small,  greenish-yellow; 
clingstone;  flesh  hard  and 
acid;  poor. 


726      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Lafayette,  p.  353. 

Large  Early,  p.  353. 

Large    Red.       Large,     roundish 

oval,    orange  with  red  cheek; 

very  good.    Ripens  about  first 

of  August. 
Large  Turkey.    See  Turkey. 

Montgarnet,  p.  353. 
Moorpark,  p.  353. 
Musch,  p.  354. 
Musch-musch.    See  Musch. 

Nicholas.  Medium,  white, 
sweet,  melting.  July.  Rus- 
sian. 

Noir.    See  Black. 

Oldaker's  Moorpark.    See  Moor- 
park. 
Orange,  p.  354. 

Peche.    See  Peach. 
Peche  Grosse.    See  Peach. 
Peach,  p.  354. 
Persian.    See  Orange. 
Precoce.    See  Red  Masculine. 
Purple  Apricot.    See  Black. 


Red  Masculine,  p.  354. 


Ringgold,  p.  354., 

Roman,  p.  355. 

Royal,  p.  355. 

Royal  Orange.    See  Orange. 

Royal  Peach.    See  Peach. 

Royal  Persian.    See  Orange. 

Shipley's.    See  Blenheim. 

Smith's  Early.  Medium  size, 
oval,  sides  flattened,  suture 
very  distinct.  Early.  Resem- 
bles Harris.  N.  Y. 

St.  Ambroise.  Large,  roundish, 
compressed,  yellow,  shaded 
dark  orange.  Prolific,  good. 

Temple's.    See  Moorpark. 
Texas,  p.  355. 
Transparent.    See  Roman. 
Turkey,  p.  355. 

Turkish  of  Western  New  York, 
p.  355. 

Violet.    See  Black. 

Walton  Moorpark.  See  Moor- 
park. 

White.    See  White  Masculine. 
White  Masculine,  p.  355. 
Wurtemburg.    See  Peach. 


BANANAS. 


Abyssinian  (M.  Ensete),  p.  589. 
Baracoa  (red),  p.  589. 
Dwarf  Jamaica,  p.  589. 


Hart's  Choice,  p.  589. 
Jamaica  (Martinique),  p.  589. 
Orinoco,  p.  589. 


BLACKBERRIES. 


Adair's  Claret.  Medium,  pale 
red;  soft,  pleasant.  Not  quite 
hardy.  Ky. 

Agawam,  p.  357. 

Albion.  Large,  light  red,  im- 
perfect, poor,  not  productive. 


Ancient  Briton,  p.  357. 

Barnard.  Medium,  high  flavor, 
has  tendency  to  dry  before 
becoming  fully  ripe.  Canes 
strong,  very  prickly. 


BLACKBERRIES. 


727 


Bartel  Dewberry.  Variously  de- 
scribed as  large  and  small. 
Cylindrical  canes,  vigorous, 
not  very  spiny.  Fruit  juicy, 
sub-acid.  Finds  favor  mostly 
in  the  West. 

Cape  May.  Large,  black ;  sweet, 
soft;  loses  color. 

Carlo.  Small,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
Canes  vigorous,  drooping,  few 
thorns. 

Crystal  White.  Medium,  oblong 
oval,  light  creamy  white, 
sweet.  Only  a  curiosity.  Not 
hardy.  111. 

Cumberland.  Medium,  black ; 
sweet,  early.  Hardy.  N.  J. 

Cut-leaved.  Small,  roundish, 
black;  an  old  European  sort. 

Cutter's  Mulberry.  Long,  slen- 
der; sweet.  Mass. 

Dewberry,    or   Low   Blackberry. 

A  wild  bush,  producing  sweet, 

excellent  fruit. 
Dorchester,  p.  357. 

Early  Cluster,  p.  358. 

Early  Harvest,  p.  358. 

Early  Mammoth.  Medium,  ir- 
regular, bright  black,  juicy, 
sub-acid.  Canes  red,  vigorous, 
drooping,  thorny.  Not  very 
hardy. 

Eldorado.  Medium,  oblong  con- 
ical, juicy,  sweet.  Canes  not 
very  vigorous,  thorny.  Good. 

Erie,  p.  358. 

Evergreen.  Small,  hard  core, 
sub-acid.  Canes  straggling, 
vigorous,  stout  thorns.  Win- 
ter kills. 

Farley.  Large;  sweet.  Early. 
New. 


Felton.  Large,  oblong;  sweet, 
good,  often  defective.  Early. 
N.  J. 

Holcomb.  Large,  roundish-oval, 
black;  sweet,  very  good.  Vig- 
orous and  productive.  Conn. 

Kittatinny,  p.  358. 

Lawton.    See  New  Rochelle. 

Lincoln.  Small,  juicy,  sweet, 
imperfect.  Canes  vigorous, 
upright,  thorny.  Not  good. 

Logan  Berry,  p.  359.  Its  hardi- 
ness not  yet  proven  in  the 
Eastern  States. 

Lovett.  Small,  juicy,  nearly 
sweet,  many  imperfect.  Canes 
vigorous,  upright,  thorny. 

Lucretia  Dewberry,  p.  359. 

Luther.  Medium,  juicy,  nearly 
sweet.  Canes  vigorous,  arched, 
pale  red;  thorns  slender  and 
numerous. 

Mayes'     (Austin)    Hybrid    Dew- 
berry, p.  359. 
Mersereau,  p.  359. 
Minnewaska,  p.  359. 
Missouri  Mammoth,  p.  360. 

Newman's  Thornless,  p.  360. 
New  Rochelle,  p.  361. 

Oregon  Evergreen.  See  Ever- 
green. 

Rathbun.  Medium-sized  berry, 
good  flavor,  coreless.  New. 

Sable  Queen.    Medium  or  large, 

black.    Mass. 
Snyder,  p.  361. 


728      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Stone's  Hardy.    Small,    produc- 
tive, extremely  hardy. 

Taylor,  p.  361. 

Thompson's    Early     Mammoth. 
See  Early  Mammoth. 

Wachusett.     (Wachusett  Thorn- 


less.)  Small,  oblong  oval, 
juicy,  sweet.  Canes  moder- 
ately stout,  purplish  thorns 
few  and  small. 

Wilson's  Early,  p.  361. 

Wilson,  Jr.,  p.  361. 


CHERRIES. 


Adam's  Crown.  Medium,  round- 
ish, pale  red;  flavor  pleasant. 
Late  June. 

Afghanistan,  p.  366. 

Amber  Gean.  Small,  oval  heart- 
shaped,  pale  yellow;  sweet, 
pleasant.  Great  bearer. 
Late. 

American  Amber.  Medium, 
roundish  heart-shaped,  light 
amber  and  red;  flavor  moder- 
ate. 

American  Heart,  p.  369. 

Anne.  Rather  small,  roundish, 
red;  sweet,  very  good.  Ky. 

Ansell's  Fine  Black.  See  Black 
Heart. 

Apple  Cherry.    See  Gridley. 

Archduke,  p.  375. 

Arden's  Early  White  Heart.  See 
Early  White  Heart. 

Baumann's   May.    See  May   Bi- 

garreau. 
Belle      de      Bavay.     See     Reine 

Hortense. 

Belle  de  Choisy,  p.  378. 
Belle  d'Orleans,  p.  369. 
Belle  de  Sceaux,  p.  378. 
Belle  Magnifique,  p.  378. 
Belle    Vezzouris.    Rather    large, 

light  red;  sub-acid.    Late. 
Bessarabian.      Medium,     round, 


heart-shaped,  dark  red,  acid, 
slightly  astringent.  Hardy 
and  prolific.  Russian. 

Bigarreau.    See  Yellow  Spanish. 

Bigarreau,  Black.  Medium, 
heart-shaped,  black ;  flesh  firm, 
rather  dry.  See  Medium. 

Bigarreau  Blanc.  See  White 
Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau,  China,  p.  319. 

Bigarreau  Couleur  de  Chair. 
See  Elton. 

Bigarreau  Gaubalais.  See  Me- 
zel. 

Bigarreau  de  Mai.  See  May 
Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau  Gros  Coeuret.  Large, 
roundish  heart-shaped,  suture 
raised,  becoming  reddish- 
black;  flesh  firm,  flavor  mod- 
erate. 

Bigarreau  Gros  Noir.  See  Elk- 
horn. 

Bigarreau,  Large  Red.  Large, 
oblong  heart-shaped,  dark  red ; 
flesh  firm.  Season  medium. 

Bigarreau,  Royal  and  Bigarreau 
Tardif.  See  Yellow  Spanish. 

Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy. 
Large,  heart-shaped,  black ; 
flesh  purple,  firm.  Late. 

Black  Caroon,  or  Carone. 
Rather  small,  intermediate  in 


CHERRIES. 


729 


character  between  the  Mazzard 
and  Black  Heart— of  little 
value. 

Black  Circassian.  See  Black 
Tartarian. 

Black  Eagle,  p.  366. 

Black  Hawk,  p.  366. 

Black  Heart,  p.  366. 

Black  Honey.  See  Black  Maz- 
zard. 

Black  Mazzard.  The  wild  or 
original  type  of  the  Heart  vari- 
eties of  the  cherry.  Small, 
oval,  heart-shaped,  black;  bit- 
ter. Only  valuable  for  raising 
stocks. 

Black  Republican.    See  Snelling. 

Black  Russian.  See  Black  Tar- 
tarian. 

Black  Tartarian,  p.  367. 

Bleeding  Heart.  Medium,  long 
heart-shaped,  dark  red;  flavor 
moderate.  Late  June. 

Bloodgood's  Amber,  or  Blood- 
good's  Honey.  See  American 
Amber. 

Bower's  Early,  Medium.  Sweet, 
Cooking.  Southern. 

Bowyer's  Early  Heart.  Medium, 
obtuse  heart-shaped,  amber 
and  red;  flavor  pleasant. 
Middle  of  June. 

Brandywine,  p.  367. 

Brant,  p.  367. 

Brenneman's  Early.  See  Cum- 
berland Seedling. 

Bristol  Cherry.  See  Black  Maz- 
zard. 

Brusseller  Braune.  Large,  glob- 
ular, heart-shaped,  very  dark 
red;  flesh  firm,  red,  acid,  as- 
tringent; pit  large.  Tree  vig- 
orous, prolific.  Middle  of  July, 
good.  Russian. 


Burr  Seedling,  p.  369. 

Buttner's  Black  Heart.  Large, 
nearly  black ;  flesh  firm,  flavor 
moderate.  German. 

Buttner's  October  Morello. 
Small,  acid.  Late;  of  little 
value. 

Buttner's  Yellow.  Medium, 
roundish,  clear  yellow;  flesh 
firm,  sweet,  of  moderate  qual- 
ity. Late. 

Carmine  Stripe,  p.  370. 

Carnation,  p.  378. 

Caroline,  p.  370. 

Centennial,  p.  370. 

Cerise  de  Ostheim.  Medium, 
nearly  black;  flesh  firm,  ten- 
der, juicy,  rich;  pit  small; 
juice  high-colored. 

Cerise  Indulle.    See  Early  May. 

Champagne,  p.  370. 

Choisy.    See  Belle  de  Choisy. 

China  Bigarreau,  p.  370. 

Cleveland,  p.  370. 

Cluster.  Quite  small,  round,  red. 
Two  to  six  in  a  close  cluster 
on  a  common  stalk;  of  little 
value. 

Coe's  Late  Carnation,  p.  378. 

Coe's  Transparent,  p.  370. 

Common  English.  See  Black 
Mazzard,  and  Black  Caroon. 

Common  Red.    See  Pie  Cherry. 

Compass,  p.  380. 

Conestoga,  p.  368. 

Cumberland  Seedling,  p.  368. 

Davenport's,  p.  367. 
Delicate,  p.  370. 
Doctor,  p.  370. 
Dr.  Wiseman,  p.  372. 
Donna  Maria,  p.  375. 
Downer,  p.  370. 


73°      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Downer's    Late    Red.      See 

Downer. 

Downing's  Red  Cheek,  p.  371. 
Downton,  p.  371. 
Duchesse  de  Palluau,  p.  378. 
Dutch  Morello.    See  Morello. 
Dyehouse.    Resembles    Early 

Richmond  but  a  week  earlier. 

Kentucky. 

Early  Black.    See  Black  Heart. 

Early  La  Maurie.  Medium, 
heart-shape,  purple,  sweet, 
Early.  Southern. 

Early  May,  p.  379. 

Early  Morello,  p.  375. 

Early  Prolific,  p.  371. 

Early  Purple  Guigne,  p.  368. 

Early  Richmond,  p.  379. 

Early  White  Heart.  See  White 
Heart. 

Early  York.  Medium,  flesh 
greenish-white,  tender,  juicy, 
sub- acid. 

Elizabeth.  Rather  large,  heart- 
shaped,  rich  dark  red;  flesh- 
half  tender,  pleasant.  Late 
June.  Ohio. 

Elkhorn,  p.  368. 

Elliott's  Favorite,  p.  372. 

Elton,  p.  372. 

English  Morello.    See  Morello. 

Eugenie,  p.  375. 

Favorite.  .  Rather  small,  pale 
yellow  and  red;  sweet,  deli- 
cate. Late  June.  Ohio. 

Flemish.  Rather  large,  oblate, 
red;  sub-acid,  not  rich. 

Flesh-colored  Bigarreau.  See 
Elton. 

Florence,  p.  372. 

Four- to -the -Pound.  See  To- 
bacco-Leaved. 


Fraser's  Black  Heart.    See  Black 

Tartarian. 
Fraser's  Black    Tartarian.     See 

Black  Tartarian. 
Fraser's    White    Tartarian.    See 

White  Tartarian. 

Gascoigne's  Heart.  See  Bleed- 
ing Heart. 

George  Glass.    See  Bessarabian. 

German  Mayduke.  See  Early 
Purple  Guigne. 

Giffbrd's  Seedling.  Small  round 
heart-shaped,  light  red ;  sweet. 

Governor  Wood,  p.  373. 

Graffion.    See  Yellow  Spanish. 

Great  Bigarreau.    See  Mezel. 

Gridley.  Medium,  roundish, 
black;  flesh  firm,  flavor  mod- 
erate. Late  June.  Great 
bearer.  Mass. 

Griotte  du  Nord.  Medium, 
round,  dark  red;  acid,  slightly 
astringent.  Hardy,  vigorous ; 
dwarf,  slow  grower.  Russian. 

Griotte  Precoce.  Belongs  to 
same  family  as  June  Morello; 
ripens  ten  days  later. 

Guigne  Noir  Luisante.  Medium, 
round  heart-shaped,  reddish- 
black  ;  rich,  acid.  Late  July. 

Guigne  Noir  Tardive.  See  Elk- 
horn. 

Hative.    See  Early  May. 

Hildesheim.  Medium,  heart- 
shaped,  yellow  and  red;  sweet, 
agreeable. 

Hoadley,  p.  372. 

Holland  Bigarreau.  See  Napo- 
leon. 

Holman's  Duke.    See    Mayduke. 

Honey.  Small,  roundish,  yellow 
and  red;  very  sweet.  Late. 


CHERRIES. 


731 


Hoskins,  p.  368. 

Hovey,  p.  372. 

Hyde's  Late  Black,  p.  372. 

Hyde's    Red     Heart.       Medium, 

heart-shaped,      lively      red; 

pleasant. 

Imperial  Morello.     Medium, 

roundish,    dark    purplish    red; 

acid.    Late. 
Intorka.    Medium,  round,  yellow 

and  red;   flesh  firm,  yellowish, 

sub-acid.    Russian. 

Jeffrey's  Duke,  p.  379. 
Jocosot,  p.  368. 
June  Morello.    Small,  round  ob- 
late, red,  firm;  flesh  meaty. 

Kennicot,  p.  368. 

Kentish  Red.  See  Early  Rich- 
mond. 

Keokuk.  Large,  heart-shaped, 
dark  purple,  rather  coarse, 
poor.  Strong  grower ;  produc- 
tive. Ohio. 

King's  Morello.  Fruit  of  the 
Richmond  type,  but  larger  and 
better. 

Kirtland's  Large  Morello.  See 
Large  Morello. 

Kirtland's  Mammoth,  p.  373. 

Kirtland's  Mary,  p.  373. 

Knevett's  Late  Bigarreau.  See 
Florence. 

Knight's  Early  Black,  p.  368. 

Lady  Southampton's  Yellow. 
Medium,  heart-shaped,  all  yel- 
low; firm,  poor.  Late. 

Large  Black  Bigarreau.  See 
Elkhorn. 

Large  Heart-shaped  Bigarreau. 
See  Bigarreau  Grosse  Coeuret. 


Large  Montmorency.  Medium  or 
large,  dark  rich  red,  tender; 
rich  acid.  A  week  later  than 
Early  Richmond.  French. 

Large  Morello,  p.  379. 

Large  White  Bigarreau.  See 
White  Bigarreau. 

Late  Archduke.    See  Archduke. 

Late  Duke,  p.  376. 

Late  Honey.    See  Honey. 

Late  Kentish.    See  Pie    Cherry. 

Leather  Stocking,  p.  368. 

Lemercier.    See  Reine  Hortense. 

Lewelling,  p.  376. 

Lieb.  Rather  larger  than  Early 
Richmond,  slightly  later  and 
less  acid.  Supposed  to  be  Ger- 
man. 

Lithaur  Weichsel.  From  South- 
ern Russia.  Of  not  much 
value. 

Logan,  p.  368. 

Louis  Philippe,  p.  376. 

Lundie  Gean.  Medium,  round- 
ish, black.  July. 

Madison  Bigarreau.  Medium, 
roundish,  yellow  and  red; 
pleasant,  moderate  flavor. 

Mammoth.  See  Kirtland  Mam- 
moth. 

Manning's  Late  Black,  p.  368. 

Manning's  Mottled,  p.  373. 

May.    See  Kirtland's  Mary. 

May  Bigarreau,  p.  368. 

May  Cherry.    See  Early  May. 

Mayduke,  p.  376. 

Mazzard.    See  Black  Mazzard. 

Mercer.  Medium,  heart-shaped, 
dark  red,  sweet,  good  shipper. 

Merveille  de  Septembre.  Small; 
rather  dry,  sweet.  Of  little 
value.  August,  September, 
French. 


732      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND   INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Mezel,  p.  369. 

Milan.    See  Morello. 

Minnesota  Ostheim.  Smaller 
than  Griotte  de  Ostheim. 

Monstreuse  de  Bavay.  See 
Reine  Hortense. 

Monstreuse  de  Mezel.  See 
Mezel. 

Montmorency,  p.  377. 

Montmorency  Ordinaire,  p.  377. 

Morello,  p.  377. 

Mottled  Bigarreau.  See  Man- 
ning's Mottled. 

Napoleon,  p.  374. 

Ohio  Beauty,  p.  374. 

Olivet,  p.  377. 

Orel.  Large,  black,  quite  acid. 
Tree  very  dwarf  and  hardy. 

Orel  Sweet.  Medium,  black; 
flesh  firm  and  very  sweet, 
juice  colored.  East  Europe. 

Orleans.    See  Belle  d'Orleans. 

Osceola,  p.  369. 

Ostheim,  p.  377. 

Ox-Heart  (of  the  English). 
Large  obtuse  heart-shaped, 
dark  red ;  half- tender,  of  sec- 
ond quality.  The  name  of  Ox- 
heart  is  erroneously  applied 
here  to  the  White  Bigarreau 
and  to  several  worthless 
sorts. 

Philippe.    See  Louis  Philippe. 

Pie  Cherry,  p.  379. 

Pierce's  Late.  Medium,  heart- 
shaped,  amber  and  dark  red; 
flesh  tender,  sweet,  rich.  Late. 
Mass. 

Plymouth  Rock.  Medium, 
heart-shaped,  amber-colored, 


overspread     with     red.     New, 

highly  spoken  of. 
Plumstone  Morello,  p.  379. 
Pontiac,  p.  369. 
Portugal  Duke.    See  Archduke. 
Powhatan,  p.  369. 
Precoce.    See  Early  May. 
President.     Large,      dark     red ; 

half      tender,       sweet.       Late 

June.  • 

Proudfoot.  Large,  heart-shaped, 

dark  purplish-red;    flesh    firm, 

sweet.    Late.    Ohio. 

Red  Jacket,  p.  374. 

Reine  Hortense,  p.  380. 

Remington  White  Heart.  Small, 
heart-shaped,  yellow ;  flavor 
poor.  Very  late.  Worthless. 

Richardson,  p.  369. 

Richmond.    See  Early  Richmond. 

Rivers'  Early  Amber.  Resem- 
bles Early  White  Heart,  but 
later. 

Rivers'  Early  Heart.  Medium, 
heart-shaped.  Rather  early, 
but  poor.  English. 

Robert's  Red  Heart.  Medium, 
round  heart-shaped,  pale 
amber  and  pale  red;  with  a 
good  flavor.  Late  June. 
Mass. 

Rockport  Bigarreau,  p.  374. 

Rocky  Mountain,  p.  380. 

Ronald's  Large  Black  Heart. 
See  Black  Tartarian. 

Ronald's  Large  Morello.  See 
Morello. 

Royal  Ann.    See  Napoleon. 

Royal  Duke,  p.  378. 

Rumsey's  Late  Morello.  Large, 
roundish  heart-shaped ;  rich 
red,  juicy,  acid.  Late  August. 
Of  little  value. 


CHERRIES. 


733 


Sand  Cherry,  p.  380. 

Schmidt.  Very  large,  deep 
black;  flesh  dark,  tender, 
juicy,  sweet.  Prolific. 

Schmidt's  Bigarreau.  Medium, 
light  yellow. 

Shadow  Morello.  Large,  nearly 
black;  juice  highly  colored. 
Said  to  be  valuable  for  can- 
ning. Tree  bush-like. 

Shannon,  p.  378. 

Shubianca.  Large,  black,  acid, 
juice  colored.  Tree  bush-like 
and  very  hardy. 

Sklanka.  Large,  yellow  with 
red  cheek,  sub-acid,  produc- 
tive, good.  Russian. 

Small  May.    See  Early  May. 

Smidt's  Yellow.  Medium,  yel- 
low, marbled  red.  Prolific. 
Early.  Good  Southern  variety. 

Spanish.    See  Yellow  Spanish. 

Spanish  Black  Heart.  See  Black 
Heart. 

Sparhawk's  Honey.  Medium, 
round  heart-shaped,  regular, 
pale  and  bright  red;  sweet. 
Late  June. 

Strauss  Weichsel.  Medium, 
roundish-oblate,  short  stalk ; 
flesh  dark  red,  firm,  juicy, 
slightly  astringent;  pit  small. 
Good. 

Street's  May.  See  Early  White 
Heart. 

Swedish.  See  Early  White 
Heart. 

Sweet  Montmorency,  p.  375. 

Tartarian,  p.  316. 
Tecumseh,  p.  369. 
Tobacco-leaved.  Leaves  large, 

fruit  small.    Worthless. 
Townsend,  p.  375. 


Tradescant's  Black  Heart.  See 
Elkhorn. 

Transparent  Guigne,  or  Trans- 
parent Gean.  Small,  oval 
heart-shaped,  pink  and  red, 
pellucid;  tender,  slightly  bit- 
ter, becoming  rich  and  good. 
Rather  late.  Tree  vigorous 
and  productive. 

Triumph  of  Cumberland.  See 
Cumberland's  Seedling. 

Utah  Hybrid,  p.  381. 

Vail's  August  Duke,  p.  380. 

Vilne  Sweet.  Large,  sweet. 
Russian. 

Virginian  May.  See  Early  Rich- 
mond. 

Wax  Cherry.    See  Carnation. 

Wendell  Mottled  Bigarreau,  p. 
369. 

Werder  Early  Black  Heart,  p. 
369. 

Western  Dwarf.  See  Rocky 
Mountain. 

White  Bigarreau,  p.  375. 

White  Heart,  p.  371. 

White  Oxheart.  See  White  Bi- 
garreau. 

White  Tartarian.  Rather  small, 
wholly  pale  yellow,  somewhat 
pellucid,  with  a  moderate, 
rather  bitter  flavor.  [A  spuri- 
ous White  Tartarian,  but  of 
better  quality,  is  light  pink 
and  red,  with  a  sweet,  good 
flavor. 

Windsor,  p.  375. 

Wiseman.    See  Dr.  Wiseman. 

Wood.    See  Gov.  Wood. 

Wragg.  Medium,  round,  dark 
purple.  Vigorous  and  produc- 
tive. 


734      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 

Yellow  Glass.    Large,  bright  yel-       Yellow  Honey.    See  Honey. 
low;    flesh    firm,    fine-grained,       Yellow  Spanish,  p.  375. 
juicy,  sweet.    Russian. 

CITRON. 
Fingered  Citron,  p.  649.  Lyman,  p.  650. 

Lemon,  p.  649.  Orange,  p.  650. 

CRANBERRIES. 
Bell,  p.  385.  Gould,  p.  384. 

Cherry,  p.  385.  Lewis,  p.  384. 

Dennis,  p.  384.  Makepeace,  p.   384. 

McFarlin,  p.  384. 
Early  Black,  p.  384. 
Early  Red,  p.  384.  Neville,  p.  384. 

Franklin,  p.  384.  Shaw,  p.  385. 

CURRANTS. 

Attractor,  p.  388.  Danen's  Selected.    See   Knight's 

Sweet  Red. 
Belle    de    St.     Gilles.     See     Red 

Dutch.  Fay,  p.  389. 

Black     English.     See     Common  Fertile.    See  Red  Dutch. 

Black.  Fertile  Currant  of  Paluau.    See 

Black  Naples,  p.  391.  Paluau. 

Blanc  Transparent.     See  Trans-  Fertile    d' Angers.      See    Versail- 

parent.  laise. 

Bertin     No.    1.      See     Knight's  Fertile    d'Angleterre.      See    Red 

Sweet  Red.  Dutch. 

Bertin  No.  9.    See  Red  Dutch.  Fertile      de     Bertin.     See     Red 

Dutch. 

Champagne.     Medium,    pink    or  Fielder's      Red.      See     Knight's 

very  pale  red;  rather  acid.  Sweet  Red. 
Champion,  p.  392. 

Chenonceaux.    See  Red  Dutch.  Giant  Ruby.      (Moore's    Ruby.) 

Cherry,  p.  389.  Large,  dark  crimson,  vigorous, 

Common  Black,  p.  392.  productive,  new. 

Crandall,  p.  392.  Gloire     des     Sablons.     Medium, 


CURRANTS. 


735 


bunches  long,  loose,  white, 
striped  red;  acid.  Unproduc- 
tive. 

Goliath.    See  Knight's  Sweet. 

Gondoin  Red,  p.  389. 

Gondoin  White,  p.  390. 

Grosse  Rouge  de  Boulogne.  See 
Red  Dutch. 

Hative     de     Bertin.     See     Red 

Dutch. 

Holland,  p.  390. 
Houghton  Castle.    See  Victoria. 

Imperial  Yellow,  or  Imperial 
White.  See  White  Grape. 

Knight's  Early  Red.  Possesses 
no  distinctive  merits,  being 
scarcely  earlier  than  other 
sorts. 

Knight's  Large  Red,  p.  390. 

Knight's  Sweet  Red,  p.  390. 

La  Hative.    See  Red  Dutch. 

Large-Fruited  Missouri.  A 
large-sized  variety  of  the  Mis- 
souri Currant  (Ribes  aureum), 
possessing  a  pleasant  flavor. 

Large  Sweet  Red.  See  Knight's 
Sweet  Red. 

Lee's  Black  Prolific,  p.  392. 

Le  Fertile.  Large,  deep  red, 
vigorous,  very  productive. 

London  Market,  p.  390. 

Long-Bunch.    See  Holland. 

Macrocarpa.      Nearly   resembles 

the  Cherry  Currant,  but  more 

productive. 
May's    Victoria.      See     Gondoin 

Red. 
Missouri.       See       Large-Fruited 

Missouri. 


Moore's  Ruby.    See  Giant  Ruby. 
Morgan's  Red.    See  Red  Dutch. 
Morgan's     White.       See     White 
Dutch. 


North  Star,  p.  390. 


See 


Palmer's       Late       Red. 
Knight's  Sweet  Red. 

Paluau,  p.  391. 

Pitmaston  Red.  See  Knight's 
Sweet  Red. 

Pitmaston  Prolific.  See  Knight's 
Sweet  Red. 

Pleasant  Eye.    See  Champagne. 

Pomona.  Medium  size,  red,  pro- 
ductive, sweet.  New. 

Prince  Albert,  p.  391. 

Prince  of  Wales,  p.  392. 

Queen  Victoria.    See  Red  Dutch. 

Raby  Castle.    See  Gondoin  Red. 

Red  Cherry.    See  Versaillaise. 

Red  Cross,  p.  391. 

Red  Dutch,  p.  391. 

Red  Grape.    See  Red  Dutch. 

Red  Provence.  Late,  acid;  vig- 
orous, shoots  reddish. 

Reeve's  White.    See  White  Dutch. 

Rouge  d' Holland.  See  Gondoin 
Red. 

Short-Bunched     (London    Red). 

Strong,  upright  grower,  good 

size  berries. 
Striped  Fruited.    Small,  striped, 

of  little  value.    German. 

Transparent,  p.  391. 

Versaillaise,  p.  391. 
Victoria,  p.  391. 


736      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


White  Antwerp.    Large,  bunches      White    Provence.    Large    white; 


rather  long;   sweet;   very  pro- 
ductive. 

White  Clinton.  Closely  resem- 
bles or  is  identical  with  White 
Dutch. 


the  most  vigorous  of  the  white 
sorts,  but  moderately  produc- 
tive.   Leaves  often  edged  with 
white.    New. 
Wilder,  p.  391. 


White  Crystal.    See  White  Dutch.      Wilmot's  Red  Grape.    Resembles 


White  Dutch,  p.  391. 
White  Grape,  p.  391. 
White      Leghorn.      See       White 
Dutch. 


May's  Victoria;  good  and  pro- 
ductive. 


Adriatic,  p.  663. 
Angelique,  p.  663. 
Athens,  p.  663. 

Black  Genoa,  p.  664. 
Black  Ischia,  p.  663. 
Brown  Turkey,  p.  599. 
Brunswick,  p.  663. 

California  Black,  p.  600. 
Celestial,  p.  664. 

Dotato,  p.  664. 


Champion,  p.  395. 
Chautauqua,  p.  393. 
Columbus,  p.  393. 
Crown  Bob,  p.  393. 


Zante.    See  "Grapes." 
DATE-See  p.  591. 

FIG. 

Du  Roi,  664. 

Early  Lemon.    See  Angelique. 

Madonna.    See  Brunswick. 
Marseillaise,  p.  664. 
Mission,  p.  664. 
Monoco  Bianco,  p.  664. 

San  Pedro  Black,  p.  664. 
San  Pedro  White,  p.  664. 
Smyrna,  p.  664. 

GOOSEBERRIES. 

Lancashire  Lad,  p.  394. 

Mountain,  p.  396. 


Downing,  p.   395. 
Golden  Prolific,  p.  396. 
Houghton's  Seedling,  p.  395. 
Industry,  p.  393. 


Pale  Red,  p.  396. 
Pearl,  p.  396. 

Raby  Castle.  Medium,  bright 
red,  clusters  long;  hardy  and 
vigorous.  An  English  variety. 

Red  Jacket,  p.  397. 

Red  Warrington,  p.  394. 


Smith's,  p.  397. 


GRAPES. 

Triumph,  p.  394. 


737 


Transparent.  Medium  size,  light 
red,  sweet ;  productive ;  stems 
spreading.  Ohio. 


Wellington's  Glory,  p.  395 
Whitesmith,  p.  395. 


GRAPES. 


Ada.  Bunches  large,  compact, 
berries  dark;  sweet,  vinous. 
Flushing,  L.  I. 

Adirondac,  p.  419. 

Agawam,  p.  424. 

Alexander's,  p.  419. 

Allen's  Hybrid,  p.  425. 

Alvey,  p.  419. 

Amber,  p.  424. 

Amiens.    See    Royal   Muscadine. 

Anna,  p.  425. 

Arkansas.  Closely  resembles  or 
is  identical  with  Norton's  Vir- 
ginia. 

August  Muscat.  Berries  small, 
oval,  black;  poor  quality.  A 
weak  grower.  Very  early. 

Barnes.  Bunches  and  berries 
medium,  black;  sweet,  good. 
Quite  early.  New. 

Barry,  p.  419. 

Beagle.  Bunch  small,  long, 
loose;  berry  below  medium, 
round,  black ;  flesh  rather 
dry,  vinous.  Ripe  Septem- 
ber. Texas. 

Berckman's,  p.  419. 

Black  Corinth,  or  Zante  Cur- 
rant. Small,  round,  black; 
quality  moderate. 

Black  Eagle,  p.  419. 

Black  Spanish.  Large  black; 
hardy,  productive.  For  South. 

Black  German.  See  York  Ma- 
deira. 

47 


Blanco.  Bunch  medium;  berry 
rather  small,  round;  flesh 
juicy,  sweet,  pulp  tender. 
Texas. 

Bland,  p.  424. 

Eland's  Madeira,  Eland's  Pale 
Red,  and  Eland's  Virginia. 
See  Bland. 

Blood's  Black.  Large,  coarse, 
foxy.  Early. 

Boston.    See  Black  Prince. 

Brant,  or  Arnold's  No.  8.  Bunch 
and  berry  resembling  Clinton, 
but  much  better  in  quality. 
Hardy,  strong  grower,  very 
early.  New. 

Brighton,  p.  420. 

Brilliant,  p.  420. 

Brinckle.  Bunches  large,  com- 
pact, berries  round,  black; 
flesh  solid,  not  pulpy;  flavor 
rich,  vinous.  Phila. 

Bull,  or  Bullet.  See  Scupper- 
nong. 

Bullitt.    See  Taylor's  Bullitt. 

Campbell's  Early,  p.  420. 

Canada,  or  Arnold's  No.  16. 
Bunch  and  berry  above  me- 
dium, black,  rich,  aromatic. 
Hardy,  moderate  grower. 

Canadian  Chief.  Bunches  large, 
shouldered ;  vine  productive. 
Of  foreign  origin. 

Canby's  August.  See  York  Ma- 
deira. 


738     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Cape  Grape.    See  Alexander's. 

Carman,  p.  420. 

Carter.  Berries  large,  round, 
reddish-black,  of  good  quality. 
Season  medium. 

Cassady,  p.  426. 

Catawba,  p.  420. 

Catawba  Tokay.    See  Catawba. 

Cayuga,  p.  420. 

Centennial.  Bunch  and  berry 
medium ;  light  red,  tender,  rich, 
vinous.  Watertown,  N.  Y. 

Champion.  Bunch  medium,  com- 
pact; berries  medium,  round, 
black,  of  poor  quality.  A 
strong  grower,  productive  and 
showy,  and  profitable  for  mar- 
ket in  some  places. 

Clara,  p.  426. 

Clifton's  Constantine.  See  Al- 
exander's. 

Clinton,  p.  420. 

Clover  Street  Black.  Bunches 
and  berries  large,  black;  very 
good.  Cross  of  native  and 
foreign.  Rochester,  N.  Y.  New. 

Coleraine.  Bunch  medium; 
berry  rather  small,  whitish, 
juicy,  very  sweet,  hangs  well 
to  the  stems. 

Columbia.  Bunches  small,  com- 
pact; berries  small,  black; 
pleasant,  vinous.  Georgetown, 
D.  C. 

Columbian.  Bunch  large,  com- 
pact; berry  very  large,  round, 
black. 

Concord,  p.  420. 

Cornucopia,  p.  420. 

Cornucopia  Bunch.  Berry  small, 
cracks  badly. 

Cottage,  p.  421. 

Creveling,  p.  421. 

Critic.    A  seedling  of  Jefferson, 


resembles     Delaware,     though 

not  so  good. 
Croton,  p.  426. 
Cuyahoga,  p.  426. 
Cynthiana,  p.  421. 

Damascus.  Bunches  large;  ber- 
ries very  large,  black;  rather 
acid.  Exotic— requires  fire- 
heat. 

Dana.  Bunches  and  berries  me- 
dium, dark  red ;  slightly  vinous, 
fine.  Roxbury,  Mass.  New. 

Delaware,  p.  424. 

Devereux.  Bunches  medium; 
berries  small,  purple;  sweet. 
Foreign. 

Diamond,  p.  426. 

Diana,  p.  424. 

Diana  Hamburg,  p.  424. 

Dracut  Amber.  A  brown  fox, 
somewhat  resembling  but  not 
equal  in  flavor  to  the  Northern 
Muscadine. 

Duchess,  p.  426. 

Dutch  Sweetwater.  Bunches  me- 
dium; berries  large,  oval,  am- 
ber; good  early  white  grape. 
Foreign. 

Early  Dawn.  Bunch  medium, 
long,  shouldered ;  berry  round, 
black,  with  a  thick  bloom ;  rich 
and  of  good  quality.  Quite 
early.  A  cross  of  Israella  a,nd 
Muscat  Hamburgh.  Origin, 
Newburg,  N.'Y. 

Early  Golden  Campbell,  p.  368. 

Early  Sweetwater.  See  White 
Sweetwater. 

Early  Victor,  p.  421. 

Eaton,  p.  421. 

Elsinborough,  or  Elsinburgh,  p. 
421. 


GRAPES. 


739 


Elvira.  Bunch  medium;  berry 
medium,  round,  pale  green, 
tender,  sweet;  hangs  well  to 
the  vine  and  is  improved  by 
slight  frost.  Missouri. 

Emily.  Berries  rather  small, 
pale  red,  excellent;  of  foreign 
parentage.  A  worthless  native 
also  has  this  name. 

Empire  State,  p.  426. 

Essex,  p.  421. 

Eumelan,  p.  421. 

Flowers.  Bunch  small;  berry 
medium,  round,  black,  sweet. 

Fox  Grape.  A  name  applied  to 
the  several  wild  varieties  of 
Vitis  labrusca  at  the  North, 
usually  possessing  a  strong 
musky  aroma;  and  to  the 
Scuppernong  at  the  South. 

Framingham.  Medium,  black, 
very  early;  quality  moderate. 
Mass. 

Franklin.  Bunches  medium ;  ber- 
ries rather  small,  bluish  pur- 
ple; rather  acid,  moderately 
good.  A  strong  grower  and 
productive. 

Garrigues.    See  Isabella. 

Goethe,  p.  424. 

Golden  Campbell,  p.  424. 

Golden  Clinton.  A  greenish- 
white  seedling  of  the  Clinton. 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Graham.  Bunches  medium, 
shouldered,  not  compact;  ber- 
ries round,  purple,  little  or  no 
pulp,  good.  Pa. 

Green  Golden,  p.  426. 

Green  Mountain,  p.  426. 

Gros  Colman.     Bunches    large; 


berries     large,     round*    black. 
Foreign.    New. 

Grove  .End  Sweetwater.  See 
Early  White  Sweetwater. 

Hall's  Grape.  Berries  medium, 
dark;  quality  and  season  me- 
dium. Ohio. 

Hardy  Blue  Windsor.  See  Es- 
perione. 

Harris.  Medium,  black;  sweet, 
with  pulp.  Productive. 
Southern. 

Hartford  Prolific,  p.  421. 

Hayes,  p.  426. 

Heath.    See  Delaware. 

Herbemont,  p.  421. 

Herbert  (two  varieties),  p.  421. 

Highland,  p.  421. 

Hosford,  p.  421. 

Howell.  Bunches  and  berries 
medium,  black;  skin  thick, 
pulp  firm,  good.  Early.  New. 

Hudson.  Resembles  Isabella, 
but  not  so  rich  and  sprightly. 
Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Hyde's  Eliza.  Intermediate  in 
appearance  between  Isabella 
and  Clinton.  Growth  not  as 
strong  as  Isabella,  but  earlier. 

Iona,(p.  425. 
Isabella,  p.  422. 
Israella,  p.  422. 
Ives,  p.  422. 

Janesville.  An  early  black  grape, 
of  moderate  size,  ripening  with 
Hartford,  of  rather  poor  qual- 
ity. Western.  Valuable  only 
in  cold  regions. 

Jefferson,  p.  425. 

Labd.     Bunches     medium;     ber- 


74°     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


ries  large,  black,  pleasant. 
Pa. 

Lady.  Berry  and  bunch  me- 
dium, light  greenish-yellow, 
tender,  sweet.  Early;  hardy. 
Ohio. 

Lady  Washington,  p.  426. 

Large  German.  See  York  Ma- 
deira. 

Lawrence,  p.  422. 

Lenoir,  p.  422. 

Lindley,  p.  425. 

Logan,  p.  422. 

Longworth's  Ohio.    See  Ohio. 

Louisa.    See  Isabella. 

Lucile.  Medium  size,  red,  vig- 
orous, hardy,  productive. 
New. 

Lydia,  p.  427. 

Lyman.  Bunches  small,  com- 
pact; berries  round,  smooth, 
black;  resembles  Clinton  in 
flavor. 

Macready's  Early.  Bunches 
compact;  berries  white, 
pointed;  juicy,  melting,  pleas- 
ant. Foreign. 

Mammoth  Catawba.  Bunches 
large,  not  compact;  berries 
large,  round,  red — does  not 
equal  Catawba  in  flavor. 

Marion.  Bunches  rather  large, 
compact;  berries  medium, 
black,  purple,  with  bloom; 
flavor  sharp.  Of  the  Clinton 
family;  becomes  eatable  in 
winter. 

Marionport.    See  York  Madeira. 

Martha,  p.  427. 

Mary,  p.  427. 

Mary  Ann.  Bunches  large,  ob- 
long oval,  black;  sweet,  very 
foxy.  Early. 


Massachusetts  White.  A  large, 
light  brown  fox— of  little  or  no 
value. 

Massasoit,  p.  425. 

Maxatawney,  p.  427. 

McPike.  Very  large,  black, 
skin  thin,  juicy,  sweet,  resem- 
bles Eaton.  111. 

Meade's  Seedling.  Closely  re- 
sembles its  parent,  the  Ca- 
tawba, but  a  little  darker  and 
better.  Mass. 

Merrimac,  p.  422. 

Michigan,  p.  425. 

Miles,  p.  422. 

Mills,  p.  366. 

Miner's  Seedling.    See  Venango. 

Missouri,  p.  422. 

Monroe.  Bunch  medium,  shoul- 
dered; berries  medium,  round, 
black;  vinous  and  sprightly; 
early.  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Moore's  Early,  p.  422. 

Mottled,  p.  423. 

Niagara,  p.  427. 

Noah.  Bunch  medium,  com- 
pact, shouldered;  berry  me- 
dium, round,  pale  yellow,  pulp 
hard,  sweet,  of  moderate  qual- 
ity. Illinois. 

Nonantum.  Bunches  small,  ber- 
ries good  size ;  black,  free  from 
pulp;  good.  Mass. 

Northern  Muscadine,  p.  425. 

Norton,  or  Norton's  Virginia, 
p.  423. 

Ohio,  p.  423. 

Ontario.    See  Union  Village. 

Oporto.  A  native  with  small 
bunches,  and  rather  small  ber- 
ries, dark;  acid.  Claimed  as 
good  for  wine,  its  only  merit. 


GRAPES. 


741 


Osage.  Bunch  large,  shoul- 
dered; berry  large,  round, 
black,  blue  bloom;  flesh  juicy, 
sweet,  foxy. 

Othello.  Berry  and  bunch  large ; 
rather  firm,  very  good.  Pro- 
ductive. Season  medium. 
Paris,  Ontario. 

Ozark.  Bunch  large,  compact, 
shouldered ;  berry  medium, 
round,  black,  blue  bloom. 

Palestine.  Bunches  immense ; 
berries  small,  amber;  sweet. 
Foreign. 

Pauline.  Bunches  large,  com- 
pact, shouldered;  berries  me- 
dium, brownish-red ;  sweet 
without  pulp.  Southern. 

Payn's  Early.    See  Isabella. 

Perkins.  Bunch  rather  small, 
conical,  shouldered ;  berry 
round,  amber,  whitish  bloom. 
A  brown  fox  grape,  resembling 
Northern  Muscadine,  but 
lighter  colored  and  inferior  in 
quality. 

Peter  Wylie.  Bunch  small; 
berry  small,  red.  Little  value. 

Pocklington,  p.  427. 

Powell.    See  Bland.    .' 

Prentiss,  p.  427. 

Purple  Urbana.    See  Logan. 

Raabe,  p.  423. 

Rebecca,  p.  427. 

Rochester.  Bunch  large,  shoul- 
dered, compact ;  berry  medium, 
dark  lilac  purple,  sweet,  rich, 
aromatic;  vine  very  vigorous 
and  healthy.  Early  September. 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Rogers'    Hybrids,    p.    368. 

Rogers'  No.  41.    See  Herbert. 


Rogers'  No.  43.    See  Barry. 

Royal  Vineyard.  Bunches  and 
berries  large,  amber ;  rich,  aro- 
matic. Foreign.  New. 

Salem,  p.  425. 

Schiras,  p.  427. 

Schuylkill  Muscadel.  See  Alex- 
ander's. 

Scuppernong,  p.  427. 

Secretary.  Bunch  large,  shoul- 
dered, loose;  berry  large, 
black,  tender.  For  amateur 
culture  only.  Newburg,  N.  Y. 

Segar  Box.    See  Ohio. 

Senasqua,  p.  423. 

Spring  Hill  Constantia.  See 
Alexander's.  » 

St.  Catherine.  Bunches  and  ber- 
ries large;  sweet,  tough,  very 
foxy. 

Talman.    See  Champion. 

Tasker's  Grape.  See  Alex- 
ander's. 

Taylor's  Bullitt,  p.  427. 

Telegraph,  p.  423. 

Thomas.  Bunch  small;  berry 
large,  oblong,  transparent, 
violet ;  pulp  tender,  sweet, 
vinous.  Makes  a  superior  red 
wine.  Southern. 

To-Kalon,  p.  423. 

Trebbiano.  Resembles  Syrian, 
but  better— keeps  well.  For- 
eign. 

Trentham  Black.  Resembles 
Black  Prince — better  in  qual- 
ity. Foreign. 

Tryon.    See  York  Madeira. 

Ulster  Prolific.  Bunch  small; 
berry  small,  round,  bright  red, 
good.  Vine  weak  grower. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Underbill's  Seedling.  A  red  or 
brown  fox,  with  large,  round 
berries,  tough  pulp,  of  moder- 
ately foxy  flavor. 

Union  Village,  p.  423. 

Venango,  p.  425. 
Vergennes,  p.  423. 

Walter,  p.  425. 

Warren.    See  Herbemont. 

White  Catawba.  Bunches  me- 
dium, compact;  berries  large, 
round,  white;  sweet.  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio. 

White  Corinth.  Bunches  com- 
pact; sweet,  pleasant.  For- 
eign. , 

White  Gascoigne.  Bunches  and 
berries  oval,  good.  Foreign,  j 

Wilder,  p.  423. 

Wilmington.  Bunches  and  ber- 
ries large,  white;  acid, 
showy. 


Winchell.    See  Green  Mountain. 

Winchester.    See  Union  Village. 

Winnie.    See  Alexander's. 

Winslow.  Bunches  small,  com- 
pact; berries  small,  black; 
resembles  Clinton,  but  earlier. 
Ohio. 

Woodruff  red.  Bunch  large, 
shouldered;  berry  large,  red. 

Worden,  p.  423. 

Wyoming  Red.  Medium,  early, 
vigorous  and  hardy,  quality 
moderate. 

Yeddo.  Bunches  medium,  ber- 
ries brown;  excellent.  Rather 
late. 

York  Madeira.  Bunches  short, 
thick,  compact;  berries  round- 
ish-oval ;  excellent.  Produc- 
tive and  hardy.  Pa. 

Zante  Currant.  See  Black  Cor- 
inth. 


GUAVA. 
Psidium  Cattleyanum,  p.  601.          Psidium  Lucidum,  p.  601. 

HUCKLEBERRIES,  p.  551. 
See  Wild  and  Unclassified  Fruits,  p.  744  of  this  Index. 


Belair,  p.  583. 
Bonnie  Brae,  p.  647. 

Eureka,    p.    647. 
Genoa.    See  Eureka. 


LEMONS. 

Imperial  Messina,  p.  647, 
Lisbon,  p.  647. 
Sicily,  p.  647. 
Villafranca,  p.  647. 


LIMES— NECTARINES. 


743 


LIMES. 

French   (False  Lemon),  p.  652.      Mandarin.    See  Sour  Rangpur. 

Mexican,  p.  652. 
Imperial,  p.  652. 


Kurna,  p.  6  2. 


Advance,  p.  668. 


Rangpur,  p.  652. 
Turang,  p.  588. 

LOQUAT. 

Victor,  p.  668. 


MEDLARS,  p.  553. 
See  Wild  and  Unclassified  Fruits,  p.  744  of  this  Index. 


MULBERRIES. - 

Downing,  p.  429.  Russian,  p.  430. 

Downing's      Everbearing.       See      Rives.     No  special   value.     Tex- 
Downing.  as. 

Hicks   p.  429.  Spalding.     A  seedling  of  Down- 

Hicks    Everbearing.     See  Hicks. 


Johnson,  p.  429. 
New  American,  p.  430. 

Ramsey's       White.       A 
berry;  bears  young. 


ing. 
Stubbs,  p.  430. 

Tea's  Weeping,  p.  430. 

white      Victoria.     Large,    black,    sweet. 
Very  productive.    Russian. 


NECTARINES. 


Anderson's.    See  Newington. 
Aromatic.    See  Early  Violet. 


Claremont.    See  Elruge. 
Common  Elruge.    See  Elruge. 
Coosa.     Large,  red,  white  flesh. 

From  Ga. 
Cowdray       White.       See      New 

White. 


Black.    See  Early  Newington. 

Black  Murray.    See  Murry. 

Boston,  p.  432. 

Broomfield.     Large,      roundish, 

yellow,  with  a  dull  red  cheek;       D'Angleterre.    See  Newington. 
rather  pleasant.    Late.    Mass.       Downton,  p.  431. 

Brugnon      Musque*e.      See     Red      Du    Tilly's.      See   Due    de    Tel- 
Roman.  Hers. 


744     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Early  Black.  See  Early  New- 
ington. 

Early  Brugnon.  See  Early  Vio- 
let. 

Early  Newington,  p.  432. 

Early  Violet,  p.  431. 

Elruge,  p.  431. 

Emerton's  New  White.  See  New 
White. 

Fairchild's.  Small,  round,  flat- 
tened, yellowish-green,  with  a 
red  cheek;  flesh  yellow,  dry, 
poor.  Earliness  its  only 
merit. 

Fine  Gold-Fleshed.     See  Golden. 

Flanders.    See  New  White. 

French  Newington.  See  New- 
ington. 

Golden.  Medium,  roundish- 
ovate,  yellow,  with  a  scarlet 
cheek;  firm,  poor.  Late. 
Cultivated  only  for  its  beauty. 
[Prince's  Golden  Nectarine 
resembles  this,  but  is  larger, 
a  week  later,  and  has  larger 
flowers.] 

Hardwicke,  p.  432. 
Hunt's  Tawny,  p.  432. 

Kirkman's  Mammoth.  Very 
large,  quality  fair.  N.  C. 

Large  Scarlet.    See  Early  Violet. 
Lewis.    See  Boston. 
Lucombe's  Seedling.     See  Early 
Newington. 

Murry.  Medium,  roundish,  pale 
green  with  a  red  cheek;  sweet, 
of  good  flavor.  20th  of  Au- 


gust.     English.      Poor   bearer 
— little  known  here. 

Newington,  p.  433. 

New  Scarlet.     See  Early  Violet. 

New  White,  p.  432. 

Oatlands.  See  Elruge. 
Old  Newington.     See  Newington. 
Old  Roman.    See  Red  Roman. 
Old  White.    See  New  White. 
Orange.    See  Golden. 

Perkins'  Seedling.    See  Boston. 
Peterborough.     Small,  roundish, 

green ;   flesh  juicy,  of  tolerable 

flavor.    October. 
Pitmaston  Orange,  p.  432. 

Red  Roman,  p.  433. 
Roman.    See  Red  Roman. 

Scarlet.    See  Newington. 

Scarlet  Newington.  See  Newing- 
ton. 

Smith's  Newington.  See  New- 
ington. 

Stanwick.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish, oval,  greenish-white,  red 
in  the  sun ;  tender,  juicy,  rich, 
sugary. 

Telliers,  p.  432. 
Temple's.    See  Elruge. 

Victoria.  Medium,  purple,  dark 
brownish  cheek. 

Violet  Musk.     See  Early  Violet. 

Violet  Musquee.  See  Early  Vio- 
let. 

Violette  Hative.  See  Early  Vio- 
let. 

Williams'  Orange.  See  Pitmas- 
ton's  Orange. 


XVTS. 


745 


NUTS. 


Chestnuts : 

Advance,  p.  442. 

Alpha,  p.  442. 

Bartram  Late,  p.  442. 

Black,  p.  442. 

Comfort.      Large,    glossy, 

handsome,  early.      One  of 

the  best. 
Dager,  p.  442. 
Early  Reliance,  p.  442. 
Eureka,  p.  443. 
Felton,  p.  443. 
Giant,  p.  444. 
Hannum,  p.  443. 
Kerr,  p.  443. 
Killen,  p.  443. 
Mammoth,  p.  443. 
Murrell,  p.  382. 
Native,  p.  382. 
Numbo,  p.  443. 
Paragon,  p.  444. 
Parry's  Superb,  p.  444. 
Pedigree       Mammoth.      See 

Mammoth. 

Reliance.     Large,  handsome, 
good. 

Ridgely,  p.  444. 
Success,  p.  444. 
Tamba-guri,  p.  441. 
Wild,  p.  383. 
Chinquapin,  p.  444. 

Hazelnuts : 

Native  forms,  p.  444. 
Istrian,  p.  444. 
Bond  Nut,  p.  447. 
Cape  Nut.     See  Frizzled  Fil- 
bert. 

Cob,  p.  448. 
Cosford,  p.  448. 
Downton  Square,  p.  448, 


Hazelnuts : 

Dwarf.    See  Pearson. 

Frizzled,  p.  448. 

Filbert  Cob.      See   Lambert 

Filbert. 
Kentish  Cob.     See  Lambert 

Filbert. 

Lambert,  p.  448. 
Miss  Young's.     See  Cosford. 
Nottingham.    See  Pearson. 
Pearson,  p.  449. 
Purple,  p.  449. 
Red,    p.    449. 
Round  Cob.    See  Cob. 
White,  p.  449. 

Hickories : 
Pecans : 

Biloxi,  p.  451. 
Centennial,  p.  452. 
Columbian,  p.  452. 
Faust,  p.  452. 
Frotscher,  p.  452. 
Gonzales,  p.  452. 
Idlewild,  p.  452. 
Jewett,  p.  452. 
Jumbo,  p.  452. 
McCallister,  p.  453. 
Pearl,  p.  453. 
Ribera,  p.  453. 
Risien,  p.  453. 
San  Sata,  p.  453. 
Stuart,  p.  453. 
Van  Deman,  p.  453. 
Shellbark  Hickories: 
Thin  Shell,  p.  454. 
Oval,  p.  454. 
Quadrangular,  p.  455. 
Long  Ovate,  p.  455. 
Round     Compressed,    p. 
456. 


74°"     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AMD  INDEX  Of  FRUITS. 


Shellbark  Hickories : 

Round  Oblique,  p.  456. 
Walnuts : 

Butternuts,  p.  451. 

Black  Walnut,  p.  458. 
Walnuts,  Persian: 

Barthieveana,  p.  460. 

Chalbert,  p.  461. 

Franquette,  p.  461. 

Gilbosa,  p.  460. 

Intermedia     Pyriformis,     p. 
460. 


Walnuts,  Persian : 

Kaghagi,  p.  461. 

Mayette,  p.  461. 

Parisienne,  p.  461. 

Praeparturiens,  p.  461. 

Regia  microcarpo,  p.  460. 

St.  Jean,  p.  461. 
Walnuts,  Asian  and  Japanese : 

Cordiformis,  p.  461. 

Japan,  p.  463. 

Juglans  Manchuria,  p.  463. 

Sieboldiana.    See  Japan. 


ORANGES. 


Amory,  p.  578. 
Amory's  Malta  Oval,  p.  641. 
Arcadia.    See  Whittaker. 
Australian,  p.  644. 

Bahia.    See  Washington  Navel. 
Beach's  No.  5,  p.  642. 
Bergamot,  p.  645. 
Bittersweet,  p.  645. 
Boone,  p.  642. 
Botelha,  p.  642. 
Brazilian,  p.  643. 
Brown     of    Thos.     Rivers.     See 
Hart's  Late. 

Centennial,  p.  642. 
Circassian,  p.  642. 
Citrus  Desimatus,  p.  645. 
Cunningham,  p.  642. 

De  Colmar,  p.  642. 
Double  Imperial,  p.   644. 
Duroi,  p.  642. 

Early  Oblong,  p.  642. 
Egyptian,  p.  644. 

Fortuna,  p.  641. 


Foster,  p.  642. 

Hart's  Late,  p.  643. 
Homosassa,  p.  642. 

Imperial,  p.  642. 

Indian  River.    See  Whittaker. 

Jaffa,  p.  641. 
Jaffa  Blood,  p.  641. 
Joppa,  p.  643. 

King  (King  of  Siam),  p.  645. 
Kum  Quat,  p.  645. 

Magnum  Bonum,  p.  642. 
Majorca,  p.  641. 
Mandarin,  p.  644. 
Maltese  Blood,  p.  641. 
Maltese  Egg,  p.  641. 
Maltese  Late,  p.  641. 
Maltese  Long,  p.  641. 
Maltese  Navel,  p.  644. 
Maltese  Oblong,  p.  641. 
Maltese  Oval,  p.  641. 
Mediterranean,  p.  642. 
Myrtle-leaved  Orange,  p.  645. 


PEACHES. 


747 


Navel  Oranges,  p.  643. 
Nicaragua,  p.  642. 
Nonpareil,  p.  642. 

Paper  Rind  St.  Michael's,  p.  643. 
Parson  Brown,  p.  578. 
Peerless,  p.  642. 
Pernambuco,  p.  642. 
Pineapple.    See  Whittaker. 
Portugal  Oranges,  p.  642. 
Prata,  p.  643. 
Pride  of  Malta,  p.  642. 

Rivers',  p.  643. 
Rivers'  Prolific,  p.  642. 
Rio,  p.  642. 

Sanford's  Mediterranean  Sweet, 

p.  578. 
Satsuma,  p.  645. 


Spice  (Cleopatra),  p.  645. 
Stark  (De  Bary  Seedless). 

Whittaker. 

St.  Michael  Blood,  p.  642. 
St.  Michael's  Egg,  p.  642. 
Sustain,  p.  643. 
Sweet  China  Oranges,  p.  578. 
Sweet  Seville,  p.  642. 

Tahiti,  p.  642. 
Tangerines,  p.  645. 
Tangerona,  p.  645. 
Tardiff.    See  Hart's  Late. 
Tephi,  p.  641. 

Valencia  Late,  p.  641. 

Washington  Navel,  p.  644. 
Whitaker,  p.  642. 
White,  p.  643. 


See 


PEACHES. 


Abricottee.  See  Yellow  Admira- 
ble. 

Acton  Scott.  Medium,  rather 
woolly,  nearly  white,  with  a 
red  cheek;  flesh  pale  to  the 
stone,  rich,  sometimes  a  little 
bitter.  Early  English.  Rare 
here. 

Admirable.  See  Early  Admira- 
ble. 

Admirable  Jaune.  See  Yellow 
Admirable. 

Admirable  Tardive.  See  Belle 
de  Vitry. 

Albert.     (Early  Albert.) 

Albert's  Late  Rareripe.  Large, 
yellowish-white  and  red.  A 
Southern  variety,  where  it 
ripens  in  September. 

Albright's  October  Cling, 
Large,  round,  white;  flesh 


juicy,  sweet.  Said  to  keep  laid 
away  like  apples  until  Christ- 
mas. Late.  N.  C. 

Alexander,  p.  478. 

Alexander  Noblesse.  Large; 
flesh  buttery,  rich. 

Algiers  t  Yellow,  or  Algiers  Win- 
ter. See  Late  Yellow  Al- 
berge. 

Alpha.    See  Alexander. 

Amelia.  Stroman's  Carolina, 
Orangeburg,  Rayger's  June.) 
Large,  roundish-oblong,  light 
yellow  and  crimson;  melting, 
vinous,  rich;  freestone. 
Ripens  at  the  North,  end  of 
August ;  at  the  South,  in  July. 

Amsden,  p.  478. 

Anne.    See  Early  Anne. 

Apricot  Peach.  See  Yellow  Ad- 
mirable. 


748     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


Arkansas  Traveller.  Medium 
size ;  white,  nearly  covered  with 
dark  red;  juicy,  sweet,  nearly 
free.  Early.  Arkansas. 
Claimed  by  some  to  be  identi- 
cal with  Alexander. 

Astor,  p.  478. 

Austin's  Late  Red.  Large,  ob- 
long, white  and  red ;  cling- 
stone. October.  Southern. 

Avant  Blanche.  See  White  Nut- 
meg. 

Baldwin's  Late,  p.  483. 

Baltimore,  p.  485. 

Barnard,  p.  485. 

Barrington,  p.  479. 

Batchelder.  Large,  round, 
white  with  a  blush ;  flesh  white ; 
juicy,  vinous.  End  of  Sep- 
tember. Mass. 

Baugh,  p.  483. 

Baxter's  Seedling.    See  Jane. 

Beers'  Smock.    See  Smock  Free. 

Belle  Bausse.  Large,  deep  red; 
flesh  white ;  melting,  vinous ; 
very  good.  September. 
French. 

Belle  Beaute*.  See  Grosse  Mig- 
nonne. 

Belle  de  Vitry,  p.  476. 

Bellegarde,  p.  479. 

Belle  of  Georgia.  Large,  white 
with  red  cheek;  flesh  white, 
firm,  good.  Seedling  of  Chi- 
nese Cling.  Ga. 

Berenice.  Large,  yellow,  mot- 
tled dark  crimson,  flesh  yel- 
low, juicy,  rich.  Chinese  blood. 
Ga.  Good. 

Bergen's  Yellow,  p.  487. 

Bidwell's  Early.  Medium ;  cream 
white,  washed  carmine;  cling. 
Seedling  of  Peen-to. 


Bidwell's  Late.  Large,  yellow 
white;  flesh  juicy,  sweet,  cling. 
Ripens  three  weeks  after  Peen- 
to. 

Bilyen.  (Bilyen's  Late  October, 
Bilyen's  Comet.)  Large, 
white,  red  cheek;  flesh  firm, 
white,  juicy,  sweet,  free. 
Good  shipper.  Md. 

Blanton  Cling,  p.  489. 

Blood  Cling,  p.  490. 

Bordeaux  Cling.  Large,  oval, 
downy,  yellow  with  a  red 
cheek;  flesh  yellow,  red  at 
stone ;  juicy,  vinous ;  very 
good.  First  of  August. 

Bourdine.    See  Late  Admirable. 

Brandywine.  Large,  yellow, 
free.  Does  well  South. 

Brentford  Mignonne.  See  Belle- 
garde. 

Brevoort,  p.  483. 

Brevoort's  Seedling  Melter.  See 
Brevoort. 

Brice's  Early.    See  Alexander. 

Briggs'  May.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oval, shaded  and  striped 
red  on  white  skin.  Ripens 
with  Amsden.  Leaves  serrate. 

Brigdon,  p.  485. 

Brown  Nutmeg.  See  Red  Nut- 
meg. 

Buckingham  Mignonne.  See 
Barrington. 

Butler's  Late.  Large,  whitish 
with  red  cheek;  flesh  white, 
firm,  good.  Tree  vigorous  and 
productive.  Late.  Va. 

Cambridge  Belle.  Large,  round- 
ish, reddened  in  the  sun;  rich, 
fine;  handsome.  Early  Sep- 
tember. Mass. 

Carman.    Large,   creamy  white, 


PEACHES. 


749 


splashed  red,  tough  skin,  flesh 
tender,  rich,  juicy,  good.  Ga. 
New. 

Carpenter's  White,  p.  479. 

Catherine,  p.  488. 

Champion,  p.  479. 

Chancellor,  p.  483. 

Charlotte.  See  Royal  Char- 
lotte. 

Chili  Seedling  No.  2.  Large, 
round,  distinct  suture;  yellow 
and  dark  red  mottled;  flesh 
yellow,  juicy,  vinous,  rich. 
An  improvement  of  Hill's 
Chili. 

Chinese  Cling,  p.  488. 

Chinese  Peach.  See  Flat  Peach 
of  China. 

Claret  Clingstone.  See  Blood 
Clingstone. 

Clinton.  Medium,  roundish,  red 
on  yellow;  juicy;  good.  Late 
August. 

Cole's  Early  Red,  p.  479. 

Cole's  White  Melocoton.  See 
Morris  White. 

Colonel  Ausley's.  See  Barring- 
ton. 

Columbia,  p.  487. 

Columbus  June,  p.  483. 

Conkling.  Large,  round,  golden 
yellow  with  a  crimson  cheek, 
high  flavored.  Early  autumn. 
New. 

Conner's  Cling.  (Connor's 
White.)  Medium,  white,  tinged 
red ;  flesh  white,  red  at  pit, 
firm;  not  very  good. 

Connet's  Early.  Large,  cream 
white  with  red  cheek;  flesh 
white ;  freestone.  A  seedling  of 
the  Chinese  Cling.  New.  N.  C. 

Cooledge's  Early  Red  Rareripe. 
See  Cooledge's  Favorite. 


Cooledge's  Favorite,  p.  479. 

Crawford's  Early  Melocoton,  or 
Crawford's  Early,  p.  485. 

Crawford's  Late  Melocoton,  p. 
485. 

Crosby,  p.  485. 

Crother's.  Medium,  roundish, 
white  shaded  crimson;  flesh 
white,  red  at  pit,  tender,  juicy, 
good.  Late  Southern  variety. 

Cut-leaved.  See  Emperor  of 
Russia. 

D'Abricot.  See  Yellow  Admi- 
rable. 

Darby.  Large,  round,  white 
with  blue  wash;  flesh  white  to 
stone,  juicy,  sweet,  good, 
cling.  S.  C. 

Deming's  Orange.  (Deming's 
September. )  Large,  oblong, 
yellow  with  red  cheek;  flesh 
yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy, 
vinous,  good.  Late. 

Dixie.  Medium,  yellow  white, 
red  blush;  flesh  white,  sub- 
acid,  poor.  Fla. 

Donahoo  Cling,  p.  488. 

Dorsetshire.    See  Nivette. 

Double  Blossomed.  Ornamen- 
tal; fruit  rather  large,  round- 
ish, of  poor  quality. 

Double  Flowering  Peach.  See 
Double  Blossomed. 

Double  Montagne.  See  Double 
Mountain. 

Double  Mountain,  p.  476. 

Dr.  Berckman's.  Large,  creamy 
white,  blushed  with  crimson, 
mottlings  at  base ;  flesh  white, 
red  at  stone,  juicy,  vinous, 
good.  Ga. 

Downing's  Sweetwater.  See 
Sweetwater  Early. 


75°     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Druid  Hill,  p.  479. 

Duff     Yellow.       Large,     yellow, 

red  blush ;  flesh  yellow,  cling. 
Dwarf  Orleans,  or  Italian  Dwarf. 

Very     small,     trees     dwarf— a 

curiosity. 

Early  Admirable,  p.  479. 

Early  Anne,  p.  476. 

Early  Beatrice.  Small,  round- 
ish-oblong, deep  red,  hand- 
some. Tree  overbears  and 
needs  thinning  to  make  fruit 
of  any  size.  A  week  or  more 
later  than  Amsden.  English. 

Early  Chelmsford,  p.  477. 

Early  Crawford.  See  Crawford's 
Early. 

Early  Louise.  Medium,  round, 
red,  melting,  soft,  very  good. 
Ripens  immediately  after 
Early  Beatrice.  English. 

Early  Maiden.  Medium,  round- 
ish, whitish  and  red;  juicy, 
sprightly.  August.  C.  W. 

Early  Melocoton.  See  Craw- 
ford's Early. 

Early  Newington.  See  Smith's 
Newington. 

Early  Newington  Free,  p.  483. 

Early  Purple,  p.  483. 

Early  Red  Nutmeg.  See  White 
Nutmeg. 

Early  Red  Rareripe.  See  Red 
Rareripe. 

Early  Rivers.  Large,  roundish, 
nearly  white,  shaded  with 
pink;  soft,  melting,  rich,  ex- 
cellent. Closely  follows  Early 
Louise.  English. 

Early  Royal  George.  See  Royal 
George. 

Early  Silver.  Large,  roundish- 
ovate,  light  yellow  with  a 


slight  blush,  melting  and  excel- 
lent. Early  autumn.  English. 

Early  Tillotson,  p.  477. 

Early  White  Nutmeg.  See  White 
Nutmeg. 

Early  York.  See  Large  Early 
York. 

Early  York  of  Downing.  See 
Serrate  Early  York. 

Eaton's  Golden.  Medium, 
golden  yellow,  with  few  pink 
spots;  flesh  yellow,  sweet, 
juicy,  with  an  apricot  flavor. 
A  good  canner.  N.  C. 

Edgar's  Late  Melting.  See 
Chancellor. 

Edward's  Late  White.  Large, 
roundish,  white  with  a  red 
cheek,  handsome;  sweet, 
juicy,  excellent.  Mid-autumn. 
Ala. 

Elberta,  p.  485. 

Eliza.  Medium,  round,  yellow 
and  red.  Late  September. 
Phila. 

Elmira  Cling.  Large,  oval, 
white,  downy;  sweet,  good. 
Early  August.  Miss. 

Emperor.  Large,  yellow,  red 
cheek;  flesh  yellow,  free. 
Seedling  of  Crawford's  Late. 
New.  N.  J. 

Emperor  of  Russia,  p.  477. 

Excelsior.    See  Crosby. 

Everbearing.  Medium,  white 
vinous,  juicy,  no  value  for  mar- 
ket. Good. 

Favorite,  p.  480. 

Fay's  Early  Ann,  p.  480. 

Plater's  St.  John.  Large,  re- 
sembling Crawford,  deep  red; 
flesh  yellow;  good.  Southern. 
Very  early. 


PEACHES. 


751 


Flat  Peach  of  China.  See 
Peen-to. 

Fleitas,  or  Yellow  St.  John. 
(May  Beauty.)  Large,  round- 
ish, orange  yellow  with  a  deep 
red  cheek;  flesh  yellow;  high 
flavored;  a  popular  peach  at 
the  South. 

Flewellen  Cling.  Large,  round, 
dark  red  and  yellowish-white; 
juicy,  high  flavored;  cling- 
stone. Early  August. 

Foster,  p.  485. 

Fox's  Seedling,  p.  480. 

Freeman.  Large,  round,  yellow 
and  red ;  flesh  yellow.  Late. 
111. 

Freestone  Heath.  See  Kenrick's 
Heath. 

French  Bourdine.  See  Late  Ad- 
mirable. 

French  Magdalen.  See  Magda- 
len of  Courson. 

French  Mignonne.  See  Grosse 
Mignonne. 

French  Royal  George.  See 
Bellegarde. 

Fruitland.  Large,  ovate,  green- 
ish-white; juicy,  vinous. 
Southern,  in  September. 

Fulkerson,  p.  477. 

Galande.    See  Bellegarde. 

Garfield.    See  Brigdon. 

General  Lee.  Medium  to  large, 
oblong,  creamy  white,  crimson 
splashes;  flesh  whitish,  melt- 
ing, juicy,  rich,  cling. 

George  the  Fourth,  p.  480. 

Globe.  Very  large,  globular, 
yellow  red  cheek;  free;  flesh 
yellow,  very  firm,  sweet  and 
luscious.  Good  shipper. 
Ripens  with  Crawford's  Late. 


Golden  Dwarf  (Van  Buren's). 
Medium,  golden  yellow,  red 
chfek;  dwarf,  four  or  five  feet 
high.  September.  Southern 
—tender  and  poor  North. 

Golden  Mignonne.  See  Yellow 
Alberge. 

Goode's  October.  Large,  white 
washed  and  veined  red;  flesh 
white  with  red  veins,  juicy, 
vinous.  Ga. 

Gorgas,  p.  477. 

Governor  Garland.  See  Alex- 
ander. 

Grand  Admirable.  Very  large, 
yellowish-white ;  flesh  white, 
red  at  stone;  very  good. 

Green  Catharine,  p.  480. 

Green  Nutmeg.    See  Early  Anne. 

Greenboro.  Medium,  red, 
shaded  yellow;  flesh  white, 
juicy,  good.  Early. 

Griffin's  Mignonne.  See  Royal 
George. 

Griffiths.    See  Susquehanna. 

Grimwood's  Royal  George.  See 
Grosse  Mignonne. 

Grosse  Mignonne,  p.  480. 

Haines'  Early  Red,  p.  480. 
Kale's  Early,  p.  480. 
Hastings'  Rareripe,  p.  480. 
Hative    de    Ferrieres.     Medium, 

roundish,  white,  and  rich  red; 

juicy,      sweet,      rich,      vinous; 

freestone.    French. 
Hawkins'    Winter.      Large,    free- 
stone.   Ripens  in  November  in 

Va. 

Heath,  p.  489. 
Heiley.     (Early    Belle.)     Large, 

white,   red  cheek.    Early.    Ga. 

New. 
Henrietta.    (Levy's  Late).  Very 


75  2     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


large,  yellow,  nearly  covered 
with  bright  crimson ;  cling- 
stone. A  very  handsome*  fruit. 
Hardy,  prolific.  Late. 

Henry  Clay,  p.  484. 

Hill.    See  Sweet  Hill. 

Hill's  Chili,  p.  487. 

Hoffman's  Pound.  See  Morris- 
ania  Pound. 

Honest  John.  See  Large  Early 
York. 

Honey.  Medium,  oblong, 
pointed,  white,  mottled  car- 
mine; flesh  very  sweet.  Tree 
vigorous  and  prolific,  allied  to 
the  Peen-to. 

Honeywell.  Medium,  round, 
greenish- white,  washed  red; 
flesh  whitish,  juicy,  sweet, 
good.  Pit  nearly  free. 

Horton's  Delicious.  Large, 
roundish-oval ;  creamy  white 
and  faint  red;  flesh  wholly 
white,  excellent ;  clingstone. 
October.  Ga. 

Hovey's  Cambridge  Belle.  See 
Cambridge  Belle. 

Hull's  Athenian.  Very  large, 
oblong,  downy,  dull  red  on 
yellowish-white ;  rich,  vinous. 
October.  Ga. 

Hyslop,  p.  489. 

Incomparable.  Large,  roundish, 
light  red  on  yellowish-white; 
juicy,  melting;  moderately 
good;  clingstone.  September. 

Indian  Blood.  Clingstone ;  large, 
purple  red,  veined  red,  downy ; 
flesh  dark  red,  juicy,  vinous. 

Italian.    See  Malta. 

Jackson  Cling.  Large,  oblong, 
pointed,  dark  yellow  and  dark 


red;  firm,  red  at  stone;  juicy, 
rich;  excellent.  Late  August. 
Ga. 

Jane.  Large,  roundish-oblate, 
red  on  greenish-yellow;  excel- 
lent. Late  September.  Phila. 

Japan  Dwarf  Blood.  Medium, 
yellow  and  crimson;  flesh 
white,  striated  red,  juicy.  Tree 
dwarf.  Claimed  to  be  earliest 
of  all.  New. 

Jaques'  Rareripe,  p.  486. 

Java  Peach.  See  Flat  Peach  of 
China. 

Jones'  Early,  p.  480. 

Jones'  Large  Early,  p.  484. 

Judd's  Melting.  See  Late  Ad- 
mirable. 

Kennedy's  Cling,  or  Carolina. 
See  Lemon  Cling. 

Kenrick's  Heath,  p.  484. 

Keyport  White.  Large,  pure 
white,  free  from  stone;  vigor- 
ous, productive,  and  valuable. 
N.  J. 

Lady  Ann  Steward.    See  Morris 

White. 
Lady    Ingold.     Medium,  red  on 

yellow;     flesh    yellow,     sweet, 

rich.     Ripens  one  week  earlier 

than  Crawford's  Early.     New. 

N.  C. 

Lady  Parham,  p.  484. 
La  Grange,  p.  484. 
La  Royal.    See  Late  Admirable. 
Large    American   Nutmeg.     See 

Early  Sweetwater. 
Large  Early  York,  p.  481. 
Large     French     Mignonne.     See 

Grosse  Mignonne. 
Large  Newington.    See  Old  New- 

ingtou. 


PEACHES. 


753 


Large  Red.    See  Red  Rareripe. 

Large  Violet.    See  Bellegarde. 

Large  White  Cling,  p.  488. 

Large  Yellow  Rareripe.  See 
Yellow  Rareripe. 

Large  Admirable,  p.  481. 

Late  Rareripe,  p.  481. 

Late  Yellow  Alberge,  October 
Yellow,  or  Algiers  Winter. 
Medium,  roundish,  greenish- 
yellow  ;  downy,  clingstone ; 
rather  sweet.  Only  for  pre- 
serving. Of  little  value. 

Lemon.    See  Tuskena. 

Lemon  Cling,  p.  489. 

Leopold  I.  Large,  roundish, 
yellow  and  red ;  melting,  juicy. 
Rather  late.  Belgian. 

Levy's  Late.    See  Henrietta. 

Lincoln,  p.  486. 

Long  Yellow  Pineapple.  See 
Lemon  Cling. 

Lord  Palmerston.  Very  large, 
creamy  white  with  a  blush; 
very  good.  New.  Late. 

Lorentz.  Medium,  yellow,  red 
cheek;  flesh  yellow,  freestone. 
Prolific,  hardy. 

Lovett's  White.  Large,  white, 
in  distinct  suture;  flesh  white 
to  pit,  solid,  sweet,  freestone. 
Hardy,  prolific.  New. 

Madeleine  Rouge.  See  Magda- 
len of  Courson. 

Madeline  de  Courson.  See  Mag- 
dalen of  Courson. 

Magdala.  Medium,  round  oval, 
yellow  white,  marbled  crim- 
son; flesh  greenish-white,  melt- 
ing, rich,  free. 

Magdalen  of  Courson.  Medium, 
round,  sutured,  skin  white, 
red  cheek,  flesh  white,  slightly 
48 


red  at  stone,  juicy,  rich. 
French,  little  known  in  U.  S. 

Malta,  p.  477. 

Mammoth.  See  Early  Chelms- 
ford. 

Marshall's  Late.  Large,  orange 
yellow,  red  blush,  freestone; 
good. 

Mary's  Choice.  A  very  produc- 
tive New  Jersey  peach;  re- 
quires thinning  and  high  cul- 
ture. 

Mellish's  Favorite.  See  No- 
blesse. 

Melocoton.  See  Crawford's 
Late. 

Merriam,  p.  486. 

Mignonne.  See  Grosse  Mignonne. 

Molden's  White.  Large  oblong, 
whitish;  flesh  wholly  white; 
juicy,  sweet,  excellent.  Late 
September. 

Monstrous  Pavie.  See  Pavie  de 
Pompone. 

Montgomery's  Late,  p.  484. 

Moore's  Favorite,  p.  481. 

Moore's  June.  Rather  small, 
round,  yellowish  and  red; 
juicy,  vinous ;  good.  Ga.  Late 
June. 

Morris'  Red,  p.  481. 

Morris  White,  p.  484. 

Morrisania  Pound,  p.  481. 

Motteux.    See  Late  Admirable. 

Mountain  Rose,  p.  478. 

Mrs.  Brett.  Large,  round,  hand- 
somely marked  with  red  on  a 
white  skin;  melting,  rich,  ex- 
cellent. Season  medium. 

Mrs.  Poinsette,  p.  486. 

Muir,  p.  486. 

Muscoga.  Large,  yellow,  nearly 
covered  crimson  and  brown; 
flesh  white,  red  veins  at  stone, 


754     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


juicy,  rich.     A  variety  of  Co- 
lumbia. 
Musser.    See  Alexander. 

Narbonne.    See  Late  Admirable. 

Neil's  Early  Purple.  See  Grosse 
Mignonne. 

New  Cut-Leaved.  See  Emperor 
of  Russia. 

Newington.    See  Old  Newington. 

New  York  Rareripe,  p.  481. 

New  York  White  Clingstone. 
See  Large  White  Cling. 

Nivette,  p.  481. 

Nix's  Late  White.  Large,  round- 
ish-oblong, white  with  a  light 
red  cheek;  flesh  white,  adher- 
ing to  the  stone;  sweet,  rich. 
Late  in  October.  Ga. 

Noblesse,  p.  420. 

Noisette.    See  Chancellor. 

Nutmeg.  Red.  Very  small, 
roundish,  pointed,  yellow  and 
red;  flesh  yellowish-white; 
flavor  moderate.  Late  July. 

Nutmeg,  White.  Very  small, 
roundish-oval,  whitish ;  flesh 
wholly  white;  mild,  pleasant. 
Late  July. 

Oldmixon  Cling,  p.  488. 

Oldmixon  Free,  p.  487. 

Old  Newington,  p.  488. 

Orange  Cling,  p.  489. 

Orange  Free.  Medium,  round, 
yellow  mottled  red;  flesh  yel- 
low, juicy,  very  sweet;  free- 
stone. New. 

Owen.  Large,  roundish,  yellow 
and  dark  red;  flesh  yellow; 
juicy,  delicious.  Late  Septem- 
ber. Mass. 

Owen's  Lemon  Rareripe.  See 
Owen. 


Pallas.  Large,  round,  wJiitish 
with  crimson ;  flesh  white,  melt- 
ing, vinous.  Ga. 

Pavie  Admirable.  See  Incom- 
parable. 

Pavie  de  Pompone,  p.  489. 

Pavie  Monstreux.  See  Pavie  de 
Pompone. 

Peen-to.  ( Flat  Peach  of  China. ) 
Small,  very  oblate,  deeply  in- 
dented to  the  stone  at  base 
and  apex ;  greenish-white,  mot- 
tled red;  flesh  juicy,  good; 
cling.  Does  well  in  the  South. 

Peeble's  May  Cling.    See  Sneed. 

Picquet's  Late.  Quite  large, 
round,  yellow  and  red;  flesh 
yellow,  melting,  rich;  very 
good.  Southern.  September. 

Pineapple  Cling.  See  Lemon 
Cling. 

Poole's  Large  Yellow,  p.  486. 

Poole's  Late  Yellow  Freestone. 
See  Poole's  Large  Yellow. 

Pourpree  Hative.  See  Early 
Purple. 

Pourpree  Hative  a  Grandes 
Fleurs.  See  Early  Purple. 

President,  p.  482. 

President  Church,  p.  484. 

Preston  Cling.  Large,  cream 
yellow,  red  cheek ;  flesh  light 
yellow,  juicy,  good.  N.  C. 

Prince's  Climax.  Large,  oval, 
yellow  and  red ;  rich,  aromatic ; 
clingstone.  Late  September. 
L.  I. 

Prince's  Excelsior.  Very  large, 
round,  bright  orange ;  flesh 
wholly  yellow;  rich,  aromatic. 
October.  L.  I. 

Prince's  Paragon.  Large,  oval, 
yellowish-green  and  red; 
juicy,  rich.  September. 


PEACHES. 


755 


Prince's  Red  Rareripe.  See 
Prince's  Paragon. 

Princess  of  Wales.  Large, 
round,  cream  yellow,  pink 
about  stem;  flesh  white, 
slightly  red  at  pit ;  freestone ; 
juicy,  tender,  rich. 

Purple  Alberge.  See  Yellow 
Alberge. 

Quality.  Medium,  round, 
white  splashed  crimson;  flesh 
cream  white,  red  at  pit,  tender, 
juicy,  vinous,  very  good.  Md. 

Red  Alberge.    See  Yellow  ditto. 

Red  Avant.    See  Nutmeg,  Red. 

Red  Celon.  Small,  oval,  green- 
ish-white, blood-red  around 
pit;  free,  acid,  poor. 

Red  Cheek  Melocoton,  p.  486. 

Red  Cling.    See  Rodman's  Cling. 

Red  Heath.    See  Heath. 

Red  Magdalen.  See  Magdalen 
of  Courson. 

Red  Rareripe,  p.  478. 

Reeves'  Favorite,  p.  486. 

Richmond.  Medium,  round, 
yellow,  with  red  cheek;  flesh 
yellow;  melting,  very  good. 
Late.  Lyons,  N.  Y. 

Robena.  Large,  roundish,  yel- 
low shaded  red;  flesh  deep 
yellow,  red  at  pit,  juicy,  melt- 
ing, mild,  sub-acid,  good. 
D.  C. 

Rodman's  Cling,  p.  489. 

Ronald's  Mignonne.  See  Belle- 
garde. 

Rose.    See  Strawberry. 

Rosebank.  Large,  round,  red 
on  greenish-white;  juicy,  rich; 
very  good.  Late  August. 
C.  W. 


Royal  Charlotte,  p.  478. 

Royal  George,  p.  478. 

Royal  Kensington.     See    Grosse 

Mignonne. 
Royale.    See  Late  Admirable. 

Salway,  p.  486. 

Saunders'.    See  Alexander. 

Schumaker.  Large,  round,  crim- 
son. Very  early. 

Scott's  Early  Red,  p.  482. 

Scott's  Magnate,  p.  484. 

Scott's  Nectar,  p.  482. 

Scott's  Nonpareil,  p.  486. 

Selby's  Cling.  See  Large  White 
Cling. 

Serrated.  See  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia. 

Shanghae,  p.  489. 

Sim's  November.  Large,  green- 
ish-white, dull  red  cheek ;  poor. 
Late. 

Smith's  Favorite,  p.  487. 

Smith's  Newington,  p.  487. 

Smock  Free,  p.  487. 

Smooth-Leaved  Royal  George. 
See  Bellegarde. 

Sneed.  (Peeble's  May  Cling.) 
Medium,  oval,  yellow  white, 
red  blush;  flesh  white,  tender. 
Claimed  to  be  very  early.  New 
seedling  of  Chinese  Cling. 

Snow,  p.  484. 

Steadly.  Large,  whitish  with  a 
slight  blush.  Ripens  a  few 
days  after  Heath  Cling. 

Strawberry,  p.  484. 

Stetson's  Seedling,  p.  482. 

Stevens'  Rareripe,  p.  478. 

Stump,  p.  482. 

Sturtevant.  Resembles  Bergen's 
Yellow,  slightly  larger;  hardy, 
vigorous,  productive.  New. 

Summer  Snow.    Medium,  white; 


756     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


flesh  white  to  pit,  sweet,  cling. 
A  good  preserving  peach. 

Surpasse  Melocoton.  Large, 
roundish-oval;  yellow  with  a 
red  cheek;  flesh  nearly  white; 
rich,  excellent.  Early  aut- 
umn. Productive.  Rochester, 
N.  Y. 

Susquehanna,  p.  487. 

Sweetwater,  p.  478. 

Sweetwater,  Early,  p.  482. 

Thurber.  Large,  roundish-ob- 
late, creamy  white  marbled 
with  crimson;  juicy,  melting, 
rich;  freestone.  Ripens  in 
July  in  Georgia. 

Tippecanoe,  p.  490. 

Titus.  Large,  roundish,  yellow 
and  red;  juicy,  rich;  excellent. 
Late  September.  Phila. 

Triumph,  p.  487. 

Troth's  Early,  p.  482. 

True  Red  Magdalen.  See  Red 
Magdalen. 

Tuft's  Rareripe,  p.  486. 

Tuskena.  (Tuscan,  Tustin.) 
Large,  oblong,  yellow,  deep 
red  cheek;  cling;  hardy. 
Strong  grower.  Miss. 

Unique.  See  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia. 

Van  Buren's  Golden  Dwarf. 
Medium,  ovate,  yellow;  cling- 
stone; quality  poor.  South- 
ern. Tree  small  or  dwarf; 
tender  and  valueless  at  the 
North. 

Vanguard.    See  Noblesse. 

Van  Zandt,  p.  482. 

Waddell.    Medium,  skin  greenish- 


white,  covered  red,  flesh  white, 
juicy,  prolific.  New.  Ga. 

Wager.  Medium,  long  oval,  yel- 
low, firm ;  early  autumn.  Dry- 
ing and  canning. 

Walburton  Admirable,  p.  478. 

Waldo.  Medium.  Hybrid  of 
Peen-to  and  Honey. 

Walter's  Early,  p.  482. 

Ward's  Late  Free,  p.  482. 

Washington,  p.  424. 

Washington  Cling,  p.  490. 

Washington  Red  Free.  See  Wash- 
ington, p.  482. 

Waterloo.    See  Alexander. 

Wheatland.  Large,  roundish, 
golden  yellow  with  a  crimson 
cheek;  juicy,  very  good,  pro- 
ductive. Ripens  after  Craw- 
ford's Early. 

White  Avant.  See  White  Nut- 
meg. 

White-Blossomed  Incomparable. 
Large,  oval,  white;  flesh 
white;  juicy,  pleasant.  Sep- 
tember. 

White  Imperial,  p.  483. 

White  Melocoton.  See  Morris 
White. 

White  Rareripe.  See  Morris 
White. 

Wilder.    See  Alexander. 

Wonderful.  Large,  globular, 
yellow  covered  with  carmine; 
flesh  yellow,  red  at  pit,  rich; 
freestone.  Tree  vigorous  and 
productive.  Late.  New. 

Yellow  Admirable,  p.  487. 
Yellow  Alberge,  p.  486. 
Yellow  St.  John's,  p.  487. 
Yellow    Pineapple.     See    Lemon 

Clingstone. 
Yellow  Rareripe,  p.  487. 


PEARS. 


757 


PEARS. 


Abb£  Edouard.  Medium,  obo- 
vate,  bright  green  becoming 
yellow ;  juicy,  half- melting, 
agreeable.  November.  Bel- 
gian. 

Abbott,  p.  525. 

Adams,  p.  515. 

Adelaide  de  Reves.  Medium, 
roundish,  green  becoming  yel- 
low; very  juicy,  melting,  rich, 
vinous.  October.  Belgian. 

Adele  de  St.  Denis.  See  Ba- 
ronne  de  Mello. 

Albret.  Medium,  long  pyriform, 
yellow,  russeted,  very  juicy, 
buttery  and  melting,  rich ;  very 
good.  October. 

Alengon,  p.  541. 

Alexander.  Medium,  oblong 
obovate,  greenish  and  russet; 
juicy,  melting,  rich,  very  good. 
October.  N.  Y. 

Alexandre  Lambre,  p.  541. 

Alexandrina.  Medium,  round- 
ish, obovate,  yellow,  with  a 
red  cheek;  melting,  rich;  very 
good.  September. 

Alice  Payne.  Medium,  yellow 
white.  Winter.  N.  C. 

Almond  Pear.  See  Beurre* 
Amande". 

Alpha,  p.  515. 

Alphonse  Karr.  See  Soldat 
Laboureur. 

Althorpe  Crassane.  Medium, 
roundish-ovate,  pale  green ; 
juicy,  not  rich.  October. 

Amadotte.  Large,  pyriform ; 
coarse;  juicy,  often  astringent 
and  worthless.  October. 

Amalis,  p.  525. 


Amande'.  Medium,  long  pyri- 
form, dull  green,  rough;  but- 
tery, juicy;  very  good.  Sep- 
tember. Belgian. 

Amanlis.    See  Amalis. 

Ambrosia.  Medium,  roundish, 
obovate;  buttery,  without 
much  flavor.  September. 
French. 

Amire  Joannet.  Small,  short 
pyriform,  greenish-yellow, 
crimson  dotted ;  becoming 
mealy.  Middle  of  July. 
Worthless  and  superseded. 

Amory.    See  Andrews. 

Ananas.    See  Henry  IV. 

Ananas  de  Courtral.  See  Ananas 
d'Ete. 

Ananas  d'Ete",  p.  515. 

Andre  Desportes.  Medium,  obo- 
vate pyriform,  pale  green,  juicy 
and  melting.  Summer. 
France. 

Andrews,  p.  515. 

Angel.  Large,  handsome,  early, 
poor.  Ghent,  N.  Y. 

Angora.    See  Pound. 

Angouleme,  p.  515. 

Angleterre.  Medium,  pyriform, 
dull  green;  juicy,  melting, 
pleasant,  not  rich.  September. 

Anjou,  p.  525. 

Arbre  Courbre.  Medium,  pyri- 
form, greenish;  coarse;  half- 
melting,  astringent.  Septem- 
ber. 

Aremberg,  p.  537. 

Assomption.  Large,  irregular 
pyriform,  yellow,  reddened  to- 
ward the  sun;  juicy  and  melt- 
ing ;  partly  coarse ;  of  moder- 


75 £     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


ate  quality.  Tree  vigorous 
and  productive.  August. 
French. 

Aston  Town.  Small,  roundish, 
yellow;  rather  sweet.  Sep- 
tember. 

Audusson.    See  Ridelle's. 

Auguste  de  Maraise.  Large 
pyriform,  rough  brown ;  but- 
tery, juicy,  sweet.  October. 
Belgian. 

Auguste  Royer,  p.  525. 

Augustus  Dana,  p.  525. 

Autumn  Colmar,  or  Colmar 
d'Ete".  Conic,  greenish-yellow; 
coarse ;  juicy,  astringent ;  rots. 
September.  [Another  Autumn 
Colmar  is  medium,  pyriform, 
green;  rich,  agreeable.  Oc- 
tober.] 

Autumn  Paradise,  p.  516. 

Bachelier,  p.  516. 

Bankerbine.  Medium,  obovate, 
greenish-yellow;  coarse, 
breaking.  October. 

Baronne  de  Mello,  p.  516. 

Barry,  p.  537. 

Bartlett,  p.  510. 

Bartram.  Medium,  obovate  pyr- 
iform, pale  yellow;  juicy,  melt- 
ing, excellent.  September. 
Phila.  - 

Bavey,  p.  526. 

Beadnell.  Medium,  turbinate, 
yellowish-green  and  red; 
juicy,  melting.  September. 

Beauchamps.  See  Bergamotte 
Cadette. 

Beaufort.  Medium,  russeted 
yellow.  Winter.  N.  C. 

Beaulieu.  Medium,  roundish 
conic,  greenish-yellow  and 
russet;  rather  coarse;  but- 


tery, melting,  vinous.  Octo- 
ber. 

Beaumont.    See  Vaet.. 

Beau  Present  d'Artois.  Large, 
pyriform,  yellow ;  granular, 
sweet ;  rots  at  core.  Septem- 
ber. 

Belle  Angevine.    See  Pound. 

Belle  de  Bruxelles,  or  Belle 
d'Aout.  Large,  pyriform,  yel- 
low; sweet,  poor.  A  hand- 
some, worthless  sort. 

Belle  de  Flandres.  See  Flemish 
Beauty. 

Belle  de  Noel;  or,  Belle  Apres 
Noel.  See  Fondante  de  Noel. 

Belle  Epine  Dumas.   See  Dumas. 

Belle  et  Bonne.  Large,  round- 
ish, greenish;  rather  coarse; 
buttery,  sweet.  September. 
Belgian. 

Belle  Fondante.  Medium,  conic 
turbinate,.  yellow  russet;  but- 
tery, juicy,  rich,  slightly  as- 
tringent. October. 

Belle  Julie.  Small,  obovate, 
light  green;  melting,  buttery, 
sweet,  perfumed.  October. 

Belle  Lucrative,  p.  525. 

Belle  Williams.  Large,  pyriform, 
greenish-yellow;  buttery,  melt- 
ing; very  good — has  cracked 
badly  at  some  places.  Winter. 

Bellissime  d'Ete".  See  French 
Jargonelle. 

Bellissime  Jargonelle.  See 
French  Jargonelle. 

Belmont.  Medium,  roundish- 
obovate,  yellow  green ;  coarse ; 
juicy,  sweet.  October.  An 
English  cooking- pear. 

Bennert.  Small,  melting.  Mid- 
winter; hardy.  Belgian. 

Benoist.       Medium,     turbinate; 


PEARS, 


759 


yellow  with  a  red  cheek;  melt- 
ing, sweet,  agreeable.  Au- 
gust. 

Bergamot,  Easter.  Medium, 
roundish-obovate,  pale  green; 
crisp,  juicy,  pleasant.  Late 
winter. 

Bergamot,  Gansel's,  p.  535. 

Bergamot,  Hampden's.  Large, 
roundish,  yellow;  a  little 
coarse;  breaking  and  buttery, 
if  house-ripened.  September. 

Bergamot,  Summer.  Small, 
round,  yellowish-green ;  juicy, 
rich,  becoming  mealy.  Late 
July. 

Berganiotte  Cadette,  p.  525. 

Bergamo tte  de  la  Pentecote.  See 
Easter  Beurre". 

Bergamotte  de  Millepieds.  Me- 
dium, roundish,  dark  green; 
melting,  juicy;  very  good. 
September.  French. 

Bergamotte  de  Soulers.  See  De 
Sorlus. 

Bergamotte  d'Esperen.  Me- 
dium, flattened  pyriform, 
green,  rough;  sweet,  rich, 
juicy,  spicy.  December  to 
February.  French. 

Bergamotte  d'Ete".  See  Hamp- 
den's Bergamot. 

Berga»motte  d'Hollande.  Rather 
large,  roundish,  green  and  rus- 
set, becoming  yellow;  crisp, 
juicy,  agreeable.  Through  win- 
ter till  spring. 

Bergamotte  Gaudry.  Medium, 
roundish,  yellowish-green, 
coarsely  dotted;  very  juicy, 
mild  sub-acid. 

Bergamotte  Heimbourg.  Large, 
roundish,  rough,  green  becom- 
ing yellow;  buttery,  juicy, 


rich,  perfumed.  October. 
French. 

Bergamotte  Leseble.  Medium, 
oblate,  yellow,  partly  russeted ; 
juicy,  sweet,  melting,  per- 
fumed. October. 

Bergamotte  Suisse.  Medium, 
roundish,  pale  green,  yellow 
and  pale  red;  melting,  sweet, 
pleasant.  October. 

Bergen,  p.  517. 

Berkmans,  p.  526. 

Berriays.  Medium,  obovate, 
pyriform,  pale  greenish-yel- 
low; juicy,  sweet;  very  good. 
September.  French. 

Bessemianka.  Medium,  pyri- 
form; flesh  tender,  buttery, 
juicy,  sub-acid;  good.  Rus- 
sian. 

Beymont,  p.  526. 

Bieumont.    See  Beymont. 

Bijou.  Medium,  yellow,  red 
cheek.  August. 

Bilboa.  See  Golden  Beurre*  of 
Bilboa. 

Bishop's  Thumb.  Rather  large, 
conic  oblong,  yellowish-green, 
with  a  russet  cheek;  juicy, 
melting,  vinous,  slightly  as- 
tringent. October.  English. 

Black  Worcester,  p.   537. 

Blanc.    See  White  Doyenne. 

Bleeker's  Meadow.  Small, 
roundish,  yellow;  flesh  white, 
firm,  musky,  sometimes  soft, 
but  mostly  remaining  hard. 
October.  Pa.  Very  produc- 
tive, and  valuable  for  cooking. 

Bloodgood,  p.  513. 

Bolwiller.  A  baking-pear— not 
valuable. 

Bon  Chretien,  Flemish.  Me- 
dium, obovate,  pale  green  and 


760      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


brown ;  crisp,  juicy ;  stews 
tender.  Winter. 

Bon  Chretien  Fondante,  p.  526. 

Bon  Chretien,  Spanish.  Large, 
pyriform,  deep  yellow  and  red  ; 
half  breaking — cooking. 

Bon  Gustave.  Medium,  pyri- 
form, greenish  and  russet ;  but- 
tery, juicy,  perfumed.  Decem- 
ber. Belgian. 

Bonne  Charlotte.  Medium, 
mostly  obovate ;  buttery,  rich, 
perfumed.  August. 

Bonne  d'Ezee.  Large,  pyriform, 
yellowish-green,  with  some 
russet;  juicy,  melting,  rich; 
very  good.  September,  Octo- 
ber. Often  cracks  badly. 

Bonne  de  Malines.  See  Winter 
Nelis. 

Bonne  du  Puits  Ansault.  Rather 
small,  roundish-oblate,  green- 
ish-yellow; juicy,  melting, 
rich;  very  good.  September. 
Great  bearer.  French.  New. 

Bonne  Rouge.  See  Gansel's 
Bergamot. 

Bonne  Sophia.  Medium,  obo- 
vate pyriform,  acute,  greenish- 
yellow  and  red  cheek ;  melting, 
sweet;  very  good.  October. 

Bosc,  p.  517. 

Boston.    See  Pinneo. 

Boucquia.  Rather  large,  oval 
turbinate,  pale  yellow;  rots  at 
core;  rather  astringent.  Octo- 
ber. Flemish. 

Bourgemester.  Large,  pyriform, 
light  yellow;  juicy,  astringent. 
November.  Tree  cankers 
badly. 

Boussock,  p.  526. 

Brabant.    See  Soldat  Laboreur. 

Brande's  St.  Germain,  p.  541. 


Brandy  wine,  p.  511. 

Bretonneau.  Large  long  pyri- 
form, variable,  rough,  yellow 
with  a  brown  cheek ;  half- melt- 
ing, not  juicy,  rich,  vinous, 
perfumed.  Late  winter.  Bel- 
gian. 

Brialmont.  Resembles  Urba- 
niste  in  the  character  of  the 
tree  and  fruit;  of  good  prom- 
ise. October.  Belgian. 

Brignais.    See  Des  Normes. 

Brocas  Bergamot.  See  Gansel's 
Bergamot. 

Broom  Park.  Medium,  round- 
ish, greenish-yellow  and  dull 
red;  coarse;  juicy,  sweet. 
January,  February.  English. 

Brougham.  Roundish-oblate, 
greenish-yellow ;  coarse ;  as- 
tringent. November.  English. 

Brown  Beurre",  p.  527. 

B.  S.  Fox,  p.  526. 

Buffum,  p.  527. 

Burlingame.  Medium,  oblate, 
yellow;  coarse;  poor.  Sep- 
tember. Ohio. 

Burnett.  Large,  obtuse  pyri- 
form, pale  yellow ;  coarse ; 
juicy,  sweet;  good.  October. 
Mass. 

Burnicq.  Medium,  turbinate 
pyriform,  rough,  russeted ; 
flesh  greenish-white ;  juicy, 
rich,  perfumed.  Late  Octo- 
ber. Belgian. 

Butter  Pear.  See  White  Doy- 
enne". 

Cabot,  p.  527. 

Caen  de  France.  Rather  large, 
pyriform,  yellow  and  russet; 
half  melting,  juicy,  sweet, 
slightly  astringent.  Winter. 


PEARS. 


761 


Caissoy  d'Hiver.  Medium,  obo- 
vate,  yellow,  rough,  russeted; 
buttery,  rich,  high-flavored. 
Winter. 

Calebasse.  Medium,  long  pyri- 
form,  irregular,  dull  yellow, 
rough;  coarse;  juicy,  crisp, 
rich,  pleasant.  September. 
Belgian. 

Calebasse  Bosc.    See  Bosc. 

Calebasse  Delvigne.  Medium, 
pyriform,  yellow;  coarse;  but- 
tery, rich,  perfumed,  slightly 
astringent.  October. 

Calebasse  d'6te*.  Medium,  long 
pyriform,  bright  yellowish- 
brown;  astringent,  poor. 
September.  Belgian. 

Calebasse  d'Octobre.  Large, 
pyriform,  pale  yellow,  juicy, 
melting,  of  moderate  quality. 
October.  Belgian. 

Calhoun.  Medium,  roundish, 
irregular,  yellowish  and  dull- 
red;  coarse,  melting,  rich,  vi- 
nous, perfumed.  October. 
Conn. 

Cambridge  Sugar  Pear.  See 
Harvard. 

Camerlyn.  Medium,  pyriform, 
yellow;  melting,  rich,  aro- 
matic. October.  Belgian. 

Canandaigua,  p.  517. 

Canning  Seigneur  d'Hiver.  See 
Easter  Beurre*. 

Capiaumont,  p.  517. 

Capsheaf,  p.  527. 

Capucin.  Medium,  oval,  yellow 
with  a  blush;  crisp,  juicy, 
rich,  good.  October.  Bel- 
gian. 

Cassante  de  Mars.  Obovate, 
yellow;  juicy,  rich,  vinous, 
perfumed.  Winter.  Belgian. 


Catherine  Gardette.  Rather 
large,  roundish-obovate,  yel- 
low, dotted  red;  buttery, 
coarse,  sweet,  good.  Septem- 
ber. Phila. 

Catherine  Lambre.  Medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  greenish- 
yellow;  juicy  and  melting, 
sweet;  very  good.  October. 
Belgian. 

Catillac,  p.  537. 

Catinka.  Rather  small,  obovate 
pyriform,  pale  yellow;  coarse; 
buttery,  juicy,  vinous.  No- 
vember. Belgian. 

Chancellor,  p.  517. 

Chaptal.  Rather  large,  pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ;  half 
buttery,  half  hard;  tolerably 
good,  rather  insipid.  Febru- 
ary. 

Charles  Frederick.  Green  be- 
coming yellow;  melting,  juicy, 
vinous,  perfumed;  very  good. 
October.  Belgian. 

Charles  of  Austria.  Large, 
roundish,  greenish-yellow ; 
juicy,  astringent.  October. 
Belgian. 

Charles  Smet.  Medium,  pyri- 
form, yellow  and  russet;  juicy, 
sweet,  perfumed.  January. 
Belgian. 

Charles  Van  Hooghten.  Large, 
pyriform,  dull  yellow;  buttery, 
melting,  rather  sweet.  Octo- 
ber. 

Charlotte  de  Brower.  Rather 
large,  roundish-oval,  rich  yel- 
low; juicy,  rich,  vinous,  per- 
fumed. October.  Belgian. 

Charneuse.  See  Due  de  Bra- 
bant. 

Chaumontel,  p.  537. 


762     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Chaumontel  tres  gros.  See 
Easter  Beurre*. 

Chelmsford.  Large,  pyramidal, 
yellow  with  a  red  cheek;  flesh 
coarse;  sweet— good  for  cook- 
ing. September. 

Chinese  Sand  Pear.    See  Sand. 

Church,  p.  534. 

Citron.  Small,  roundish,  green- 
ish; coarse;  juicy,  vinous, 
musky.  August,  September. 
Conn. 

Citron.  (Beurre*  Citron.)  Me- 
dium, obovate,  green  becom- 
ing yellow;  juicy,  sub-acid. 
February,  March.  Belgian. 

Citron  des  Carmes.  See  Made- 
leine. 

Clairgeau,  p.  538. 

Clapp's  Favorite,  p.  511. 

Clara.  Medium,  oval,  pyriform, 
yellow,  dotted  red;  melting, 
juicy,  sweet,  faintly  acid. 
Belgian. 

Clay.  Medium,  obovate,  yellow; 
coarse ;  juicy,  rich,  perfumed. 
October.  Conn. 

Clinton.  Large,  yellow;  but- 
tery, not  rich.  November. 
Belgian. 

Clion.    See  Vicar  of  Winkfield. 

Coffin's  Virgalieu.  Rather  large ; 
sweet,  juicy,  not  rich.  December. 

Coit's  Beurre*.  Medium,  obovate 
pyriform,  yellow  with  some 
russet,  crimson,  dotted ;  gran- 
ular; buttery,  rich,  vinous. 
September. 

Collins,  p.  527. 

Colmar,  p.  538. 

Colmar,  Beurre".  Medium,  oval, 
pale  green,  becoming  yellow; 
flesh  white;  juicy,  melting, 
perfumed.  October.  Belgian. 


Colmar  Bonnet.  Medium,  conic 
obovate,  pale  yellow;  buttery, 
mild,  slightly  perfumed. 
Good.  November. 

Colmar  Bosc.    See  Niell. 

Colmar  d'Alost.  Large,  long 
pyriform,  sometimes  obovate, 
greenish-yellow  and  red;  flesh 
buttery,  juicy,  slightly  as- 
tringent. October.  Belgian. 

Colmar  d'Aremberg.  Large, 
turbinate  pyriform,  greenish- 
yellow;  quality  poor.  Novem- 
ber. 

Colmar  d'F/te*.  Conic,  greenish- 
yellow;  coarse;  juicy,  astrin- 
gent ;  rots  at  core.  September. 

Colmar  d'Hiver.  See  Glout 
Morceau. 

Colmar  Epine.  Large,  roundish- 
oblong,  greenish-yellow ;  flesh 
sweet,  melting;  good;  agree- 
able. September.  Belgian. 

Colmar  Gris.    See  Colmar. 

Colmar  Hardenpont.  See  Col- 
mar. 

Colmar  Niell.  Large,  obovate, 
pale  yellow;  buttery,  melting. 
Good.  October. 

Colmar  Souverain.    See  Colmar. 

Colonel  Wilder.  Above  medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  yellow  with 
some  russet,  juicy,  melting, 
sweet.  Early  winter.  Origin, 
Cal. 

Columbia,  p.  541. 

Columbian  Yirgalieu.  See  Co- 
lumbia. 

Cornice,  p.  517. 

Cornice  de  Toulon.  Large,  ob- 
long obovate,  yellow;  juicy, 
melting.  November. 

Commodore.  Medium,  obovate, 
yellow;  buttery,  melting, 


PEARS. 


763 


sweet;  good.  November.  Bel- 
gian. 

Comprette.  Small,  obtuse  pyri- 
form, yellowish-green ;  but- 
tery, rich,  perfumed.  October. 
Flemish. 

Comstock.  Medium,  obovate, 
yellow  and  red;  crisp,  sweet, 
sprightly.  November. 

Comte  de  Flandre,  p.  517. 

Comte  de  Lamy,  p.  527. 

Comte  de  Paris,  p.  517. 

Comte  Lelieur.  Medium,  turbi- 
nate,  yellowish-green  and 
brown;  melting,  sweet,  high- 
flavored.  September.  Bel- 
gian. 

Comtesse  d'Alost.  See  Colmar 
d'Alost. 

Conseiller  de  la  Cour,  p.  517. 

Conseiller  Ranwez.  Large,  ob- 
late, irregular,  green,  rough; 
coarse;  juicy,  perfumed,  vi- 
nous, slightly  astringent.  Oc- 
tober. 

Cooke.  Rather  large,  pyrami- 
dal, irregular,  pale  yellow; 
juicy,  buttery,  rich,  vinous. 
October.  Va. 

Copia.  Large,  yellow;  coarse; 
rich.  October.  Phila. 

Cornelis,  or  Desire"e  Cornelis. 
Large,  obovate  pyriform, 
greenish-yellow;  melting,  but- 
tery, sweet,  perfumed.  Au- 
gust, September. 

Coter,  p.  542. 

Count  Coloma.     See  Urbaniste. 

Countess  of  Lunay,  p.  518. 

Crassane.  Medium,  roundish, 
greenish-yellow ;  juicy,  sweet, 
moderately  pleasant.  Octo- 
ber. 

Crassane     d'Hiver.      Medium, 


half  melting,  high-flavored. 
Winter. 

Crawford.  Medium,  obovate, 
light  yellow;  flesh  buttery, 
sweet,  moderately  pleasant. 
August.  Scotch. 

Crisco.  Medium;  resembles 
Seckel,  of  which  it  is  a  seedling. 
N.  C. 

Croft  Castle.  Medium,  round- 
ish, greenish-yellow ;  juicy, 
crisp,  sweet.  October.  English. 

Cross,  p.  544. 

Cumberland.  Rather  large, 
obovate,  orange  yellow;  but- 
tery, moderately  juicy.  Octo- 
ber. R.  I. 

Gushing,  p.  527. 

Dallas,  p.  527. 

Dana's  Hovey,  p.  542. 

Davis.  Small,  roundish,  varia- 
ble, russeted;  buttery,  gritty 
at  core ;  vinous ;  good.  Octo- 
ber. Pa. 

Dean's.    See  White  Doyenne*. 

Dearborn's  Seedling,  p.  513. 

De  Bavay.  Rather  large,  pyri- 
form, yellow;  juicy,  melting, 
vinous.  October.  Belgian. 

Defais,  p.  528. 

Delices  de  Charles.  Medium, 
pyramidal,  yellowish-green; 
juicy,  melting,  vinous — like 
Brown  Beurre*.  December. 
Belgian. 

Delices  d'Hardenpont  of  Angers, 
p.  528. 

Delices  d'Hardenpont  of  Bel- 
gium. Large,  conic  pyriform, 
greenish- yellow,  rough ;  but- 
tery, melting,  juicy,  sweet, 
rich,  aromatic.  November, 
December.  Belgian. 


764     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Delices  de  Jodoigne.  Rather 
large,  yellowish-green ;  half 
melting,  rich,  very  good.  Oc- 
tober. 

Delices  Van  Mons.  See  Vicomte 
de  Spoelberch. 

De  Louvain.  Medium,  obovate 
pyriform,  light  yellow;  but- 
tery, melting,  rich,  perfumed, 
excellent.  October.  Belgian. 

Democrat.  Medium,  greenish- 
yellow.  Late  August.  A 
strong  grower.  Pa. 

Des  Nonnes,  p.  534. 

De  Sorlus.  Large,  ovate,  pyri- 
form, light  green  becoming 
yellow;  juicy;  melting,  pleas- 
ant, deficient  in  flavor.  Early 
Winter. 

De  Spoelberg.  See  Vicomte  de 
Spoelberch. 

De  Tongres,  p.  518. 

Deux  Soeurs.  Large,  long  pyri- 
form, green;  juicy,  coarse, 
with  an  almond  flavor.  No- 
vember. Belgian. 

Diel,  p.  518. 

Diel's  Butter,    See  Diel. 

Dikeman.  Medium,  oblate,  yel- 
low; juicy,  melting,  rich,  vi- 
nous, perfumed.  October. 
Conn. 

Dillen,  p.  528. 

Diller.  Rather  small,  round, 
yellowish;  granular;  juicy, 
sweet,  perfumed.  Early  Sep- 
tember. 

Directeur  Alphande.  Very 
large,  greenish-yellow,  russet 
dots;  flesh  fine-grained, 
sugary,  rich.  Ripens  in  late 
winter. 

Dix,  p.  518. 

Docteur    Bouvier.     Large,    long 


pyriform,  light  green,  a  little 
russet;  juicy,  half  melting, 
agreeable,  vinous.  February. 
Belgian. 

Docteur  Capron.  Medium,  obo- 
vate, greenish-yellow,  partly 
russeted ;  melting,  pleasant, 
sprightly.  October.  Belgian. 

Docteur  Lentier.  Medium,  pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ;  but- 
tery, juicy,  perfumed,  good. 
November. 

Docteur  Trousseau.  Large,  obo- 
vate, green  dotted  red ;  but- 
tery, juicy,  rich.  November, 
December.  Belgian. 

Doctor  Reeder.  Small,  round- 
ish-ovate, yellow,  netted  with 
russet;  melting,  buttery,  sug- 
ary, perfumed.  Very  good. 
November.  Good  bearer. 

Seneca  County,  N.  Y. 

Double  Philippe.    See  Boussock. 

Douillard.  Rather  large,  tur- 
binate;  juicy,  melting,  per- 
fumed. Very  good. 

Dow.  Medium,  obovate,  pyri- 
form or  conic,  yellowish-green, 
rough,  partly  russeted;  juicy, 
melting,  vinous,  sometimes  as- 
tringent. September,  October. 
Conn. 

Dowlin.    See  Uwchlan. 

Downing,  p.  528. 

Doyenne*  d'  Hiver.  See  Easter 
Beurre". 

Doyenne"  d'Ete*.  See  Summer  Do- 
yenne. 

Doyenne"  Rouge.  See  Gray 
Doyenne". 

Due  d'Aumale.  See  Gedeon 
Paridant. 

Due  de  Bordeaux.    See  Dumas. 

Due  de  Brabant,  p.  519. 


PEARS. 


765 


Duchesse.    See  Angouleme. 

Duchesse  d'Alost.  See  Colmar 
d'Alost. 

Duchesse  de  Berri  d'6te*,  p.  515. 

Duchesse  d'Orleans,  p.  519. 

Duchesse  Helene^  p.  528. 

Duhamel  du  Monceau.  Large, 
long  pyriform,  light  yellow, 
partly  russeted ;  flesh  melting, 
juicy,  excellent.  Early  winter. 
French. 

Duhaume.  Medium,  oblate, 
rough,  with  some  russet; 
coarse;  buttery,  melting,  vi- 
nous. Winter. 

Dumas,  p.  519. 

Dumortier,  p.  528. 

Dundas,  p.  528. 

Dunmore,  p.  528. 

Dupuy  Charles.  Medium,  conic 
pyriform,  yellow,  rough,  rus- 
seted; melting,  juicy,  rich, 
good.  November.  Belgian. 

Durandeau.    See  De  Tongres. 

Duval,  p.  519. 

Early  Catharine.  See  Early 
Rousselet. 

Early  Rousselet.  Rather  small, 
pyriform,  yellow  and  brown- 
ish-red; sweet,  pleasant,  per- 
fumed; rots  at  core.  August. 

Easter  Beurre*,  p.  542. 

Eastern  Belle.  Medium,  obovate 
pyriform,  yellow,  some  russet; 
sweet,  rich,  musky;  very  good. 
September.  Maine. 

Eastnor  Castle.  Medium,  round- 
ish, green;  juicy,  melting.  De- 
cember. 

Echassery.  Medium,  roundish- 
oval,  greenish- yellow ;  melt- 
ing, buttery,  sweet.  Winter. 
French. 


Edmonds,  p.  528. 

Edwards.  Medium,  round,  yel- 
low; granular— baking.  Conn. 

Edwards'  Henrietta,  p.  454. 

Elberg.  Large,  obtuse  pyri- 
form, pale  yellow;  rather 
coarse,  juicy,  sweet,  perfumed. 
November.  Belgian. 

Elizabeth,  Edwards'.  Medium, 
obtuse  pyriform,  angular, 
greenish-yellow ;  buttery,  sub- 
acid;  good.  October.  Conn. 

Elizabeth,  Manning's,  p.  455. 

Ellis.  Rather  large,  pyriform, 
yellowish-green ;  juicy,  melt- 
ing, vinous.  Early  October. 
Mass. 

Emerald.  Medium,  obovate, 
green;  melting,  buttery, 
sweet.  December.  Belgian. 

Emile  Bivort.  Medium,  conic 
oblate,  orange  yellow  and  rus- 
set; juicy,  rich,  vinous.  No- 
vember. 

Emile  d'Heyst,  p.  519. 

Enfant  Prodigue.  Rather  small, 
pyriform,  green,  rough,  rus- 
seted ;  granular,  juicy,  vinous, 
perfumed.  October.  Belgian. 

English  Bergamot.  See  Autumn 
Bergamot. 

Epine  d'Ete*.  (Summer  Thorn.) 
Medium,  pyriform,  greenish- 
yellow;  melting,  sweet, 
musky.  Early  September. 

Episcopal.    See  Fortune"e. 

Esperen.  Large,  long  pyriform, 
dull  yellow  and  russet;  juicy, 
vinous.  October.  Belgian. 

Esperione.  Medium,  obovate, 
slightly  pyriform,  yellow; 
juicy,  melting,  perfumed. 
September. 

Eugene  Appert.    Medium,  round- 


766      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND   INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


ish,  rough,  brownish-yellow ; 
melting,  sweet,  perfumed,  ex- 
cellent. 

Excellentissima.  See  Due  de 
Brabant. 

Eyewood.  Medium,  oblate,  dull 
yellow  with  some  russet ;  but- 
tery, good.  English. 

Feaster.    See  Bleeker's  Meadow. 

Ferdinand  de  Meester.  See 
Rousselet  de  Meester. 

Figue,  p.  519. 

Figue  d'Alen9on,  p.  519. 

Figue  de  Naples,  p.  528. 

Fine  Gold  of  Summer.  Small, 
roundish,  yellow  with  a  red 
cheek;  juicy,  good,  not  rich, 
August. 

Fin  Or  d'Hiver.  See  Franc  Real 
d'Hiver. 

Fitzwater.  Medium,  yellow, 
red  cheek;  flesh  juicy,  melting. 
December. 

Flemish  Beauty,  p.  529. 

Fleur  de  Neige.  (Snow  Flower.) 
Rather  large,  conic  pyriform, 
yellowish-green;  granular; 
sweet,  high-flavored.  Octo- 
ber. Belgian. 

Florimond  Parent.  Very  large, 
pyramidal  pyriform,  tapering 
to  crown,  green  becoming  deep 
yellow;  coarse;  melting,  rich, 
perfumed.  September.  Bel- 
gian. 

Fondante  Agre*able.  Medium, 
roundish-obovate,  yellowish- 
green;  juicy,  melting,  refresh- 
ing. August. 

Fondante  d'Automne.  See 
Belle  Lucrative. 

Fondante  de  Malines,  p.  529. 

Fondante  de  Noel,  p.  538. 


Fondante  des  Charneuse.  See 
Due  de  Brabant. 

Fondante  des  Pres.  Medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  yellow; 
melting,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic. 
October.  Belgian. 

Fondante  du  Cornice.  Large 
pyramidal  (small  specimens 
obovate),  yellow;  buttery, 
juicy,  rich,  vinous.  October, 
November.  French. 

Fondante  Van  Mons.  Rather 
small,  roundish,  pale  yellow; 
juicy,  melting,  sweet,  agreea- 
ble. November. 

Fontenay.  See  Beurre"  Gris 
d'Hiver. 

Fontenay  Jalousie.  See  Jalousie 
de  Fontenay  Vendee. 

Foote's  Seckel.  Small,  obovate, 
yellow  and  brownish-red,  and 
russet;  juicy,  melting,  vinous; 
very  good.  September.  Mass. 

Forelle,  p.  519. 

Forme  de  Delices.  Medium, 
obovate,  yellowish,  rough ; 
buttery,  rather  dry,  sweet. 
October.  Flemish. 

Fortune"e.  Rather  small,  round- 
ish, russeted;  juicy,  sprightly 
— cooking.  Winter. 

Foster's  St.  Michael.  Medium, 
roundish-ovate,  yellow; 
coarse ;  astringent.  September. 

Fougiere.  Medium,  obovate, 
greenish-yellow;  granular, 
sweet;  good.  October. 

Franc  Real  d'Ete".  See  Summer 
Franc  Real. 

Franc  Real  d'Hiver.  Medium, 
roundish,  yellow  and  brown; 
crisp — cooking..  Winter. 

Frankford.  See  Bleeker's  Mea- 
dow. 


PEARS. 


767 


Frederick  Clapp,  p.  529. 

Frederick  of  Wurtemburg. 
Large,  broad  pyriform,  yellow 
with  crimson  cheek ;  juicy,  melt- 
ing; varying  from  excellent  to 
worthless.  September.  Bel- 
gian. 

Frederika  Bremer.  Rather 
large,  varying  from  roundish  to 
pyriform,  greenish-yellow ;  melt- 
ing, vinous.  October.  N.  Y. 

Fulton,  p.  535. 

Gansel's  Bergamot,  p.  535. 

Gansel's  Late  Bergamotte. 
Roundish,  greenish,  rough; 
granular;  juicy,  sugary,  per- 
fumed. December. 

Gansel's  Seckel.  Rather  small, 
oblate,  yellow,  rough,  with  rus- 
set ;  coarse ;  buttery,  melting, 
rich,  aromatic.  November. 

Garber.  Large,  irregular  ob- 
late, russet  brown. 

Gamier.  Pyriform,  handsome ; 
breaking,  juicy,  rich.  Late 
winter. 

Gedeon  Paridant.  Medium,  ob- 
tuse pyriform,  greenish-yel- 
low; juicy,  melting,  brisk,  ex- 
cellent. September.  Belgian. 

Gendesheim.  Large,  obtuse,  pyr- 
iform, greenish-yellow;  of  mod- 
erate quality.  October,  No- 
vember. Flemish. 

General  Bosquet.  Large,  pyri- 
form, green;  melting;  very 
good.  September. 

General  Canrobert.  Medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  yellow. 
January.  French. 

General  de  Lourmel.  Medium, 
obovate,  greenish;  juicy,  melt- 
ing. November. 


General  Lamoriciere.  Medium, 
ovate,  greenish-yellow  and 
russet;  flesh  juicy,  melting, 
rich,  brisk,  perfumed,  some- 
times astringent.  October. 

General  Taylor.  Rather  small, 
turbinate,  cinnamon  russet ; 
granular,  buttery,  melting, 
aromatic;  very  rich,  excellent. 
November. 

General  Totleben.  Rather  large, 
pyriform,  greenish-yellow, 
netted  with  russet ;  juicy  and 
melting;  very  good.  October. 

Gens.  Medium,  conic  obovate, 
greenish,  rough;  sugary,  rich; 
excellent.  September. 

Gerardin.  Medium,  roundish, 
irregular,  yellow  with  russet; 
granular,  astringent.  Sep- 
tember. 

Giffard,  p.  511. 

Gilogil.  Large,  roundish,  rus- 
seted ;  crisp— cooMng.  Win- 
ter. French. 

Glout  Morceau,  p.  539. 

Golden  Beurre"  of  Bilboa,  p. 
529. 

Goodale.  Large,  pyriform 
(short  Bartlett-shaped),  hand- 
some; very  good.  Tree  vig- 
orous, hardy,  productive— 
from  seed  of  the  McLaughlin, 
Maine.  S.  L.  Goodale. 

Goubalt,  p.  535. 

Goubalt  (Winter),  p.  539. 

Gore's  Heathcot.    See  Heathcot. 

Grand  Soleil,  p.  542. 

Graslin,  p.  520. 

Gray  Butter  Pear.  See  Gray 
Doyenne". 

Gray  Doyenne*,  p.  529. 

Gray  Winter  Beurre*.  See  Gris 
d'Hiver. 


768     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Great  Citron  of  Bohemia.  Small, 
oblong,  yellow ;  coarse,  of  lit- 
tle flavor.  September. 

Green  Chisel.  An  erroneous 
name  for  Madeleine ;  also  the 
name  of  a  small,  roundish, 
green  summer  pear,  of  a  sweet 
but  poor  flavor. 

Green  Mountain  Boy.  Medium, 
round,  obovate  or  pyriform, 
rich,  yellow;  melting,  juicy, 
sweet;  good.  October. 

Green  Sugar.  Rather  small,  ob- 
late turbinate,  green;  juicy, 
melting,  pleasant.  October. 

Green  Sylvange.     See  Sylvange. 

Green  Yair.  Medium,  obovate, 
green;  juicy,  of  moderate 
flavor.  September. 

Gris.    See  Brown  Beurre". 

Gris  d'Hiver,  p.  543. 

Groom's  Princess  Royal.  Me- 
dium, roundish,  greenish- 
brown;  buttery,  melting, 
sweet,  high-flavored.  Winter. 
English. 

Gros  Dillen.    See  Diel. 

Gros  Rousselet  d'Aout.  Me- 
dium, pyriform,  yellow;  melt- 
ing, juicy,  vinous,  perfumed. 
August.  Belgian. 

Grosse  Calebasse  of  Langelier. 
See  Van  Marum. 

Grosse  Marie,  or  Conseiller  de  la 
Cour.  See  Mare*chal  de  la 
Cour. 

Guernsey.    See  Stevens'  Genesee. 

Gustin's  Summer.  Small,  round- 
ish, yellow;  sweet,  with  little 
flavor.  September. 

Hacon's  Incomparable.  Rather 
large,  roundish-turbinate,  yel- 
lowish-green and  brown,  partly 


russeted;  buttery,  melting, 
vinous.  October.  English. 

Haddington.  Rather  large,  ob- 
ovate pyriform,  greenish-yel- 
low; crisp,  aromatic — baking. 
Winter.  Phila. 

Hagerman,  or  Hegeman,  p. 
530. 

Hagerston.    See  Limon. 

Hamecher.  Medium,  long  oval, 
slightly  pyriform ;  melting, 
rich;  excellent.  October,  No- 
vember. Belgian. 

Hanners,  p.  530. 

Hanover.  Small,  roundish- 
obovate,  green ;  melting,  juicy, 
pleasant.  October.  N.  J. 

Hardenpont.  See  Glout  Mor- 
ceau. 

Hardy,  p.  530. 

Harrison's  Large  Fall.  Large, 
yellow — valued  only  for  bak- 
ing. 

Harvard,  p.  520. 

Hawes'  Winter.  Larger,  round- 
ish, dull  yellow ;  coarse ;  juicy, 
rich,  vinous.  December.  Va. 

Hazel.    See  Hessel. 

Heathcot,  p.  530. 

Helene  d'Orleans,  p.  469. 

He'lene  Gre*goire.  Medium,  pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ;  juicy, 
melting,  sweet ;  very  good.  Oc- 
tober. Belgian. 

Henkel,  p.  530. 

Henrietta,  p.  513. 

Henri  Bivort.  Large,  Doyenne*- 
form,  greenish-yellow  and 
brown ;  melting,  buttery,  juicy, 
sweet,  perfumed.  September. 
Belgian. 

Henri  Quatre.    See  Henry  IV. 

Henri  Van  Mons.  Medium,  pyri- 
form (nearly  Tyson-shaped), 


PEARS. 


769 


yellowish  with  a  blush;  buttery, 
vinous,  perfumed,  agreeable. 
October. 

Henry  IV.,  p.  530. 

Heri.  Medium,  roundish,  green- 
ish-yellow with  a  blush;  juicy, 
tender,  with  an  anise-like 
flavor.  Autumn  and  winter. 

Hericart,  p.  530. 

Hericart  de  Thury.  Large,  pyri- 
form  (Bosc-shaped),  rough, 
light  brown;  buttery,  rich. 
January.  Belgian. 

Hessel.  Small,  obovate,  yellow- 
ish-green— of  little  value.  Sep- 
tember. Scotch. 

Holland  Bergamot.  Rather 
large,  roundish,  greenish-yel- 
low, partly  russeted;  crisp, 
very  juicy,  sprightly,  agreea- 
ble. Keeps  till  spring. 

Hooper's  Bilboa.  See  Golden 
Beurr£  of  Bilboa. 

Hoosic.  Large,  obovate ;  green- 
ish-yellow, russeted ;  flesh  but- 
tery, juicy,  spicy,  good.  Tree 
erect,  vigorous,  prolific.  Oct. 

Hosenshenck.    See  Moore's. 

Hovey.  Medium,  pyriform,  yel- 
low; melting,  juicy,  rich,  vi- 
nous. French. 

Howell,  p.  530. 

Huguenot.  Medium,  roundish, 
pale  yellow,  dotted  red ;  break- 
ing, sweet,  rather  dry.  Octo- 
ber. Mass. 

Hull,  p.  531. 

Huntington,  p.  535. 

Hunt's  Connecticut.  Medium, 
oblate,  yellowish-green; 
coarse,  sweet,  dry— culinary. 

Huyshe's  Prince  Consort.  Me- 
dium, pyriform,  greenish-yel- 
low; buttery,  a  little  coarse, 
49 


half  melting;  very  good.    No- 
vember.   English.     New. 

Idaho,  p.  536. 

Imperatrice  de  France.  See  Flem- 
ish Beauty. 

Inconnue  Van  Mons,  p.  539. 

Indian  Queen.  Rather  large, 
long  pyriform,  greenish-yellow, 
a  brown  cheek ;  a  little  coarse ; 
half  melting,  sweet,  not  rich, 
soft.  A  market  sort.  Septem- 
ber. Maine. 

Ives'  Bergamot.  Rather  small, 
roundish,  greenish-yellow ; 
juicy,  melting,  aromatic. 
Early  September.  Conn. 

Ives'  Pear.  Small,  turbinate,  ir- 
regular, greenish  and  brown- 
ish-red; juicy,  melting;  good. 
Early  September.  Conn. 

Ives'  Seedling.  Rather  small, 
round,  greenish-yellow  and 
crimson ;  granular ;  juicy,  melt- 
ing, perfumed.  Early  Septem- 
ber. Conn. 

Ives'  Virgalieu.  Small,  pyriform, 
greenish  and  dull  crimson; 
granular;  melting,  vinous,  re- 
freshing. October.  Conn. 

Ives'  Winter.  Medium,  short 
pyriform,  yellowish,  russeted ; 
coarse.  December.  Conn. 

Jackman's  Melting.  See  King 
Edwards. 

Jackson.  Medium,  oblate  ap- 
proaching turbinate,  greenish- 
yellow  and  russet;  juicy, 
brisk,  vinous.  September. 
N.  H. 

Jalousie.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish-obovate,  slightly  pyriform, 
russeted ;  coarse ;  sweet,  defi- 


77°     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


cient  in  flavor.  Handsome  and 
worthless.  September. 

Jalousie  de  Fontenay  Vendee,  p. 
531. 

Jaminette,  p.  539. 

Japan  Golden  Russet.  (Taihe, 
Canner's  Japan.)  Medium, 
russeted  yellow.  Worthless 
for  fruit,  but  tree  very  orna- 
mental. 

Jargonelle,  English,  or  Epargne. 
Rather  large,  long  pyriform, 
acute,  greenish-yellow  and  dull 
brown ;  flesh  rather  coarse ; 
juicy,  pleasant,  refreshing,  sub- 
acid.  Three  weeks  earlier  'than 
Bartlett.  French  origin. 

Jargonelle,  French.  Medium, 
obovate,  greenish-yellow,  with 
a  red  cheek;  breaking,  sweet; 
rots  at  core.  Handsome,  but 
poor.  Early  August. 

Jean  de  Witte,  p.  543. 

Jersey  Gratioli.  Medium,  conic 
oblate,  greenish,  rough,  partly 
russeted ;  juicy,  brisk,  vinous. 
September. 

Joanette.    See  Amir£  Joannet. 

Johonnot,  p.  531. 

Jones'  Seedling,  p.  543. 

Josephine.    See  Jaminette. 

Josephine  de  Malines,  p.  544. 

Jules  Bivort,  p.  531. 

Julienne,  p.  511. 

July  Pear.    See  Sugar  Top. 


Keiffer,  p.  543. 

Kennes,  p.  520. 

Kenrick.  Medium,  greenish- 
yellow;  juicy,  buttery,  sweet. 
September.  Flemish. 

King  Edwards.  Large,  pyri- 
form, yellow  with  a  red  cheek ; 


buttery,  sometimes  good.     Oc- 
tober. 

King's  Seedling.  Medium,  ob- 
late, yellowish-green,  rough ; 
granular ;  juicy,  aromatic,  per- 
fumed. October. 

Kingsessing,  p.  531. 

Kirtland,  or  Kirtland's  Seckel,  p. 
531. 

Knight's  Monarch.  Large,  obo- 
vate, yellowish-brown.  Does 
not  ripen  in  the  Northern 
States.  Winter.  English. 

Knight's  Seedling.  Medium,  ob- 
late, turbinate,  rough,  yellow- 
ish-green; juicy,  sweet.  Octo- 
ber. R.  I. 

Knox.  Large,  oblong  obovate, 
pale  green;  juicy,  sweet,  not 
rich.  September.  Flemish. 

Koning.  Medium  or  large, 
roundish- oblate,  yellowish- 
green  and  russet;  juicy,  melt- 
ing, vinous,  delicate.  October. 
Belgian. 

Koonce.  Medium,  obovate  pyri- 
form; golden  yellow  with  red 
cheek;  flesh  juicy,  sweet.  111. 

Kossuth.  Large,  variable,  tur- 
binate, yellowish-green ;  but- 
tery, very  juicy;  faintly  sub- 
acid,  very  good.  September, 
October.  French. 

Krull.  Medium,  lemon  yellow 
with  bloom;  skin  thick;  flesh 
melting,  and  juicy  when  ripe, 
sweet.  Late  keeper. 

La  Herard.  Rather  large,  pyri- 
form, pale  yellow  and  brown; 
melting,  juicy,  sub-acid,  pleas- 
ant ;  very  good.  October.  Bel- 
gian. 

La  Juive.      Medium,    turbinate, 


PEAKS. 


green  and  brown;  melting, 
juicy,  rich,  perfumed.  No- 
vember. Belgian. 

La  Motte.  Medium,  roundish, 
light  green,  strongly  dotted ; 
flesh  fine  grained,  buttery, 
mild,  pleasant. 

Langeleir,  p.  539. 

Las  Canas,  p.  539. 

Latch.    See  Philadelphia. 

Laure  de  Glymes,  p.  531. 

Lawrence,  p.  539. 

Lawson.  (Comet.)  Medium  to 
large,  crimson  or  yellow;  flesh 
crisp  and  juicy.  Early  sum- 
mer. Comes  in  bearing  at  8 
or  10  years.  Valuable  South. 

Lebanon.    See  Pinneo. 

Le  Conte.  Large,  yellow,  mod- 
erate in  quality;  exceedingly 
productive,  vigorous  and  prof- 
itable at  the  South;  of  no 
value  North.  Mid-summer. 

Le  Cure*.     See  Vicar  of  Winkfield. 

Leech's  Kingsessing.  See  King- 
sessing. 

Lee's  Seckel.  Medium  or  rather 
large,  obovate,  rich  russet ; 
buttery,  rich,  perfumed,  excel- 
lent. September. 

Leon  le  Clerc.  Rather  large, 
obovate,  greenish-yellow,  rus- 
set at  the  end;  flesh  crisp, 
firm,  of  moderate  quality — 
cooking.  Winter. 

Leopold  First.  Large,  turbi- 
nate,  pyriform,  green;  melt- 
ing, sweet,  perfumed.  Decem- 
ber. Belgian. 

Lewis,  p.  544. 

Liberale.  Rather  large,  long 
pyriform,  greenish-yellow, 
partly  russeted;  juicy,  sweet, 
rich,  aromatic.  October. 


Lieutenant  Poitevin.  Large, 
greenish-yellow ;  juicy,  half 
melting.  Late  winter. 
French. 

Limon,  p.  513. 

Lincoln  Coreless.  Large,  pyri- 
form, yellow.  Late  winter. 

Linden  d'Automne.  See  Glout 
Morceau. 

Little  Muscat.  Quite  small,  tur- 
binate,  yellow  with  brownish 
cheek;  breaking,  sweet, 
slightly  musky.  Middle  of 
July.  French.  Tolerably 
good. 

Little  Musk,  or  Primitive.  See 
Little  Muscat. 

Locke's  Beurre".  Medium, 
roundish,  obovate,  dull  green; 
juicy,  vinous.  November. 
Mass. 

Lodge,  p.  520. 

Long  Green,  p.  520. 

Long  Green  of  Autumn,  p.  521. 

Louis  Dupont.  Medium,  obo- 
vate, green  becoming  yellow; 
melting,  juicy,  sweet,  per- 
fumed. October. 

Louise  Bonne,  p.  521. 

Louise  Bonne  d'Avranches.  See 
Louise  Bonne. 

Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey.  See 
Louis  Bonne. 

Louise  d'Orleans.  See  Urba- 
niste. 

Lucy  Duke.  Large,  pyriform, 
russet,  rough  surface;  flesh 
buttery,  juicy,  sweet.  Octo- 
ber. 

Lycurgus,  p.  539. 

Lyon,  p.  531. 

Mabille.    See  Beurre*  Diel. 
Madame  Ducar.     Medium,   oval, 


772      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


green  becoming  yellow;  very 
juicy,  rich,  perfumed.  Au- 
gust. Belgian. 

Madame  Eliza,  p.  521. 

Madame  Henry  Desportes.  Me- 
dium, yellow,  melting,  juicy. 
Mid-autumn. 

Madame  Millet.  Medium,  obo- 
vate,  rich  russet ;  half  melting, 
rich,  perfumed,  agreeable. 
March.  French. 

Madame  Treyve.  Medium,  obo- 
vate,  pale  greenish-yellow ; 
flesh  greenish- white,  juicy, 
melting,  and  rich;  very  good. 
Last  of  August.  Great  bearer. 
French. 

Madeleine,  or  Magdalen,  p.  511. 

Madotte.    See  Amadotte. 

Malconnaitre  d'Haspin.  Large, 
roundish-obovate,  dull  yellow, 
with  a  brown  cheek;  juicy, 
rich,  melting,  sub-acid,  per- 
fumed. October. 

Malines.    See  Winter  Nelis. 

Manning's  Elizabeth,  p.   514. 

Mansuette.  Large,  short  pyri- 
form,  greenish-yellow ;  juicy,  as- 
tringent—baking. September. 

March  Bergamotte.  Rather 
small,  green,  partly  russeted ; 
coarse,  flavor  moderate.  Eng- 
lish. 

Mare*chal  de  la  Cour.  See  Con- 
seiller  de  la  Cour. 

Mare*chal  Dillen.  Large,  some- 
what obovate,  very  irregular, 
pale  green;  buttery,  juicy, 
rich.  November.  Belgian. 

Mare*chal  Pelissier.  Medium, 
ovate,  yellow  and  red.  Late 
September.  French. 

Margaret.    See  Petit  Marguerite. 

Marianne  de  Nancy.    Large,  pyr- 


iform,  yellowish-green,  thickly 
dotted;  coarse,  juicy,  often 
poor. 

Marie  Louise,  p.  521. 

Marie  Louise  Nova.  Rather 
large,  pyriform,  yellow,  with 
a  brown  cheek;  melting; 
sometimes  good,  quickly  de- 
cays. September.  Belgian. 

Marie  Parent.  Large,  pyriform, 
rich  yellow;  juicy,  rich,  per- 
fumed; very  good.  October. 
Belgian. 

Mars.  Rather  small,  roundish- 
obovate,  dull  yellow  with  rus- 
set; melting,  juicy,  perfumed. 
October.  French. 

Martha  Ann,  or  Dana's  No.  1. 
Medium,  long  obovate,  yellow; 
juicy,  sub-acid,  pleasant.  No- 
vember. Mass. 

Martin  Sec.  Small,  somewhat 
pyriform,  deep  yellow,  russet 
and  crimson;  granular,  half 
breaking,  agreeable— cooking. 
December. 

Mather.  Rather  small,  obovate, 
russeted  and  reddish;  buttery, 
pleasant.  August.  Pa. 

Mauxion.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  yellow  and  thin  russet ; 
melting,  sugary,  aromatic,  and 
perfumed ;  very  good.  Sep- 
tember. 

Maynard.  Medium,  obovate 
pyriform,  yellow  with  a  red 
cheek;  juicy,  rich.  Late  July. 

McLaughlin,  p.  540. 

McVean.  Large,  obovate  pyri- 
form, yellow;  juicy,  astrin- 
gent. October.  Monroe  Co., 
N.  Y. 

Meil  de  Waterloo.  See  Due  de 
Brabant. 


PEARS. 


Melting  Bonchre'tiert.  See  Bon 
Chretien  Fondante. 

Merriam,  p.  536. 

Messire  Jean.  Medium,  turbi- 
nate,  yellow  and  russet; 
gritty;  juicy,  breaking,  sweet. 
November.  French. 

Michaux.  Medium,  round,  yel- 
lowish-green; sweet,  of  mod- 
erate quality.  Early  October. 

Miel  de  Waterloo.  See  Due  de 
Brabant. 

Mignonne  d'Hiver.  Medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  rough,  rus- 
set; granular,  rich,  brisk,  as- 
tringent. November.  Bel- 
gian. 

Miller's  Early.  See  Summer 
Portugal. 

Millet  of  Angers.  Medium, 
conic,  angular,  greenish-yellow 
and  brown  russet;  buttery, 
very  juicy,  vinous,  sometimes 
astringent.  December. 

Millot  de  Nancy,  p.  521. 

Mitchell's  Russet.  Rather  small, 
inclining  to  conic  obovate, 
dark  russet,  rough;  melting, 
rich,  perfumed.  November. 
111. 

Moccas.  Medium,  obovate, 
green;  juicy,  not  rich.  De- 
cember. 

Moire,  p.  521. 

Mollett's  Guernsey.  Medium, 
oval  pyriform,  yellowish- 
green,  somewhat  russeted ; 
melting,  rich,  buttery,  vinous. 
December.  English. 

Monseigneur  Affre.  Medium, 
roundish,  rough  greenish-rus- 
set; granular;  rich,  perfumed. 
November. 

Mouseigneur  des  Hons.     Rather 


small,  pyriform,  greenish-yel- 
low with  some  russet ;  buttery 
and  melting,  sweet,  good,  of 
moderate  quality.  August. 
French. 

Monsieur  le  Curd.  See  Vicar  of 
Winkfield. 

Montgeron,  or  New  Frederick  of 
Wurtemburg.  Medium,  pyri- 
form, yellow  and  orange; 
melting,  half  buttery,  rich, 
perfumed.  Late  September. 

Montigny.  See  Countess  of 
Lunay. 

Moore's,  p.  532. 

Moore's  Pound.    See  Moore's. 

Moor-fowl  Egg.  An  incorrect 
name  for  Swan's  Egg. 

Morgan.  Large,  oblate,  green- 
ish-yellow; flesh  white,  a  little 
gritty;  sweet,  juicy,  vinous. 
October.  N.  C. 

Mount  Yernon,  p.  532. 

Moyamensing,  p.  514. 

Muscadine,  p.  514. 

Mulky.    See  Idaho. 

Muscat  Petit.     See  Little  Musk. 

Muscat  Robert.  Rather  small, 
greenish-yellow ;  juicy,  pleasant. 
Late  July. 

Musk  Summer  Bon  Chretien. 
See  Summer  Bon  Chretien. 

Muskingum,  p.  515. 

Musque.    See  Montigny. 

Nabours.  Rather  large,  green- 
ish-yellow; juicy,  buttery, 
sweet.  Strong  grower.  Ga. 

Nantais,  p.  521. 

Nantes.    See  Nantais. 

Napoleon,  p.  521. 

Naumkeag.  Medium,  roundish, 
yellow  russet;  melting,  astrin- 
gent. October.  Mass. 


774     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Navey,  p.  526. 

Negley.  Rather  large,  obovate 
pyriform,  yellow  and  bright 
crimson,  fair  and  handsome ; 
firm;  juicy,  rich.  September. 
Pittsburg,  Pa.  New. 

Ne  Plus  Meuris.  Rather  small, 
roundish,  irregular,  dull  yel- 
lowish-brown, partly  russeted; 
agreeable.  Winter.  Belgian. 

Newtown  Virgalieu.  An  early 
winter  baking-pear.  L.  I. 

Nickerson.  Rather  large,  resem- 
bling Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey ; 
very  good.  Tree  vigorous, 
hardy,  productive.  S.  L.  Good- 
ale.  Me.  New. 

Niell.  Large,  obovate,  slightly 
pyriform,  pale  yellow;  juicy, 
sweet,  agreeable.  Late  Sep- 
tember. Belgian. 

Noisette.  Medium,  obovate,  yel- 
low, dotted  brown;  melting, 
sprightly;  very  good.  For- 
eign. 

Nouveau  Poiteau,  p.  522. 

Oliver's  Russet.  Rather  small, 
roundish,  yellow  and  rich 
brown  russet,  rough;  coarse, 
flavor  moderate.  Late  Sep- 
tember. 

Omer  Pacha,  p.   532. 

Onondaga,  p.  522. 

Ontario,  p.  522. 

Orange  Bergamot.  Medium, 
broad  turbinate,  yellow, 
rough ;  firm ;  acid— baking. 
September. 

Orleans.    See  Duchesse  d'Orleans. 

Orpheline  Colmar.  Large,  pyri- 
form, green  becoming  yellow- 
ish, with  some  russet ;  melting, 
juicy,  sweet,  perfumed;  hand- 


some and  very  good.  October. 
Belgian. 

Osband,  p.  514. 

Osborne.  Medium,  short  pyri- 
form, yellowish-green ;  juicy, 
brisk.  September.  Indiana. 

Oswego  Beurre",  p.  532. 

Oswego  Incomparable.  -Very 
large,  obovate  pyriform,  taper- 
ing to  crown,  yellow;  coarse; 
pleasant,  of  moderate  quality. 
September. 

Ott,  p.  514. 

Oudinot.    See  Andrews. 

Par  dee's  Seedling.  Small,  round- 
ish, greenish-yellow,  much  rus- 
seted; granular;  melting,  vi- 
nous, perfumed.  October. 
Conn. 

Pailleau.  Medium,  turbinate, 
greenish -yellow,  partly  rus- 
seted, rough;  coarse;  juicy, 
sweet.  Early  September.  Bel- 
gian. 

Paquency.    See  Payency. 

Paques.    See  Easter  Beurre*. 

Paradise  d'Automne.  See  Au- 
tumn Paradise. 

Parsonage,  p.  522. 

Passans  du  Portugal.  See  Sum- 
mer Portugal. 

Pater  Noster,  p.  540. 

Paul  Ambre.  Medium,  obovate, 
sometimes  pyriform,  greenish- 
yellow  and  gray  russet;  but- 
tery, melting,  aromatic.  Oc- 
tober. 

Paul  Thielens.  Large,  conic 
obovate,  yellowish ;  melting, 
slightly  coarse,  pleasant.  No> 
vember.  Belgian. 

Payency,  properly  Payenchc,  p. 
523. 


P&ARS. 


775 


P.  Barry.  Long  pyriform,  pale 
greenish-yellow,  juicy,  melting, 
rich.  December.  Origin,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Peach  Pear.  Medium,  conic,  tur- 
binate,  yellow;  melting,  rich, 
vinous.  Late  August.  Belgian. 

Pendleton's  Early  York.  Rather 
small,  obovate,  slightly  pyri- 
,form,  yellow;  melting,  sweet. 
Late  July.  Conn. 

Pengethly.  Medium,  oval,  light 
green,  thickly  dotted;  coarse; 
juicy,  sweet;  good.  February. 
English. 

Pennsylvania.  Medium,  obo- 
vate,  brown  russet  on  dull  yel- 
low; rather  coarse;  half  melt- 
ing; moderately  good.  Late 
September.  Phila. 

Perpetual  (Beurre"  Perpetual.) 
Medium,  yellow,  juicy.  Bears 
two  crops  a  year. 

Petit  Marguerite.  Rather  small, 
short  obovate,  pale  yellow; 
juicy,  melting,  perfumed ;  good. 
August.  French. 

Petit  Roussekt.  See  Rousselet 
de  Rheims. 

Petre",  p.  532. 

Philadelphia,  p.  532. 

Philippe  Delfosse.  Medium  or 
large,  varying  from  oblate  to 
pyriform,  rich  yellow,  shaded 
light  red;  buttery,  melting, 
very  juicy,  rich,  perfumed.  De- 
cember, January.  Belgian. 

Philippe  Goes.  Medium,  tur- 
binate  pyriform,  rough,  rus- 
seted ;  juicy,  sweet,  perfumed ; 
very  good.  November.  Bel- 
gian. 

Pinneo,  p.  514. 

Piquery.    See  Urbaniste. 


Pitmaston  Duchesse.  Large, 
obtuse  pyriform,  uneven,  yel- 
low, with  some  red  and  russet ; 
half  melting,  vinous ;  good. 
October.  English.  New. 

Pitt's  Prolific.  Medium,  oblong 
pyriform,  yellow;  coarse; 
sweet;  rather  poor.  Septem- 
ber. 

Pius  IX.  Large,  conic  oblate, 
somewhat  pyriform,  yellow; 
granular;  rich;  good.  Late 
September.  A  good  market 
pear,  of  moderate  flavor. 

Plombgastel.  See  St.  Michel 
Archange. 

Pocahontas.  Medium,  obovate, 
or  turbinate  pyriform,  yellow; 
melting,  sweet,  musky.  Early 
October.  Mass. 

Poire  d'Abondance.  Rather 
large,  oblong  pyriform.  pale 
.  yellow ;  melting,  juicy,  sweet, 
good.  October. 

Poire  d'Albret  or  Beurre*  d'Al- 
bret.  Medium,  pyramidal, 
rough,  brown  russet;  coarse; 
juicy,  vinous,  rich,  perfumed. 
October. 

Poire  d'Avril.  Large,  roundish- 
conic,  greenish-yellow;  granu- 
lar; juicy,  sweet,  agreeable 
—baking.  November  to  Feb- 
ruary. 

Poire  de  Cadet.  See  Bergamotte 
Cadette. 

Poire  de  Chasseurs.  Medium, 
short  pyriform,  greenish-yel- 
low; juicy,  buttery,  perfumed, 
vinous.  October.  Belgian. 

Poire  de  Lepine.  Small,  oblate, 
yellowish  and  red;  granular; 
melting,  vinous,  perfumed. 
November. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Poire  Guillaume.     See    Bartlett. 

Poire  Neige.  See  White  Doy- 
enne". 

Pope's  Quaker.  Medium,  oblong 
pyriform  with  yellow  russet; 
juicy,  pleasant.  October.  L.  I. 

Pound,  p.  540. 

Pratt,  p.  523. 

Preble,  p.  532. 

Pre"coce.  Large,  pyriform,  green- 
ish becoming  yellow,  melting, 
not  rich.  Early  autumn.  Pro- 
ductive. French. 

President  Mas.  Large,  pyriform, 
orange  yellow  with  russet; 
juicy,  melting  and  sweet. 
Early  winter.  French. 

Prevost.  Medium,  rich  yellow 
with  a  red  cheek ;  sweet,  per- 
fumed. Winter.  Belgian. 

Primitive.    See  Little  Musk. 

Prince  Albert.  Medium,  pyri- 
form, yellowish;  melting,  rich. 
February.  Belgian. 

Prince's  St.  Germain,  p.  544. 

Princess  Charlotte.  Medium, 
short  pyriform,  greenish;  of 
little  value  here.  October.  Bel- 
gian. 

Princess  Maria.  Rather  small, 
pyramidal,  yellow,  mostly  rus- 
seted;  coarse;  sweet,  agreea- 
ble. October.  Belgian. 

Princess  of  Orange.  Medium, 
roundish,  russeted ;  crisp, 
juicy,  astringent.  October. 
Flemish. 

Pulsifer,  p.  512. 


Queen  of  the  Low  Countries,  p. 

523. 
Quenast.      Obovate,     yellowish ; 

juicy,  melting,  sweet,  pleasant. 


Quessoy  (or  Caissoy)  d'Ete". 
Medium,  round  oval,  russeted, 
rough ;  juicy,  half-melting, 
rich,  perfumed.  September. 

Quinnipiac.    See  St.  Ghislain. 

Rallay.  Medium,  short  pyri- 
form, yellow,  thinly  russeted ; 
buttery,  melting;  good.  Win- 
ter. 

Ranee.  Medium,  obtuse  pyri- 
form, dark  green ;  melting, 
sweet,  rich.  Winter.  Fine  in 
Europe — mostly  fails  here  ex- 
cept at  the  South. 

Ranz.    See  Ranee. 

Rapelje.  Medium,  varying  from 
obovate  or  turbinate  to  pyri- 
form, yellowish,  russeted ; 
juicy,  varying  from  a  rich  aro- 
matic to  a  poor  flavor.  Sep- 
tember. L.  I. 

Raymond,  p.  532. 

Read's  Seedling.  See  Oswego 
Beurre*. 

Reading,  p.  540. 

Red  Doyenne".  See  Gray  Doy- 
enne". 

Reeder.    See  Dr.  Puder. 

Reine  Caroline.  Medium,  nar- 
row, pyriform,  yellow  with  a 
red  cheek;  crisp,  dry,  poor. 
November. 

Reliance,  p.  515. 

Retour  de  Rome.  Medium,  ob- 
late, yellowish,  partly  rus- 
seted; granular;  melting,  vi- 
nous. September.  Belgian. 

Richards.  Rather  large,  obo- 
vate, yellow;  granular;  melt- 
ing, vinous.  October.  Dela- 
ware. 

Richardson's  Seedling.  Rather 
large,  obovate,  yellow;  melt- 


ing,  sprightly,  pleasant.  Oc- 
tober. 

Richelieu.  Large,  obtuse  pyri- 
form,  greenish-yellow ;  but- 
tery, sweet,  aromatic,  some- 
times astringent.  December. 

Ridelle's.  Medium,  oblate  tur- 
binate,  yellow  and  bright  red; 
of  moderate  quality.  Septem- 
ber. Belgian. 

Robin,  p.  536. 

Roe's  Bergamotte,  p.  536. 

Remain.  Medium,  '  obovate, 
greenish-yellow ;  juicy,  sweet, 
agreeable.  September,  Octo- 
ber. 

Ropes.  Medium,  obovate,  rus- 
seted;  rich,  perfumed;  good. 
October.  Mass. 

Rosabirne.  Medium,  pyriform, 
greenish,  russeted;  juicy,  vi- 
nous, somewhat  astringent. 
October. 

Rose  Doyenne".  Rather  large, 
obovate,  yellow  and  crimson; 
coarse,  granular;  flavor  poor; 
rots  at  core,  October. 

Rostiezer,  p.  512. 

Rouge.    See  Brown  Beurre*. 

Rousselet  Esperen.  Pyriform, 
turbinate,  yellow ;  juicy,  vin- 
ous, perfumed.  September. 

Rousselet  de  Meester.  Medium, 
roundish,  yellow  with  a  red 
cheek;  coarse,  not  rich.  Octo- 
ber. Belgian. 

Rousselet  de  Rheims.  Small, 
obovate  pyriform,  yellowish- 
green  ;  sweet,  aromatic— rots 
at  core.  Early  Sept.  French. 

Rousselet  Hatif.  See  Early 
Rousselet. 

Rousselet  Stuttgart.  Below  me- 
dium, conic,  greenish  with  a 


brown  cheek;  juicy,  sweet, 
aromatic — rots  at  core.  Late 
August. 

Rousselet  Vanderwecken. 
Small,  roundish  or  obovate, 
yellow;  juicy,  aromatic,  per- 
fumed; very  good.  November. 

Royale.    See  Diel. 

Rutter.  Medium,  round  obo- 
vate, greenish-yellow ;  partly 
melting,  sweet;  very  good. 
October.  West  Chester,  Pa. 

Sabine.    See  Jaminette. 

Salisbury  Seedling.  Short  pyri- 
form, partly  russeted;  coarse; 
rather  poor.  October.  N.  Y. 

Sam  Brown.  Medium,  roundish, 
pale  yellow,  thin  russet;  juicy 
and  melting,  vinous,  rich ;  very 
good.  September.  Md. 

Samoyeau.  Medium,  yellow,  red 
cheek;  buttery,  juicy.  Mid- 
autumn. 

Sand  Pear.  Medium,  roundish- 
pyriform,  yellow,  with  rough 
russet.  September.  Only  valu- 
able for  cooking.  The  Japan 
pear  resembles  the  Sand,  but 
ripens  later,  and  is  a  vigorous 
grower  and  abundant  bearer. 
Fine  for  cooking. 

Sanspareil.  Large,  irregular, 
obscure  pyriform,  yellowish- 
green;  coarse,  juicy,  buttery, 
vinous.  November. 

Scheidweiller.  Medium,  obovate 
pyriform,  dull  green;  buttery, 
sweet,  rich.  October. 

Scotch  Bergamot.  See  Hamp- 
den's  Bergamot. 

Seckel,  p.  532. 

Selleck,  p.  523. 

Seneca,  p.  523. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Serrurier,  p.  533. 

Seutin.  Medium,  oval  pyriform ; 
irregular,  green.  A  late  cook- 
ing-pear. 

Sheldon,  p.  536. 

Shenks.    See  Hosenshenck. 

Shepard,  p.  533. 

Sickel.    A  corruption  of  Seckel. 

Sieulle,  p.  544. 

Simon  Bouvier.  Small,  pyri- 
form, green;  melting,  per- 
fumed. September.  Belgian. 

Six.  Large,  pyriform,  green ; 
buttery,  melting,  rich,  per- 
fumed. November,  December. 

Skinless,  p.  512. 

Smith's  Bordenave.    See  Lodge. 

Snow  Flower.  See  Fleur  de 
Neige. 

Soldat  Laboureur,  p.  523. 

Sophia.  Medium,  long  pyriform, 
lemon  yellow;  buttery,  melt- 
ing, vinous,  rich.  Early  Octo- 
ber. 

Soulange,  p.  523. 

Souvenir  d'Esperen,  p.  524. 

Souvenir  du  Congress.  Very 
large,  long  pyriform;  yellow; 
buttery,  melting,  quality  mod- 
erate. August  and  September. 
French.  New.  Variable,  often 
excellent. 

Souveraine  d'lhe'.  Medium, 
conic  obovate,  light  yellow, 
crimson  dotted;  melting,  rich, 
vinous.  Early  September. 

Souveraine  d'Hiver.  See  Passe 
Colmar. 

Souveraine  de  Printemps.  Me- 
dium, oblate,  ribbed,  yellow; 
granular ;  melting,  vinous, 
somewhat  astringent.  March. 

Spence.  Medium,  short  pyri- 
form, yellow  and  dull  crimson ; 


juicy,  melting,  rich,  vinous. 
September.  Belgian. 

Spice,  or  Musk  Pear.  See  Rous- 
selet  de  Rheims. 

St.  Andre,  p.  533. 

St.  Dennis.  Small,  turbinate, 
ribbed,  yellowish  and  red ; 
sweet,  aromatic.  Late  August. 

St.  Dorothe"e.  Large,  pyriform, 
tapering  to  crown,  greenish- 
yellow;  juicy,  melting,  rich, 
sweet,  perfumed.  October. 

St.  Germain,  p.  540. 

St.  Germain,  Brande's,  p.  541. 

St.  Germain,  Prince's,  p.  544. 

St.  Ghislain,  p.  523. 

St.  Lambert.  See  English  Jar- 
gonelle. 

St.  Menin.  Large,  long,  pyri- 
form, yellowish-green ;  melt- 
ing, juicy;  very  good.  Sep- 
tember. 

St.  Michael.  See  White  Doy- 
enne". 

St.  Michael  Dore".  See  Gray 
Doyenne". 

St.  Michel  Archange,  p.  523. 

St.  Nicholas.     See  Orleans. 

St.  Vincent  de  Paul.  Small,  rus- 
set. January.  French. 

Sterkman's,  p.  524. 

Sterling,  p.  533. 

Steven's  Genesee,  p.  537. 

Stone.  Large,  pyriform,  yellow ; 
buttery,  slightly  astringent. 
August.  Ohio. 

Styer.  Medium,  roundish,  green- 
ish-yellow ;  buttery,  melting, 
very  rich,  perfumed.  Septem- 
ber. Pa. 

Styrian.  Large,  pyriform,  deep 
yellow  with  a  red  cheek ;  crisp, 
rich.  October.  English. 

Sucre"e  de  Hoyerswerda.     Small, 


PEARS. 


779 


obovate,  yellowish-green; 
juicy,  sweet,  sprightly.  Late 
August.  German. 

Sugar  Top.  Medium,  obovate 
turbinate,  yellow;  of  rather 
dry,  sweet  flavor ;  moderate  or 
poor.  Late  July. 

Sullivan.  Medium,  oblong  pyri- 
form,  greenish-yellow ;  juicy, 
sweet,  pleasant.  September. 
Belgian. 

Summer  Aremberg.  Rather 
small,  short  pyriform,  pale 
greenish-yellow,  with  some  net- 
tings of  russet ;  a  little  coarse  ; 
melting,  sweet;  very  good. 
Mid-autumn.  English. 

Summer  Bell,  or  Windsor. 
Large,  pyriform,  regular,  yel- 
lowish-green ;  tender,  coarse, 
astringent— rots  at  core.  Tree 
a  handsome  grower  and  great 
bearer.  Late  August. 

Summer  Bergamot.  Small, 
round,  greenish-yellow ;  juicy, 
rich,  becoming  dry.  Early 
August. 

Summer  Bon  Chretien.  Large, 
pyriform,  ribbed,  rich  yellow 
with  a  reddish  cheek;  break- 
ing; very  juicy,  sweet.  For- 
merly much  valued,  now  gen- 
erally destroyed  by  black  mil- 
dew. Early  September. 

Summer  Doyenne,  p.  514. 

Summer  Franc  Real.  Medium, 
obovate,  slightly  pyriform, 
yellowish-green ;  fine-grained, 
buttery,  sweet,  pleasant. 
Early  September. 

Summer  Portugal,  p.   515. 

Summer  Rose.  Medium,  round- 
ish, yellowish ;  of  poor  quality. 
Late  August. 


Summer  St.  Germain.  Medium, 
obovate,  green;  juicy,  slightly 
acid.  Late  August. 

Summer  Thorn.  See  EJpine 
d'fite*. 

Superfin,  p.  533. 

Superfondante.  Medium,  obo- 
vate, pale  yellow;  buttery, 
melting;  good.  October. 

Supreme  de  Quimper,  p.  512. 

Surpasse  Crassane.  Resembling 
the  old  Crassane,  but  more 
productive,  healthy  and  vigor- 
ous. Belgian. 

Surpasse  Meuris.  Medium,  conic, 
rough,  russeted;  melting,  vi- 
nous. October. 

Surpasse  Virgalieu,  p.  533. 

Suzette  de  Bevay,  p.  540. 

Swan's  Egg.  Small,  oval,  pale 
green;  juicy,  sweet,  slightly 
musky.  October. 

Swan's  Orange.    See  Onondaga. 

Swiss  Bergamot.  Medium, 
roundish,  slightly  turbinate, 
pale  green  and  pale  red;  melt- 
ing, sweet,  agreeable.  Octo- 
ber. 

Sylvange.  Roundish-obovate, 
pale  green;  melting,  sweet, 
agreeable.  October.  Keeps 
well. 

Taihe.  See  Japan  Golden  Russet. 

Tarquin  des  Pyrenees.  Large, 
pyriform,  green;  quality  poor 
—great  keeper. 

Taylor  Pear.  Medium,  roundish- 
oblate,  green ;  buttery,  vinous, 
with  vanilla  flavor.  Early 
winter.  Va. 

Tea,  p.  533. 

Theodore  Van  Mons,  p.  524. 

Therese  Appert.     Medium,  pyri- 


780      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


form,  deep  yellow  with  some 
russet,  a  rich  brown  cheek; 
juicy,  melting;  very  good. 
September.  New.  French. 

Thompson,  p.  533. 

Thuerlinckx.  Very  large,  but  of 
little  value.  Belgian. 

Tillington.  Small,  obovate,  dark 
green,  rough ;  coarse,  of  mod- 
erate quality.  October.  Eng- 
lish. 

Totten's  Seedling.  Rather 
small,  turbinate  pyriform,  pale 
yellow;  buttery,  melting, 
vinous,  perfumed.  Early  Oc- 
tober. Connecticut. 

Triomphe  de  Jodoigne,  p.  524. 

Trout  Pear.    See  Forelle. 

Tyler.  Small,  turbinate,  yellow ; 
granular;  melting,  brisk,  vi- 
nous. October. 

Tyson,  p.  512. 

Upper  Crust.  Rather  small, 
obovate,  green,  partly  rus- 
seted;  buttery,  melting;  very 
good.  July  at  the  South— not 
good  North. 

Urbaniste,  p.  524. 

Uvedale's  St.  Germain.  See 
Pound. 

Vaet.  Medium,  obovate,  yellow- 
ish-green, rough;  juicy,  sweet, 
perfumed.  December. 

Vallee  Franche.  Medium,  obo- 
vate, greenish-yellow ;  juicy, 
sweet,  flavor  rather  poor. 
Early  September. 

Van  Assche,  p.  533. 

Van  Buren.  Large,  obovate, 
yellow  with  a  blush;  crisp, 
sweet,  perfumed.  Handsome 
— of  moderate  quality.  An  ex- 


cellent culinary  sort.  New 
Haven,  Conn. 

Van  Marum.  Large,  pyriform 
with  a  long  neck,  bronze- 
colored;  coarse,  fibrous;  not 
juicy,  pleasant — baking.  Late 
autumn. 

Van  Mons'  Leon  le  Clerc,  p. 
524. 

Vauquelin.  Rather  large,  obo- 
vate; juicy,  sub-acid.  Winter. 

Vermillion  d'en  Haut.  Medium, 
pyriform  (Tyson- shaped),  pale 
yellow,  a  red  cheek;  fine, 
juicy,  sweet;  very  good.  Sep- 
tember. French. 

Vermont  Beauty,  p.  533. 

Verte  Longue.    See  Long  Green. 

Verte  Longue  of  Angers,  p.  524. 

Veterans,  Large,  obtuse  pyri- 
form, light  yellow,  some  rus- 
set; flesh  firm— cooking. 
Winter. 

Vezouziere.  Rather  small, 
roundish-oval,  yellowish; 
juicy,  melting,  sweet,  agreea- 
ble. September. 

Vicar  of  Winkfield,  p.  540. 

Vicompte  de  Spoelberch,  p.  544. 

Virgalieu.    See  White  Doyenne*. 

Wadleigh.  Rather  small,  round- 
ish-obovate,  yellow;  melting, 
juicy;  very  good.  Early  Sep- 
tember. N.  H. 

Walker.  Large  oblong,  pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow;  a  little 
coarse;  half  melting,  sweet; 
good.  October.  Belgian. 

Walker's  Seedling.  See  Mount 
Vernon. 

Washington,  p.  533. 

Waterloo.    See  Due  de  Brabant. 

Wendell.     Medium,    pale   yellow, 


PEARS. 


78l 


often  with  a  red  cheek;  melt- 
ing, juicy,  not  rich.  Late  Au- 
gust. Belgian. 

Westcott,  p.  534. 

Wharton's  Early.  Rather  large, 
obovate  pyriform,  yellowish- 
green;  melting,  juicy,  sweet. 
Late  August. 

Wheeler.  Medium,  roundish- 
obovate,  yellowish-green; 
coarse;  juicy,  perfumed. 
Early  September.  R.  I. 

White  Beurre*.  See  White  Doy- 
enne*. 

White  Doyenne*,  p.  534. 

White's  Seedling.  Medium, 
roundish-obovate,  greenish- 
yellow  ;  juicy ;  good.  New 
Haven,  Conn. 

Wiest.  Medium,  roundish,  oval, 
green;  melting,  sub-acid, 
pleasant.  September.  Pa. 

Wilbur,  p.  534. 

Wilder,  p.  512. 

Wilkinson,  p.  534. 

Willermoz,  p.  541. 

William  Edwards.  Medium,  ob- 
tuse pyriform,  yellow,  thickly 
dotted;  buttery,  sweet.  Sep- 
tember. Conn. 

Williams'  Bonchre*tien.  See 
Bartlett. 

Williams'  Early.  Small,  round- 
ish, turbinate,  bright  yellow, 
dotted  red ;  juicy,  rich,  slightly 
musky.  Early  September. 
Mass. 

Williamson.  Medium,  obovate, 
rich  yellow,  thickly  dotted ;  fine 
grained;  juicy,  rich.  October. 
L.  I. 

Wilmington,  p.  524. 

Wilkinson,  p.  534. 

Windsor.    See  Summer  Bell. 


Winship's  Seedling.  Medium, 
conic  pyriform,  yellow;  juicy, 
pleasant.  Late  summer. 
Mass. 

Winter  Bell.    See  Pound. 

Winter  Bergamot.  See  Easter 
Bergamot. 

Winter  Beurre.  Medium,  long 
pyriform,  greenish,  rough ; 
flesh  buttery,  melting,  vinous. 
January. 

Winter  Nelis,  p.  541. 

Winter  Seckel.  Medium,  oblate, 
yellowish-brown,  partly  rus- 
seted;  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  aro- 
matic. February.  Va. 

Wolaston.    See  Glout  Morceau. 

Worden,  p.  524. 

Worden's  Seckel.    See  Worden. 

Woronson.  Medium,  yellow. 
Great  bearer.  October. 

Wredow.  Medium,  oblate  ap- 
proaching pyriform,  greenish- 
yellow  and  russet;  juicy,  melt- 
ing, rich,  vinous.  October. 

Yat.  Small,  turbinate,  brown 
russet ;  juicy,  perfumed— rots 
at  core.  September. 

Yellow  Butter.  See  White  Doy- 
enne". 

York  Bergamot.  See  Autumn 
Bergamot. 

Zephirin  Gregoire,  p.  544. 

Zephirin  Louis  Gregoire.  Me- 
dium, turbinate,  yellow  with  a 
red  cheek;  very  juicy,  slightly 
perfumed.  December. 

Zoar  Beauty.  Medium,  pyri- 
form, light  yellow,  with  a  red 
cheek;  partly  melting,  sweet; 
moderately  good— rots  at  core. 
August.  Ohio. 


782      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


PERSIMMONS. 

American    Date    Plum.     See  Di-      Maru-gata.    See  Yeddo-ichi. 

ospyros  Virginianum.  Mazelli,  p.  677. 

Among.    See  Yemon.  Minokaki.    See  Tsuro. 

Miyotan.    See  Mazelli. 
Costata,  p.  677. 

Okame,  p.  675. 
Diospyros  Mabola,  p.  669. 

Diospyros  Texana,  p.  669.  Taber's  129,  p.  674. 

Diospyros  Virginianum,  p.   669.      Tanenashi,  p.  676. 

Tsuro,  p.  677. 
Hachiya,  p.  675. 
Hiyakume,  p.  675.  Yamato.    See  Hachiya. 

Yeddo-ichi,  p.  676. 
Imperial.    See  Hachiya.  Yemon,  p.   675. 


Kurokume,  p.  677. 


Zengi,  p.  674. 


Abbaka.    See  Abbakacha. 
Abachi,  p.  684. 
Abbakacha.    See  Abachi. 
Albert,  p.  685. 
Antigua,  p.  685. 


PINEAPPLES. 

Key  Largo.    See  Spanish. 

Lemon.    See  Queen. 


Brazilian.    See  Abbakacha. 
Black  Jamaica,  p.  621. 
Black  Spanish.    See  Spanish. 

Charlotte  Rothschild,  p.  621. 
Cuban.    See  Spanish. 

Egyptian.    See  Queen. 
Enville,  p.  685. 

Gipsy  Queen.    See  Queen. 
Golden.    See  Queen. 

Havana.    See  Spanish. 
Jamaica,  p.  685, 


Pitch  Lake.    See  Porto  Rico, 
Porto  Rico,  p.  684. 
Prickly  Cayenne,  p.  621. 

Queen,  p.  684. 

Red  Pine.    See  Spanish. 
Red  Spanish,  p.  620. 
Rothschild,  p.  685. 

Smooth  Cayenne,  p.  684. 
Spanish,  p.  684. 
Strawberry.    Sec  Spanish. 

Trinidad.    See  Porto  Rico. 
Victoria.    See  Queen. 


PLUMS. 


783 


PLUMS. 


Abricote*e  Rouge.  Medium, 
oval,  red  and  violet;  sweet, 
dry,  poor.  Dom. 

Abundance,  p.  575. 

African.  Medium,  round,  dark 
red.  Texas.  Chick. 

Agen  Date.    See  Prune  d'Agen. 

Albany  Beauty,  p.  566. 

Amber  Primordian.  See  Primor- 
dian. 

American  Eagle,  p.  548. 

American  Wheat.  Small,  round- 
ish, pale  blue;  juicy,  sweet. 
Late  August.  Great  bearer. 
Dom. 

American  Yellow  Gage.  See 
Prince's  Yellow  Gage. 

Angelina  Burdett.  Medium, 

round,  nearly  black,  thickly 
dotted;  rich;  excellent.  Eng- 
lish. September.  Dom. 

Apple  Plum.  Medium,  round- 
ish, reddish-purple ;  slightly 
coarse;  sprightly.  September. 
Mass.  Dom. 

Apricot,  p.  566. 

Archduke,  p.  552. 

Arkansas  Lombard.  Medium, 
round,  red.  Ark.  Chick. 

Autumn  Gage,  p.  566. 

Babcock.    See  Abundance. 

Bailey.    See  Chabat. 

Bassett's  American.  Small, 
round,  dull  red;  skin  thick; 
little  value.  Am. 

Bayfield.  Small,  round,  light 
yellow;  good — clingstone.  Au- 
gust. Dom. 

Beach,  p.  548. 

Beaty,  p.  548. 


Beauty  of  Naples,  p.  552. 

Beekman's  Scarlet.  See  Lom- 
bard. 

Belgian  Purple.  Medium,  round- 
ish, purple;  a  little  coarse; 
juicy,  sweet,  rich.  September. 
Dom. 

Belle  de  September.  Very  large, 
oval,  reddish-brown;  culinary. 
October.  Dom. 

Berckman's,  p.  576. 

Berger,  p.  576. 

Bingham,  p.  567. 

Black  Damask.  Medium,  round- 
ish, greenish -yellow;  juicy, 
sweet,  rich.  August.  Dom. 

Black  Damson.    See  Damson. 

Black  Imperial.     See  Bradshaw. 

Black  Morocco.    See  Morocco. 

Bleecker's  Gage,  p.  566. 

Bleecker's  Scarlet.  See  Lom- 
bard. 

Blood.    See  Satsuma. 

Blue  Damson.    See  Damson. 

Blue  Gage.  Small,  round,  dark 
blue ;  slightly  acid ;  moder- 
ately rich.  Of  little  value. 
August.  Dom. 

Blue  Holland.    See  Holland. 

Blue  Imperatrice,  p.  552. 

Blue  Perdrigon.  Medium,  oval, 
reddish-purple;  flesh  firm; 
sugary — clingstone.  August. 
Dom. 

Bolmar,  or  Bolmar's  Washing- 
ton. See  Washington. 

Botan.  See  Abundance,  Berck- 
mans,  Willard. 

Bradford  Gage.  See  Green 
Gage. 

Bradshaw,  p.  553. 


784     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Brevoort,  or  Brevoort's  Purple 
Bolmar,  p.  553. 

Bricetta.  Medium,  roundish- 
oval,  yellow  dotted  red ;  juicy, 
rich;  very  good.  September. 

Brill.    Large,  red,  juicy. 

Brunswick,  p.  551. 

Bruyn  Gage.    See  Green  Gage. 

Buel's  Favorite,  p.  567. 

Burbank,  p.  576. 

Burbank,  No.  3.    See  Hale. 

Burbank  No.  4.    See  Heikes. 

Burgundy  Prune.  Medium, 
ovate,  necked,  reddish-black  ; 
juicy,  rich,  pleasant— free 
stone.  September.  Dom. 

Burrette's.  Large,  long  oval, 
dull  yellow;  melting,  sweet, 
aromatic.  September. 

Caddo  Chief.  Small,  round,  red; 
very  early.  La.  Chick. 

Caledonian.    See  Goliath. 

Catalonian.    See  Primordian. 

Chabat,  p.  576. 

Cheney,  p.  548. 

Cherry.    See  Myrobolan. 

Cheston.  Rather  small,  oval, 
dark  purple ;  flesh  firm ;  sweet, 
sprightly— freestone.  July  and 
August. 

Chickasaw  Chief.    See  Miner. 

Chippeway,  p.  548. 

Clark.  A  variety  of  the  Hortu- 
laria  group,  said  to  have  been 
found  growing  wild  in  Mary- 
land. 

Cloth  of  Gold.  See  Drap  d'Or 
of  Esperen. 

Clyman,  p.  553. 

Coe's  Golden  Drop,  p.  567. 

Coe's  Late  Red,  p.  553. 

Coletta.  Medium,  round  oblong, 
light  red.  Very  early.  Texas. 


Columbia,  or  Columbian  Gage, 
p.  553. 

Copper  Plum.  Rather  small, 
oval,  deep  copper  color  with  a 
blue  bloom.  Flesh  juicy,  acid, 
adhering  to  the  stone.  An  old 
culinary  variety,  very  produc- 
tive and  profitable.  Dom. 

Corse's  Admiral.  Rather  large, 
oval,  light  purple;  juicy, 
sprightly,  moderate  flavor. 
September.  Montreal. 

Corse's  Field  Marshal.  Rather 
large,  oval,  purplish- red ; 
juicy,  sub-acid.  August. 
Montreal.  Dom. 

Corse's  Nota  Bene,  p.  553. 

Cottrell,  p.  548. 

Cruger's  Scarlet,  or  Cruger's 
Seedling,  p.  553. 

Cumberland.  Medium,  oblong, 
yellow;  skin  thin,  juicy,  sweet, 
good.  Midseason.  Ga.  Hort. 

D'Agen.    See  Prune  d'Agen. 

Damask.    See  German  Prune. 

Damson,  p.  553. 

Dana's  Yellow  Gage,  p.  567. 

De  Caradeuc,  p.  567. 

De  Delice,  p.  553. 

Deep  Creek,  p.  548. 

Delaware,  p.  514. 

De  Montford,  p.  553. 

Denniston's  Albany  Beauty.  See 
Albany  Beauty. 

Denniston's  Red,  p.  554. 

Denniston's  Superb,  p.  567. 

De  Soto,  p.  548. 

Diamond.  Large,  round  oblong; 
apex  distinct ;  black,  dense 
bloom;  flesh  blue  white,  firm, 
acid,  free.  For  cooking  pur- 
poses. Dom. 

Diapre"e  Rouge.    See  Red  Diaper. 


PLUMS. 


785 


Dictator.  Very  large,  brownish- 
purple;  rich,  juicy,  high 
flavored.  Montreal.  Dom. 

Domine,  p.  555. 

Douglas.    See  Abundance. 

Downton  Imperatrice,  p.  567. 

Drap  d'Or,  p.  567. 

Drap  d'Or  of  Esperen,  p.  568. 

Duane  Purple,  p.  555. 

Dunmore.  Small,  ovate,  green 
becoming  yellow;  juicy,  sweet, 
aromatic — freestone.  October. 
Dom. 

Dutch  Prune.    See  Domine. 

Dutch  Quetzen.  See  Domine  Dull. 

Earliest  of  All,  p.  577. 

Early  Cross.  Rather  small, 
roundish,  reddish-purple; 
sweet;  good — clingstone. 
August.  Mass.  Dom. 

Early  Damask.    See  Morocco. 

Early  Damson.    See  Damson. 

Early  Morocco.    See  Morocco. 

Early  Red.  Large,  oval,  pur- 
plish-red, with  white  dots; 
flesh  firm,  fair.  Hardy.  Rus- 
sian. Texas.  There  is  also  a 
plum  of  the  Chickasaw  type  of 
this  name  from  Texas. 

Early  Royal.    See  Royal  Hative. 

Early  Royal  of  Nikita.  Small, 
roundish,  reddish-purple; 
juicy,  sweet,  high  flavored — 
partly  freestone.  August. 

Early  Scarlet.    See  Myrobolan. 

Early  Tours,  p.  555. 

Early  Violet.     See  Early  Tours. 

Early  Yellow.    See  Primordian. 

Early  Yellow  Prune,  p.  568. 

Egg  Plum.    See  Yellow  Egg. 

Elfrey's     Prune.     Small,      oval, 
blue;    sweet,    dry,     firm— free- 
stone.   August.    Dom. 
50 


El  Paso.  Medium,  round,  red. 
Chick.  Texas. 

Emerald  Drop.  Medium,  long 
oval,  yellowish-green;  cling- 
stone. August.  Dom. 

Emerson  Early,  p.  551. 

English  Wheat.  Medium,  round- 
ish-oval, reddish-purple ;  juicy, 
sweet,  rich— clingstone. 
August.  Dom. 

Engre,  p.  577. 

Excelsior,  p. 

Fellenberg,  p. 

Flushing  Gage.  See  Imperial 
Gage. 

Foote's  Early  Orleans.  Medium, 
roundish,  oval,  black;  early; 
good,  not  rich ;  hardy,  produc- 
tive. Mass.  Dom. 

Forest  Garden,  p.  549. 

Forest  Rose,  p.  550. 

Fotheringham,  p.  555. 

Franklin.    See  Washington. 

French  Apricot.    See  Apricot. 

Frost  Gage,  p.  555. 

Fournguja.    See  Chabat. 

Fulton,  p.  568. 

Galbraith.    Large,  oval,  purple. 

very  good.   Growth  straggling. 

A  valuable  early  sort.    Dom. 
Garfield,  p.  551. 
Gaylord,  p.  549. 
General  Hand,  p.  568. 
General  Jackson.    See  Miner. 
Georgeson,  p.  579. 
German    Gage.      See    Bleecker's 

Gage. 

German  Prune,  p.  556. 
Giant  Prune,  p.  556. 
GifFord's     Lafayette.       Medium. 

oval,    purple;    juicy,  not  rich, 

August.    Dom. 


786      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Gillett.    See  Miner. 

Gold.  Large,  golden  yellow, 
overlaid  red;  juicy,  sweet. 
Hybrid  of  a  Chickasaw  and 
Japan.  Japan. 

Golden  Cherry,  p.  556. 

Golden  Beauty,  p.  551. 

Golden  Gage.  See  Coe's  Golden 
Drop* 

Goliath,  p.  556. 

Grand  Duke,  p.  557. 

Green  Gage,  p.  568. 

Gueti,  or  Blue  Magnum  Bonum. 
Large,  roundish-oval,  dark 
purple;  flesh  firm,  a  little 
coarse,  sub-acid;  valuable  for 
culinary  purposes,  and  profit- 
able for  market.  First  of  au- 
tumn. Lansingburg,  N.  Y. 
Dom. 

Gundaker*  Prune.  Medium, 
oval,  purple;  high  flavored. 
Good  bearer.  Pa.  Dom. 

Guthrie's  Apricot.  Medium, 
roundish-oval,  yellow,  crimson 
dotted;  coarse;  juicy,  sweet, 
not  rich.  August.  Dom. 

Guthrie's  Late  Green.  Medium, 
round,  yellow;  sweet,  rich, 
rather  dry.  September.  Dom. 

Guthrie's  Topaz.  Medium,  oval, 
necked,  rich  yellow;  juicy, 
sweet,  pleasant,  not  rich. 
September.  Scotch.  Dom. 

Gwalsh.  Large,  oblong  oval, 
deep  purple;  coarse;  sweet, 
pleasant.  September.  Dom. 

Hale,  p.  577. 

Hampton  Court.  See  Orleans 
Early. 

Harrison's  Peach.  Medium, 
round  oblong ;  dull  red ;  thick 
skin;  free.  Minn,  Am, 


Hartwiss'  Yellow  Prune.  Me- 
dium, oval,  waxen  yellow; 
rich,  sub-acid,  fine.  Septem- 
ber. German.  Dom. 

Hattie.  Medium,  round  oblong, 
red ;  cling.  Dom. 

Hattonkin.  See  Kerr,  Munson, 
Georgeson. 

Hattonkin  No.  1.  See  George- 
son. 

Hattonkin  No.  2.    See  Kerr. 

Hawkeye,  p.  548. 

Heikes.  (Burbank  No.  4.)  Re- 
sembles Hale,  but  more  flat- 
tened on  the  ends,  and  darker 
color;  flesh  acid.  Japan. 

Henry  Clay,  p.  568. 

Highlander,  p.  557. 

Hinckley.    See  Miner. 

Hoffman,  p.  551. 

Holland  Prune.  Roundish,  pur- 
ple; sweet,  pleasant — free- 
stone. September.  Dom. 

Honey  Drop.  See  Missouri  Apri- 
cot. 

Horse  Plum.  Medium,  oval,  pur- 
ple ;  dry,  rather  acid — free- 
stone. August. 

Howard's  Favorite,  p.  569. 

Howell's  Early,  p.  557. 

Howell's  Large.     See  Nectarine. 

How's  Amber.  Medium,  round- 
ish, light  red;  coarse,  juicy 
— clingstone.  September. 
Dom. 

Hudson  Gage,  p.  569. 

Hudson  River  Purple  Egg,  p. 
557. 

Hughes.  Medium,  round,  cherry 
red ;  flesh  yellow.  Chick. 

Ruling's  Superb,  p.  569. 

Hungarian  Prune.  See  Pond's 
Seedling. 

Hytan,    See  Munson. 


PLUMS. 


787 


Hytan-Kayo.    See  Munson. 

Ickworth  Imperatrice,  p.  557. 

Ida,  p.  549. 

Idol.  Medium,  round,  light  crim- 
son, splashed  magenta;  skin 
thin,  cling.  Late.  111.  Hort. 

Illinois,  p.  548. 

Imperatrice.  See  Blue  Impera- 
trice. 

Imperial  de  Milan.  Rather 
large,  roundish-oval,  deep  pur- 
ple with  thick  bloom;  flesh 
greenish,  rich,  sweet,  very 
good.  Rather  late.  Am. 

Imperial  Diadem.  See  Red 
Diaper. 

Imperial  Gage,  p.  569. 

Imperial  Ottoman,  p.  570. 

Imperial  Rouge.  See  Red  Mag- 
num Bonum. 

Imperial  Violet.  See  Red  Mag- 
num Bonum. 

Indian  Chief.  Large,  round, 
dull  red;  skin  thick.  Hort. 

Indiana  Red.  Large,  round, 
red;  cling.  Ind.  Hort. 

lona,  p.  549. 

Iris.    Medium,  red.    111. 

Isabel.    See  Miner. 

Isabella,  p.  557. 

Italian  Damask,  p.  557. 

Italian  Prune,  p.  557. 

Itaska,  p.  548. 

Ives'  Seedling,  p.  570. 

Jaune  Hative.    See  Primordian. 
Jefferson,  p.  570. 
Jennie  Lucas.     Medium,    round, 
yellow.    Early.    Texas.    Chick. 
Judson,  p.  557. 

Kanawha.    Medium,  round,  red; 


skin  thick;  cling.  Very  pro- 
lific. Late.  Hort. 

Kayo.    See  Munson. 

Kelsey,  p.  577. 

Kerr,  p.  579. 

Keyser's  Plum.  See  Ruling's 
Superb. 

Kickapoo.  Medium,  round  ob- 
long, red  in  blotches;  skin 
thick;  flesh  firm;  cling.  Pro- 
lific. Am. 

Kingston,  p.  558. 

Kirke,  p.  558. 

Knight's  Large  Drying.  See 
Large  Green  Drying. 

Lady  Plum.  Small,  oval,  light 
yellow,  spotted  red;  acid; 
freestone.  September.  Great 
grower  and  bearer— culinary. 
Albany,  N.  Y.  Dom. 

Langdon's  Seedling.  Rather 
large,  roundish-oval,  reddish- 
purple;  juicy,  sub-acid  — 
mostly  clingstone.  August. 
Conn.  Dom. 

Langsdon.  Medium,  round, 
light  red;  cling.  Hort. 

Large  Early  Damson.  See 
Horse  Plum. 

Large  Green  Drying.  Large, 
round,  greenish-yellow ;  rich ; 
very  good.  September.  Eng- 
lish. Dom. 

Large  Long  Blue.  See  Man- 
ning. 

La  Royale.    See  Royale. 

Late  Blood.  Small,  round,  dark 
purple;  flesh  red;  cling. 
Japan. 

Late  Rollingstone.  Similar  to 
Rollingstone,  of  which  it  is  a 
seedling;  skin  thicker,  flesh 
softer,  later.  Minn.  Am. 


7 8$      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Lawrence's    Favorite,    or    Law- 

rence Gage,  p.  570. 
Le  Due,  p.  549. 
Leipzig.    See  German  Prune. 
Leptune.    Medium,  round,   dark 

red  ;    skin    thick  ;    cling.      Ark. 

Hort. 

Ledloff  Green,  p.  548. 
Ledloff  Red,  p.  548. 
Lewiston    Egg.     Medium,    oval, 

pale  yellow  ;  quality  moderate. 

August.  Dom. 
Lincoln,  p.  558. 
Little  Queen  Claude.  See  Eng- 

lish Yellow  Gage. 
Little      Seedling.       Small,     red, 

Minn.    Am. 
Lombard,  p.  558. 
Lone  Star.     Medium,  round  ob- 

long,    red;     very     thin     skin. 

Texas.  Chick. 
Long  Scarlet.  Medium,  oblong 

obovate,    red;     acid,    ripening 

sweeter  —  clingstone.       August. 

Dom. 

Louisa,  p.   548. 
Lucombe's  Nonesuch,  p.  571. 

Madison,  p.  571. 

Magnum     Bonum.      See     White 


Majestic  Damson.  Medium; 
free.  Early.  Productive.  Mo. 
Dom. 

Mamelonne*e.  Medium,  oval 
with  a  distinct  neck,  tapering 
to  apex,  light  green;  sweet, 
pleasant,  mild,  not  rich  —  free- 
stone. Early  August.  French. 
Valuable  for  its  earliness. 
Dom. 

Manning,  p.  558. 

Maquoketa.  Medium,  round- 
oblong,  red,  yellow  specks; 


skia  thick;  flesh  yellow,  firm, 
juicy;  cling.  Iowa.  Am. 

Marianna,  p.  538. 

Market  Plum  of  Hoffy.  See 
Golden  Cherry  Plum. 

Marten's  Seedling.  Large,  ob- 
long, yellow;  brisk,  sprightly 
flavor — freestone.  September. 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.  Dom. 

Maru,  p.  577. 

McLaughlin,  p.  571. 

Meigs,  p.  559. 

Milton,  p.  551. 

Mimms.    See  Red  Diaper. 

Miner,  p.  550. 

Minnetonka.  Medium,  round 
oblong,  dull  red;  skin  thick. 
Minn.  Am. 

Mirabelle,  p.  571. 

Mirabelle  Grosse.  See  Drap 
d'Or. 

Mirabelle  Tardive.  Small,  round- 
ish-oval, greenish-yellow; 
sweet,  juicy,  agreeable — free- 
stone. Great  bearer — hangs 
long.  October.  Dom. 

Miser  Plum.    See  Cherry. 

Missouri  Apricot,  p.  551. 

Moldavka,  p.  571. 

Monroe,  or  Monroe  Egg,  p.  572. 

Monsieur.     See  Orleans. 

Monsieur  Hatif.  See  Orleans 
Early. 

Monsieur  Tardif.    See  Suisse. 

Moore's  Arctic.  Below  medium, 
roundish-oval,  dark  purple, 
with  a  pleasant  but  not  rich 
flavor.  Early  autumn.  Tree 
healthy,  vigorous,  extremely 
hardy,  a  great  bearer.  Maine. 
Dom. 

Moreman.  Medium,  round, 
dark  red.  Hort. 

Morocco,  p.  559. 


PLUMS. 


789 


Mulberry,  p.  572. 
Munson,  p.  514. 
Mussey,  p.  549. 
Myrobolan,  p.  559. 

Nagate-no-Botankyo.      See    Red 

June. 

Nectarine,  p.  559. 
Nelson's  Victory,  p.  572. 
Newman,  p.  551. 
New  Orleans.    See  Orleans  Early. 
Newtown  Egg.    Medium,  oblong, 

red ;  skin  thick ;  flesh  firm,  free. 

Mid-season.    Minn.    Am. 
New     York     Purple.     See     Bre- 

voort's  Purple. 
New  Ulm,  p.  548. 
Niagara.  Medium,  oval,  dark 

purple;      flesh      pale      yellow, 

juicy,  sweet,  free.    Sept.    Dom. 
Normand,  p.  579. 

Ocheeda,  p.  549. 

Ogeechee.  Small,  round,  red; 
very  early.  Ga.  Chick. 

Ogon,  p.  579. 

Old  Hickory.    See  Miner. 

Old  Orleans,  or  Orleans,  p.  559. 

Orange,  p.  572. 

Orient.  Large,  roundish-coni- 
cal, red;  flesh  yellow.  Japan. 

Orleans  Early,  p.  559. 

Orleans,  Smith's,  p.  564. 

Oullin's  Golden  Gage.  Large, 
roundish-oblong,  greenish-yel- 
low; tender,  juicy,  excellent. 
Productive.  German.  Dom. 

Oyon.    See  Ogon. 

Parsonage,  p.  572. 

Parsons.    See  Miner. 

Peach,  p.  560. 

PefFer,  p.  548. 

Penobscot.    Large,  oval,  yellow ; 


sweet,  pleasant— clingstone. 
September.  Me.  Dom. 

Peoley's  Early  Blue.  Medium, 
oblong,  dark  blue;  flesh  yel- 
low; pleasant — clingstone. 
August.  Dom. 

Perfection.  Medium,  oblong  con- 
ical, bright  red,  white  bloom; 
flesh  firm,  sweet.  Japan. 

Peters'  Yellow  Gage,  p.  572. 

Pond's  Purple.  See  Pond's  Seed- 
ling (American). 

Pond,  p.  560. 

Pond's  Seedling  of  Massachu- 
setts, p.  560. 

Poole,  p.  550. 

Pottawattamie,  p.  551. 

Prairie  Flower,  p.  550. 

Precoce  de  Bergthold,  p.  572. 

Prdcoce  de  Tours.  See  Early 
Tours. 

Priam,  p.  551. 

Primordian,  p.  573. 

Prince  Englebert,  p.  561. 

Prince  of  Wales.  Large,  round, 
slightly  oblong,  reddish-pur- 
ple; sweet,  sprightly,  not  rich 
— clingstone.  September. 
Dom. 

Prince's  Imperial  Gage.  See 
Imperial  Gage. 

Prince's  Orange  Egg.  Rather 
large,  oval,  yellow ;  coarse ; 
sprightly,  not  rich.  Septem- 
ber. Dom. 

Prolific.    See  Hale. 

Prune  d'Agen,  p.  561. 

Prune  d'Allemagne.  See  Ger- 
man Prune. 

Prune  d'Ast.    See  Prune  d'Agen. 

Prune  de  la  St.  Martin.  See 
Coe's  Late  Red. 

Prune  de  Louvain.  Large, 
ovate,  necked,  deep  purple; 


79°     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


coarse ;      melting,     pleasant — 

freestone.    August.    Dom. 
Prune  d'CEuf.    See  Egg  Plum. 
Prune,  Manning's.     Long    Blue, 

p.  558. 

Prune  Peche.     See  Peach  Plum. 
Prune  Suisse.    See  Suisse. 
Prunus  Simonsi.    See  Simonsi. 
Purple  Damson.    See  Damson. 
Purple  Egg.     See  Red  Magnum 

Bonum. 

Purple  Favorite,  p.  561. 
Purple  Gage,  p.  561. 
Purple    Magnum     Bonum.     See 

Red  ditto. 
Purple  Yosemite.    See  Yosemity. 

Quackenboss,  p.  562* 

Quaker,  p.  549. 

Queen  Mother.  Small,  round, 
pale  red  and  purple;  sweet, 
rich— freestone.  September. 
English. 

Quetsche.    See  German  Prune. 

Rachel.  Medium,  round  oblong, 
dull  red;  thick  skin;  cling. 
Mid-season.  Hort. 

Red  Diaper,  p.  562. 

Red  Egg.  See  Red  Magnum  Bo- 
num. 

Red  Gage,  p.  562. 

Red  June,  p.  577. 

Red  Magnum  Bonum,  p.  562. 

Red  Nagate.    See  Red  June. 

Reed.  Medium,  round,  dark 
red ;  cling.  Hort. 

Reine  Claude.    See    Green  Gage. 

Reine  Claude  de  Bavay,  p.   574. 

Reine  Claude  Diaphane.  Me- 
dium, roundish,  clear  green, 
shaded  red ;  juicy,  sweet,  aro- 
matic. September.  French. 
Dom. 


Reine  Claude  d'Octobre.  Small, 
roundish,  greenish-yellow , 
juicy,  rich — freestone.  Octo- 
ber. Dom. 

Reine  Claude  Rouge.  Very 
large,  roundish-oval,  red  and 
purple;  rich,  slightly  acid,  aro- 
matic. September.  Dom. 

Reine  Claude  Violette.  See 
Purple  Gage. 

Reizenstein's  Yellow  Prune. 
Medium,  oval,  slightly  necked, 
yellow;  juicy,  pleasant — cling- 
stone. September.  Italian. 
Dom. 

Rhinebeck  Yellow  Gage.  Large, 
oval,  yellow;  coarse;  sweet, 
pleasant — clingstone.  Septem- 
ber. Rhinebeck,  N.  Y.  Dom. 

Richland.  Rather  small,  red- 
dish-purple ;  flesh  greenish- 
yellow;  good.  A  seedling  of 
the  damson,  ripening  end  of 
August,  and  profitable  for 
market.  Origin,  Pa.  Dom. 

Rivers'  Favorite,  p.  562. 

Rivers'  Early  Prolific.  Medium, 
roundish-oval,  reddish-purple ; 
juicy,  sweet,  pleasant — free- 
stone. August.  English. 
Dom. 

Robinson,  p.  551. 

Rockford,  p.  549. 

Roe's  Autumn  Gage.  See  Au- 
tumn Gage. 

Rollingstone,  p.  549. 

Roulette.  Medium,  round,  red; 
skin  thin;  cling.  Mid-season. 
Texas.  Hort. 

Royale,  p.  562. 

Royal  Hative,  p.  563. 

Royal  Tours,  p.  564. 

Saint  Catherine,  p.  574. 


PLUMS. 


791 


Saint  Cloud.    See  Goliath. 

Saint  Martin's  Quetsche,  p.  574. 

Saint  Martin  Rouge.  See  Coe's 
Late  Red. 

Saint  Maurin.  See  Prune 
d'Agen. 

Saratoga.  Oval,  brownish-red, 
with  few  white  specks;  flesh 
pale  yellow ;  free.  Late.  Dom. 

Satsuma,  p.  578. 

Scarlet  Gage.    See  Long  Scarlet. 

Schuyler  Gage,  p.  574. 

Schenectady,  p.  564. 

Schley.  (Schley  Large  Red.) 
Medium,  round,  red.  Ga. 
Chick. 

Sea.  Small,  round,  brownish- 
purple  ;  flesh  greenish-yellow, 
sweet,  juicy — freestone.  Au- 
gust. Dom. 

Semiana.  Medium,  oval, 
necked,  deep  purple;  flesh 
juicy,  sub-acid,  moderately 
rich.  Distinct  from  Blue  Im- 
peratrice,  which  see.  Dom. 

Shailer's  White  Damson.  See 
White  Damson. 

Sharp's  Emperor,  p.  564. 

Sheen.    See  Fotheringham. 

Shipper,  p.  515. 

Shiro-Smomo.  See  Berger,  also 
Red  Nagate,  and  Ogon.  Ja- 
pan. 

Siamese.  Medium,  ob  ovate, 
pale  yellow;  juicy,  sprightly, 
of  moderate  flavor.  Fruit 
often  in  pairs — tree  a  great 
bearer.  September.  Dom. 

Simiana.    See  Suisse. 

Simon's  Apricot  Plum.  See 
Simonsi. 

Simoni,  p.. 578. 

Sloe.  Ornamental,  sometimes 
used  for  stocks.  Is  a  distinct 


species  (Prunus  Spinosa). 
The  fruit  is  small  and  black; 
often  called  Blackthorn.  Dom. 

Small  Green  Gage.  See  Yellow 
Gage.  English. 

Smith's  Orleans,  p.  564. 

Southern  Golden  Drop.  Large, 
golden  yellow.  Chick. 

Spaulding.  Medium,  yellow, 
green  marbled;  flesh  pale  yel- 
low, very  sweet;  free.  Dom. 

Speer,  p.  549. 

Splendor.  A  large  prune,  cross 
of  Petite  d'Agen  and  Pond's 
Seedling.  Dom. 

Stanton.  Medium,  round,  pur- 
ple, blue  bloom.  Late.  Dom. 

Stark  Green  Gage.  Medium; 
very  prolific.  A  seedling  of 
Missouri  Green  Gage.  Dom. 

Steer's  Emperor.    See  Goliath. 

Stoddard,  p.  550. 

Strawberry.  Small,  round  ob- 
late, dark  red;  flesh  yellow; 
cling.  Very  early.  Japan. 

Sucker  State.  Large,  round, 
red ;  skin  thick ;  cling.  Hort. 

Sucrin  Vert.    See  Green  Gage. 

Suisse,  p.  565. 

Surprise,  p.  549. 

Sweet  Botan.    See  Berckman's. 

Sweet  Damson.    See  Damson. 

Swiss  Plum.    See  Suisse. 

Texas  Bell.    Medium,  round,  red. 

Texas.    Hort. 
Thomas,  p.  565. 
Townsend.    See  Miner. 
Tragedy,  p.  565. 
Trouve*e    de    Voueche.     Medium 

or    small,    oval,    violet;  juicy, 

sweet;  very  good.    August. 
Turkish  Quetsche.     See  German 

Prune. 


792     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Van  Buren,  p.  550. 

Vert  Bonne.    See  Green  Gage. 

Victoria,  p.  565. 

Violet.    See  Blue  Imperatrice. 

Violet  de  Tours.  See  Early 
Tours. 

Violet  Diaper.    See  Cheston. 

Violet  Perdrigon.  See  Blue 
Perdrigon. 

Violet  Queen  Claude.  See  Pur- 
ple Gage. 

Violette  Hative.  See  Early 
Tours. 

Virgin.  Medium,  roundish,  red- 
dish-purple; juicy,  sweet; 
very  good.  September.  Dom. 


Wangenheim,  p.  566. 

Warren.    See  Newman. 

Washington,  p.  574. 

Wasse  Smomo.  See  Earliest  of 
All. 

Wax,  p.  566. 

Wayata.  Small  to  medium, 
round,  dull  red;  thick  skin; 
cling.  Minn.  Am. 

Wayland,  p.  550. 

Weaver,  p.  549. 

Whitaker,  p.  550. 

White  Apricot.  Medium,  round- 
ish, yellow;  flesh  firm,  pleas- 
ant—clingstone. August. 

White  Egg.    See  Yellow  Egg. 

White  Empress.  See  White  Im- 
peratrice. 

White-flushed  Botan.  See  Berck- 
man's. 

White  Gage.    See  Imperial  Gage. 

White  Holland.    See  White  Egg. 

White  Imperatrice.  Medium, 
obovate,  bright  yellow;  juicy, 
crisp,  sweet,  translucent— free- 
stone. September.  Dom. 


White  Imperial.    See  Yellow  Egg. 

White  Magnum  Bonum.  See 
Yellow  Egg. 

White  Mogul.    See  Yellow  Egg. 

White  or  Yellow  Damson,  p.  574. 

White  Perdrigon.  Medium, 
oval,  pale  greenish-yellow; 
sweet — clingstone.  August. 
Dom. 

White  Plum.    See  Ogon. 

White  Primordian.  See  Primor- 
dian. 

Wickson,  p.  578. 

Wier,  p.  549. 

Wild  Goose,  p.  550. 

Wild  Rose.  Large,  round,  yel- 
low blush;  skin  medium;  flesh 
firm;  cling.  Minn.  Am. 

Wilkinson.  Medium,  oval, 
slightly  necked,  reddish-pur- 
ple; firm,  sweet,  not  high  fla- 
vored. September.  Dom. 

Willard,  p.  578. 

William  Dodd.    See  Miner. 

Wilmot's  Green  Gage.  See 
Green  Gage. 

Wilmot's  Late  Orleans.  See 
Goliath. 

Winter  Damson.    See  Damson. 

Wolf,  p.  550. 

Woolston's  Black  Gage.  Small, 
round,  dark,  rich.  September. 

Wooton,  p.  551. 

World  Beater.  Large,  round 
oblong,  red;  cling.  Very  late. 
Tenn. 

Wyant,  p.  549. 


Yellow  Apricot.    See  Apricot. 
Yellow  Egg,  p.  574. 
Yellow-flushed     Botan.        See 

Abundance. 
Yellow  Gage,  English,  p.  575. 


RASPBERRIES. 


793 


Yellow  Gage,  Prince's,  p.  575. 
Yellow  Japan.    See  Chabat. 


Yellow    Yosemite.      Said   to   be 
same  as  Purple  Yosemite.    Am. 


Yellow    Magnum     Bonum.     See      Yonemomo.    See  Satsuma. 


White  Egg. 


York  State  Prune,  p.  566. 


Yellow     Perdrigon,     See     Drap      Yosebe.    See  Earliest  of  All. 


d'Or. 

Yellow  Sweet,  p.  550. 
Yellow  Transparent,  p.  551. 


Yosemite,  p.  549. 


Zwetsche.    See  German  Prune. 


POMEGRANATES. 

Caribbean  Coral,  p.  687.  Purple-Seeded.  See  Spanish  Ruby. 

Paper  Shell,  p.  687.  Ruby,  p.  687. 


Alaska,  p.  582. 
Angers,  p.  582. 

California.    See  Child'" 
Champion,  p.  582. 
Child's,  p.  582. 
Chinese,  p.  583. 

Fontenay,  p.  583. 
Fuller's,  p.  583. 

Johnson's,  p.  583. 
Oblong.    See  Pear  Quince. 


QUINCES. 

Orange,  or  Apple  Quince,  582. 

Paris  Quince.    See  Fontenay. 
Pear  Quince,  p.  583. 
Portugal,  p.  583. 

Rea's  Mammoth,  p.  584. 
Rea's     Seedling.       See     Rea'i 
Mammoth. 

Van  Deman,  p.  584. 
Wist's  Mammoth,  p.  584. 

RASPBERRIES. 


Ada.    Small,  round,  black,  firm,  dium,      black,     juicy,     nearly 

sweet;  productive.    Late.  sweet.    Mid-season.    Va. 

Addison.    Medium,  purple,  firm,  American  Whitecap.    See  Golden 

juicy;    vigorous,    hardy,    pro-  Cap. 

ductive.  Antwerp.     See     Hudson     River 

Allen,  p.  531.  Antwerp,    Red    Antwerp,    Yel- 

American  Blackcap,  p.  530.  low  Antwerp. 

American      Everbearing.        Me-  Arnold's  Orange.     Large,    dark 


794      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


orange;     excellent.      New. 
Paris,  C.  W. 

Bagley's      Perpetual.      Medium, 

oblate,  red;  sub-acid;  poor. 
Barnet.    Large,    obtuse,     conic, 

reddish-purple.       English.      Of 

little  value. 

Belle  de  Fontenay,  p.  589. 
Belle  de  Paluau,  p.  589. 
Brandywine,  p.  594. 
Brentford  Cane.    Medium,  ovate, 

dark    red.      English.     Of  little 

value. 

Brinckle's  Orange.     See  Orange. 
Burlington,  or  Prosser.     Large, 

firm,  sweet;  good.    New.    N.  J. 

Carmen.  Medium,  handsome, 
black,  firm,  juicy,  sub- acid; 
productive;  early.  Conn. 

Caroline,  p.  595. 

Catawissa,  p.  593. 

Champlain.  Medium,  pale  yel- 
low, soft,  juicy,  nearly  sweet; 
good.  Canes  vigorous,  pale; 
not  hardy. 

Clarke,  p.  589. 

Columbian,  p.  593. 

Colonel  Wilder,  p.  591. 

Conrath,  p.  592. 

Cope.  Roundish,  conical,  red; 
firm,  good;  growth  moderate. 
Phila. 

Cretan  Red.  Small,  deep  red, 
poor.  Old  foreign  sort. 

Crystal  White.  Medium,  pale 
yellow,  firm,  moderately  juicy. 

Cumberland,  p.  592. 

Gushing.  Roundish,  conical,  reg- 
ular, red;  quality  good;  mod- 
erately vigorous  and  produc- 
tive. Phila. 

Cuthbert,  p.  594. 


Davison's  Thornless,  p.  592. 

Doolittle,  p.  592. 

Double    Bearing.      A    variety  ot 

Antwerp,     bearing     a     second 

crop,  now  superseded. 
Duhring.     Large,  crimson;   soft; 

good.     Phila. 

Early  Prolific,  p.  594. 
Emily.    Large ;  sometimes  shoul- 
dered; yellow. 
Erie,  p.  594. 
Eureka,  p.  592. 

Fastolff,  p.  590. 
Fillbasket,  p.  590. 
Franconia,  p.  590. 
French,  p.  590. 

Ganargua,  p.  593. 

General  Patterson.     Large,  red 

Phila.    Dr.  Brinckle. 
Gladstone.    See  Erie. 
Golden  Cap,  p.  593. 
Golden  Queen,  p.  595. 
Golden  Thornless,  p.  593. 
Gregg,  p.  592. 

Hansel.  Medium,  round,  bright 
red ;  juicy ;  good.  Said  to  be 
subject  to  disease.  Very  early. 
N.  J. 

Harris.  Medium,  red,  juicy, 
nearly  sweet. 

Herstine,  p.  594. 

Highland  Hardy.  Rather  small ; 
red;  of  poor  quality.  Very 
early,  which  gives  it  value 
for  market.  Sometimes  un- 
productive, but  more  com- 
monly a  good  bearer.  Ulster 
Co.,  N.  Y. 

Hilborn,  p.  592. 

Hopkins,  p.  592. 


RASPBERRIES. 


795 


Hornet,  p.  591. 

Hudson  River  Antwerp,  p.  590. 

Imperial  Red.  Medium,  round- 
ish, scarlet;  pleasant.  N.  J. 

Japanese  Wine  Berry.  Medium, 
round,  translucent  red;  each 
berry  enveloped  in  purplish  red 
calyx.  Ornamental,  but  of  no 
other  value.  Not  hardy  in 
vicinity  of  New  York. 

Johnson's  Sweet.  Black,  hardy ; 
productive. 

Joslyn's  Improved.  See  Doo- 
little. 

Kansas,  p.  592. 

King.     Large,  bright  red;  pro- 
ductive.   Rio  Vista,  Va. 
Kirtland,  p.  594. 
Knevett's  Giant,  p.  590. 

Large-fruited  Monthly,  p.  591. 

Loudon,  p.  594. 

Lost  Rubies.  Rather  large, 
ovate-conic;  soft,  with  a  pleas- 
ant and  good  flavor.  Berries 
often  defective,  requiring  fer- 
tilizing by  another  sort. 

Lovett.  Large,  pure  black,  firm ; 
moderately  juicy,  sweet;  vig- 
orous ;  early.  N.  J. 

Lum's  Everbearing.  An  autumn 
fruiting  blackcap.  Sandusky, 
Ohio. 

Mammoth  Cluster,  p.  592. 

Marlboro,  p.  594. 

Marvel  of  the  Four  Seasons,   p. 

591. 
McCormick.       See    Mammoth 

Cluster. 
Meredeth  Queen,  p.  591. 


Merveille  des  Quatre  Saisons, 
See  Marvel  of  the  Four  Sea- 
sons. 

Miami.     See  Mammoth  Cluster. 

Miller,  p.  594. 

Mills  No.  15,  p.  592. 

Montclair,  p.  594. 

Muskingum.  Medium,  soft,  mod- 
erately juicy,  mild  sub-acid; 
good.  Canes  vigorous. 

Naomi.  See  Franconia,  which 
it  closely  resembles,  if  not 
identical. 

Nemaha,  p.  592. 

New  Rochelle,  p.  594. 

Northumberland  Fillbasket. 
See  Fillbasket. 

October  Red.    See  Marvel  of  the 

Four  Seasons. 
Ohio,  p.  598. 
Ohio  Everbearing,  p.  593. 
Olathe,  p.  595. 
Older,  p.  593. 
Ontario,  p.  593. 
Orange,  p.  591. 

Palmer,  p.  593. 

Parnell,  p.  473. 

Pearl,  p.  595. 

Philadelphia,  p.  595. 

Phoenix.  Large,  round,  red; 
firm,  juicy,  rich. 

Pilate.  A  dark  red,  new  French 
sort,  of  moderate  value. 

Pride  of  Kent.  Large,  red,  very 
soft;  good.  Canes  strong, 
vigorous. 

Pride  of  the  Hudson.  Large, 
roundish-conical ;  red ;  juicy, 
sweet,  rich;  too  soft  for  mar- 
ket. Not  hardy  nor  reliable. 

Prince     of    Wales,      Cutbush's. 


796      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX.  OF  FRUITS. 

Large,    crimson;    firm;    good. 
English. 
Purple  Cane,  p.   593. 


Red  Antwerp.  Large,  roundish, 
dark  red.  Distinct  from  Hud- 
son River  Antwerp.  English. 

Reder.  Rather  large;  bright 
red,  rich  sub-acid.  Vigorous; 
a  heavy  bearer.  Michigan. 

Reliance,  p.  595. 

Royal  Church,  p.  595. 

Rubus  Flavus,  p.  595. 

Saunders,  p.  469. 

Seneca  Blackcap,  p.  593. 

Shaffer,  p.  594. 

Silver  Queen.  Medium,  pale 
yellow;  very  soft,  juicy;  good. 

Souchetti.  Rather  large;  coni- 
cal, pale  yellow;  firm;  very 
good.  French.  New. 

Souhegan,  p.  593. 

Stagman  No.  5.    See  Olathe. 


Stoever.  Large,  roundish, 
conic,  bright  red;  very  unpro- 
ductive. Vt. 

Superlative,  p.  591. 

Surry.  Large,  black,  with 
bloom.  Va. 

Susqueco.    See  Pearl. 


Talbot,  p.  595. 
Thompson's  Prolific,  p. 
Turner,  p.  595. 
Tyler,  p.  593. 


591. 


Vermont,  p.  591. 
Vice-President    French.        See 
French. 

Walker.  Rather  large,  round, 
crimson  ;  soft  ;  good  ;  produc- 
tive. Pa.  Dr.  Brinckle. 

Yellow    Antwerp.     Large,    light 

yellow;  good.    Superseded. 
Yellow  Cap.    See  Golden  Cap. 


SHADDOCKS. 

Aurantium,  p.  651.  May's  Pomelo,  p.  651, 

Leonardy,  p.  651.  Royal,  p.  651. 

Marsh's  Seedless,  p.  651.  Triumph,  p.  651. 


STRAWBERRIES. 
Imp.-Flowers  imperfect;   Per.-Flowers  perfect. 


Aberdeen.    See  Roseberry. 

Accomack.  Medium,  soft ;  good ; 
late.  Per. 

Admiral  Dundas.  Large,  irreg- 
ular, pale  scarlet;  firm;  good, 
not  rich.  English. 


Advancer.  Medium,  dark  red; 
firm;  early.  Md.  Per. 

Agriculturist.  Very  large, 
nearly  conical,  sometimes  cox- 
combed,  somewhat  necked ; 
deep  scarlet;  flesh  firm,  of  a 


STRA  W BERRIES. 


797 


pleasant,  moderately  good 
flavor.  A  strong  grower.  N.  J. 
Fails  in  many  localities.  Old. 
Per. 

Ajax.  Large,  ovate,  dark; 
good.  English. 

Albany  Seedling.    See  Wilson. 

Albion  White.  Large,  round, 
nearly  white ;  good.  Not  pro- 
ductive. Foreign. 

Alice  Maude.  Large,  conical, 
dark  glossy  scarlet;  juicy, 
rich,  excellent.  Plant  strong, 
vigorous— requires  deep  and 
rich  cultivation.  Foreign. 
Per. 

Alpha.  Large,  ovate  conical, 
dull  red;  sub-acid.  Vigorous, 
productive.  Raised  by 
Charles  Arnold,  of  Ontario, 
from  Wilson  and  Dr.  Nicaise. 
Per. 

American  Scarlet.  See  Hud- 
son. 

Annie  Forest.  Large,  conical; 
bright  scarlet;  firm.  Mid-sea- 
son. Per. 

Arnold's  Pride.  Very  large; 
light  red;  rather  soft,  moder- 
ate in  flavor.  Very  produc- 
tive. Canada.  Per. 

Aroma,  p.  604. 

Atkinson's  Scarlet.  See  Grove 
End  Scarlet. 

Atlantic.  Medium,  conical; 
bright  dark  crimson;  firm, 
strong  grower.  Mid-season. 
Per. 

Auburn.  Medium,  regular, 
round  conical;  dark  red;  flesh 
scarlet;  good  flavor;  not  very 
productive.  Imp. 

Austin.    See  Austin  Shaker. 

Austin    Shaker.      Very    large, 


roundish,  light  red;  soft,  usu- 
ally hollow;  poor.    Per. 
Austrian   Scarlet.     See  Duke  of 
Kent. 

Banquet.  Medium,  conical,  light 
red;  sweet,  rich.  Per. 

Barnes'  Mammoth.  Large, 
roundish-conical,  dark  crim- 
son; sub-acid,  good.  An  un- 
certain bearer.  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.  Per. 

Bartlett.    See  Boston  Pine. 

Barton's  Eclipse,  p.  608. 

Beder  Wood,  p.  604. 

Belle,  p.  604. 

Belle  de  Vibert.  Large,  conic, 
crimson;  handsome;  firm,  not 
rich.  Productive.  Foreign. 

Belmont.  Medium,  conical, 
dark  crimson;  firm;  not  pro- 
ductive. Per. 

Beverly,  p.  604. 

Bicolor.  Medium,  oblong,  crim- 
son; sweet,  good.  Dwarf. 
Productive.  Foreign. 

Bicton  Pine.  Large,  roundish, 
white  tinged  with  pink;  pleas- 
ant but  not  rich.  English. 
Tender. 

Bidwell,  p.  604. 

Bishop's  Orange.  Large,  regu- 
larly conical ;  light  scarlet,  ap- 
proaching orange;  flesh  firm, 
flavor  rather  acid;  growth 
low ;  leaves  hairy.  Superseded. 
Imp. 

Bismark,  p.  604. 

Black  Defiance.  Large,  deep  red, 
roundish-conical ;  flesh  fi  r  m , 
season  medium.  Has  not 
fulfilled  its  early  promise.  Per. 

Black  Giant.  Large,  regular, 
soft.  Per. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Black  Imperial.  See  Black 
Prince. 

Black  Roseberry.  Medium, 
roundish,  dark  red  or  purplish ; 
pleasant ;  moderate  bearer. 
English. 

Bomba,  p.  605. 

Bordelaise.  Small,  conical;  very 
dark  reddish- purple ;  musky  ; 
vigorous.  Hautbois  type. 
Foreign.  Per. 

Boston  Pine,  p.  543. 

Boudinot.  Large,  roundish, 
scarlet;  good.  Ohio. 

Boyden.  Medium,  dark  red;  no 
special  value.  Per. 

Boyden's  Mammoth.  Large, 
roundish,  dark  crimson;  poor 
bearer.  N.  J. 

Boynton.    See  Crescent. 

Brandywine,  p.  605. 

Brewer's  Emperor.  Medium, 
ovate,  dark  red;  good.  Eng- 
lish. 

Bright  Ida.  Large,  roundish- 
conical;  bright  red;  with  a 
mild,  pleasant,  sub-acid, 
rather  rich  flavor.  Vigorous 
and  productive.  Raised  by 
Charles  Arnold,  Ontario.  Per. 

Brighton  Pine.  Large,  conical; 
deep  crimson,  with  a  rich,  sub- 
acid  flavor.  Early,  hardy; 
poor  bearer.  Per. 

British  Queen.  Very  large, 
roundish,  sometimes  coxcomb- 
shaped;  color  rich  scarlet; 
flesh  rich,  tender,  rather  early. 
A  poor  bearer.  In  England 
productive  and  superb.  Per. 

Brooklyn  Scarlet.  Medium  or 
large,  long,  conical,  necked; 
sweet,  flavor  excellent.  Pro- 
ductive. Per. 


Bubach  (No.  5),  p.  608. 

Buffalo  Seedling.  See  McAvoy's 
Superior. 

Burr's  New  Pine,  p.  608. 

Burr's  Seedling.  Medium,  scar- 
let; pleasant;  hardy,  produc- 
tive. Ohio. 

Caleb  Cope.  Large,  pointed, 
scarlet;  good. 

Captain  Cook.  Large,  resem- 
bling British  Queen,  but 
smaller;  color  dark;  rich. 

Captain  Jack.  Medium  in  size, 
regular  in  form ;  bright  scarlet, 
handsome;  quality  moderate; 
rather  acid.  Mostly  very  pro- 
ductive, sometimes  fails.  Prof- 
itable for  market  in  many 
places.  Missouri.  Per. 

Carrie,  p.  608. 

Champion.     See  Windsor    Chief. 

Charles  Downing,  p.  605.  This 
variety  rusts  in  some  places  of 
late  years. 

Chorlton's  Prolific.  Roundish, 
necked,  light  red;  good. 
Staten  Island. 

Cinderella.  Rather  large,  coni- 
cal, regular;  bright  scarlet. 
Moderately  productive.  For 
home  use.  Per. 

Cleveland.  Large,  cockscombed 
and  conical,  deep  red;  firm, 
rich.  Staminate.  Ohio. 

Clyde,  p.  605. 

Colfax.    Small,  round,  poor. 

Colonel  Cheney.  Large,  round- 
ish-ovate, bright  scarlet;  flesh 
rather  firm,  of  fine  quality. 
Sometimes  very  productive. 
Imp. 

Colonel  Ellsworth.  Large, 
roundish,  necked,  dark  crim- 


STRA  W BERRIES. 


799 


son ;  rather  firm,  flavor  moder- 
ate, dry.  Early,  productive. 
Per. 

Columbus.  Large,  roundish, 
dark  red;  tender,  sweet. 
Hardy,  productive.  Ohio. 

Continental.  Large,  obtusely 
conical,  regular;  dark  red; 
firm,  good.  Productive  under 
hill  culture.  Per. 

Cornelia.  Large,  regular,  coni- 
cal, smooth;  bright  red.  Pro- 
ductive. Quite  late.  Ohio. 
Imp. 

Cornucopia.  Large,  conical, 
scarlet;  good.  Flushing,  L.  I. 

Covill.  Large  at  first  picking; 
dark  red;  good;  very  early; 
needs  high  cultivation.  Per. 

Cowing's  Seedling.  Very  large, 
showy;  productive.  Ind. 

Cox's  Seedling.  Large,  light 
red,  irregular;  rather  acid. 
Late.  English. 

Crawford,  p.  605. 

Crescent,  p.  608. 

Crimson  Cone.  (Dutch  Berry.) 
Medium,  uniformly  conical ; 
bright  crimson,  rich,  acid. 
Varies  much  in  productiveness. 
(Fuller  says  flowers  perfect.) 
Imp. 

Crimson  Favorite.  Large,  round 
conic,  crimson;  flavor  fine. 
Unproductive. 

Crystal  City.  Small;  moder- 
ately firm;  very  early.  Some- 
times prolific,  often  unproduc- 
tive. Valuable  only  for  earli- 
ness.  Missouri.  Per. 

Crystal  Palace.  Large,  conical, 
regular,  glossy  scarlet;  flesh 
firm,  fine  grained ;  juicy,  high 
flavored.  English. 


Cumberland,  p.  605. 

Gushing.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish-conical; light  scarlet;  flesh 
tender,  pleasant,  sprightly,  of 
moderate  flavor.  Phila.  Per. 

Cutter,  or  Cutter's  Seedling. 
Medium  or  large,  conical, 
slightly  necked;  bright  scar- 
let; soft,  sweet,  good.  Pro- 
ductive. Per. 

Cyclone,  p.  605. 


Daisy.  Medium,  obconical; 
vermilion;  soft;  rather  poor. 
Imp. 

Daniel  Boone.  Large,  bright 
crimson;  ovate,  necked; 
glossy,  firm;  sub-acid,  good. 
Reliable.  Kentucky.  Imp. 

Dayton.  Large,  round  conical, 
coxcombed;  scarlet ;  flesh 
pink,  sweet;  not  very  produc- 
tive. 

Deptford  Pine.  Large,  wedge- 
shaped,  bright  glossy  scarlet; 
solid,  rich,  sub-acid.  English. 

Diadem.  Large,  round,  light 
scarlet,  showy;  fine  and  pleas- 
ant. Plant  healthy  and  hardy. 
L.  I.  Local.  Imp. 

Downer's  Prolific.*  Medium, 
roundish-ovate;  dark  red; 
flesh  soft,  rather  acid,  moder- 
ately agreeable.  Very  produc- 
tive. Old.  Per. 

Downton.  Medium,  ovate,  with 
a  neck,  dark  purplish-scarlet; 
good  flavor;  poor  bearer. 
English. 

Dr.  Nicaise.  Very  large,  red; 
quality  moderate.  Unproduc- 
tive. Foreign. 

Due   de   Brabant.    Large,   coni- 


8oo     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND   INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


cal,  scarlet;  good  flavor. 
Early.  Belgian. 

Duchess.  Full  medium,  round 
conical,  regular;  bright  crim- 
son ;  firm,  of  fine  quality.  Pro- 
ductive in  hills  or  narrow  rows. 
Valuable  for  its  earliness.  New 
York.  Per. 

Duke  of  Kent.  Small,  scarlet; 
clear,  rich,  acid.  Very  early. 
Superseded. 

Duncan.  Full  medium;  quite 
early;  excellent  in  quality.  A 
moderate  grower  and  bearer. 
Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.  Per. 

Dundee.  Medium,  roundish, 
scarlet ;  firm,  rich,  acid.  Scotch. 

Durand.  Large,  irregular,  scar- 
let. Good;  not  productive. 
N.  J. 

Durand 's  Superb.    See  Prince. 

Dutch  Berry.    See  Crimson  Cone. 

Early  Canada.  Resembles 
Wilson,  and  is  a  few  days 
earlier.  Per. 

Early  Virginia.  See  Large  Early 
Scarlet. 

Eberlein's  Seedling.  Medium, 
conical,  dark  scarlet;  sweet. 
Early,  productive.  American. 

Edgar  Queen.  Large,  obtuse 
conical,  scarlet ;  vigorous ;  pro- 
ductive. 

Elenora.  Large,  conical,  scar- 
let; acid.  Poor  bearer.  Eng- 
lish. 

Eliza,  Myatt's.  Large,  obtuse 
conical,  glossy  scarlet;  excel- 
lent. Not  productive.  Eng- 
lish. 

Ella.    See  Mitchel's  Early. 

Elton.  Large,  acid,  rich.  Eng- 
lish. 


Emma.  Large,  roundish,  crim- 
son; good. 

English  Red  Wood.  See  Red 
Wood. 

Enhance.  Large,  handsome, 
dark  crimson  berry;  firm,  vig- 
orous, healthy  plant.  Per. 

Enormous.  Large,  deep  crim- 
son running  into  the  flesh; 
very  productive.  Seedling  of 
Crescent.  111.  Per. 

Eureka.  Very  large ;  moder- 
ately productive.  Imp. 

Excelsior,  p.  605. 

Feast's  Fillmore.     See  Fillmore. 

Fillbasket.  Very  large,  round- 
ish, dark  scarlet,  handsome. 
Good  bearer. 

Fillmore.  Large,  of  uniform 
size,  dark,  glossy;  solid, 
sweet,  aromatic — sometimes 
poor.  Often  very  productive 
— frequently  fails.  Imp. 

Finch.  Large,  round  conical, 
uniform ;  rich  scarlet ;  firm,  of 
medium  quality.  Sometimes 
very  productive.  Ohio.  Per. 

Finch's  Prolific.    See  Finch. 

First  Season.    See  Gandy. 

Forest  Rose,  p.  605. 

French's  Seedling.  Large, 
roundish-oval,  of  uniform  size ; 
light  scarlet,  handsome ;  sweet, 
very  good.  Valuable  for  mar- 
ket. Early.  Vigorous,  pro- 
ductive. Per. 


Gandy,  p.  605. 

Genesee.  Rather  large,  round- 
ish, somewhat  oblate,  gener- 
ally necked;  scarlet  inclining 
to  crimson;  tender,  juicy, 


STRA  WBERRIES. 


801 


mild,  pleasant.  Hardy,  vigor- 
ous. Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Mostly  superseded.  Per. 

General  Scott.  Large,  roundish, 
scarlet;  not  rich. 

Georgia  Mammoth.  Medium, 
conical;  dark  crimson;  firm, 
acid.  Productive— valuable 
for  its  lateness.  Per. 

Glendale,  p.  543. 

Glen  Mary,  p.  608. 

Globe.  Large,  round,  scarlet; 
excellent.  English. 

Glossy  Cone.  Very  handsome, 
and  poor  in  quality.  Per. 

Golden  Defiance.  Large, 
rounded,  conical,  regular, 
slightly  necked;  dark  scarlet; 
firm,  rich,  very  good.  Rather 
late.  Vigorous,  productive. 
Carlisle,  Pa.  Imp. 

Golden  Seeded.  Large,  dark, 
early.  Succeeds  well  in  some 
places. 

Goliath.  Large,  irregular;  scar- 
let ;  rich,  high  flavor.  Requires 
much  room  and  high  culture. 
English.  Per. 

Governor  Hoard.  Good  form 
and  quality;  dark  red;  poor 
cropper. 

Great  American.  Very  large 
at  its  best,  regular  in  form ; 
good.  Often  worthless,  and 
requires  high  cultivation.  New 
Jersey.  Per. 

Great  Pacific,  p.  609. 

Green  Prolific,  p.  608. 

Green  Strawberry.  Small, 
round,  whitish,  tinged  reddish- 
brown;  flesh  solid,  greenish, 
juicy,  rich.  Late. 

Greenville,  p.  608. 

Grove  End  Scarlet.  Medium, 
51 


round,    scarlet;    acid.      Early. 
English. 

Gypsey.  Medium  or  large: 
handsome,  excellent.  Plant 
vigorous.  A  poor  bearer. 
Early.  Imp. 

Hallihan.  Medium,  obtuse  coni- 
cal; dark  scarlet;  sub-acid; 
vigorous ;  productive. 

Hampden.  Medium,  obconical  ; 
light  scarlet ;  moderately  firm ; 
good;  late. 

Hart's  Minnesota.  Large, 
round;  rich  dark  red;  of  fine 
flavor.  Early.  A  moderate 
bearer,  succeeds  well  in  some 
places  and  fails  in  others.  Per. 

Hathaway.  Large,  roundish 
oblong,  deep  scarlet;  flavor 
rich,  acid.  Plant  vigorous  and 
productive.  Michigan.  Per. 

Hautbois,  p.  448. 

Haverland,  p.  608. 

Henry  Ward  Beecher.  Medium, 
irregular;  dark  crimson;  fine; 
early.  Per. 

Hervey  Davis.  Hardy,  vigor- 
ous, productive ;  of  good  qual- 
ity. Massachusetts.  Per. 

Hilton  Gem.  Medium,  regular 
conical;  light  crimson;  firm; 
juicy;  good.  Per. 

Hoffman,  p.  605. 

Hooker.  Large,  broadly  coni- 
cal, regular,  large  specimens 
coxcomb-shaped ;  dark  crim- 
son; rather  tender,  juicy,  with 
a  fine  rich  flavor.  An  excel- 
lent sort,  but  rather  tender,  re- 
quiring winter  covering,  and 
for  this  reason  is  passing  out 
of  cultivation.  Per. 

Hooper's    Seedling.      Medium, 


802      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


conical,  deep  crimson;  rich, 
sweet.  English. 

Hovey's  Seedling,  p.  608. 

Huddleston  Favorite.  Large ; 
soft.  Late,  productive.  Imp. 

Hudson.  Rather  large,  ovate, 
usually  with  a  neck,  often  with- 
out, dark  rich  red;  flesh  firm, 
of  a  high  brisk  acid  flavor,  re- 
quiring full  maturity  to  be  fine. 
Rather  late.  Profusely  pro- 
ductive. Formerly  the  great 
market  variety  of  Cincinnati; 
now  nearly  superseded.  Val- 
uable for  preserving.  Imp. 

Hudson's  Bay.    See  Hudson. 

Huntsman.  Large,  roundish, 
scarlet;  poor. 

Ida.  Medium  or  smallish,  nearly 
round,  dark  red;  flesh  firm, 
slightly  acid,  good  in  flavor- 
quite  early  and  continues  till 
late.  Plant  vigorous,  produc- 
tive. Fruit-stalks  long  and 
erect.  Imp. 

Ideal.  Large,  heart-shaped ; 
dark  scarlet ;  flesh  red.  Per. 

Indiana.  Large,  regular;  light 
crimson;  good  in  quality.  A 
strong  grower.  A  seedling  of 
the  Charles  Downing.  Per. 

Iowa.  Rather  large,  roundish, 
light  orange  scarlet;  tender, 
juicy,  very  acid.  Early. 
Hardy  and  vigorous.  Western. 
Per. 

Iowa  Beauty.  Large,  round 
conical,  glossy  scarlet. 

James  Vick,  p.  605. 
Jenny  Lind.*     Medium,  conical, 
rich     glossy     crimson;     firm, 


juicy,  rich  sub-acid.  Mass. 
Old.  Per. 

Jenny's  Seedling.  Large,  round- 
ish-conical ;  dark  rich  red ;  firm, 
rich,  sprightly  sub-acid.  Ex- 
cellent for  preserving.  Late. 
Hardy.  Imp. 

Jersey  Queen,  p.  608. 

Jessie,  p.  605. 

Jewell,  p.  608. 

Jucunda,  p.  605. 

Jucunda  Improved,  p.  606. 

Keen's  Pistillate.  Medium, 
conical,  dark  red;  acid, 
sprightly.  English. 

Keen's  Seedling.  Large,  round- 
ish-oblate, often  coxcomb- 
shaped  ;  shining,  dark  purplish- 
scarlet;  firm,  rich,  high  fla- 
vored. Rather  early.  Of  the 
highest  reputation  in  England, 
but  tender,  unproductive,  and 
nearly  valueless  here.  Per. 

Kentucky.  Large,  roundish- 
conical,  dark  red;  moderately 
firm ;  slightly  acid,  rich ;  good. 
Plant  vigorous,  with  strong 
fruit-stalks;  productive.  Val- 
uable for  its  lateness.  Per. 

Kirkwood.    See  Sharpless. 

Kitley's  Goliath.    See  Goliath. 

La  Constante.  Large,  hand- 
some, crimson;  juicy,  sweet, 
high  flavored.  A  fine  straw- 
berry, but  of  moderate  produc- 
tiveness, and  not  adapted  to 
general  cultivation.  Per. 

Ladies'  Pine.  Small,  round, 
pale  red;  excellent.  Canada. 
Pistillate. 

Lady  Finger.    See  Belle. 

Lady  Thompson,  p.  606. 


STRA  W BERRIES. 


Large  Early  Scarlet.  Medium, 
roundish-ovate,  regular; 
bright  scarlet ;  tender,  rich,  ex- 
cellent. Very  early.  Produc- 
tive at  the  North.  Old.  Per. 

Late  Prolific.  Medium,  scarlet. 
Good,  productive.  Late. 

Leader,  p.  606. 

Le  Baron.  Large,  obtuse  conic, 
dark  scarlet ;  sweet,  rich,  melt- 
ing. Productive.  L.  I.  Little 
known.  Per. 

Lennig's  White,  p.  606. 

Lida.  Medium,  wedge-shaped ; 
dark  crimson;  heavy  cropper; 
good  shipper.  Imp. 

Lincoln.  Very  large,  irregular; 
dark  color;  rich,  sweet.  Sea- 
son medium.  A  feeble  grower, 
requiring  high  culture.  Per. 

Lizzie  Randolph.  Medium, 
roundish,  crimson ;  poor  flavor. 

Logan,  p.  606. 

Longfellow.  Large,  long  coni- 
cal, necked;  handsome;  of 
medium  quality  and  moder- 
ately productive.  Kentucky. 
Per. 

Longworth's  Prolific.*  Large, 
roundish,  broad  at  base ;  light 
crimson;  flesh  scarlet,  firm, 
rich,  brisk,  acid.  Vines  vig- 
orous, productive.  Cincinnati. 
Valuable  at  the  South  and 
West.  Old.  Per. 

Lovet,  p.  606. 

Maggie.  Large,  ovate,  pointed; 
dull  scarlet;  rather  soft.  Vig- 
orous and  productive.  Per. 

Mammoth.  Large,  roundish, 
crimson.  Poor,  unproductive. 
English. 

Mammoth     Bush.     Medium     in 


size ;  firm,  of  poor  flavor. 
Forms  but  few  runners,  and  is 
profusely  productive.  Per. 

Manchester.  Medium  to  large, 
rounded  conical,  regular; 
bright  scarlet;  quality  me- 
dium. Rather  late.  Profusely 

*  productive.    New  Jersey.    Imp. 

Margaret,  p.  606. 

Marguerite.  Large,  long  conic, 
pale  scarlet;  rather  insipid, 
handsome,  showy;  feeble 
grower. 

Marshall,  p.  606. 

Marvin.  Large;  dark  red;  firm, 
of  high  flavor.  Requires  high 
culture,  often  fails.  One  of  the 
latest  of  strawberries.  Per. 

Mary,  p.  606. 

Marylandica.  Large,  dark  crim- 
son; firm.  Staminate.  Md. 

Matilda.  Large,  conical,  uni- 
form, scarlet,  firm — of  excel- 
lent quality.  Plant  a  strong 
grower,  and  very  productive. 
New.  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.  Per. 

McAvoy's  Extra  Red.  Large, 
irregularly  oblate,  generally 
necked;  color  deep  scarlet; 
tender,  juicy,  acid,  not  rich. 
Excellent  for  preserving.  Cin- 
cinnati. Imp. 

McAvoy's  Superior.  Large, 
roundish-oblate,  more  or  less 
necked;  light  crimson  becom- 
ing deep  crimson ;  flesh  scarlet, 
tender,  juicy,  very  rich,  vi- 
nous. Tender,  and  will  not 
bear  long  carriage.  Medium 
season.  Hardy,  vigorous, 
and  productive.  Ohio.  Old. 
Imp. 

Mead's  Seedling.  Medium,  long, 
conical;  good.  N.  J. 


DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


Meek,  p.  606. 

Melon.     Medium,    round,    dark; 

worthless.    Scotch. 
Metcalf s  Early.     Small,    round- 
ish; scarlet;  mild  acid.    Mich- 
igan. 

Methven  Scarlet.  Large,  round- 
ish, dull  scarlet;  soft,  of  poor 
flavor;  discarded.  English. 
Miami.  Large,  round  conical, 
slight  neck;  bright,  firm,  hol- 
low; early. 

Michigan.    A  seedling  of  the  Wil- 
son, ten  days  later. 
Mineola.        Medium,     double 
points;  neck  pronounced;  un- 
even; dark;  rather  late. 
Miner,  p.  606. 
Mitchel,  p.  606. 

Monarch  of  the  West.  Very 
large,  bright  red,  showy,  firm ; 
of  moderate  quality.  Very 
productive.  N.  J.  Per. 
Monitor.  Quite  large,  roundish ; 
bright  scarlet;  firm,  good. 
Vigorous  grower.  Productive, 
and  perhaps  best  of  the  three 
"Tribune  Strawberries."  Per. 
Monroe  Scarlet.  Rather  large, 
roundish;  light  scarlet;  ten- 
der, juicy,  of  good  flavor. 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  Little  known. 
Imp. 

Montevideo  Pine.     Large,    coni- 
cal, late.    Staminate.    L.  I. 
Mottier's  Seedling.    Large ;  acid. 
Moyamensing.       Rather      large, 
broadly    conical;     deep     crim- 
son;     seeds      numerous     and 
deeply    imbedded;     flesh     red, 
firm,     acid.     Passing     out    of 
favor.    Phila.    Imp. 
Mrs.  Cleveland,  p.  606. 
Mt.  Vernon.    See  Shuckless. 


Muskingum,  p.  606. 
Myatt's.    See  British  Queen. 
Myatt's  Eliza.    See  Eliza. 

Napoleon  III.  Large,  irregular, 
conical,  sometimes  coxcombed, 
light  scarlet;  firm,  of  good 
quality.  Mostly  a  poor  bearer. 
Per. 

Neck  Pine.    Large,  with  a  slen- 
der neck ;  color  light  red ;  flesh 
nearly   white,    rather    acid,   of 
fine  flavor.     Very    productive, 
early— much  cultivated  at  Cin- 
cinnati in  past  years.    Imp. 
Neunan.       (Neunan's     Prolific.) 
Size    medium    or    small;    light 
scarlet;    quality    rather   poor, 
dry.    Largely  cultivated  in  the 
vicinity    of  Charleston,  S.   C., 
for  market.    Per. 
New    Dominion.      Medium     in 
size;    bright   red;    moderately 
firm.      Vigorous,    hardy,    pro- 
ductive.   Canada.    Per. 
New    Jersey    Scarlet.      Medium, 
conical,   necked,  light    scarlet; 
good.    N.  J. 
Nicanor,  p.  606. 
Nick  Ohmer,  p.  606. 
Nigh.     (Nigh's  Superb.)     Large, 
long     conical,     necked;     light 
scarlet;  good.    Imp. 

Ohio  Centennial.  Large;  light 
red.  Per. 

Old  Hudson.    See  Hudson. 

Old  Iron  Clad.    See  Phelps. 

Old  Pine.  Medium,  conical  with 
a  neck,  scarlet,  solid,  juicy, 
rich.  Old  or  Virginia  Scarlet, 
the  original  wild  strawberry  of 
this  country,  is  smaller,  and 


STJtA  WBERRI&S. 


three  or  four  days  later.  Old. 
Per. 

Oliver  Goldsmith.  Obtusely  con- 
ical, necked.  Resembles  Seth 
Boyden.  Season  medium. 
Ohio.  Per. 

Omer  Pacha.  Large,  roundish, 
bright  red ;  solid,  juicy,  sweet. 
Strong  and  prolific.  Foreign. 

Orange  Prolific.  Large,  round- 
ish, necked,  crimson;  acid. 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Oriole.  Large ;  dark  red  run- 
ning through  the  flesh.  Early. 
Imp. 

Osceola.    See  Mitchel's  Early. 


Parker  Earle,  p.  607. 

Peabody.  Quite  large,  irregular 
conic  and  coxcombed;  deep 
crimson;  flesh  firm,  sweet, 
rich,  excellent  flavor.  Too  poor 
a  bearer  to  be  of  value.  S.  C. 
Hardy  at  the  North.  Imp. 

Pearl.  Medium,  conical;  bright 
scarlet;  plant  strong.  Per. 

Pennsylvania.  Rather  large, 
—broadly  conical;  deep  crim- 
son, flesh  red,  rather  firm,  acid. 
Phila.  Imp. 

Phelps  (or  Old  Iron-clad). 
Large,  irregular ;  dull  in  color ; 
moderate  in  flavor.  Vigorous 
and  sometimes  productive. 
Imp. 

Phillips'  Seedling.  Medium,  ir- 
regular, deep  crimson;  flesh 
red,  firm,  sub-acid;  vigorous; 
productive. 

Pioneer.  Rather  large,  round, 
conical ;  good,  sometimes  poor. 
Requires  high  culture  and  cut 
runners ;  foliage  sometimes 


fails  in  the  hot  sun.  A  moder- 
ate bearer.  New  Jersey.  Per. 

Piper.  (Piper's  Seedling.) 
Large,  round,  regular;  dark 
crimson;  firm.  Early.  Very 
productive,  a  strong  grower, 
and  gives  high  promise  in 
some  places  West.  Illinois. 
Per. 

Porter's  Seedling.  Medium, 
bright  red;  quality  fair  only; 
very  early.  Per. 

President  Lincoln.    See  Lincoln. 

President  Wilder,  p.  607. 

Primo.  Large,  conical,  necked, 
irregular;  dark  scarlet;  firm; 
rather  late;  quality  moderate. 
Vigorous  and  productive.  New- 
burg,  N.  Y.  Per. 

Prince  (or  Durand's  Superb). 
Large,  ovate,  necked ;  firm, 
rich,  of  excellent  flavor.  Plant 
vigorous.  Late.  New  Jersey. 
Per. 

Prince  Albert.  Medium,  conical, 
dark  crimson;  rich.  Not  pro- 
ductive. English. 

Prince  of  Orleans.  Medium, 
roundish,  dark.  Poor  bearer. 

Prince  of  Wales.  Large,  glossy 
red ;  solid,  delicate,  acid.  Eng- 
lish. 

Prince's  Climax.  Large,  coni- 
cal ;  bright  scarlet ;  good.  Pro- 
ductive. Plant  vigorous.  L. 
I.  Little  known.  Imp. 

Prince's  Magnate.  Large, 
round,  scarlet;  rich.  Produc- 
tive, hardy,  vigorous.  L.  I. 

Princess,  p.  607. 

Princeton  Chief,  p.  544. 

Profuse  Scarlet.  Medium,  scar- 
let. Productive. 

Pyramidal      Chilian.      Medium, 


806      DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


conical,    scarlet.     Bears   long. 
N.  J. 

Racster.    See  Beder  Wood. 

Red  Jacket.  Large;  bright 
crimson;  soft.  Very  early. 
Productive. 

Richardson's  Early.  Medium, 
conical,  crimson ;  good.  Early. 
Unproductive. 

Richardson's  Late.  Large, 
roundish,  scarlet ;  sprightly ; 
good. 

Ridge  way,  p.  607. 

Rio,  p.  607. 

Rippawam.  Large,  round  coni- 
cal, sometimes  irregular;  scar- 
let; barely  good.  Moderately 
productive. 

Rival  Hudson  (Burr's).  Me- 
dium, conical;  deep  crimson; 
firm,  brisk,  sub-acid.  Hardy 
and  productive.  Columbus, 
Ohio.  Imp. 

Roseberry.  Rather  small,  ovate, 
scarlet.  Poor  bearer.  Eng- 
lish. 

Ross  Phoenix.  Large,  usually 
coxcombed  or  compressed, 
dark  red;  flesh  firm,  of  fair 
flavor.  Season  medium.  Some- 
times very  productive,  but  usu- 
ally fails  on  heavy  clay  and 
scorches  on  light  gravel.  An 
uncertain  variety.  Now  super- 
seded. Per. 

Ruby.  Medium,  ovate,  bright 
red;  juicy,  rich,  excellent;  not 
very  hardy.  English. 

Russel.*  (Russel's  Seedling, 
Russel's  Prolific.)  Very  large, 
roundish-conic,  somewhat  ir- 
regular, slightly  necked; 
bright  crimson;  slightly  acid, 


rich,  very  good.  Sometimes 
very  fine  and  productive. 
Imp. 

Sample,  p.  609. 

Saunders.  Large,  round  coni- 
cal, glossy  crimson;  flesh  red; 
vigorous,  productive.  Canada. 
Per. 

Scarlet  Cone.  Large,  conical; 
bright  scarlet,  beautiful.  Vig- 
orous and  productive.  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.  Little  known.  Imp. 

Scarlet  Melting.  Medium,  coni- 
cal, scarlet;  tender,  not  rich. 

Scarlet  Nonpareil.  Large, 
roundish-conical,  bright  red ; 
rich,  high  flavor.  English. 

Schiller.  Medium,  conical,  dark 
red;  rich,  sub-acid.  Unpro- 
ductive. German. 

Scotch  Runner.  Small,  oval; 
scarlet;  good. 

Scott's  Seedling.  Rather  large, 
elongated  conic,  regular;  light 
scarlet ;  flesh  pale  red,  not  very 
juicy  nor  high  flavored.  Mass. 
Superseded. 

Seneca  Queen.  Large,  round 
oblate;  dark  red;  early;  soft. 
Very  productive.  Excellent  for 
home  use.  Seneca  Chief  is  dis- 
tinct, and  of  little  or  no  value. 
Per. 

Seth  Boyden  (Boyden's  No.  30), 
p.  607.  Per. 

Shaker's  Seedling.  See  Austin 
Seedling. 

Sharpless,  p.  607. 

Shuckless,  p.  607. 

Shuster's  Gem,  p.  609. 

Sir  Charles  Napier.  Large, 
roundish-coxcombed,  scarlet ; 
musky.  English. 


STRA  WBERRIES. 


807 


Sir  Harry.  Large,  coxcombed, 
dark  red;  solid,  juicy.  Eng- 
lish. 

Southborough  Seedling.  Me- 
dium, ovate,  conic,  scarlet ; 
firm;  mild,  rich.  English. 

Splendid.  Medium,  globular, 
scarlet;  rather  soft;  good. 
Per. 

Stinger's  Seedling.  (Union, 
erroneously. )  Large,  round- 
ish-ovate or  coxcomb-shaped; 
scarlet ;  stalk  stiff.  Penn.  Per. 

Sucker  State.  Medium;  firm. 
Plant  vigorous,  often  produc- 
tive. Rather  late.  Per. 

Swainst one's  Seedling.  Large, 
ovate,  light  glossy  scarlet ; 
very  good.  A-  poor  bearer. 
English. 

Thompson's  No.  9.    See  Rio. 

Timbrell,  p.  609. 

Triomphe  de  Gand,  p.  607. 

Triple  Crown.  Rather  large, 
oval  conical,  necked ;  crimson ; 
firm,  rich,  with  high  flavor. 
Irregular  bearer.  Season  me- 
dium. Waterloo,  N.  Y.  Per. 

Trollope's  Victoria.  See  Vic- 
toria. 

True  Chili.  Large,  ovate,  red; 
flesh  firm,  sweet,  of  indifferent 
flavor.  Late. 

Tubbs.  Large,  regular,  deep 
crimson.  Early,  good  shipper. 
Per. 

Turner.  (Turner's  Beauty.) 
Medium;  very  handsome; 
rather  early ;  excellent  in  qual- 
ity. Productive.  Per. 

Union.    See  Victoria. 

Unique     Scarlet.     Large,     light 


scarlet;      sweet,      rich.     Poor 
bearer. 

Victoria.  (Trollope's  Victoria, 
Union.)  Very  large,  nearly 
round,  regular;  light  red; 
flesh  pale  red,  tender,  moder- 
ately rich,  juicy,  sweet — often 
nearly  flavorless.  Plant  hardy, 
moderately  vigorous,  not  very 
productive.  English.  Per. 

Vineland.  Rather  large;  vigor- 
ous, productive;  rather  acid, 
good.  Resembles  Kentucky, 
but  darker.  New  Jersey.  Per. 

Walker's  Seedling.  Rather  large, 
regular,  conic;  deep  glossy 
crimson,  becoming  maroon ; 
flesh  crimson,  tender,  juicy, 
with  a  fine,  rich,  brisk  flavor. 
Handsome,  excellent,  produc- 
tive. Roxbury,  Mass.  Per. 

Warfield,  p.  609. 

Warren.  Large,  round  conic; 
dark  red,  handsome;  firm, 
good.  Early.  Plant  vigorous, 
sometimes  very  productive, 
but  uncertain  at  the  North; 
best  in  the  Southwest.  Ori- 
gin, Kentucky.  Per. 

Washington.    See  Iowa. 

Western  Queen.  Rather  large, 
roundish-conical ;  rich,  glossy 
dark  red;  flesh  firm,  juicy, 
sub-acid,  sprightly,  agreeable. 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  Imp. 

Willey.  Medium,  roundish; 
deep  crimson;  firm,  sprightly, 
acid — good  for  preserving. 
Resembles  Hudson.  Improves 
by  hanging  long.  Imp. 

William  Belt,  p.  007. 

Wilmot's  Superb.    Large,  round- 


8oS     DESCRIPTIVE  LIST  AND  INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


ish,    scarlet;  coarse,   not  rich.       Yale,  p.  608. 


English. 
Wilson     (Wilson's    Albany),     p. 

607. 
Wizard    of  the   North.     Rather 

large,  dull  red ;  soft,  not  rich.       York  River  Scarlet.    See  Hudson. 

Scotch.  Young's  Seedling.     See  German- 

Wolverton,  p.  607.  town. 


Yellow  Chili.  Very  large,  irreg- 
ular, yellow  with  a  brown 
cheek;  flesh  very  firm,  rather 
rich. 


WILD  AND  UNCLASSIFIED  FRUITS. 


Buffalo  Berry,  p.  611. 

Eleagnus  Longipes  (Goumi),  p. 
610. 

Huckleberries:  . 
Bilberry,  p.  614. 
Black  Huckleberry,  p.  614. 
Canada  Blueberry,  p.  614. 
Highbush  Blueberry,  p.  614. 
Highbush  Huckleberry,  p.  614. 
Low  Blueberry,  p.  614. 


Japanese  Wine  Berry,  p.  618. 
June  Berry    (Service  Tree,  May 
Cherry),  p.  614. 

Medlars : 
Dutch,  p.  616. 
Nottingham,  p.  616. 
Monstrous,  p.  616. 
Royal,  p.  616. 

Paw-paw,  p.  616. 
Strawberry  Raspberry,  p.  618. 


GLOSSARY  OF  THE  MORE  COMMON  WORDS  USED 
IN   FRUIT  CULTURE. 


Acerb,  sour,  bitter,  harsh. 

Aculeate,  armed  with  prickles. 

Acuminate,  drawn  out  to  a  point. 

Acute,  sharp,  pointed,  or  angular. 

Adventitious  roots,  roots  put  out  from  the  stem,  as  with  straw- 
berries, dewberries,  etc. 

Alburnum,  the  woody  layer  through  which  the  sap  still  circu- 
lates, as  distinguished  from  heart-wood. 

Alternate,  one  side  and  then  the  other. 

Annual,  a  plant  which  germinates  from  seed,  produces  flowers 
and  fruit,  and  dies  the  same  season. 

Anther,  that  part  of  the  stamen  which  bears  the  pollen. 

Apetalous,  without  a  corolla. 

Apex,  that  part  of  a  fruit  farthest  from  the  stem. 

Apprused,  in  close  contact,  but  not  united. 

Awn,  a  bristle-like  appendage. 

Axil,  the  angle  between  the  leaf  and  stem. 

Axillary  bud,  a  bud  growing  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf.  Axillary  buds 
may  remain  dormant  indefinitely;  when  they  begin  to  grow  they 
become  terminal  buds,  that  is,  buds  at  the  extreme  end  of  growing 
branches. 

Barbate,  bearded. 

Barcate,  like  a  berry. 

Bark,  the  protecting  covering  of  the  stem  or  trunk ;  it  is  formed 
of  several  layers  of  differing  structure,  and  grows  from  the  inside. 

Base,  lower  end ;  that  part  of  a  fruit  nearest  the  stem,  or  of  a  stalk 
or  any  part  of  a  plant  nearest  its  supporting  part  or  root. 

Basin,  the  hollow  or  depression  at  the  apex  or  crown  of  a  fruit,  in 
which  the  calyx  is  situated. 

Bast,  the  inner  layer  of  the  bark,  commonly  composed  of  long 
wood-cells. 

Beaked,  ending  in  a  narrow  tip  or  beak. 

Berry,  a  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout. 

809 


GLOSSARY. 

Beurre",  a  buttery  pear.  The  word  is  discarded  by  the  American 
Pomological  Society. 

Bezi,  a  natural  seedling ;  a  wilding. 

Biennial,  a  plant  which  germinates  from  seed  one  season,  and 
produces  flowers  and  fruit  and  dies  the  next. 

Bifid,  two-cleft. 

Bifoliate,  with  two  leaves. 

Blade,  the  expanded  portion  of  a  leaf. 

Bract,  an  altered  leaf,  from  the  axil  of  which  the  floral  axes  spring. 

Border,  an  artificial  bed  of  enriched  earth. 

Callus,  the  ring  or  swollen  portion  formed  at  the  base  of  a  cutting 
by  the  descending  cambium. 

Calville-shaped,  much  ribbed,  as  applied  to  apples. 

Calyx,  the  outer  or  green  leaves  of  a  flower,  which,  remaining  on 
the  apex  of  a  pear  or  apple,  are  often  called  the  eye. 

Cambium,  or  cambium  layer,  the  soft,  usually  mucilaginous, 
layer  of  newly  forming  wood  beneath  the  bark. 

Canes,  long  bearing  shoots,  usually  applied  to  such  berry-produc- 
ing plants  as  grapes,  raspberries,  blackberries,  etc. 

Canescent,  grayish-white,  hoary. 

Capitate,  head-like. 

Capsule,  a  dry  seed-vessel,  which  splits  open  in  a  regular  manner. 

Carpel,  a  simple  pistil  or  one  division  of  a  compound  pistil. 

Caruncle,  an  excrescence  at  the  scar  of  some  seeds. 

Catkin,  a  form  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  flowers  are  incom- 
plete. 

Caudate,  tailed. 

Cavity. 

Chlorophyll,  the  green  coloring-matter  of  plants. 

Clipping,  trimming  down  to  a  definite  shape. 

Cockscomb,  applied  to  strawberries  when  much  compressed  at  the 
sides. 

Colmar-shaped,  pyriform  or  pear-shaped,  having  a  slender  neck 
and  large  body. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous,  leathery. 

Corolla,  the  inner  floral  envelope ;  it  is  usually  colored ;  its  separate 
leaflets  are  the  petals. 

Cortex,  the  bark. 

Corymb,  a  flat  or  convex  flower-cluster,  as  in  cherries. 

Crenate,  notched  or  cut  like  blunt  saw-teeth. 

Cross,  a  fruit  produced  by  fertilizing  the  flowers  of  one  variety  with 
the  pollen  of  another ;  a  hybrid. 

Crown,  the  part  of  a  fruit  farthest  from  the  stem  ;  the  apex. 


GLOSSARY.  Si  I 

Cuttings,  shoots  of  one  year's  growth,  inserted  in  the  soil  for 
multiplying  varieties. 

Cyme,  a  flat-tipped  flower-cluster,  differing  from  a  corymft  in  its 
formation. 

Deciduous,  falling  off —as  leaves  which  fall  in  the  autumn. 

Dehiscent  (fruits) ,  opening  at  maturity. 

Dentate,  toothed. 

Depressed,  flattened  vertically. 

Dicecious,  plants  which  have  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on 
different  individuals. 

Drupe,  a  stone-fruit. 

Duramen,  heart-wood. 

Dwarfs,  trees  made  diminutive  by  grafting  or  budding  upon 
stocks  of  small  growth. 

Echinate,  armed  with  prickles. 

Emarginate,  notched  at  the  apex. 

Embryo,  the  germ  or  rudimentary  plantlet  in  the  seed. 

Endocarp,  the  inner  layer  of  the  pericarp. 

Endogenous,  without  the  destinction  of  bark,  wood,  and  pir.h. 

Enquenouille,  training  to  produce  fruitfulness  by  tying  the 
branches  downward. 

Epicarp,  the  outer  layer  of  the  pericarp. 

Epidermis,  the  outer  covering,  or  skin. 

Espalier,  a  tree  trained  flat  upon  a  trellis. 

Exogenous,  having  bark,  wood,  and  pith,  each  distinct  from  the 
other. 

Fascicle,  a  close  cluster. 

Fascicled  roots,  those  which  grow  in  a  bunch  or  cluster. 

Fibrous  roots,  the  smaller  branching  thread-like  roots. 

Filament,  the  part  of  the  stamen  which  supports  the  anther. 

Flavescent,  yellowish,  or  turning  yellow. 

Foliaceous,  leaf-like. 

Forcing,  the  early  ripening  of  fruits  under  glass. 

Fore-right  shoot,  the  terminal  shoot  of  a  branch. 

Germ,  the  rudimentary  plantlet  in  the  seed. 

Glabrous,  smooth. 

Glaucous,  covered  with  bloom,  a  fine  white  powdery  coating 
which  rubs  off,  as  the  bloom  of  the  grape. 

Habitat,  the  situation  in  which  a  plant  grows  naturally,  without 
cultivation. 

Head  back,  to  cut  off  the  limbs  of  a  tree  part  way  down. 

Head  down,  to  cut  off  the  entire  limbs  or  branches  of  a  tree,  or  to 
cut  down  to  an  inserted  bud. 

Heeling  in,  burying  the  roots  of  a  tree  in  a  trench  temporarily. 


Si  2  GLOSSARY. 

Indehiscent,  fruit  not  opening  at  maturity. 

Inflorescence ,  the  arrangement  in  which  flowers  are  produced. 

Involucre,  a  whorl  of  bracts  about  the  base  of  a  single  flower ;  an 
umbel  or  head. 

Joint,  that  part  of  a  stem  from  which  a  leaf  or  leaves  spring ;  a 
node. 

Kernel,  the  seed  or  edible  substance  enclosed  in  a  shell  or  nut. 

Laverginous,  cottony  or  woolly. 

Layers,  side-shoots  bent  down  and  buried  in  the  middle  in  the 
soil  to  take  root. 

Lay  in,  selecting  and  fastening  new  branches  or  shoots  to  a  wall 
or  trellis. 

Lay  in  by  the  heels,  to  bury  the  roots  of  trees  temporarily  in  a 
trench. 

Leading  shoot,  the  longest  or  main  shoot  of  a  tree. 

Liber,  the  innner  fibrous  bark  of  exogenous  plants. 

Linear,  narrow  and  flat. 

Lobe,  a  prominent  division,  as  of  a  leaf. 

Lopping,  cutting  branches  down  to  the  main  stem. 

Maiden  plant,  a  tree  of  one  year's  growth  from  the  bud  or  graft. 

Mesocarp,  the  middle  layer  of  the  pericarp. 

Monoecious,  a  plant  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  the 
same  individual. 

Naked,  destitute  of  both  calyx  and  corolla. 

Node,  that  part  of  the  stem  from  which  a  leaf  or  leaves  spring. 

Nut,  a  dry  indehiscent  fruit  having  a  woody  or  bony  shell. 

Oblate,  flattened,  so  that  the  least  diameter  is  between  the  base 
and  apex. 

Oblong,  when  the  length  exceeds  the  width  and  the  sides  are 
nearly  parallel. 

Obovate,  largest  toward  the  apex  or  crown. 

Obtuse,  rounded  or  blunt,  wide  angle. 

Ovate,  egg-shaped,  largest  toward  the  stem. 

Panicle,  a  compound  raceme. 

Peduncle,  the  flower  or  fruit  stalk  ;  the  stem. 

Perennial,  a  plant  which  lives  several  or  many  years. 

Perfect,  a  flower  which  has  both  stamens  and  pistils. 

Perianth,  the  floral  envelopes. 

Pericarp,  the  matured  ovary  or  seed-vessel. 

Petals,  flower-leaves,  usually  colored. 
Petiole,  stem  of  a  leaf. 

Pilose,  hairy. 

Pinch  in,  to  stop  the  growth  of  a  shoot  by  pinching  off  the  tip. 

Pistil,  the  organ  in  a  flower  which  is  fertilized  and  bears  the  seed. 


GLOSSARY.  813 

Pippin,  an  indefinite  term  applied  to  various  apples  differing  in 
size,  shape,  color,  and  flavor. 

Pistillate,  flowers  with  pistils,  but  without  stamens. 

Pith,  the  central  mass  of  cellular  tissue  of  exogenous  stems. 

Pollen,  the  fertilizing  powder  or  element  of  flowers. 

Pome,  the  apple,  pear,  and  similar  fruits. 

Pomology,  the  science  of  fruits. 

Primary  roots,  roots  growing  directly  from  the  seed,  as  the  tap- 
root. 

Prostrate  stem,  one  which  lies  flat  on  the  ground. 

Pubescent,  hairy. 

Punctated,  dotted. 

Pyramidal,  like  a  pyramid,  longer  than  conical. 

Pyriform,  pear-shaped,  having  a  more  or  less  drawn-out  neck. 

Raceme,  an  inflorescence  with  nearly  equal  secondaiy  axes  along 
the  primary  one,  as  the  currant  and  wild  cherry. 

Radical,  proceeding  from  the  root. 

Ringing,  to  remove  a  ring  of  bark  around  a  branch  or  stem  to 
prevent  the  descending  of  the  sap. 

Root,  the  descending  axis  of  a  plant. 

Root  hairs,  elongated  cells  of  microscopic  size  upon  the  surface  of 
the  younger  fibrous  roots ;  produced  during  the  growing  season  in 
enormous  numbers  ;  absent  in  dormant  plants. 

Runcinate,  coarsely  saw-toothed. 

Runner,  a  slender  prostrate  branch  rooting  at  the  end  and  joints. 

Scabrous,  rough  to  the  touch. 

Scandent,  climbing. 

Scape,  a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground  or  near  it. 

Scion,  a  shoot  of  one  year's  growth,  for  propagation  of  varieties; 
a  cutting. 

Secondary  roots,  adventitious  roots. 

Sepals,  the  separate  leaflets  of  the  calyx. 

Serrate,  saw-toothed. 

Shanking,  a  diseased  shrivelling  of  the  foot-stalks  of  grapes. 

Shorten  in,  to  cut  off  more  or  less  of  the  outer  part  of  shoots. 

Sinuate,  strongly  wavy. 

Spathe,  a  tract  which  enfolds  an  inflorescence. 

Spine,  a  thorn. 

Spongiole,  the  minute  spongy  extremity  of  a  fibrous  root. 

Sport,  an  unusual  departure  in  variation  in  a  new  seedling. 

Spur,  a  short  stubby  shoot,  bearing  fruit-buds  or  fruit. 

Standard,  a  fruit-tree  not  dwarfed  nor  trained  to  a  wall  or 
trellis. 

Stigma,  the  part  of  the  pistil  on  which  the  pollen  is  deposited. 


8 14  GLOSSARY. 

Stock,  a  seedling  tree,  in  which  a  bud  is  inserted  or  grafted. 

Stone-fruit,  a  drupe ;  fruit  having  an  outer  fleshy  portion  enclos- 
ing a  stone. 

Stop,  to  pinch  or  cut  off  the  point  of  a  shoot,  to  prevent  its 
further  growth. 

Strike,  to  emit  roots. 

Succulent,  juicy. 

Tap-root,  the  main  descending  root. 

Tendril,  a  modified  branch  or  leaf  used  for  climbing. 

Terminal  bud,  the  bud  terminating  the  main  stem  or  growing 
branch. 

Trellis,  an  upright  flat  frame,  for  training  fruit-trees  or  grape* 
vines  upon  its  face. 

Wilding,  a  natural  seedling. 

Work,  a  term  applied  to  the  budding  or  grafting  of  tree*. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Agricultural  experiment  stations, 

272 
act  establishing,  273 

Annular  budding,  45 

Anthracnose,  234 

Aphis,  apple,  170 
black  peach,  191 
cherry,  196 
peach,  191 
woolly,  162 

Apples,  287 

age  of  fruiting,  295 
changes  wrought  by  climate 

and  soil,  294 
characteristics  of,  297 
comparison  of  size,  298 
cultivation  of,  290 
diseases  of,  212 
index  of  varieties,  689 
nursery  management  of,  287 
proper  way  to  pick,  125 
packing  for  market,  127 
planting  orchards,  289 
renovating  old  orchards,  290 
varieties,  297 

I.,  summer,  298 
II.,  autumn,  306 
III.,  winter,  319 
IV.,  crab,   348 

Apple- maggot,  176 

Apple-seed  washer,  149 

Apple-tree  tent  caterpillar,  173 

Apple-trees,  pruning  young,  98 
dwarf,  295 
transplanting,  290 

Apple-worm,  177 


Apricot,  the,  351 

cultivation  of,  351 

diseases  of,  229 

index  of  varieties,  725 

varieties  of,  352 
Assorting  fruit,  126 

Bagging  grapes,  416 
Banana,  the,  653 

index  of  varieties,  726 

propagation  of,  653 
Bark,  green,  office  of,  12 
Bark  beetle,  195 

lice,  165 
Barrels,   presses  for  heading  up, 

128 

Black  peach  aphis,  191 
Blackberry,  the,  356 

covering  the,  307 

diseases  of,  236 

index  of  varieties,  726 

pruning  the,  356 

varieties  of,  357 
Black  rot,  217 
Blight,  fire,  218 
Bordeaux  mixture,  215,  252 
Borer,     flat-headed     apple  -  tree, 
165 

peach-tree,  191 

round-headed,  163 
Branches,  the,  5 

divisions  of,  5 
Bud  moth,  170 
Budding,  annular,  45 

knives,  29,  113 

limits  of,  45 


8's 


8i6 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Budding,  propagation  by,  41 

stages  of,  42 

terminal,  44 
Buds,  adventitious,  7 

lateral,  7 

causes  of  difference  in,  6 

flower,  6 

kinds  of,  6 

latent,  7 

leaf,   6 

terminal,  7 
Buffalo  berry,  610 

Cambium  layer,  5,  10 
Canker-worm,  171 

wire  trap  for,  172 
Caprification  of  the  fig,  662 
Carbonic  acid,  decomposition  of, 

by  growing  plants,  9 
Caterpillar,  forest  tent,  174 

apple-tree  tent,  173 

yellow-necked,  176 
Cells  of  plants,  3 
Cherry,  the,  362 

aphis,  196 

budding  the,   363 

dwarf,  364 

grafting  the,   363 

index  of  varieties,  728 

maggot,  196 

net  screens  for,  265 

propagation  of,  363 

pruning  the,  109 

slug,  182 

soil  fo^  364 

varieties  of,   366 

I.,    fruit   heart-shaped, 

366 

II.,  fruit  round,  375 
III.,  native  dwarf,  380 
Chestnuts,  439 

varieties  of,   442 
Chinquapin,  the,  444 
Circle  of  fruits,  145 


Citron,  the,  649 

varieties  of,  649 

index  of  varieties,  734 
Citrus  fruits,  621 

diseases  of,  637 

insects  affecting,   635 

propagation    from    cuttings 

and  layers,  628 
Cleft-grafting,  33 
Codling-moth,  177 
Collar,  4 

Constriction,  effects  of,  10 
Corn-knife,  59 

Crab  apples,  varieties  of,  348 
Cranberry,  the,  382 

cultivation  of,  383 

diseases  of,  240 

gathering  the,  384 

index  of  varieties,  734 

soil  for,  383 

varieties  of,  384 
Crops  in  orchards,  81 
Cross-impregnation,  18 
Cultivation  of  the  soil,  77 

arrangements  to  facilitate,  84 
Curculio,  185 

quince,  196 

remedies  for,   188 
Curl  of  the  leaf,  in  peach,  227 
Currant,  the,  386 

borer,  201 

bushes,  improving  old,  388 

diseases  of,  237 

index  of  varieties,  734 

locations  adapted  for,  387 

propagation  of,  386 

pruning  the,  387 

span-worm,  203 

varieties  of,  388 

I.,  red  and  white,  388 
II.,  black,  391 

worm,  imported,  202 

native,  201 
Cuttings,  propagation  by,  24 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


817 


Date,  the,  655 

propagation  of,  655 
Destructive  insects,  160 
Dewberry,  the,  356 
Dibble,  the,  152 
Dieback,  638 
Diseases  of  fruits,  211 

anthracnose,  234 

black  knot,  230 

black  rot,  217 

brown  rot,  217 

fire-blight,  218 

leaf-blight,  220 

mildew,  233 

peach,  curl  of  the  leaf,  227 

pear  scab,  222 

ripe  rot,  216 

root  galls,  240 

rust,  212 

scab,  214 

yellows  of  peach,  224 
Distances  for  planting,  75 
Dwarf  cherries,  364 

stocks  for,  364 

nets  for,  365 
Dwarf  pear-trees,  493 

pruning,  496 

varieties  of,  494 

Eleagnus  longipes,  610 
Enclosures,  varieties  of,  54 
Espalier     training,     for     peach, 
470 

Fertilizers  for  orchards,  88 
Fig,  the,  658 

budding  the,   661 

caprification  of,  662 

cultivation  of,  662 

drying  the,  663 

grafting  the,  661 

index  of  varieties,  736 

propagation  of,  660 

pruning  the,  662 
52 


Fig,  soil  for,  660 

varieties  of,  663 
Flea-beetle,  grape-vine,  197 
flowers,  fertile,  14 

parts  of,  13 

pistillate,  14 

staminate,  14 

sterile,  14 

Forbidden  fruit.    See  Shaddock. 
Form  of  trees,  giving  desired,  by 

pruning,  95 
Frost,  destroys  peach  crop,  465 

effect  on  the  orange,  633 
Fruit,  houses  for  storing,  135 

how  to  obtain  quickly,  144 

keeping,  133 

terms  used  in  describing,  260 

to  supply  a  family,  140 
Fruit-boxes,  piling,  137 

storing,  137 

Fruitfulness,   pruning    as    affect- 
ing, 94 

Fruit-garden,  plan  of,   141 
Fruit-pickers,  114 
Fruit-pilferers,  54 
Fruit-room,  plans  for,  135 
Fruit-tree  ladders,  116 

Garden  reel,  116 

spray  pump,  118 

syringes,  118 
Gathering  fruit,  123 
Germination,  1 

air  in,  2 

how  produced,  2 

moisture  in,  2 

requisites  for,  1 
Girdled  trees,  to  repair,  47 
Gooseberry,  the,  393 

diseases  of,  237 

index  of  varieties,  736 

varieties  of,  393 

I.,  European,  393 
II.,  American,  395 


8i8 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Gouger,  plum,  191 
Grafting,  chisel  for,  28 

cleft,  33 

cleft  sap,  438 

knife  for,  29 

limits  of,  45 

modification  of,  47 

prong,  437 

propagation  by,  27 

requisites  for,  28 

root,  37 

saddle,  34 

tongue,  33 

veneer,  35 

whip,  33 

Grafting-wax,  how  made,  29 
Grafts,  care  of,  32 

cutting,  30 

dry,  to  restore,  33 

packing,  31 
Grape,  the,  398 

bagging  the,  416 

cross-impregnation  of,  19 

diseases  of,  233 

distances  for  planting,  418 

grafting  in  open  ground,  406 

index  of  varieties,  737 

keeping  the,  138 

layering  the,  399 

mode  of  pruning,  412 

modifications  of  training, 
415 

packing  for  market,  129 

phylloxera,  196 

propagation  of,  399 
from  cuttings,  402 
from  green  cuttings,  405 
from  layers,  399 
from  single  buds,  403 

pruning  the,  412 

raising  from  seed,  418 

root  grafting,  405 

spraying  the,  257,  416 

summer  pinching  of,  414 


Grape,  training  the,  406 

transplanting  the,  407 

trellis  for,  408 

varieties  of,  419 
Grape-vine  flea-beetle,  197 

leaf-hopper,  200 
Grape-vines,  soil  for,  417 
Growth  of  trees,  1 

process  of,  8 
Grub,  white,  205 
Guava,  the,  665 

propagation  of,  666 

Hazelnuts,  444 

harvesting,  446 

marketing,  446 

propagation  of,  445 

varieties  of,  447 
Hedge,  hook  for  trimming,  59 
Hedge-shears,  59 
Hedges,  evergreen,  55 

Osage  orange,  55 

to  prune  properly,  57 
Heeling-in  trees,  72 
Hickory  nuts,  449 
Hook  to  trim  hedges,  59 
Houses  for  storing  fruit,  135 
Huckleberries,  612 
Hybrids,  definition  of,  21 

Implements  used  by  fruit  grow- 
ers, 112 

budding-knives,  113 
folding  ladder,  117 
fruit  pickers,  115 
fruit-tree  ladders,  116 
garden  reel,  116 
garden  spray  pump,  118 
garden  syringes,  118 
grafting  chisel,  114 
pointed  ladder,  116 
pruning-knives,  91,  112 
pruning-saws,  113 
pruning-shears,  114 
tree-scraper,  117 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


819 


Implements  used  by  fruit  grow- 
ers, tree-tags,  119-121 

vine  scissors,  116 
Insects,  destructive,  160 

and  diseases,  160 

affecting  citrus  fruits,  635 

how  they  eat,  160 

Japanese  wineberry,  618 
Juneberry,  614 

Keeping  fruit,  rules  for,  139 

Ladder,  folding,  117 

fruit-tree,  116 

pointed,  116 

Lakes  and  rivers,  influence  of,  53 
Layer,  cambium,   5 

cortical,  5 

Layers,  propagation  by,  26 
Leaf-blight  in  pears.  220 
Leaf-hopper,  grape-vine,  200 
Leaves,  composition  of,  7 

necessity  of,  12 

pores  of,  8 
Lecanium  scale,  169 
Lemon,  the,  646 

cultivating  the,  646 

diseases  of  the,  637 

index  of  varieties,  742 

marketing  the,  647 

varieties  of,  647 
Limb-blight,  in  citrus  fruits,  637 
Lime,  the,  651 

index  of  varieties,  743 

propagation  of,  652 

varieties  of,  652 
Loquat,  the,  667 

propagation  of,  668 

varieties  of,  668 

Mai  de  goma,  637 
Management  of  nurseries,  147 
Manures,  50 
Manuring,  faulty,  82 
when  necessary,   83 


Medlars,  615 

Mice,  damage  by,  293 

Mildew,  233 

Moisture,  exhalation  of,  11 

Mulberry,  the,  428 

index  of  varieties,  743 
varieties  of,  429 
propagation  of,  429 

Mulching,  70 

Nectarine,  the,  431 

index  of  varieties,  743 

varieties  of,  431 
Nests,    wooden,    for  small  fruit, 

132 

Net  screens  for  cherries,  365 
Nurseries,  management  of,  147 
Nursery :  budding  and  grafting, 
153 

cultivation  of,  153 

laying  out,  148 

lifting  trees,  155 

seeds  and  stocks  for,  148 

shelter  for,  148 

soil  for,  147 

trees,  pruning,  96 
Nuts,  434 

chestnuts,  439 

chinquapin,  444 

cleft-sap  grafting  of,  438 

hazelnuts,  444 

hickories,  449 

index  of  varieties,  745 

pecan,  449 

prong-grafting  of,  437 

propagation  of,  435 

shellbark  hickories,  454 

walnuts,  456 

Orange,  the,  621 
budding  the,  624 
cultivation  of,  631 
cuttings  and  layers  of,  628 
diseases  of,  637 


$70 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Grange,  distance  of  planting,  630 

dwarfing  the,  626 

evolution  of  the,  622 

fertilizers  for,  629 

frost,  effects  of,  633 

grafting  the,   624 

index  of  varieties,  74-6 

insects  injurious  to,  635 

marketing  the,  647 

propagation  of  the,  623 

protection  against  frost,  634 

pruning  the,  632 

seedlings,  623 

selection  of  varieties,  640 

soil  for,  628 

stocks  for,  625 

transplanting  the,  626 

varieties  of,  641 
Orchards,    cultivation    of   com- 
mercial,  85 

fertilizers  for,  88 

laying  out,  61 

management  of  Western,   83 

manuring,  60 

preparing,  60 

registering,  76 

staking  out,  62 

when  to  manure,  83 
Oyster-shell  bark-louse,  165 

Packing  fruit  for  market,  126 
Paw-paw,  616 
Peach,  the,  464 

aphis,  black,  191 

borer,  191 

crop,  destruction  of,  by  frost, 
465 

diseases  of,  224 

espalier  training,  470 

index  of  varieties,  747 

manures  for,  469 

propagation  of  the,  646 

pruning  the,  106 

raising  in  pots,  470 


Peach,  soils  for,  468 

stocks  for,  468 

training  the,  469 

transplanting  the,  469 

varieties  of,  474 

I.,  freestones,  476 
II.,  clingstones,  488 

winter  protection  for,  473 

yellows,  224 
Pear,  the,  491 

budding  the,  493 

classification  of  forms,  501 

diseases  of,  218 

dwarf,  493 

index  of  varieties,  T57 

midge,  183 

propagation  of,  491 

quality  of,  510 

regrafting  the,  498 

slug,  182 

training  the,  497 

varieties  of,  510 

I.,  summer  pears,  510 
II.,  autumn  pears,  515 
III.,  winter  pears,  537 

wintering  the  seedlings,   492 
Pecan  nuts,  449 

varieties  of,  451 
Persimmon,  the,  669 

cultivation  of,  673 

diseases  of,  673 

index  of  varieties,  782 

Japanese     improvement     of, 
671 

varieties  of,  669,  674 
Phylloxera,  grape,  196 
Picking    apples,   proper  way  of, 

125 

Pineapple,  the,  678 
.  cultivation  of,  680 

diseases  of,  683 

index  of  varieties,  782 

propagation  of,  679 

soils  for,  681 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


821 


Pineapple,  varieties  of,  684 
Pith,  use  of,  5 
Plant,  cells  of,  3 

structure  of,  2 
Plum,  the,  545 

classification  of,  547 

cultivation  of,  546 

curculio,  185 

diseases  of,  230 

gouger,  190 

grafting  and  budding,  546 

index  of  varieties,  783 

propagation  of,  545 

varieties  of,  548 

American  group,  548 

Chickasaw  group,  551 

European  group,  552 

Japanese  group,  575 

Wild  Goose  group,  550 
Pointed  ladder,  116 
Pomegranate,  the,  686 

index  of  varieties,  793 

propagation  of,  686 

varieties,  687 
Pores  of  leaves,  8 
Presses    for    heading-up     apple- 
barrels,  128 

Process  of  vegetation,  1 
Prong-grafting,  437 
Propagation,  22 

by  budding,  41 

by  cuttings,  24 

by  grafting,  27 

by  layers,  26 

Pruning  apple- orchards  in  bear- 
ing, 105 

as  affecting  fruitfulness,  94 

cherry-trees,  109 

giving  desired  form  by,  95 

grape-vines,  mode  of,  412 

nursery  and  young  trees,  96 

peach-trees,  106 

principles  and  practice  of,  90 

proper  time  for,  93 


Pruning  quince-trees,  110 

roots,  111 

single  shoots,  96 

summer,  94 

tools  for,  91,  106,  112 

tops,  90 

young  apple-trees,  98 
Pruning-knives,  forms  of,  91,  112 
Pruning-shears,  114 
Psylla,  the  pear,  180 
Pummelo.    See  Shaddock. 
Pyramids,  to  train,  100 

Quince,  the,  580 
curculio,  196 
diseases  of,  223 
index  of  varieties,  793 
propagation  of,  580 
pruning  the,  110,  582 
rust,  223 
soil  for,  582 
varieties  of,  582 

Rabbits,  damage  by,  294 
Raspberry,  the,  585 
cane-borer,  203 
classification,  589 
diseases  of,  237 
index  of  varieties,  793 
planting  for  market,  587 
propagation  of,  585 
raising  from  seed,  588 
rules  for  culture  of,  588 
saw-fly,  204 
soil  for,  585 
varieties  of,  589 

I.,  European,  589 
II.,  American  Black- 
caps, 592 

III.,  Native  Red,  594 
Registering  orchards,  76 
Renovating  old  trees,  82 
Requisites  for  germination,  1 
Root,  collar  of,  4 
galls,  240 


822 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Root  hairs',  4 

main,  3 

parts  of,  3 

tap,  3 
Root-grafting,  37 

time  for,  40 

tools  for,  37 
Rootlets,  4 

Roots  and  leaves,   mutual  rela- 
tion between,  92 

preparing  for  transplanting, 
68 

pruning  the,  110 
Rose-bug,  199 
Rot,  black,  217 

brown,  217 
Rules  for  keeping  fruit,  139 

for    naming    and    describing 

fruits,  283 
Rust,  212 

Saddle-grafting,  33 
San  Jose*  scale,  167 
Sap,  circulation  of,  9,  23 

flow  of,  23 

functions  of,  9 

grafting,  cleft,  438 
Sap-grafting,  438 
Saw-fly,  raspberry,  204 
Scab,  214 

in  citrus  fruits,  639 
Scions,  how  to  send  by  mail,  32 

packing,   32 
Scurfy  bark-louse,  167 
Seed,  planting,  151 

raising  grapes  from,  418 
Shaddock,  the,  650 

index  of  varieties,  796 

varieties  of,  651 
Shears,  hedge,  59 
Shellbark  hickory  nuts,  454 
Single  shoots,  pruning,  96 
Sites,  elevated,  52 
Situation,  51 


Slug,  pear,  182 

Small  fruits,  packing  for  market, 

131 

Snowy  tree-cricket,  204 
Soil,  cultivation  of  the,  77 

qualities  of,  49 

for  nursery,  147 

for  vineyards,  417 
Soils,  management  of,  50 
Species,  definition  of,  14 
Spray  calendar,  255 
Spray  pump,  garden,  118 
Spraying,  242 

apparatus  for,  246 

grapes,  416 

materials  for,  250 
Stem,  the,  5 

Stiffening  trees  against  wind,  68 
Storing  fruit,  houses  for,  135 
Strawberry,  the,  596 

crown  borer,  207 

cultivation  of  the,  598 

diseases  of,  239 

early,  600 

leaf-roller,  208 

garden  culture  of,  600 

index  of  varieties,  796 

packing  for  market,   131 

perfect  and  imperfect  flowers, 
601 

root-louse,  206 

rules  for  setting  out,  600 

runners,  599 

selection  of  varieties,  601 

soil  for,  596 

staminate       and       pistillate 
sorts,  601 

weevil,  209 

transplanting,  596 

varieties  of,  603 

I.,  flowers  perfect,   604 
II.,  flowers  imperfect,  608 
Strawberry-raspberry,  618 
Structure  of  plants,  2 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


823 


Structure  of  trees,  2 
Subtropical  fruits,  621 
Suckers,  definition  of,  27 
Summer  pinching  for  grapes,  414 

pruning,  90 

Sunlight  necessary  for  growth,  9 
Surface,    transplanting    on    the, 

69 
Syringes,  garden,  118 

Tags,  tree,  119 

Tap-root,  3 

Tent-caterpillar,  173 

Terminal  budding,  44 

Terms  used  in  describing  fruits, 

260 

Thinning  fruit,  122 
Thinning-back  hedges,  56 
Thomery     system     of     training 

grapes,  415 

Time  for  pruning,  proper,  93 
Tongue-grafting,  33 
Training  grape-vines,  406 

modifications  of,  410 
Tree,  structure  of,  2 

trunk,  cross-section  of,  3 
Transplanting,  63 

on  the  surface,  69 

preparing  the  roots,  68 

pruning  for,  66 

pruning  young  trees  at  time 
of,  90 

requisites  for,  73 

season  for,  71 

stiffening  against  wind,  68 

setting  the  tree,  68 

strawberry     plants,     instru- 
ment for,  598 
Transportation,    packing     trees 

for,  155 

Tree- scraper,  117 
Tree- tags,  119 

Trees,   belts  of,  for  wind-breaks, 
54 


distances  for  planting,  74 

dwarf,  102 

fail  on  "treed"  land,  159 

growth  of,  1,  260 

heeling-in,  72 

number  required  for  an  acre, 

76 
packing  for    transportation, 

155 

received  from  a  distance,  71 
renovating  old,  82 
saving  mice-gnawed,  47 
transplanting,  63 
Trellis  for  grape-vines,  408 
training  vines  on,  410 
size  of  wire  for,  410 

Valleys,  cold  in,  52 

Varieties,  crossing,  17,  19 
definition  of,  14 
new,  production  of,  16 

Vegetation,  process  of,  1 

Veneer  grafting,  35 

Vineyards,  soil  for,  417 

Water,  amount  needed  by  grow- 
ing plants,  11 
Water,  when  necessary,  70 
Walnuts,  456 

black  walnut,  458 

butternut,  457 

Persian,  458 

varieties  of,  459 
Whip-grafting,  33 
White  grub,  205 
Wild  and  unclassified  fruits,  610 

index  of  varieties,  808 
Wire  for  grape  trellis,  410 
Wood,  alburnum  or  sap,  5 

heart,  5 

Yellow-necked    apple-tree    cater- 
pillar, 176 
Yellows  of  peach,  224 


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IAN  28  1924--—- 

•o—  —  — 

TA^K  z9  r974 

RiC  11  :W4 

_JAAU-^75" 

REC'D  IN  AGRI  LIB  APR  2  4 

1973 

JUN  181980 

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7 

REC'D  IN  AGRI  LIB  JUN  2: 

im 

LD21-35m-8,'72 
(Q4189S10)476 — A-32 


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